List of thermal conductivities explained

In heat transfer, the thermal conductivity of a substance, k, is an intensive property that indicates its ability to conduct heat. For most materials, the amount of heat conducted varies (usually non-linearly) with temperature.^[1]

Thermal conductivity is often measured with laser flash analysis. Alternative measurements are also established.

Mixtures may have variable thermal conductivities due to composition. Note that for gases in usual conditions, heat transfer by advection (caused by convection or turbulence for instance) is the dominant mechanism compared to conduction.

This table shows thermal conductivity in SI units of watts per metre-kelvin (W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹). Some measurements use the imperial unit BTUs per foot per hour per degree Fahrenheit (=

Sortable list

This concerns materials at atmospheric pressure and around .

Material	Thermal conductivity [W·m^−1·K^−1]	class=unsortable	Notes
	Acrylic glass (Plexiglas V045i)	0.170^[2] –0.200^[3]
	Alcohols, oils
	Alumina	^[4]	For main article, see Aluminium oxide.
	Aluminium
	Aluminium nitride	^[5]	For high-quality single crystal.
	Beryllia	–330^[6] ^[7] ^[8]	For main article, see Beryllium oxide.
	Bismuth
	Boron arsenide	^[9]
	Cubic boron nitride	^[10]
	Copper (pure)	^[11]	For main article, see Copper in heat exchangers.
	Diamond
	Fiberglass or foam-glass
	Germanium
	Polyurethane foam
	Expanded polystyrene	0.033–0.046
	Manganese		Lowest thermal conductivity of any pure metal.^[12]
	Water
	Marble	2.070–2.940
	Silica aerogel
	Silicon nitride	,^[13] 177^[14]	Ceramics material.
	Silver		Highest thermal conductivity of any pure metal.
	Snow (dry)	0.050–0.250
	Kapton (tape)	^[15]

Analytical list

Thermal conductivities have been measured with longitudinal heat flow methods where the experimental arrangement is so designed to accommodate heat flow in only the axial direction, temperatures are constant, and radial heat loss is prevented or minimized. For the sake of simplicity the conductivities that are found by that method in all of its variations are noted as L conductivities, those that are found by radial measurements of the sort are noted as R conductivities, and those that are found from periodic or transient heat flow are distinguished as P conductivities. Numerous variations of all of the above and various other methods have been discussed by some G. K. White, M. J. Laubits, D. R. Flynn, B. O. Peirce and R. W. Wilson and various other theorists who are noted in an international Data Series from Purdue University, Volume I pages 14a–38a.

This concerns materials at various temperatures and pressures.

