J. R. R. Tolkien's fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings has been translated into many languages since its publication in 1954–55. Known translations are listed here; the exact number is hard to determine, for example because the European and Brazilian dialects of Portuguese are sometimes counted separately, as are the Nynorsk and Bokmål forms of Norwegian, and the Traditional and Simplified Chinese forms of that language. Elrond's Library, as of its last updating in 2019, explicitly lists 87 translations in 57 languages.[1]
The Tolkien Gateway has a list of translations without details.[2] Many separate collectors have sites that highlight their personal collections with more detail. Some of the more extensive sites include Elrond's Library,[3] The Lord of the Rings in Translation,[4] Impressions of Books by J.R.R. Tolkien Published in Japan,[5] and the Tolkieniano Collection (in Italian).[6] Editions of all the translations in this list can be found illustrated in one or more of these collections. In addition, the book Толкин Русскими Глазами (Tolkien Through Russian Eyes) contains a detailed listing and history of the multiple Russian translations.[7]
The linguist Thomas Honegger has edited two books on the challenges of translating Tolkien: Tolkien in Translation and Translating Tolkien: Text and Film. The first volume looks at the theoretical problem, and then analyses translations into Esperanto, French, Norwegian, Russian, and Spanish to see how translators have coped with the issues discussed.[8] [9] The second volume looks at translation into Dutch, German, Hebrew, and Swedish, and analyses particularly complex issues such as translating Tolkien's constructed languages.[10] [11]
| Language | Title | Year | Translator | Publisher | ISBN |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dutch; Flemish: In de Ban van de Ring | 1957 | ||||
| 1959 to 1961 | |||||
| Polish: Władca Pierścieni | 1961 to 1963 | Maria Skibniewska (poems by Włodzimierz Lewik and Andrzej Nowicki) | |||
| Italian: Il Signore degli Anelli | 1967 to 1970 | ||||
| Danish: Ringenes Herre | 1968 to 1972 | Ida Nyrop Ludvigsen[12] | |||
| German: Der Herr der Ringe | 1969 to 1970 | Margaret Carroux and (poems) | |||
| French: Le Seigneur des anneaux | 1972 to 1973 | Francis Ledoux | Christian Bourgois | ||
| 1972 to 1975 | Teiji Seta and Akiko Tanaka | ,, | |||
| Finnish: Taru sormusten herrasta | 1973 to 1975 | Kersti Juva, Eila Pennanen, Panu Pekkanen | |||
| Norwegian: Krigen om ringen | 1973 to 1975 | Nils Werenskiold | ,, | ||
| Portuguese: O Senhor dos Anéis | 1974 to 1979 | António Rocha and Alberto Monjardim (unauthorized) | Publicações Europa-América | ,, | |
| Russian: Властелин колец Russian: Vlastelin kolets | 1976 (publ. 2002) | A. A. Gruzberg; A. V. Zastyrets (poems) | |||
| O Senhor dos Anéis | 1977 | Fernanda Pinto Rodrigues | Publicações Europa-América | ,, | |
| Spanish; Castilian: El Señor de los Anillos | 1977 to 1980 | Luis Domènech (Francisco Porrúa) and Matilde Horne | (Minotauro) | ||
