List of the first women holders of political offices in North America explained
See main article: List of the first women holders of political offices.
This is a list of political offices which have been held by a woman, with details of the first woman holder of each office. It is ordered by the countries in North and Central American and the Caribbean and by dates of appointment. Please observe that this list is meant to contain only the first woman to hold of a political office, and not all the female holders of that office.
The first female governor in North America and the Americas overall was Beatriz de la Cuevaappointed in 1541, when Central America was part of Spain.
Anguilla
Antigua and Barbuda
Aruba
The Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Bermuda
British Virgin Islands
Canada
See main article: Women in Canadian politics.
National level
Legislature
Political parties
Individual ministries or regions
Ontario
Manitoba
Saskatchewan
New Brunswick
Quebec
Alberta
Nova Scotia
British Columbia
Prince Edward Island
Newfoundland and Labrador
Yukon
Northwest Territories
Nunavut
Cayman Islands
Costa Rica
Cuba
Curaçao
Dominica
National level
Individual ministries
Dominican Republic
- Secretary of State for Education, Culture and Public Worship – Lilia Portalatín Sosa – 1964[126]
- Secretary of State for Labour – Altagracia Bautista de Suárez – 1966[127]
- Secretary of State for Industry and Trade – Altagracia Bautista de Suárez – 1970[127]
- Subsecretary of State for External Relations – Licelott Marte de Barrios – 1973[127]
El Salvador
Grenada
Guadeloupe
Guatemala
National level
Individual ministries
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Martinique
Mexico
National offices
Local and municipal elected offices
State elected offices
Colima
Tlaxcala
Yucatán
Zacatecas
Federal District/Mexico City
Sonora
Aguascalientes
Baja California
Campeche
Chihuahua
Guerrero
State of Mexico
Quintana Roo
Montserrat
Netherlands Antilles
Nicaragua
Panama
Puerto Rico
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Sint Maarten
Trinidad and Tobago
National level
Legislature
Regional
Tobago
Individual ministries
Turks and Caicos Islands
United States
Governors of each State
Senators of each State
Representatives of each State
Non-voting members of each Territory or District of Columbia
Congressional Firsts
Local and municipal elected offices
State elected offices
National offices
Elected
National caucus or political party
Heads of the each Federal Executive Department
Heads of Federal Executive Departments
Executive Office of the President advisors
See also
Notes and References
- Web site: Anguilla Ministers.
- Web site: Change of Governor of Anguilla. GOV.UK. en. 2019-02-08.
- Web site: Antigua and Barbuda Ministers.
- Web site: Her Ladyship, the Hon. Justice Gertel Thom. 2017-08-16. Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court. en-GB. 2019-02-05.
- Web site: Antigua's first female G-G sworn in. July 19, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070927021541/http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20070719/carib/carib3.html. 2007-09-27. dead. 2019-02-08.
- Web site: Historia di Aruba - Het Land Aruba. www.historiadiaruba.aw. 2019-02-08.
- Web site: Aruba has a new cabinet. The Daily Herald. 17 November 2017.
- Web site: Bahamas Ministers.
- Web site: Women's struggles in the Bahamas. Carron. Eileen. www.tribune242.com. en. 2019-02-05.
- Web site: Her Excellency Dame Ivy Dumont - Government - Details. www.bahamas.gov.bs. 2019-02-08.
- Web site: Mother Pratt: A far from ordinary woman. www.tribune242.com. en. 2019-02-08.
- Book: http://www.interlinkbooks.com/Merchant2/merchant.mv?Screen=PROD&Store_Code=46&Product_Code=0-333-92068-6 . Carrington . Sean . Fraser . Henry . A~Z of Barbados Heritage . 2003 . Macmillan Caribbean . 0-333-92068-6 . 146–147 . Parliament . Women were not able to vote until 1943. The first women to be elected as a Member of the House of Assembly (in 1951) was Ermie Bourne (later Dame Ermie). The first women to become a Minister of Government was the Honourable Billie Miller (Minister of Health, 1975)..
- http://www.cavehill.uwi.edu/mainlibrary/collections---libraries/special-collections/their-excellencies.aspx COLLECTIONS & LIBRARIES: Their Excellencies
- Web site: Interview with Billie Miller. 2017-05-04. Commonwealth Oral History Project. en-US. 2019-02-09.
- Web site: LSE alumna Mia Mottley elected Barbados. London School of Economics and Political Science. 25 May 2018 . en-gb. 2019-02-09.
- News: Madame President . March 15, 2012 . Nation newspaper . July 17, 2013.
- News: Another first . March 15, 2012 . Barbados Advocate . dead . July 17, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141129084843/http://www.barbadosadvocate.com/newsitem.asp?more=local&NewsID=23421 . November 29, 2014 .