Material	Thermal conductivity [W·m^−1·K^−1]	Temperature [K]	Electrical conductivity @ 293 K [Ω^−1·m^−1]	class=unsortable	Notes
	Acrylic glass (Plexiglas V045i)	0.17-0.19-0.2		-	Note: There are no negative conductivities and the symbols that could be read that way are hyphens to separate various estimates and measurements.
	Air and thin air and high tech vacuums, macrostructure	0.024^[16] ^[17] ^[18] -0.025^[19] 0.0262 (1 bar) 0.0457 (1 bar) Formula values d=1 centimeter Standard Atmospheric Pressure 0.0209 0.0235 0.0260 List^[20] 0.1 atmosphere 0.0209 0.0235 0.0260 0.01 atmospheres 0.0209 0.0235 0.0259 0.001 atmospheres 0.0205 0.0230 0.0254 0.0001 atmospheres 0.0178 0.0196 0.0212 10^−5atmospheres 0.00760 0.00783 0.00800 10^−6atmospheres 0.00113 0.00112 0.00111 10^−7atmospheres 0.000119 0.000117 0.000115 List ^[21]	273-293-298 300 600 233.2 266.5 299.9 233.2 266.5 299.9 233.2 266.5 299.9 233.2 266.5 299.9 233.2 266.5 299.9 233.2 266.5 299.9 233.2 266.5 299.9 233.2 266.5 299.9	hiAerosols2.95^[22] -loAerosols7.83×10^−15	(78.03%N2,21%O2,+0.93%Ar,+0.04%CO2) (1 atm) The plate distance is one centimeter, the special conductivity values were calculated from the Lasance approximation formula in The Thermal conductivity of Air at Reduced Pressures and Length Scales and the primary values were taken from Weast at the normal pressure tables in the CRC handbook on page E2. Let K0 is the normal conductivity at one bar (10^5 N/m^2) pressure, Ke is its conductivity at special pressure and/or length scale. Let d is a plate distance in meters, P is an air pressure in Pascals (N/m^2), T is temperature Kelvin, C is this Lasance constant 7.6 ⋅ 10^−5 m ⋅ K/N and PP is the product P ⋅ d/T. The Lasance approximation formula is Ke/K0 = 1/(1+C/PP). Some readers might find the notation confusing since the original mK might be interpreted as milliKelvins when it is really meter-Kelvins. He^(Lasance?) puts a one (1) at the end of his equation so that it appears like this: Ke/K0 = 1/(1+C/PP)(1). Eventually you can find out from his graph that the (1) at the end is not part of his formula and instead he is citing his graph.
	Air and thin air and high tech vacuums, microstructure	Formula Values d=1 millimeter Standard Atmospheric Pressure 0.0209 0.0235 0.0260 0.1 atmosphere 0.0209 0.0235 0.0259 0.01 atmospheres 0.0205 0.0230 0.0254 0.001 atmospheres 0.0178 0.0196 0.0212 0.0001 atmospheres 0.00760 0.00783 0.00800 10^−5 atmospheres 0.00113 0.00112 0.00111 10^−6 atmospheres 0.000119 0.000117 0.000115 10^−7 atmospheres 0.0000119 0.0000117 0.0000116 List	233.2 266.5 299.9 233.2 266.5 299.9 233.2 266.5 299.9 233.2 266.5 299.9 233.2 266.5 299.9 233.2 266.5 299.9 233.2 266.5 299.9 233.2 266.5 299.9		All values calculated from the Lasance formula: Lasance, Clemens J., "The Thermal Conductivity of Air at Reduced Pressures and Length Scales," Electronics Cooling, November 2002. Plate separation = one millimeter.
	Air, standard air	0.00922 0.01375 0.01810 0.02226 0.02614 0.02970 0.03305 0.03633 0.03951 0.0456 0.0513 0.0569 0.0625 0.0672 0.0717 0.0759 0.0797 0.0835 0.0870 List, TPRC 3, pp 511–12	100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
	Air, typical air	30°N January Sea Level: 0.02535 1000 meters: 0.02509 2000 meters: 0.02483 3000 meters: 0.02429 30°N July Sea Level: 0.02660 1000 meters: 0.02590 2000 meters: 0.02543 3000 meters: 0.02497 60°N January Sea Level: 0.02286 1000 meters: 0.02302 2000 meters: 0.02276 3000 meters: 0.02250 List USSAS pp 103, 107 &123^[23]	288.52 285.25 281.87 275.14 304.58 295.59 289.56 283.75 257.28 259.31 256.08 252.85		TPRC standard air is very nearly equivalent to typical air worldwide.
	Air, wet air	≈Typical Air
	Air in motor windings at normal pressure, Lasance approximations	360 Kelvins 10^−2 meters: 0.03039 10^−3 meters: 0.03038 10^−4 meters: 0.03031 10^−5 meters: 0.02959 List, TPRC Vol 3 page 512.	360		An investigator has reported some high values for the thermal conductivity of some metal air laminates both varnished and otherwise. See Taylor, T.S., Elec. World Vol 76 (24), 1159–62, 1920 in TPRC Data Series Vol 2, pp 1037–9.
	Alcohols or oils	0.1-0.110^[24] -0.21-0.212	293-298-300
	Aluminium, alloy	Mannchen 1931: 92% Aluminum, 8% Magnesium Cast L 72.8 100.0 126.4 139.8 Annealed L 76.6 104.6 120.1 135.6 88%Aluminium, 12% Magnesium Cast 56.1 77.4 101.3 118.4 Mever-Rassler 1940: 93.0% Aluminium, 7.0% Magnesium 108.7 List	87 273 373 476 87 273 373 476 87 273 373 476 348.2		Mannchen, W., Z Metalik..23, 193–6, 1931 in TPRC Volume 1 pages 478, 479 and 1447. Mever-Rassler. The Mever-Rassler alloy has a density of 2.63 g cm^−1. Mever-Rassler, F., Metallwirtschaft. 19, 713–21, 1940 in Volume 1 pages 478, 479 and 1464.
	Aluminium, pure	204.3^[25] -205-220^[26] -237^[27] ^[28] -250 214.6 249.3 CRC Aluminum 99.996+% Pure Aluminum 780 1550 2320 3080 3810 4510 5150 5730 6220 6610 6900 7080 7150 7130 7020 6840 6350 5650 4000 2850 2100 1600 1250 1000 670 500 400 340 300 247 237 235 236 237 240 240 237 232 226 220 213 List	293-298 366 478 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 18 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 80 90 100 150 200 250 273 300 350 400 500 600 700 800 900	- ^[29] Cryogenic: up to 1.858 ⋅ 10^11 at 4.2 K.^[30] Formula Values 3.85 ⋅ 10^7 at 273.15K; 3.45 ⋅ 10^7 at 300K; 2.50 ⋅ 10^7 at 400K.	This material is superconductive (electrical) at temperatures below 1.183 Kelvins. Weast page E-78
	Aluminum, ultrapure	TPRC Aluminum 99.9999% Pure Aluminum 4102 8200 12100 15700 18800 21300 22900 23800 24000 23500 22700 20200 17600 11700 7730 3180[?] 2380 1230 754 532 414 344 302 248 237 236 237 240 237 232 226 220 213 List	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 150 200 273.2 300 400 500 600 700 800 900		These are not measured values. Very high thermal conductivity measurements up to 22,600 w m^−1 K^−1 were reported by Fenton, E.W., Rogers, J.S. and Woods, S.D. in reference 570 on page 1458, 41, 2026–33, 1963. The data is listed on pages 6 through 8 and graphed on page 1 where Fenton and company are on curves 63 and 64. Next the government-recommended values are listed and graphed on page 9. Thermophysical Properties Research Center. Performing Organization: Purdue University. Controlling Organization: Defense Logistics Agency. Documented summaries from numerous scientific journals, etc. and critical estimates. 17000 pages in 13 volumes.
	Aluminium nitride	170^[31] -175^[32] -190
	Aluminium oxide	Pure 26^[33] -30-35-39-40^[34] NBS, Ordinary 27 16 10.5 8.0 6.6 5.9 5.6 5.6 6.0 7.2 List^[35] Slip Cast R 11.1 10.0 8.37 7.95 6.90 5.86 5.65 5.65 5.65 List: Kingery, TPRC II page 99 curve 7 ref.5 Sapphire R 15.5 13.9 12.4 10.6 8.71 8.04 7.68 7.59 7.61 7.86 8.13 8.49 List: Kingery, TPRC II page 96 curve 19 ref.72	400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 613.2 688.2 703.2 873.2 943.2 1033.2 1093 1203.2 1258.2 591.5 651.2 690.2 775.2 957.2 1073.2 1173.2 1257.2 1313.2 1384.2 14X9.2 1508.2	-	The NBS recommended ordinary values are for 99.5% pure polycrystalline alumina at 98% density. Slip Cast Values are taken from Kingery, W.D., J. Am Ceram. Soc., 37, 88–90, 1954, TPRC II page 99 curve 7 ref. 5 page 1159. Sapphire values are taken from Kingery, W.D. and Norton, F.H., USAEC Rept. NYO-6447, 1–14, 1955, TPRC II pages 94, 96, curve 19 ref. 72 page 1160. Errata: The numbered references in the NSRDS-NBS-8 pdf are found near the end of the TPRC Data Book Volume 2 and not somewhere in Volume 3 like it says.
	Aluminium oxide, porous	22% Porosity 2.3	Constant 1000-1773		This is number 54 on pages 73 and 76. Shakhtin, D.M. and Vishnevskii, I.I., 1957, interval 893-1773 Kelvins.
	Ammonia, saturated
	Argon	0.016-0.01772-0.0179^[36]	298-300
	Basalt	Stephens Basalt Sample NTS No. 1 R 1.76 1.62 1.80 1.84 1.63 1.84 1.58 1.92 1.84 Sample NTS No. 2 R 1.36 1.45 1.53 1.67 1.72 1.57 1.60 1.63 List Robertson Basalt 5% olivine, 100% solidity* & 5MPa pressure Intrinsic: K = 2.55 W ⋅ m^−1 ⋅ K^−1 Air in Pores: K =1.58 Water in Pores: K = 1.97 List: Robertson pages 7, 11 & 13.	576 596 658 704 748 822 895 964 1048 442 483 529 584 623 711 762 858 300		These measurements of two samples of NTS Basalt were credited to some D.R. Stephens, USAEC UCRL — 7605, 1–19, 1963. They are reported in the TPRC Data Series in Volume 2 on pages 798 and 799. Ki-iti Horai, Thermal conductivity of Rock Forming minerals, Journal of Geophysical Research, Volume 76, Issue 5, pages 1278 — 1308, February 10, 1971. Solidity ≡ The ratio of the volume of solid to the bulk volume, or the ratio of bulk density to solid grain density, dB/dG. Robertson, p. 5.
