List of thyreophoran type specimens explained

This list of specimens is a comprehensive catalogue of all the type specimens and their scientific designations for each of the genera and species that are included in the clade thyreophora.Thyreophora is a clade of ornithischian dinosaurs united by, and named for, the presence ossified armor which forms parasagittal rows on the dorsal side of the animal. They were among the first dinosaurs known to science, with the genus Hylaeosaurus being one of the first genera referred to "Dinosauria" by Sir Richard Owen alongside Megalosaurus and Iguanodon in the early 19th century.[1] However, the clade thyreophora itself was recognized in 1915 by Franz Nopcsa. It was created to include the stegosaurs, ankylosaurs, and a few other primitive armored animals like Scelidosaurus and was named after the Greek words for "shield-bearer".

This is the longest-lived individual clade of ornithischians. They first appear at the very start of the Jurassic as small, bipedal animals, similar to all other ancestral dinosaurs. However, they radiated very quickly and were the second group of herbivorous dinosaurian megafauna to evolve (after the sauropods). There was some apparent decline in their diversity with the extinction of the stegosaurids in the early Cretaceous,[2] but this was followed by the emergence of two lineages of megafaunal ankylosaurs (nodosauridae and ankylosauridae), which both persisted to the very end of the Cretaceous.[3] Thyreophorans were cosmopolitan in their distribution, and their remains can be found on every continent, including Antarctica.[4]

Scope and Terminology

This list will include the type fossils of each thyreophoran species. In paleontology, a type specimen is one which is definitionally a member of a biological taxon. Additional specimens can only be "referred" to these taxa if an expert deems them sufficiently similar to the type.

There is no complete, canonical list of all dinosaur taxa or holotype specimens. Attempts are regularly published in the form of books, such as the Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs by Gregory Paul[5] and Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages by Thomas Holtz and Luis Rey.[6] Where appropriate, The Paleobiology Database and Fossilworks, which are both online databases of named fossil taxa, are used to supplement the entries from published encyclopedias which are missing or data-deficient.

This list will also be updated regularly as new scientific descriptions are published and new taxa are named. The most recently named thyreophoran is Baiyinosaurus baojiensis, which was described by Li Ning, Susannah Maidment, Li Daqing, You Hailu, and Peng Guangzhao in July 2024.

Type System

Types are also used to diagnose higher-level taxa than an individual. One individual might represent the "type specimen" of a particular species. This species would in turn represent the "type species" of a particular genus, unless it is referred to a previously described genus. Most dinosaur genera are monospecific, therefore most type specimens are also the type species of most genera. On this list, the type species of a genus is only noted when it belongs to a genus with multiple referred species, such as Stegosaurus or Tarchia. Furthermore, when an animal is different enough from its close relatives that it is given its own family, it is conventional in dinosaur systematics to name a family after the first described, most famous, or most abundant genus assigned to it. Therefore, on this list, the type species of any type genus for a family or sub-family level taxon is also noted when appropriate.

There are several different varieties of type specimen when referring to fossil animals:

All name-bearing type specimens (i.e. holotypes, lectotypes, neotypes, and syntypes) have unique entries on this list, and non-name-bearing types (i.e. paratypes, paralectotypes, topotypes, and holotypes that have been subsumed by a neotype) are noted alongside their name-bearing counterpart.

Validity

Some described species are later determined to be invalid by subsequent scientific publications. However, invalid species are sometimes resurrected, such as in the case of Brontosaurus, and sometimes the validity of a species can be controversial among researchers (e.g. the case of Triceratops and Torosaurus). For the purposes of neutrality and completeness, all described species and genera of thyreophorans are included, even those that have been considered invalid by subsequent scientific publications.

Naming conventions and terminology follow the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN).[7] Technical terms used include:

Omissions

Some thyreophoran taxa are not included on this list. Nomina nuda are not included because a type does not become recognized by the ICZN until it is published in a scientific journal with a full description.

Some misidentified taxa are also not included so long as there is a scientific consensus with regard to the specimen in question. If a specimen is later referred to a taxon outside thyreophora, it is not included on this list. However, specimens that are identified as thyreophorans in publications subsequent to their initial description are included under the name they are given within thyreophora.

Referred taxa are only included on the list as separate entries when their initial description includes a unique type specimen (e.g. Stegosaurus duplex or Stormbergia dangershoeki).

List of Specimens

See also

Notes and References

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