| Greek, Modern (1453-);: Ο Άρχοντας των Δαχτυλιδιών Greek, Modern (1453-);: O Archontas ton Dachtylidion | 1978 | Eugenia Chatzithanasi-Kollia | |||
| Hebrew: שר הטבעות Hebrew: Sar ha-Tabbaot | 1979 to 1980 | Ruth Livnit | |||
| Norwegian: Ringenes herre | 1980 to 1981 | Torstein Bugge Høverstad | |||
| Hungarian: A Gyűrűk Ura | 1981 | Chapters 1-11: Ádám Réz Rest: Árpád Göncz and Dezső Tandori (poems) | First:,, 2008 reworked: [13] | ||
| Serbian: Господар Прстенова Serbian: Gospodar Prstenova | 1981[14] | Zoran Stanojević | |||
| Russian: Властелин колец Russian: Vlastelin kolets | 1982 to 1992 | V. S. Muravyov (2nd to 6th books, poems), A. A. Kistyakovsky (first book) | Raduga, Moscow | ,, | |
| Russian: Властелин колец Russian: Vlastelin kolets | 1984 (publ. 1991) | H. V. Grigoryeva and V. I. Grushetskij and I. B. Grinshpun (poems) | Severo-Zapad | , (Azbuka) | |
| Catalan; Valencian: El Senyor dels Anells | 1986 to 1988 | Francesc Parcerisas | |||
| Korean: 반지 이야기 (), (reprinted as Korean: 완역 반지제왕 ()) | 1988 to 1992 | Korean: 강영운 (Kang Yeong-un) | |||
| Armenian: Պահապաննէրը Armenian: Pahapannērë | 1989 | Emma Makarian | Only The Fellowship of the Ring, no ISBN | ||
| Korean: 반지전쟁 (), (reprinted as Korean: 반지의 제왕 ()) | 1990 | Korean: 김번, 김보원, 이미애 (Kim Beon, Kim Bo-won, Yee Mi-ae) | ,, | ||
| Russian: Властители Колец Russian: vlastiteli kolets | 1990 | Z.A. Bobyr' | Molodaya Gvardyr | , (Condensed translation from 1966 with Hobbit & I in first volume and II & III in second volume) | |
| Bulgarian: Властелинът на пръстените Bulgarian: Vlastelinăt na prăstenite | 1990 to 1991 | Lyubomir Nikolov | |||
| Czech: Pán prstenů | 1990 to 1992 | Stanislava Pošustová(-Menšíková) | ,, | ||
| Russian: Властелин колец Russian: Vlastelin kolets | 1991 | V.A.M. (Valeriya Aleksandrovna Matorina) | Amur, Khabarovsk | ||
| Korean: 마술반지 () | 1992 to 1994 | Korean: 이동진 (Lee Dong-jin) | Only The Fellowship of the Ring and The Two Towers. (first volume) | ||
| Icelandic: Hringadróttinssaga | 1993 to 1995, 2nd ed. 2003 | Þorsteinn Thorarensen and Geir Kristjánsson (poems) | ,, | ||
| Lithuanian: Žiedų valdovas | 1994 | Andrius Tapinas and Jonas Strielkūnas | ,, | ||
| Portuguese: O Senhor dos Anéis | 1994 | Lenita Maria Rimoli Esteves and Almiro Pisetta | Martins Fontes | ,, | |
| Russian: Властелин колец Russian: Vlastelin kolets | 1994 | Mariya Kamenkovich and Valerij Karrik | Terra-Azbuka, St. Petersburg | , | |
| Croatian: Gospodar prstenova | 1995 | Zlatko Crnković | Algoritam | ||
| Slovenian: Gospodar prstanov | 1995 | Polona Mertelj, Primož Pečovnik, Zoran Obradovič | |||
| Esperanto: La Mastro de l' Ringoj | 1995 to 1997, 2nd ed. 2007 | , | |||
| Polish: Władca Pierścieni | 1996 to 1997 | Jerzy Łozinski and Marek Obarski (poems) | ,, | ||
| Estonian: Sõrmuste Isand | 1996 to 1998 | Ene Aru and Votele Viidemann | ,, | ||
| Slovenian: Yüzüklerin Efendisi | 1996 to 1998 | Çiğdem Erkal İpek, Bülent Somay (poems) | |||
| Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan: Stăpânul Inelelor | 1999 to 2001 | Irina Horea, Gabriela Nedelea, Ion Horea | Editorial Group Rao | ,, | |
| German: Der Herr der Ringe | 2000 | ||||
| Korean: 반지의 제왕 () | 2001 | Korean: 한기찬 (Han Ki-chan) | 6 volumes.,,,,,, (set) | ||
| Polish: Władca Pierścieni | 2001 | Books I – IV: Maria and Cezary Frąc; Book V: Aleksandra Januszewska; Book VI: Aleksandra Jagiełowicz; Poems: Tadeusz A. Olszański; Appendices: Ryszard Derdziński | Amber, Warszawa | ,, | |
| Slovenian: Gospodar prstanov | 2001 | Branko Gradišnik | ,, | ||
| Chinese (Simplified) | Chinese: 魔戒
| 2001 | Book One – Book Two: Ding Di (Chinese: 丁棣); Book Three – Book Four: Yao Jing-rong (Chinese: 姚锦镕); Book Five – Book Six: Tang Ding-jiu (Chinese: 汤定九) | Yilin Press (Chinese: 译林出版社), Nanjing | |
| Chinese: 魔戒 | 2001 to 2002 | Lucifer Chu (Chinese: 朱學恆)[16] | |||
| Galician: O Señor dos Aneis | 2001 to 2002 | Moisés R. Barcia | |||
| Slovak: Pán prsteňov | 2001 to 2002 | Otakar Kořínek and Braňo Varsik | ,, | ||
| Thai: ลอร์ดออฟเดอะริงส์ Lord oof doe rings | 2001 to 2002 | Wanlee Shuenyong | |||
| Macedonian: Господарот на прстените Macedonian: Gospodarot na prstenite | 2002 | Ofelija Kaviloska & Romeo Širilov | ,, | ||
| Russian: Властелин колец Russian: Vlastelin kolets | 2002 | V. Volkovskij, V. Vosedov, D. Afinogenova | AST, Moscow | ||
| Russian: Властелин Колец Russian: Vlastelin kolets | 2002 | Alina V. Nemirova | AST, Kharkiv | ,, (Folio) | |
| Basque: Eraztunen Jauna | 2002 to 2003 | Agustin Otsoa Eribeko | |||
| Indonesian: The Lord of the Rings | 2002 to 2003 | Gita K. Yuliani | ,, | ||
| Latvian: Gredzenu Pavēlnieks | 2002 to 2004 | Ieva Kolmane | ,, | ||
| Persian: ارباب حلقه‌ها Persian: Arbāb-e Halqehā | 2002 to 2004 | Riza Alizadih | ,, | ||
| Ukrainian: Володар Перснів Ukrainian: Volodar Persniv | 2002 | Oleksandr Mokrovolskyi | Школа (Shkola) | ||
| Ukrainian: Володар Перснів Ukrainian: Volodar Persniv | 2003 | Alina V. Nemirova[17] | Фоліо (Folio) | ||
| Faroese: Ringanna Harri | 2003 to 2005 | Axel Tórgarð | ,, | ||
| Swedish: Ringarnas herre | 2004 to 2005 | Erik Andersson[18] and Lotta Olsson (poems) | |||
| Ukrainian: Володар Перстенів Ukrainian: Volodar Persteniv | 2004 to 2005 | Olena Feshovets, Nazar Fedorak (poems) | |||
| Albanian: Lordi i unazave, republished as Albanian: Kryezoti i unazave | 2004 to 2006 | Ilir I. Baçi (part 1), Artan Miraka (2 and 3) | |||
| Norwegian: Ringdrotten | 2006 | Eilev Groven Myhren | |||
| Arabic: سيد الخواتم، رفقة الخاتم، خروج الخاتم | 2007 | Amr Khairy | , only The Fellowship of the Ring, Book I | ||
| Belarusian: Уладар пярсьцёнкаў: Зьвяз пярсьцёнка, Дзьве вежы, Вяртаньне караля Uladar pyars'tsyonkaŭ: Z'vyaz Pyars'tsyonka, Dz've vezhy, Vyartan'ne karalya | 2008 to 2009 | Дзьмітрый Магілеўцаў and Крысьціна Курчанкова (Dźmitry Mahileŭcaŭ and Kryścina Kurčankova) | [19] | ||
| Belarusian: Валадар пярсцёнкаў: Брацтва Пярсцёнка Belarusian: Valadar piarścionkaŭ | 2023 | Ihar Kulikou | |||