	Beryllium oxide	218-260^[37] -300 TPRC Recommended 424 302 272 196 146 111 87 70 57 47 39 33 28.3 24.5 21.5 19.5 18.0 16.7 15.6 15.0 List	200 273.2 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000		Recommended values are found on page 137 of volume 2, TPRC Data Series, 1971
	Bismuth
	Brass Cu63%	^[38]		-	(Cu63%, Zn37%)
	Brass Cu70%	109^[39] - 121	293-296	-	(Cu70%, Zn30%)
		0.15-0.6-0.69-1.31 British 2016: Inner leaf (1700 kg/m3): 0.62 Outer leaf (1700 kg/m3): 0.84 1920s Values: Brick #1: 0.674 Brick #2: 0.732	293-298 373.2 373.2		Brick #1: 76.32% SiO2, 21.96%Al2O3, 1.88%Fe2O3 traces of CaO and MgO, commercial brick, density 1.795 g ⋅ cm^−3. Brick #2: 76.52%SiO2, 13.67%Al2O3, 6.77%Fe2O3, 1.77%CaO, 0.42%MgO, 0.27%MnO, no specified density. Judging from the descriptions the TPRC has put the wrong labels on their bricks, and if that is the case then Brick #1 is "Common Brick" and Brick #2 is "Red Brick." Tadokoro, Y., Science Repts. Tohoku Imp. Univ., 10, 339–410, 1921, TPRC pages 493 & 1169.
	Bronze	26 42^[40] -50	293-296	-	Sn25% (Cu89%, Sn11%)
	Calcium silicate	^[41]
	Carbon dioxide	0.0146-0.01465^[42] -0.0168 (sat. liquid 0.087^[43])	298-273-300 (293)
	Carbon nanotubes, bulk	2.5 (multiwall)^[44] - 35 (single wall, disordered mats) - 200(single wall, aligned mats)	300		"Bulk" refers to a group of nanotubes either arranged or disordered, for a single nanotube, see "carbon nanotube, single".
	Carbon nanotube, single	3180 (multiwall)^[45] ^[46] -3500 (single wall)^[47] (SWcalc.6,600^[48] -37,000)	320-300 (300-100)	(Lateral)10^−16^[49] - (Ballistic)10^8)	values only for one single SWNT(length:2.6 μm, diameter:1.7 nm) and CNT. "Single", as opposed to "bulk" quantity (see "carbon nanotubes, bulk") of many nanotubes, which should not be confused with the denomination of nanotubes themselves which can be singlewall(SWNT) or multiwall(CNT)
	Cerium dioxide	1.70 1.54 1.00 0.938 0.851 0.765 List: TPRC II pp. 145–6	1292.1 1322.1 1555.9 1628.2 1969.2 2005.9		Pears, C.D., Project director, Southern Res. Inst. Tech. Documentary Rept. ASD TDR-62-765, 20-402, 1963. TPRC Vol 2, pages 145, 146 and 1162
	Concrete	0.8 - 1.28 - 1.65^[50] - 2.5			~61-67%CaO
	Copper, commercial	Wright, W. H., M. S. Thesis: Sample 1 L 423 385 358 311 346 347 350 360 Sample 2 L 353 360 366 363 365 Lists: TPRC I page 75 curve 129 Taga, M., periodical First run: 378 Second run: 374 Third run: 378 Fourth run: 382 List: TPRC I page 75 curve 129	80.06 95.34 115.62 135.53 159.46 181.56 198.35 217.30 198.53 220.90 240.88 257.38 275.40 363.2 363.2 363.2 363.2		Wright, W. H., M. S. Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1–225, 1960. TPRC Data Series Volume 1, pages 75 and 80 curve 129, ref. page 1465. Taga, commercial grade, 99.82% purity, density 8.3 g⋅cm^−3. Taga, M., [Bull?], Japan Soc. Mech. Engrs., 3 (11) 346–52, 1960. TPRC Data Series Vol 1, pages 74, 79 and 1459.
	Copper, pure	385-386-390-401 368.7 353.1 1970s values: TPRC (American) 2870 13800 19600 10500 4300 2050 1220 850 670 570 514 483 413 401 398 392 388 383 377 371 364 357 350 342 334 List^[51] The Soviet Union 403^[52] 1960s Values Thin Copper Foil*: 126.8 202.3 295.9 400.2 List^[53]	293 573 873 1 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 200 273 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 273.15 0.427 0.671 0.981 1.322	- Formula Values: 6.37 ⋅ 10^7 at 273.15 K; 5.71 ⋅ 10^7 at 300K; 4.15 ⋅ 10^7 at 400K.^[54]	International Annealed Copper Standard (IACS) pure =1.7×10^−8Ω•m =58.82×10^6Ω^−1•m^−1 For main article, see: Copper in heat exchangers. The TPRC recommended values are for well annealed 99.999% pure copper with residual electrical resistivity of ρ0=0.000851 μΩ⋅cm. TPRC Data Series volume 1 page 81. Out of 138 samples in the TPRC Data Series on the thermal conductivity of copper there is only one foil and that one was only measured at very low temperatures where other coppers also demonstrated extreme deviance. The blurred up reference to it on page 1465 looks like Landenfeld, P., Lynton, E.A. and Souten, R., Phys. Letters, Volume 19 page 265, 1965.
	Cork	0.04 - 0.07 1940s values: Density=0.195 g cm^−3 L 0.0381 0.0446 Density=0.104 g cm^−3 L 0.0320 0.0400 List: Rowley, F.B. and others in TPRC II page 1064 & 1067 curves 1 & 3 ref 109.	--- 222.0 305.5 222.0 305.5		1940s values are for oven dried cork at specified densities: Rowley, F.B., Jordan, R.C. and Lander, R.M., Refrigeration Engineering, 53, 35–9. 1947, TPRC pages 1064, 1067 & 1161.
	Cotton or Plastic Insulation-foamed
	Diamond, impure	^[55]	273 - 293	~^[56]	Type I (98.1% of Gem Diamonds) (C+0.1%N)
	Diamond, natural	^[57]		~	Type IIa (99%^12C and 1%^13C)
	Diamond, isotopically enriched	-41,000^[58] (99.999% ^12C calc.200,000)	-104 (~80)	(Lateral)10^−16 - (Ballistic)10^8	Type IIa isotopically enriched (>99.9%^12C)
	Dolomite, NTS dolomite	Specimen No. 1 R 1.08 1.14 Specimen No. 2 R 1.27 1.26 List TPRC 2 pp 811–12.	521 835 523 833		Specimen No. 1 had a fine-grained appearance; 2.25 inches O.D.. 0.375 in. I.D., 12 in. long; obtained from exploratory dolomite hole No. 1, dolomite hill at level of 200 feet; density 2.80 g cm^−3. Method: Radial heat flow [TPRC Volume '''1''' page 23a]. Stephens, D. R., USAEC UCRL — 7605. 1–19, 1963 in TPRC Data Series Volume 2, pp. 811–12.
	Epoxy, thermally conductive	0.682^[59] - 1.038 - 1.384^[60] - 4.8^[61]
	Eclogite	Roberston Eclogite, 5MPa 0.6437 0.2574 List from graph: Roberston page 39	373 573		Some more recent measurements about ecolgite at high pressures and elevated temperatures (up to 14GPa and 1000K) have been reported by Chao Wang and others in a 2014 article about omphacite, jadeite and diopside which is free on the internet^[62]
	Ethylene glycol	TPRC 0.2549 0.2563 0.2576 0.2590 0.2603 0.2616 0.2630 0.2643 List CRC 0.2645 0.2609 0.2695 List	280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 288.15 293.15 353.15		The TPRC values are posted in Volume 3 on page 177 and the CRC estimates are found in the handbook on page E-4.
	Expanded polystyrene – EPS	0.03-0.033 ((PS Only)0.1^[63] -0.13)	98-298 (296)		(PS+Air+CO2+CnH2n+x)
	Extruded polystyrene – XPS	0.029 - 0.39	98-298
	Fat	Beef fat 0.354 0.175 Bone fat 0.186 Pig fat 0.238 List	293.2 333.2 293.2 293.2		The fats were discovered by Lapshin A. and Myasnaya Ind., SSSR. Volume 25 (2) pp. 55–6, 1954. and reported in volume two of the TPRC Data Series on page 1072.
	Fiberglass or foam-glass
	Gabbro	Sligachan Gabbro 2.55 2.47 List Generic Gabbro* 2.06 ± 0.2 List: Birch and Clark in Robertson page 31	309.4 323.1 300		Specimen 5 cm in diameter and 2 cm long from Sligachan Skye, density 3.1 g ⋅ cm^−1. Nancarrow, H.A., Proc. Phys. Soc. (London) 45, page 447–61, 1933 in TPRC Data Series Volume 2 page 816. This summary came from three samples in 1940.
	Gasket	Cardboard 0.210 Transite P 0.770 0.757 0.749 0.742 0.739 0.736 0.736 0.736 0.733 0.731 List: Smith, W.K. in TPRC II page 1107 curve 1 ref 390.	291.15 338.7 366.5 394.3 422.1 449.8 477.6 505.4 533.2 560.9 588.7		The cardboard is in Yarwood and Castle on page 36 and the Transite is credited to some W.K. Smith, NOTS TP2624, 1 — 10, 1961. [AD 263771]. Transite was discovered in 1961 and is a type of asbestos — cement board with a density of 0.193 — 0.1918 grams⋅cm^−1. TPRC Data Series, Volume 2, page 1107 For rubber gasket see Rubber.
	Glass	0.8-0.93 (SiO2pure1-SiO296%1.2^[64] -1.4) Pyrex 7740, Air Force, 1961 P 1.35 1.34 1.39 1.42 1.59 1.45 1.43 1.56 1.66 1.68 1.91 1.90 List: TPRC II pages 926-9 curve 81 Pyrex 7740, NBS, 1963 L 1.11 1.16 1.22 1.27 1.33 1.38 1.43 List: TPRC II pages 926-9 curve 76 Pyrex 7740, NBS, 1966 0.58 0.90 1.11 1.25 1.36 1.50 1.62 1.89 List^[65]	297 300 306 319 322 322 329 330 332 336 345 356 273.2 323.2 373.2 423.2 473.2 523.2 573.2 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800	10^−14^[66] ^[67] -10^−12-10^−10	<1% Iron oxides In 1966 Pyrex 7740 had a composition of about 80.6% SiO2, 13% B2O3, 4.3% Na2O and 2.1% Al2O3. Similar glasses have a coefficient of linear expansion of about 3 parts per million per Kelvin at 20°Celsius.^[68] Density [Pyrex 774] ≈ 2.210 g ⋅ cm^−3 at 32 °F. Specific heats: 0.128, 0.172, 0.202, 0.238, 0.266, 0.275 Cal. g^−1 K^−1 at 199.817, 293.16, 366.49, 477.60, 588.72 & 699.83 Kelvins respectively. Lucks, C.F., Deem, H.W. and Wood, W.D. in TPRC V pages 1232-3^[69] Errata: The numbered references in the NSRDS-NBS-8 pdf are found near the end of the TPRC Data Book Volume 2 and not somewhere in Volume 3 like it says.
	Glycerol	0.285-0.29	300-293
	Gold, pure	314-315-318^[70] 1970s values: 444 885 2820 1500 345 327 318 315 312 309 304 298 292 285 List	293-298 1 2 10 20 100 200 273.2 300 400 500 600 700 800 900	-	1970s values are found on page 137, TPRC Data Series volume 1 (1970).
	Granite	1.73^[71] - 3.98 Nevada Granite R 1.78 1.95 1.86 1.74 1.80 Scottish Granite L 3.39 3.39 List Westerly Granite 2.4(63) 2.2(83) 2.1(44) Barre Granite 2.8(23) 2.5(18) 2.3(10) Rockport-1* 3.5(57) 3.0(31) 2.7(12) Rockport-2* 3.8(07) 3.2(11) 2.8(37) List: Birch and Clark in Robertson page 35.	368 523 600 643 733 306.9 320.2 273.15 373.15 473.15 273.15 373.15 473.15 273.15 373.15 473.15 273.15 373.15 473.15		(72%SiO2+14%Al2O3+4%K2O etc.) Scottish Granite: This is granite from May Quarry in Aberdeenshire. Nancarrow, H. A., Proc. Phys. Soc. (London). 45, 447–61, 1933, TPRC II pages 818 and 1172. Nevada Granite: This granite is 34%v plagioclase, 28%v ortheoclase, 27%v quartz and 9%v biotite. Stephens, D. R., USAEC UCRL-7605, 1–19, 1963, TPRC II pages 818 and 1172. A 1960 report on the Nevada granite (Izett, USGS) is posted on the internet but the very small numbers there are hard to understand.^[72] Robertson says that Rockport-1 has 25% Quartz and Rockport-2 has 33% Quartz and he usually talks in volume percent. Robertson page 35.
	Granite, ΔP	Barre Granite* Wet 50 bar* 2.8 2.5 2.3 2.1 1000 bar 3.2 2.8 2.6 2.4 5000 bar 4.5 4.0 3.7 3.4 Dry 50 bar 2.8(23) 2.5(18) 2.3(10) 2.1(44) 1000 bar 2.8(76) 2.5(65) 2.3(53) 2.1(84) 5000 bar 3.0(91) 2.7(57) 2.5(29) 2.3(47) List: Robertson pages 35, 59-61	273.15 373.15 473.15 573.15 273.15 373.15 473.15 573.15 273.15 373.15 473.15 573.15 273.15 373.15 473.15 573.15 273.15 373.15 473.15 573.15 273.15 373.15 473.15 573.15		Small granite pillars have failed under loads that averaged out to about 1.43 ⋅ 10^8 Newtons/meter^2 and this kind of rock has a sonic speed of about 5.6 ± 0.3 ⋅ 10^3 m/sec (stp), a density of about 2.7 g/cm^3 and specific heat ranging from about 0.2 to 0.3 cal/g °C through the temperature interval 100-1000 °C [Stowe pages 41 & 59 and Robertson pages 70 & 86].^[73] In this particular case the solidity of the granite is 0.966. A bar is 10^5 Pa or 10^5 Newtons/meter^2 and pressures around 5000 bar should normally be found at depths of about 19 to 23 kilometers.
		(4840±440)^[74] - (5300±480)		^[75]
	Graphite, natural	25-470^[76] 146-246 (longitudinal), 92-175 (radial)^[77]	293	5,000,000-30,000,000
	Grease, thermally conductive greases	860 Silicone Heat Transfer Compound: 0.66 8616 Super Thermal Grease II: 1.78 8617 Super thermal Grease III: 1.0 List, MG Chemicals^[78]	233.15—473.15 205.15—438.15 205.15—438.15	These thermal greases have low electrical conductivity and their volume resistivities are 1.5⋅10^15, 1.8⋅10^11, and 9.9⋅10^9 Ω⋅cm for 860, 8616 and 8617 respectively.	The thermal grease 860 is a silicone oil with a Zinc Oxide filler and 8616 and 8617 are synthetic oils with various fillers including Aluminum Oxide and Boron Nitride. At 25 °C the densities are 2.40, 2.69 and 1.96 g/mL for the greases 860, 8616 and 8617 respectively.
		≳100000^[79] in practice, phonon scattering at solid-liquid interface is main barrier to heat transfer.	2.2		Liquid helium in its superfluid state below 2.2 K
	House	American 2016 Wood Product Blow-in, Attic Insulation 0.0440 − 0.0448^[80] FIBERGLAS Blow-in, Attic Insulation 0.0474 − 0.0531^[81] PINK FIBERGLAS Flexible Insulation 0.0336 − 0.0459^[82] British CONCRETE: General 1.28 (2300 kg/m3) 1.63 (2100 kg/m3 typical floor) 1.40 (2000 kg/m3 typical floor) 1.13 (medium 1400 kg/m3)0.51 (lightweight 1200 kg/m3) 0.38 (lightweight 600 kg/m3) 0.19 (aerated 500 kg/m3) 0.16 PLASTER: (1300 kg/m3) 0.50 (600 kg/m3) 0.16 TIMBER: Timber (650 kg/m3) 0.14 Timber flooring (650 kg/m3) 0.14 Timber rafters 0.13 Timber floor joists 0.13 MISC.: Calcium silicate board (600 kg/m3) 0.17 Expanded polystyrene 0.030 −0.038 Plywood (950 kg/m3) 0.16 Rock mineral wool 0.034 −0.042 List^[83] Wallboard, see Wallboard. 1960s Values Dry Zero − Kapok between burlap or paper density 0.016 g cm^−3, TC=0.035 W⋅m^−1K^−1 Hair Felt − Felted cattle hair density 0.176 g cm^−3, TC=0.037 W⋅m^−1K^−1 density 0.208 g cm^−3, TC=0.037 W⋅m^−1K^−1 Balsam Wool − Chemically treated wood fibre density 0.035 g cm^−3, TC=0.039 W⋅m^−1K^−1 Hairinsul − 50% hair 50% jute density 0.098 g cm^−3, TC=0.037 W⋅m^−1K^−1 Rock Wool − Fibrous material made from rock density 0.096 g cm^−3, TC=0.037 W⋅m^−1K^−1 density 0.160 g cm^−3, TC=0.039 W⋅m^−1K^−1 density 0.224 g cm^−3, TC=0.040 W⋅m^−1K^−1 Glass Wool − Pyrex glass curled density 0.064 g cm^−3, TC=0.042 W⋅m^−1K^−1 density 0.160 g cm^−3, TC=0.042 W⋅m^−1K^−1 Corkboard − No added binder density 0.086 g cm^−3, TC=0.036 W⋅m^−1K^−1 density 0.112 g cm^−3, TC=0.039 W⋅m^−1K^−1 density 0.170 g cm^−3, TC=0.043 W⋅m^−1K^−1 density 0.224 g cm^−3, TC=0.049 W⋅m^−1K^−1 Corkboard − with asphaltic binder density 0.232 g cm^−3, TC=0.046 W⋅m^−1K^−1 Cornstalk Pith Board: 0.035 − 0.043 Cypress density 0.465 g cm^−3, TC=0.097 W⋅m^−1K^−1 White pine density 0.513 g cm^−3, TC=0.112 W⋅m^−1K^−1 Mahogany density 0.545 g cm^−3, TC=0.123 W⋅m^−1K^−1 Virginia pine density 0.545 g cm^−3, TC=0.141 W⋅m^−1K^−1 Oak density 0.609 g cm^−3, TC=0.147 W⋅m^−1K^−1 Maple density 0.705 g cm^−3, TC=0.159 W⋅m^−1K^−1 List^[84]			American 2016: Flexible insulation from Owens Corning includes faced and unfaced rolls of glass wool and with foil. 1960s values: All thermal conductivities from Cypress to Maple are given across the grain.
		0.1819^[85]	290		Hydrogen gas at room temperature.
	Ice	1.6-2.1-2.2-2.22^[86] The Historic Ice Authorities van Duser 1929 2.09 2.161 2.232 2.303 2.374 2.445 Choi & Okos/Bonales 1956 — 2017 2.2199 2.3854 2.6322 2.9603 3.3695 3.8601 Ratcliffe/Bonales 1962 — 2017 2.0914 2.2973 2.5431 2.8410 3.2086 3.6723 List^[87] Clark, S.P. Jr., 1966* 2.092 2.552 List: Clark, S.P. Jr. in Robertson p. 58^[88]	293 - 273 273.15 253.15 233.15 213.15 193.15 173.15 273.15 253.15 233.15 213.15 193.15 173.15 273.15 253.15 233.15 213.15 193.15 173.15 273.15 143.15		Bonales says that his posted formulas are lined up with his old authorities though more recent ones (and Bonales among them) have come to believe that ices that come to low temperatures remember a cooling rate.^[89] The formulas are: 1)van Duser: k=2.09(1–0.0017 T(°C)); 2)Choi & Okos: k=2.2199-6.248 ⋅ 10^−3 T(°C) + 1.0154 ⋅ 10^−4 T(°C)^2; 3)Ratcliffe: k=2135 T(K)^-1.235. k is given in w ⋅ m^−1 ⋅ K^−1. Errata: Contrary to what they say the formula of Bonales and Sanz cannot be fitted to their data and also it is not consistent with the results of Choi and Okos since their formula is a typo and also Choi and Okos did not cook up a linear function to start with. Instead the formula that would fit some of the Bonales data is k ≈ 2.0526 - 0.0176TC and not k = -0.0176 + 2.0526T as they say on page S615 and also the values they posted for Alexiades and Solomon do not fit the other formula that they posted on table 1 on page S611 and the formula that would fit over there is k = 2.18 - 0.01365TC and not k = 2.18 - 0.01365TK. The Clark Ice has a density of 0.9 g/cm^−3. Robertson page 58.
	Insulating firebrick	Sheffield Pottery, 2016: NC-23 0.19 0.20 0.23 0.26 NC-26 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.30 NC-28 0.29 0.32 0.33 0.36 List^[90] 1940s Blast Furnace: 1.58 1.55 1.53 List	533 811 1089 1366 533 811 1089 1366 533 811 1089 1366 636.2 843.2 1036.2		Sheffield pottery: Standard ASTM 155 Grades, 05/10/2006: NC-23, Cold Crushing Strength=145 lbs/inch2, density=36 lbs/ft3 NC-26, Cold Crushing Strength=220 lbs/inch2, density=46 lbs/ft3 NC-28, Cold Crushing Strength=250 lbs/inch2, density=55 lbs/ft3 --- 1940s Blast Furnace: Kolechkova, A. F. and Goncharov, V. V., Ogneupory, 14, 445–53, 1949, TPRC pages 488, 493 & 1161.
	Iron, pure	71.8-72.7-79.5-80-80.2-80.4^[91] 55.4 34.6 TPRC 149 224 297 371 442 513 580 645 705 997 814 555 372 265 204 168 146 132 94 83.5 80.3 69.4 61.3 54.7 48.7 43.3 38.0 32.6 29.7 29.9 27.9 28.2 29.9 30.9 31.8 List The Soviet Union 86.5	293-298-300 573 1273 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 200 273.2 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1183 1183 1200 1300 1400 1500 273.15	-	The TPRC recommended values are for well annealed 99.998% pure iron with residual electrical resistivity of ρ0=0.0327 μΩ⋅cm. TPRC Data Series volume 1 page 169.