| Arabic: سيد الخواتم | 2009 | Farajallah Sayyid Muhammad | ,, | ||
| Georgian: ბეჭდების მბრძანებელი: ბეჭდის საძმო, ორი ციხე–კოშკი, მეფის დაბრუნება | 2009 to 2011 | Nika Samushia (prose and poems) and Tsitso Khotsuashvili (poems in The Fellowship of the Ring) | ,, | ||
| Western Frisian: Master fan alle ringen | 2011 to 2016 | Liuwe Westra | , . Only Fellowship of the Ring and Two Towers translated so far | ||
| Ukrainian: Володар перснів Ukrainian: Volodar persniv | 2013 | Kateryna Onishchuk-Mikhalitsyna, Nazar Fedorak (poems) | ,, | ||
| Chinese (Simplified) | Chinese: 魔戒 | 2013 | Deng Jiawan / Chinese: 邓嘉宛 (story), Shi Zhongge / Chinese: 石中歌 (preface, prologue, appendix, and checking), Du Yunci / Chinese: 杜蕴慈 (poems) | Wenjing, ISBN licensing by Shanghai People's Press | |
| Vietnamese: Chúa tể những chiếc Nhẫn | 2013 to 2014 | (Prose) Nguyễn Thị Thu Yến (f), Đặng Trần Việt (m); Tâm Thuỷ (f); (Poetry) An Lý (f) | |||
| French: Le Seigneur des anneaux | 2014 to 2016 | Daniel Lauzon | Christian Bourgois | ||
| Marathi | स्वामी मुद्रिकांचा Swami Mudrikancha (I, II, III) | 2015 | Mugdha Karnik | Diamond Publications, Pune | |
| Yiddish: דער האַר פֿון די פֿינגערלעך Yiddish: Der Har fun di Fingerlekh | 2016 | Barry Goldstein | ,, | ||
| Afrikaans | Die Heerser Van Die Ringe | 2018 to 2020 | Janie Oosthuysen (1), Kobus Geldenhuys (2, 3) | Protea Boekhuis, Pretoria | ,, |
| Azerbaijani | Üzüklərin Hökmdarı | 2020 to 2021 | Samir Bulut | Qanun Nəşriyyatı | , (I, III only, II has no ISBN) |
| Bengali (Bangladesh) | দি লর্ড অফ দ্য রিংস Di larḍa apha dya rinsa (I only) | 2020 | Moheul Islam Mithu | Aishwarya Prakash | The ISBN printed in the book is improperly formatted, 978-91288-3-X |
| Bengali (India) | সর্বাধিপতি আংটি Sarbādhipati āṇṭi (I, II only) | 2012 to 2013 | Aniruddha | Cinnamon Teal Publishing | , |
| Uzbek | Uzuklar Hukmdori (I only) | 2019 | Shokir Zokirovich Dolimov (from the Russian translation of V. S. Muravev and A. A. Kistyakovskij) | Ilm-ziyo-zakovat | |
| Sinhala | මුදු වල අධිපතියා Mudu vala adhipatiyā (I in two parts, II) | 2018 to 2019 (I), 2023 (II) | Kaveesha Nadun Kaggodaarachchi and Upekha Draupadhi Rajapaksha (I), Upekha Draupadhi Rajapaksha (II) | Muses Books | (Ia), (Ib), (II) |
| Croatian | Gospodar Prstenova | 2018 | Marko Maras | Lumen | ,, |
| Italian | Il Signore degli Anelli | 2020 to 2021 | Ottavio Fatica | Bompiani | ,, |
| Slovenian | Gospodar prstanov | 2023 | Sergej Hvala | Mladinska knjiga | ,, |
| Mongolian | Бөгжний Эзэн, Bögjnii Ezen | 2009 | Ukhnaagiin Nyamsuren (translated from Russian) | Khökh Devter | |
| Mongolian | Бөгжний Эзэн, Bögjnii Ezen (I only) | 2024 | B. Amarbayasgalan | Monsudar | |
| Asturian | El Señor de los Aniellos (I and II only) | 2020-2022 | Nicolás Bardio | Ediciones Trabe | , |
| Chinese (Simplified) | Chinese: 魔戒
| 2001, rev. 2012 | Zhu Xueheng, rev. Deng Jiawan | Shanghai Translation Publishing House, Shanghai | |
| Chinese (Simplified) | Chinese: 魔戒
| 2024 | Tian Weihua | Zhejiang People's Publishing House, Hangzhou | |