	Iron, cast	Tadokoro Cast Iron* White 12.8 13.3 14.3 14.5 17.3 Grey 29.5 29.7 30.0 30.1 31.1 List: Tadokoro, curves 39 & 40 in TPRC Vol. I, pp 1130–31 Donaldson Cast Iron* 48.5 48.1 46.9 47.3 46.9 46.0 List: Donaldson, curve 1 in TPRC Vol. I, pp 1129 & 1131	303.2 323.2 362.2 373.2 425.2 303.2 323.2 361.2 373.2 427.2 353.70 376.70 418.20 429.70 431.70 447.20		(Fe+(2–4)%C+(1–3)%Si) Apart from a thermal conductivity a boiler company also has an interface heat transfer coefficient Q and also some Kurganov has posted this simplification that water flowing in tubes has Q ≈ 500 - 1200 W/(m^2K).^[92] These Tadokoro Irons are 3.02% C, 0.089% Cu, 0.53% Mn, 0.567% P, 0.074% S, 0.57% Si and 3.08% C, 0.136% Cu, 0.44% Mn, 0.540% P, .074% S and 0.58% Si, White Cast and Grey Cast respectively. By comparison the Donaldson Iron is 2.80% C, 0.10% Mn, 0.061% P, 0.093% S and 0.39% Si. It has 0.76% graphitic carbon and 2.04% combined carbon and the thermal conductivity measurements come with a 2% error estimate. Tadokoro, Y., J., Iron Steel Inst. (Japan), 22, 399 — 424, 1936 and Donaldson, J.W., J. Iron Steel Inst. (London), 128, p. 255-76, 1933.
	Laminates, metal non-metal	Taylor I 30 varnished silicon steel foils each of thickness 0.014 inches (0.356 mm): density 7.36 g cm^−3; measured near a temperature of 358.2 K under pressure in the range 0 — 132 psi: 0 psi 0.512 w m^−1 K^−1 20 psi 0.748 40 psi 0.846 60 psi 0.906 80 psi 0.925 100 psi 0.965 120 psi 0.992 132 psi 1.02 120 psi 1.00 100 psi NA* 80 psi 0.984 60 psi 0.945 40 psi 0.906 20 psi 0.846 0 psi 0.591 Taylor II 30 varnished silicon steel foils each of thickness 0.0172 inches (0.4368 mm); density 7.51 g cm^−3; measured near a temperature of 358.2 K under pressure in the range 0 — 128 psi: 0 psi 0.433 w m^−1 K^−1 20 psi 0.807 40 psi 0.965 60 psi 1.04 80 psi 1.10 100 psi 1.18 120 psi 1.24 128 psi 1.26 120 psi 1.26 100 psi 1.22 80 psi 1.18 60 psi 1.14 40 psi 1.10 20 psi 0.984 0 psi 0.630 Taylor III 30 silicon steel foils each of thickness 0.0172 inches (0.4368 mm); density 7.79 g cm^−3; measured near a temperature of 358.2 K under pressure in the range 0 — 125 psi: 0 psi 0.496 w m^−1 K^−1 10 psi 0.748 22.5 psi 0.945 125 psi 1.65 100 psi 1.59 80 psi 1.54 47 psi 1.38 20 psi 1.14 0 psi 0.709 List: Taylor, T.S., Elec. World, 76 (24), 1159 — 62, 1920.			The report in the Data Series says that the Taylor I laminate had a thermal conductivity of 0.0996 w cm^−1 K^−1 at 100 psi in descent and that is an obvious typo [NA]. What would fit is 0.00996 w cm^−1 K^−1 = 0.996 w m^−1 K^−1. TPRC Volume 2, pp 1037–9.
	Lead, pure	34.7-35.0-35.3^[93] 29.8 TPRC 2770 4240 3400 2240 1380 820 490 320 230 178 146 123 107 94 84 77 66 59 50.7 47.7 45.1 43.5 39.6 36.6 35.5 35.2 33.8 32.5 31.2 List The Soviet Union 35.6	293-298-300 573 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 18 20 25 30 40 50 100 200 273.2 300 400 500 600 273.15	-	The TPRC List is the TPRC estimate for well annealed Lead of 99.99+% purity and residual electrical resistivity ρ0=0.000880 μΩ cm. TPRC Data Series Volume 1, page 191. This material is superconductive (electrical) at temperatures below 7.193 Kelvins. Weast page E-87.
	Limestone	1.26 - 1.33 Indiana Limestone R 1.19 1.21 1.19 1.11 1.12 1.07 1.03 0.62 0.57 0.54 List^[94] Queenstone Grey L 1.43 1.41 1.40 1.33 List1.43 Generic Limestone R* Air in Pores Solidity = 1.0: K = 2.67* Solidity = 0.9: K = 2.17 Solidity = 0.8: K = 1.72 Solidity = 0.7: K = 1.32 Water in Pores Solidity = 1.0: K = 2.97 Solidity = 0.9: K = 2.52 Solidity = 0.8: K = 2.12 Solidity = 0.7: K = 1.77 List: Robertson formula 6 and page 10&16.	---- 472 553 683 813 952 1013 1075 1181 1253 1324 395.9 450.4 527.6 605.4 300		Mostly CaCO3 and the "Indiana Limestone" is 98.4% CaCO3, 1% quartz and 0.6% hematite. By comparison Queenstone Grey is a mixture of dolomite and calcite containing 22% MgCO2. Density=2.675 g cm^−3. Niven, C.D., Can J. Research, A18, 132–7, 1940, TPRC pages 821 and 1170. Generic Limestone R is relatively pure polycrystaline calcite, solidity is the quotient of the solid grain volume divided by the bulk volume and K is thermal conductivity in W⋅m^−1⋅K^−1.
	Manganese	7.81			lowest thermal conductivity of any pure metal
	Marble	2.07-2.08-2.94
	Methane	0.030-0.03281^[95]	298-273
	Mineral wool insulation		293-298
	Nickel	90.9-91
	Nitrogen, pure	0.0234-0.024-0.02583-0.026	293-298-300		(N2) (1 atm)
	Norite	2.7 ± 0.4 List: Misener and others in Robertson page 31.	300		This summary came from five samples in 1951.
	Oxygen, pure (gas)	0.0238-0.024-0.0263-0.02658	293-298-300		(O2) (1 atm)
	Oil	Transformer Oil CRC Oil Regular 0.177 Light Heat 0.132 List^[96] Yarwood and Castle 0.135^[97]	343.15 — 373.15 303.15 — 373.15 273.15		Yarwood and Castle have their transformer oil on page 37.
	Paper	Ordinary Paper Engineeringtoolbox 0.05 Yarwood and Castle 0.125 Oil Impregnated Paper 0.180 — 0.186	298 291.15 294.7 — 385.2		The oil-impregnated paper was about 0.05 inches thick and it was loaded under about 2 PSI. TPRC Volume 2, page 1127. Yarwood and Castle has the thermal conductivity of their paper on page 36
	Perlite, (1 atm)
	Perlite in partial vacuum
	Pine	0.0886 0.0913 0.0939 0.0966 0.0994 0.102 List	222.0 238.7 255.4 272.2 288.9 305.5		Density=0.386 g cm^−3. Rowley, F. B., Jordan, R. C. and Lander, R. M., Refrigeration Engineering, 53, 35–9, 1947, TPRC pages 1083 and 1161.
	Plastic, fiber-reinforced	0.23^[98] - 0.7 - 1.06	293 - 296	10^−15 - 10^0	10-40%GF or CF
	Polyethylene, high-density	0.42 - 0.51
	Polymer, high-density	0.33 - 0.52		10^−16 - 10^2
	Polymer, low-density	0.04 - 0.16 - 0.25 - 0.33	293 - 296	10^−17 - 10^0
	Polyurethane foam
	Porcelain, electrical porcelain	1940s Values Sample 1 1.90 — 2.27 Sample 2 1.40 — 2.15 Sample 3 1.84 — 2.24	388.2 — 1418.2 395.2 — 1456.2 385.2 — 1396.2		Starting material was 19.0 flint, 37.0 feldspar, 7.0 Edgar plastic kaolin, 22.0 Edgar Nocarb clay, and 15.0 Kentucky old mine No. 4 ball clay, ball milled for 15 hours, slip cast and fired to 1250 °C; 25% open pores; bulk density 2.5 g ⋅ cm^−3. Norton, F.H. and Kingery, W.D., USAEC Rept. NYO — 601, 1 — 52, 1943 in TPRC Vol. 2 page 937
	Propylene glycol		293.15 — 353.15		This hearsay value is posted in the 48th Edition of the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics on page E-4.
	Pyroxenite	4.3 ± 0.1 List: Birch and Clark in Robertson, page 31.	300		This summary came from 2 samples in 1940.
	Quartz, single crystal	12 \parallel to c axis, 06.8 \perp to c axis Rutgers University 11.1 \parallel to c axis, 5.88 \perp to c axis 9.34 \parallel to c axis, 5.19 \perp to c axis 8.68 \parallel to c axis, 4.50 \perp to c axis List^[99] NBS 6.00 \parallel to c axis, 3.90 \perp to c axis 5.00 \parallel to c axis, 3.41 \perp to c axis 4.47 \parallel to c axis, 3.12 \perp to c axis 4.19 \parallel to c axis, 3.04 \perp to c axis List	311 366 422 500 600 700 800		The noted authorities have reported some values in three digits as cited here in metric translation but they have not demonstrated three digit measurement.^[100] Errata: The numbered references in the NSRDS-NBS-8 pdf are found near the end of the TPRC Data Book Volume 2 and not somewhere in Volume 3 like it says.
	Quartz, fused, or vitreous silica, or fused silica	1.46^[101] -3 1.4 England 0.84 1.05 1.20 1.32 1.41 1.48 List^[102] America 0.52 1.13 1.23 1.40 1.42 1.50 1.53 1.59 1.73 1.92 2.17 2.48 2.87 3.34 4.00 4.80 6.18 List^[103]	293 323 123 173 223 273 323 373 100 200 223 293 323 373 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400	- 10^−16
	Quartz, powdered	Kozak 1952 0.184 0.209 0.230 0.259 Sinel'nikov 1958 0.0289 0.0335 0.0356 0.041 0.0448 0.0515 0.0669 0.0753 0.0812 0.0837 List: TPRC II pages 177-180	483.2 588.2 673.2 313.2 373.2 473.2 571.2 617.2 667.2 713.2 811.2 863.2 868.2		Kozak grain sizes ranged from 0.3 to 1 mm diameter and the density was 0.54 grams ⋅ cm^−3. Kozak, M.I. Zhur. Tekh. Fiz., 22 (1), 73–6, 1952. By comparison Sinel'nikov powder is a powder in a vacuum, gran sizes range from 100 to 200 micrometers, the powder density is 1.35 g per cm^−3. Sinel'nikov, N.N. and Filipovich, V.N., Soviet Phys. Tech., 3, 193–6, 1958. The TPRC record is blurred up some on the Sinel'nikov vacuum which looks like it is probably 5 ⋅ 10^−5 mmHg. TPRC pages 177–180, Volume 2, curves 62 and 65, Reference numbers 326 and 327 respectively.^[104]
		First Run 0.34 0.39 0.45 0.51 0.62 Second Run 0.63 0.66 0.69 List^[105]	700 900 1100 1300 900 1000 1100		This material which must have started out like unfired pottery was slip cast from fused silica. Then it was dried four days at 333 K before being tested. It was 9 inches in diameter and 1 inch thick, density 1.78 ⋅ cm^−3. The first run went to 1317K and then on the second run the same insulator proved to be more conductive. 1959.
	Redwood bark	Whole: Density=0.0641 g cm^−3 L 0.0286 0.0307 0.0330 0.0356 0.0379 0.0407 Shredded: Density=0.0625 g cm^−3 L 0.0107 List	222.2 239.2 255.5 272.1 288.8 305.3 318.7		Whole: Rowley, F. B., Jordan, R. C. and Lander, R. M., Refrig. Eng., 50, 541–4, 1945, TPRC pages 1084 & 1172. Shredded: Wilkes, G. B., Refrig. Eng., 52, 37–42, 1946, TPRC pages 1084 & 1162.
	Rice hulls (ash)	^[106]
	Rice hulls (whole)
	Rock, felsic igneous	Air in Pores, 5 MPa* Solidity* = 1 20%v Quartz: 2.21 40%v Quartz: 2.97 60%v Quartz: 3.72 Solidity = 0.9 20%v Quartz: 1.80 40%v Quartz: 2.41 60%v Quartz: 3.02 Water in Pores, 5 MPa Solidity = 1 20%v Quartz: 2.83 40%v Quartz: 4.14 60%v Quartz: 5.46 Solidity = 0.9 20%v Quartz: 2.41 40%v Quartz: 3.47 60%v Quartz: 4.54 List: Formula values (6), page 10, Robertson.	300		5 MPa is 5 ⋅ 10^6 Pascals or 5 ⋅ 10^6 Newtons per meter^2 or about fifty atmospheres pressure. *Solidity ≡ the ratio of the volume of solid to the bulk volume, or the ratio of bulk density to solid grain density dB/dG. Symbols: %v is percent by volume.
	Rock, mafic igneous	Air in Pores, 5 MPa Solidity = 1 0 %v OPA*: 1.50 5 %v OPA : 1.58 10%v OPA: 1.65 20%v OPA: 1.80 30%v OPA: 1.95 Solidity = 0.9 0 %v OPA : 1.25 5 %v OPA : 1.31 10%v OPA: 1.37 20%v OPA: 1.49 30%v OPA: 1.62 Water in Pores, 5 MPa Solidity = 1 0 %v OPA : 1.84 5 %v OPA : 1.96 10%v OPA: 2.09 20%v OPA: 2.34 30%v OPA: 2.59 Solidity = 0.9 0 %v OPA : 1.63 5 %v OPA : 1.73 10%v OPA: 1.83 20%v OPA: 2.04 30%v OPA: 2.24 List: Formula values (6), page 10, Robertson.	300		OPA is olivine, pyroxene and/or amphibole in any proportions.
		CRC Rubber, 92%, nd 0.16 Griffiths Natural Rubber 1923 0.134 Hayes Synthetic Rubbers 1960 Thiokel ST 0.268 Kel-F 3700 0.117 0.113 0.113 0.113 Carboxy Rubber, Firestone butaprene T 0.255 0.238 0.197 List Griffiths and Hayes curves 11, 41, 43 & 56 in TPRC II pp 981–984	303 298.2 310.9 310.9 422.1 477.6 533.2 310.9 422.1 477.6	~	The Listed Synthetic Rubbers and more of them in the data collection are credited to Hayes, R.A., Smith, F.M., Kidder, G.A., Henning, J.C., Rigby, J.D. and Hall, G.L., WADC TR 56-331 (Pt.4), 1–157, 1960 [AD 240 212].
	Sand, Hudson River	List: Robertson page 58	303.15		This sample has a density of 1.36 g/cm^3.
	Sandstone	1.83 - 2.90 2.1^[107] - 3.9			~95-71%SiO2 ~98-48%SiO2, ~16-30% Porosity
	Silica aerogel	0.003 (carbon black9%~0.0042^[108])-0.008-0.017-0.02-0.03	98 - 298		Foamed glass
	Silver, pure	406-407-418 427-429^[109] -430 1970s values: TPRC 3940 7830 17200 16800 5100 1930 1050 700 550 497 471 460 450 432 430 428 427 420 413 405 397 389 382 List The Soviet Union 429	293 298-300 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 150 200 273.2 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 273.15	-	Highest electrical conductivity of any metal TPRC recommended values are for well annealed 99.999% pure silver with residual electrical resistivity of ρ0=0.000620 μΩ⋅cm. TPRC Data Series volume 1 page 348 (1970).
	Silver, sterling	361^[110]
	Snow, dry	0.05-0.11-0.25
	Sodium chloride	35.1 - 6.5 - 4.85^[111]	80 - 289 - 400
	Soil, dry with organic matter	0.15^[112] -1.15-2			composition may vary
	Soil, saturated	0.6-4			composition may vary
	Soils, temperate	Andersland Soils Sandy Soils Dry Density= 1200 kg ⋅ meter^−3 20% Saturation: K= 0.90 W ⋅ m^−1 ⋅ K^−1 40% Saturation: K= 1.05 60% Saturation: K= 1.15 80% Saturation: K= 1.20 Dry Density= 1400 kg ⋅ meter^−3 20% Saturation: K= 1.09 40% Saturation: K= 1.30 60% Saturation: K= 1.44 80% Saturation: K= 1.54 Dry Density= 1600 kg ⋅ meter^−3 20% Saturation: K= 1.29 40% Saturation: K= 1.58 60% Saturation: K= 1.76 80% Saturation: K= 1.88 Dry Density= 1800 kg ⋅ meter^−3 20% Saturation: K= 1.50 40% Saturation: K= 1.90 60% Saturation: K= 2.15 80% Saturation: K= 2.31 Silt and Clay Soils Dry Density= 1200 kg ⋅ meter^−3 20% Saturation: K= 0.54 W ⋅ m^−1 ⋅ K^−1 40% Saturation: K= 0.76 60% Saturation: K= 0.90 80% Saturation: K= 1.00 Dry Density= 1400 kg ⋅ meter^−3 20% Saturation: K= 0.59 40% Saturation: K= 0.86 60% Saturation: K= 1.04 80% Saturation: K= 1.15 Dry Density= 1600 kg ⋅ meter^−3 20% Saturation: K= 0.61 40% Saturation: K= 1.00 60% Saturation: K= 1.23 80% Saturation: K= 1.39 Dry Density= 1800 kg ⋅ meter^−3 20% Saturation: K= 0.65 40% Saturation: K= 1.08 60% Saturation: K= 1.39 80% Saturation: K= 1.62 Charts: Andersland and Anderson in Farouki, figures 152 page 106 and 148 on page 104^[113] de Vries Soils Mineral; density 2.65 g cm^−3: K = 2.93 Organic; density 1.3 g cm^−3: K = 0.251 Soil, mineral, dry; density 1.50 g cm^−3: K = 0.209 Soil, mineral, saturated; density 1.93 g cm^−3: K = 2.09 Soil, organic, dry; density 0.13 g cm^−3: K = 0.033 Soil, organic, sat.; density 1.03 g cm^−3: K = 0.502 List^[114] Higashi Soil With Water r* Loose Packed r = 0.0: K= 0.255 W ⋅ m^−1 ⋅ K^−1 r = 0.2: K= 0.534 r = 0.4: K= 0.883 r = 0.6: K= 1.162 Close Packed r = 0.0: K= 0.372 r = 0.2: K= 0.697 r = 0.4: K= 1.127 r = 0.6: K= 1.627 List: Higashi, Akira; Hokkaido University Library^[115] Kersten Soils Silt-Clay Soils 1.28 grams ⋅ cm^−3 dry 50% Saturation: K = 0.89 W ⋅ m^−1 ⋅ K^−1 100% Saturation: K = 1.1 1.44 grams ⋅ cm^−3 dry 50% Saturation: K = 1.0 100% Saturation: K = 1.3 1.60 grams ⋅ cm^−3dry 50% Saturation: K = 1.2 100% Saturation: K = 1.5 Sandy Soil 1.60 grams ⋅ cm^−3 dry 50% Saturation: K = 1.7 W ⋅ m^−1 ⋅ K^−1 100% Saturation: K = 2.0 List: Kersten in Farouki, figures 146 & 150, pp. 103 & 105^[116]	293.2 277.59		The cited Andersland Charts include corresponding water content percentages for easy measurements. The TPRC Data Book has been quoting de Vries with values of 0.0251 and 0.0109 W⋅cm^−3⋅Kelvin^−1 for the thermal conductivities of organic and dry mineral soils respectively but the original article is free at the website of their cited journal. Errors: TPRC Volume 2 pages 847 and 1159. Journal archives. Also some de Vries authorities include John Webb, "Thermal Conductivity of Soil" November 1956, Nature Volume 178, pages 1074–1075, and M.W. Makowski, "Thermal Conductivity of Soil" April 1957, Nature Volume 179, pages 778-779 and more recent notables include Nan Zhang Phd and Zhaoyu Wang PhD "Review of soil thermal conductivity and predictive models" July 2017, International Journal of Thermal Sciences Volume 117 pages 172–183. r ≡ The ratio of the water mass to the dried soil mass. Higashi Soil.
	Soils, frozen, below saturation	Higashi Soils Soil A, Black cultivated, 0 — 10 cm deep Dry: K = 0.488 W ⋅ m^−1 ⋅ K^−1 Saturated: K = 3.151 Soil B, Brown subsoil, 25 — 30 cm deep Dry: K = 0.232 Saturated: K = 2.604 Soil C, Yellow brown subsoil, 50 — 60 cm deep Dry: K = 0.290 Saturated: K = 2.279 List: Higashi, Hokkaido University Library^[117] Kersten Soils Sandy Soil 1.60 grams ⋅ cm^−3 dry 50% Saturation: K = 1.7 W ⋅ m^−1 ⋅ K^−1 100% Saturation: K > 3.17 List: Kersten in Farouki, figure 151 page 105.	268.15 ± 2K 269.26		Higashi anomalies: The very high c values that are labeled as thermal conductivities in table III on page 100 would roughly fit the thesis of the paper if they came with lower orders of magnitude. The way that the dry soils get a lot lighter between Table I on page 99 and table IV on pages 102-3 is eventually explained by the fact that Table I has pycnometer densities. For those who may already see reasons to learn more about the thermal conductivities of the soils it is free from the Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. The whole thing is on the Farouki reference footnote and it comes with graphs and with formulas. To make it easier a lb/ft^3 is about 0.01601846 grams/cm^3 and a Btu in./ft^2 hr °F is about 0.14413139 W ⋅ m^−1 ⋅ K^−1.
	Soils, frozen, above saturation	Higashi Soils Soil A r* = 0.7: K = 3.953 W ⋅ m^−1 ⋅ K^−1 Soil B r = 0.8: K = 3.348 List	268.15 ± 2K		In this sample of two there is one very dirty kind of ice that conducts heat at nearly twice the rate of plain ice. *r ≡ The ratio of the water mass to the dried mass.
	Solder, Sn/63% Pb/37%	50^[118]
	Lead-free solder,, (SAC)	~60
	Steel, carbon	36-43 50.2-54 Intermediate British Steels, 1933 CS 81: 0.1% C, 0.34% Mn 67.4 66.1 64.9 CS 91: 0.26% C, 0.61% Mn 56.1 55.2 54.4 CS 92: 0.44% C, 0.67% Mn 54.0 52.7 51.9 List: Naeser, G. in TPRC I pp 1186–90, curves 81, 91 and 92 Tool Steel, 1.41% C, 0.23% Mn, 0.158% Si L Water Quenched 30.5 31.0 31.8 Tempered at 150°C and air cooled 32.2 32.2 32.8 Tempered at 200°C and air cooled 33.1 33.9 33.5 Tempered at 250°C and air cooled 36.8 36.4 37.2 Tempered at 300°C and air cooled 37.7 38.5 38.1 Tempered at 350°C and air cooled 38.1 38.5 38.9 List: Hattori, D., J. Iron Steel Inst. (London) 129 (1), 189–306, 1934 in TPRC I pp 1115–1120 curves 61-66	293-298 373.2 473.2 573.2 373.2 473.2 573.2 373.2 473.2 573.2 355.70 374.20 390.20 360.70 376.70 389.70 366.20 401.70 427.20 364.20 395.70 424.70 365.70 393.20 427.20 369.20 390.70 432.20		(Fe+(1.5-0.5)%C)
	Steel, stainless	16.3^[119] -16.7^[120] -18^[121] -24		-	(Fe, Cr12.5-25%, Ni0-20%, Mo0-3%, Ti0-trace)
	Styrofoam-expanded polystyrene	Dow Chemical 0.033-0.036^[122] K. T. Yucel et al. 0.036-0.046^[123]
	Syenite	List: Birch and Clark in Robertson page 58	300		This summary came from one sample in 1940.
	Thermal grease	- 3.0
	Thermal tape	^[124]
	Thorium dioxide	3.68 3.12 2.84 2.66 2.54 List	1000 1200 1400 1600 1800		Recommended values, TPRC, Polycrystaline, 99.5% pure, 98% dense, page 198
	Tin	TPRC 20400\perp to the c axis, 14200 \parallel to the c axis, 18300 P* 36000\perp to the c axis, 25000 \parallel to the c axis, 32300 P 33100\perp to the c axis, 23000 \parallel to the c axis, 29700 P 20200\perp to the c axis, 14000 \parallel to the c axis, 18100 P 13000\perp to the c axis, 9000 \parallel to the c axis, (11700) P 8500\perp to the c axis, 5900 \parallel to the c axis, (7600) P 5800\perp to the c axis, 4000 \parallel to the c axis, (5200) P 4000\perp to the c axis, 2800 \parallel to the c axis, (3600) P 2900\perp to the c axis, 2010 \parallel to the c axis, (2600) P 2150 \perp to the c axis, 1490 \parallel to the c axis, (1930) P 1650\perp to the c axis, 1140\parallel to the c axis, (1480) P 1290\perp to the c axis, 900 \parallel to the c axis, (1160) P 1040\perp to the c axis, 20 \parallel to the c axis, (930) P 850 \perp to the c axis, 590 \parallel to the c axis, (760) P 700 \perp to the c axis, 490 \parallel to the c axis, (630) P 590 \perp to the c axis, 410 \parallel to the c axis, (530) P 450 \perp to the c axis, 310 \parallel to the c axis, (400) P 360 \perp to the c axis, 250 \parallel to the c axis, (320) P 250 \perp to the c axis, 172 \parallel to the c axis, (222) P 200 \perp to the c axis, 136* \parallel to the c axis, (176) P 167 \perp to the c axis, 116 \parallel to the c axis, (150) P (150)\perp to the c axis, (104) \parallel to the c axis, (133) P (137)\perp to the c axis, (95) \parallel to the c axis, (123) P (128)\perp to the c axis, (89) \parallel to the c axis, (115) P (107)\perp to the c axis, (74) \parallel to the c axis, (96) P (98.0)\perp to the c axis, (68.0) \parallel to the c axis, (88.0) P (95.0)\perp to the c axis, (66.0) \parallel to the c axis, (85.0) P (86.7)\perp to the c axis, (60.2) \parallel to the c axis, (77.9) P (81.6)\perp to the c axis, (56.7) \parallel to the c axis, (73.3) P (75.9)\perp to the c axis, (52.7) \parallel to the c axis, 68.2 P (74.2)\perp to the c axis, (51.5) \parallel to the c axis, 66.6 P 69.3\perp to the c axis, 48.1 \parallel to the c axis, 62.2 P 66.4\perp to the c axis, 46.1 \parallel to the c axis, 59.6 P List The Soviet Union 68.2	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 18 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 70 90 100 150 200 273.2 300 400 500 273.15		The P Conductivity is the conductivity of polycrystalline Tin. TPRC Tin is well annealed 99.999+% pure white tin with residual electrical resistivity ρ0=0.000120, 0.0001272 & 0.000133 μΩ cm respectively for the single crystal along directions perpendicular \perp and parallel \parallel to the c axis and for polycrystalline tin P. The recommended values are thought to be accurate to within 3% near room temperature and 3 to [unintelligible] at other temperatures. Values in parentheses are extrapolated, interpolated, or estimated. *It happens that the online record has the thermal conductivity at 30 Kelvins and \parallel to the c axis posted at 1.36 W⋅cm^−1 K^−1 and 78.0 Btu hr^−1 ft^−1 F^−1 which is incorrect. Also the copy is blurred up enough to give you the impression that maybe what it really means is 1.36 W^−1 cm^−1 K^−1 and 78.6 Btu hr^−1 ft^−1 F^−1 and a type-head that got overdue for its cleaning since the secretary had a tall heap of papers on her desk and if that is the case then the multilingual expression is perfectly consistent. TPRC Data Series Volume 1, page 408. This material is superconductive (electrical) at temperatures below 3.722 Kelvins. Weast page E-75.
	Titanium, pure	15.6-19.0-21.9^[125] -22.5	293-300	-
	Titanium alloy	^[126]			(Ti+6%Al+4%V)
	Tungsten, pure	1440 9710 208 ^[127] 118 98^[128]	1 10 100 1000 2000
	Wallboard (1929)	0.0640 0.0581 0.0633 List	322.8		Stiles, H., Chem. Met. Eng.,36, 625–6, 1929, TPRC Volume 2 pages 1131 and 1172. This is commercial wallboard in three samples of it at the same mean temperature.
	Water	0.563^[129] -0.596-0.6-0.609 Deionized ultra-filtered water 0.598^[130] TPRC 0.5225* 0.5551* 0.5818 0.5918 0.6084 0.6233 0.6367 0.6485 0.6587 0.6673 0.6797 0.6864 0.6727 0.6348 0.5708 List^[131] The Soviet Union 0.599	273-293-300 293.15 250 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 370 400 450 500 550 293.15	5×Pure10^−6-Sweet10^−3±1-Sea1	<4%(NaCl+MgCl2+CaCl2) *The TPRC Estimates for water at 250K and 270K are for supercooled liquid. Of course the values for 400K and above are for water under steam pressure.
	Water vapor	0.016-0.02479 (101.3 kPa)^[132] 0.0471 (1 bar)^[133]	293-398 600
	Wood, moist	+>=12% water: 0.09091^[134] -0.16-0.21-0.4 The Royal Society: Fir L Specific gravity=0.6 15% moisture ⊥ to the grain U*: 0.117 Mahogany L Specific gravity=0.70 15% m & ⊥ to the grain R*: 0.167 15% m & ⊥ to the grain T*: 0.155 15% m & \parallel to the grain: 0.310 Oak L Specific gravity=0.60 14% m & ⊥ to the grain T: 0.117 Spruce: L Electric Oven 3.40% m & ⊥ to the grain R: 0.122 5.80% m & ⊥ to the grain R: 0.126 7.70% m & ⊥ to the grain R: 0.129 9.95% m & ⊥ to the grain R: 0.133 17.0% m & ⊥ to the grain R: 0.142 Specific gravity=0.041 16% m & ⊥ to the grain R: 0.121 16% m & ⊥ to the grain T: 0.105 16% m & \parallel to the grain: 0.222 Teak L Specific gravity=0.72 10% m & ⊥ to the grain T: 0.138 Walnut L Specific gravity=0.65 12.1% m & ⊥ to the grain R: 0.145 11.3% m & ⊥ to the grain T: 0.136 11.8% m & \parallel to the grain: 0.332 List	298-293 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 373.2 373.2 373.2 373.2 373.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2		Species-Variable The Royal Society: Griffiths, E. and Kaye, G. W. C., Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), A104, 71–98, 1923, TPRC Volume 2, pages 1073, 1080, 1082, 1086 and 1162. *The R conductivity is the thermal conductivity radial to the annual rings, T is tangential to those rings and U is unspecified. Mahogany: page 1080, Oak: page 1082, Spruce: page 1086, Teak: page 1087, Walnut: page 1089. Method: Longitudinal Heat Flow, TPRC 1, page 24a. Note: all the percentages refer to moisture. The Fir was measured at 15%, Mahogany, 15%, Oak, 14%, Spruce, 3.40%, 5.80%, 7.70%, 9.95%, 17.0% and 16%. Teak was measured at 10% and Walnut was measured at 12.1%, 11.3% and 11.8% moisture.
	Wood, unspecified	0.04-0.055-0.07692-0.12-0.17 The Royal Society Walnut L ⊥ to the grain & tangent to the annual rings, various pressures and thicknesses all 0.137 ± 0.001 twelve times over. Griffiths, E. and Kaye, G. W. C., Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), A104, 71–98, 1923 in TPRC 2 page 1089. Various Pine, see Pine. Redwood Bark, see Redwood Bark.	293-298 293.2		Balsa-Cedar-Hickory/Oak
	Wool, Angora wool		293.2		Bettini, T. M., Ric. Sci. 20 (4), 464–6, 1950, TPRC pages 1092 and 1172
	Wool felt	0.0732	313.2 343.2		Taylor, T. S., Mech. Eng., 42, 8–10, 1920, TPRC pages 1133 and 1161.
	Zinc, pure	116	293	16,950,000
	Zinc oxide
	Zirconium dioxide	Slip Cast, first run (1950) 2.03 1.98 1.96 1.91 1.91 1.90 Second Run (1950) 1.81 1.80 1.92 1.90 1.95 1.92 1.97 1.98 2.04 2.29 CaO stabilized (1964) 1.54 1.64 1.64 1.76 1.62 1.79 1.80 2.46 2.33 2.80 2.56 2.70 List	766.2 899.2 1006.2 1090.2 1171.2 1233.2 386.2 470.2 553.2 632.2 734.2 839.2 961.2 1076.2 1163.2 1203.2 1343.2 1513.2 1593.2 1663.2 1743.2 2003.2 2103.2 2323.2 2413.2 2413.2 2493.2 2523.2		First Run: Density=5.35 g cm^−3. Norton, F. H., Kingery, W. D., Fellows, D. M., Adams, M., McQuarrie, M. C. and Coble, R. L. USAEC Rept. NYO-596, 1–9, 1950, TPRC pages 247 and 1160 Second Run: Same Specimen, same USAEC Report. CaO stabilized: Density=4.046 g cm^−3 (66.3% of theoretical). Feith, A. D., Gen. Elec. Co., Adv. Tech. Service, USAEC Rept. GEMP-296, 1-25, 1964, TPRC pages 247 and 1165. Some recent developments include Zirconia fibrous thermal insulation for temperatures up to about 2000 Kelvins. Various conductivities less than 0.4 w m^−1 K^−1. Zircar Zirconia, Inc.^[135] http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Tables/thrcn.html
Material	Thermal conductivity [W·m^−1·K^−1]	Temperature [K]	Electrical conductivity @ 293 K [Ω^−1·m^−1]	Notes

See also

• Laser flash analysis
• List of insulation materials
• R-value (insulation)
• Thermal transmittance
• Specific heat capacity
• Thermal conductivity
• Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page)
• Thermal diffusivity
• Thermodynamics

Bibliography

• Book: David R. Lide. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 84th. 2003. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. 978-0-8493-0484-2.

External links

• Heat Conduction Calculator
• Thermal Conductivity Online Converter - An online thermal conductivity calculator
• Thermal Conductivities of Solders
• Thermal conductivity of air as a function of temperature can be found at James Ierardi's Fire Protection Engineering Site
• Non-Metallic Solids: The thermal conductivities of non-metallic solids are found in about 1286 pages in the TPRC Data Series volume 2 at the PDF link here (Identifier ADA951936): http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA951936 with full text link https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf retrieved February 2, 2019 at 10:15 PM EST.
• Gasses and Liquids: The thermal conductivities of gasses and liquids are found in the TPRC Data Series volume 3 at the PDF link here (Identifier ADA951937): http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA951937 with full text link https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951937.pdf retrieved February 2, 2019 at 10:19 PM EST.
• Metals and Alloys: The thermal conductivities of metals are found in about 1595 pages in the TPRC Data Series volume 1 at the PDF link here: http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA951935 with full text link https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951935.pdf retrieved February 2, 2019 at 10:20 PM EST.
• Specific Heat and Thermal Radiation: Primary sources are found in the TPRC data series volumes 4 — 9, links: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951938.pdf, https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951939.pdf, https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951940.pdf, https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951941.pdf, https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951942.pdf and https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951943.pdf retrieved at various times February 2 and 3, 2019.
• Vacuums: Vacuums and various levels of vacuums and the thermal conductivities of air at reduced pressures are known at http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2002/11/the-thermal-conductivity-of-air-at-reduced-pressures-and-length-scales/ retrieved February 2, 2019 at 10:44 PM EST.

Notes and References

1. Web site: Metals, Metallic Elements and Alloys - Thermal Conductivities . Engineeringtoolbox.com . 2022-03-15.
2. Web site: Polymethylmethacrylate - online catalogue source - supplier of research materials in small quantities - Goodfellow. www.goodfellow.com. www.goodfellow.com.
3. Web site: Archived copy . 2008-10-28 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070223072449/http://www.plexiglas.com/tds/4b.pdf . 23 February 2007 . dmy-all .
4. http://www.makeitfrom.com/data/?material=Alumina Material Properties Data: Alumina (Aluminium Oxide)
5. Cheng, Zhe; Koh, Yee Rui; Mamun, Abdullah; Shi, Jingjing; Bai, Tingyu; Huynh, Kenny; Yates, Luke; Liu, Zeyu; Li, Ruiyang; Lee, Eungkyu; Liao, Michael E.; Wang, Yekan; Yu, Hsuan Ming; Kushimoto, Maki; Luo, Tengfei; Goorsky, Mark S.; Hopkins, Patrick E.; Amano, Hiroshi; Khan, Asif; Graham, Samuel (2020). "Experimental observation of high intrinsic thermal conductivity of AlN". Physical Review Materials. 4 (4): 044602. arXiv:1911.01595. Bibcode:2020PhRvM...4d4602C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.4.044602. S2CID 207780348.
6. Web site: Beryllia (Beryllium Oxide, BeO) . MakeItFrom.com . 2020-05-30 . 2022-03-15.
7. Web site: American Beryllia . American Beryllia . 2014-09-12 . 2022-03-15.
8. Web site: Beryllium Oxide - Beryllia . AZO Materials.
9. 10.1126/science.aat5522. 29976798. Experimental observation of high thermal conductivity in boron arsenide. Science. 361. 6402. 575–578. 2018. Kang. Joon Sang. Li. Man. Wu. Huan. Nguyen. Huuduy. Hu. Yongjie. 2018Sci...361..575K. free.
10. Leichtfried, G.; et al. (2002). "13.5 Properties of diamond and cubic boron nitride". In P. Beiss; et al. (eds.). Landolt-Börnstein – Group VIII Advanced Materials and Technologies: Powder Metallurgy Data. Refractory, Hard and Intermetallic Materials. Landolt-Börnstein - Group VIII Advanced Materials and Technologies. Vol. 2A2. Berlin: Springer. pp. 118–139. doi:10.1007/b83029. ISBN 978-3-540-42961-6.
11. Web site: Copper - online catalogue source - supplier of research materials in small quantities - Goodfellow. www.goodfellow.com. www.goodfellow.com.
12. Apart from maybe Neptunium (6.3 W/(m⋅K)) and Plutonium (6.74 W/(m⋅K)).
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16. Web site: Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases. www.engineeringtoolbox.com.
17. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html HyperPhysics
18. Web site: Air - Thermophysical Properties. www.engineeringtoolbox.com.
19. Web site: Products & Services - Hukseflux Thermal Sensors. www.hukseflux.com.
20. Weast, Robert C., Editor-in chief, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 48th Edition, 1967-1968, Cleveland: The Chemical Rubber Co., 1967
21. Lasance, Clemens J., "The Thermal Conductivity of Air at Reduced Pressures and Length Scales," Electronics Cooling, November 2002, http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2002/11/the-thermal-conductivity-of-air-at-reduced-pressures-and-length-scales/ Retrieved 05:20, 10 April 2016 (UTC).
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23. Dubin, Maurice; Sissenwine, Norman and Tewels, Sidney, NASA, AFCRL & ESSA US Standard Atmosphere Supplements, US Government Printing Office 1996.
24. Web site: Thermal Conductivities for some common Liquids. www.engineeringtoolbox.com.
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26. Web site: Thermal Properties of Metals, Conductivity, Thermal Expansion, Specific Heat - Engineers Edge. Engineers Edge. LLC.. www.engineersedge.com.
27. [Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page)]
28. Web site: Aluminium - Goodfellow, online source, sources, small quantity, quantities . 2008-11-13 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20081113201513/http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Aluminium.html . 13 November 2008 .
29. [Electrical resistivities of the elements (data page)]
30. Amundsen, T. and Olsen T., Phil. Mag., 11 (111), 561-74, 1965 in TPRC Data Series Volume 1 page 5.
31. Greg Becker . Chris Lee . Zuchen Lin . amp . Thermal conductivity in advanced chips — Emerging generation of thermal greases offers advantages . Advanced Packaging . July 2005 . 2–4 . https://archive.today/20130102114434/http://www.electroiq.com/index/display/packaging-article-display/231839/articles/advanced-packaging/volume-14/issue-7/features/cover-story/thermal-conductivity-in-advanced-chips.html . dead . 2013-01-02 . 4 March 2008 .
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34. http://www.azom.com/details.asp?ArticleID=3382#_Thermal_Properties Alumina (Al₂O₃) - Physical, Mechanical, Thermal, Electrical and Chemical Properties - Supplier Data by Ceramaret
35. R.W.Powell, C.Y.Ho and P.E.Liley, Thermal Conductivity of Selected Materials, NSRDS-NBS 8, Issued 25 November 1966, pages 73-83>Link Text
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37. Web site: Beryllia - online catalogue source - supplier of research materials in small quantities - Goodfellow. www.goodfellow.com. www.goodfellow.com.
38. Web site: Brass - online catalogue source - supplier of research materials in small quantities - Goodfellow. www.goodfellow.com. www.goodfellow.com.
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40. Web site: Bronze - online catalogue source - supplier of research materials in small quantities - Goodfellow. www.goodfellow.com. www.goodfellow.com.
41. Web site: Calcium Silicate Insulation. www.engineeringtoolbox.com.
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