- Web site: Fung. Katherine. 2021-11-29. Who is Sandra Mason? Barbados' first president as island ends British rule. 2021-12-28. Newsweek. en.
- Web site: Belize Ministers.
- Web site: Dame Minita Gordon, Belize's first Governor General. 2016-04-16. Amandala Newspaper. en-US. 2019-02-08.
- News: Lisa Shoman: 1st Belizean Appointment to the IDB Admin Tribunal - LoveFM. 2017-06-12. LoveFM. 2018-05-17. en-US.
- Web site: The Hoax That is Zenaida Moya. June 19, 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20060710175202/http://www.belizetimes.bz/news/story/5592.shtml. 2006-07-10. dead. 2019-02-08.
- Web site: Past Presidents of the Senate. https://web.archive.org/web/20150916203359/http://www.nationalassembly.gov.bz/index.php/senate-upperhouse/past-presidents-senate. dead. 2015-09-16. 2015-09-16. 2019-02-08.
- Web site: Bermuda Ministers.
- Web site: United Nations Foundation - Pamela Gordon-Banks: Premier, Bermuda, 1997-1998. United Nations Foundation. 11 March 2016.
- Web site: British Virgin Islands Ministers.
- Book: O'Neal, Eugenia. From the Field to the Legislature: A History of Women in the Virgin Islands. 2001. Greenwood Publishing Group. Westport, Connecticut. 978-0-313-31756-9. 128.
- Guide 2 Woman Leaders
- Web site: Minister of health in British Virgin Islands Dancia Penn-Sallah. marianna-ivanova.com. 2019-02-08.
- Web site: The Coat of Arms of Canada – A Short History . Royal Heraldry Society of Canada . 5 February 2007 . Royal Heraldry Society of Canada . 2009-01-03 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120205055430/http://www.heraldry.ca/misc/coatArmsCanada.htm . 5 February 2012 . dead .
- Web site: he Rt. Hon. Ellen FAIRCLOUGH. Canadian Women in politics – Hall of Fame. Ellen Loucks Fairclough was the first woman to be appointed to Canada's Cabinet.
- Web site: Jeanne Sauvé, a Woman of Firsts - CBC Archives . 2019-02-09 . www.cbc.ca.
- Web site: Kim Campbell as Prime Minister of Canada . 2010-06-24 . Pm.gc.ca.
- News: 2016-09-23 . November 1993: Hamilton's Sheila Copps named first woman deputy prime minister . en-CA . The Hamilton Spectator . 2019-02-09 . 1189-9417.
- Encyclopedia: Louise McKinney . . September 4, 2019.
- Web site: MACPHAIL, Agnes Campbell . Library of Parliament . First woman elected to the House of Commons.
- Web site: WILSON, The Hon. Cairine Reay . Library of Parliament . First woman Senator in Canadian history.
- Web site: Speakers of the Senate . Parliament of Canada.
- Web site: Senator Joyce Fairbairn Middle School selected as name for new school . 2019-02-09 . www.lethsd.ab.ca . en.
- Web site: Thérèse CASGRAIN . Canadian Women in politics – Hall of Fame . She led the Québec wing of the party from 1951 to 1957, thereby becoming the first woman in Canada to lead a political party.
- Sylvia Bashevkin, Opening Doors Wider: Women's Political Engagement in Canada. UBC Press, 2010. .
- Watson led the Yukon Progressive Conservative Party into the territory's first-ever partisan legislative election; although her party won the election, Watson failed to win her own seat and thus did not become government leader.
- Web site: Canadian Parliamentary Review - Article . 2019-02-09 . www.revparl.ca.
- News: McCharles . Tonda . June 6, 2002 . Candid McDonough to quit as NDP leader; Stepping down to help 'revitalize' federal party . A1, A6 . . https://archive.today/20130131183051/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/421895181.html?dids=421895181:421895181&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jun+6,+2002&author=Tonda+MacCharles&pub=Toronto+Star&edition=&startpage=A.06&desc=Candid+McDonough+to+quit+as+NDP+leader+;+Stepping+down+to+help+'revitalize'+federal+party . dead . January 31, 2013 . December 31, 2009.
- News: December 30, 2009 . Hamm, McDonough named to Order of Canada . CBC News . Halifax . live . April 13, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100102062230/http://www.cbc.ca/canada/nova-scotia/story/2009/12/30/ns-officers-canada.html . January 2, 2010.
- News: Sheppard . Robert . November 28, 1994 . Alexa McDonough steps down . A15 . The Globe and Mail . Toronto.
- Web site: As Canada's 6th Female Premier Gets Set To Take Office, We Celebrate 10 Great Moments For Women In C . 2019-02-09 . George Stroumboulopoulos Tonight.
- Encyclopedia: Audrey McLaughlin . The Canadian Encyclopedia . September 4, 2019.
- Web site: Bio . 2019-02-09 . www.debgrey.com.
- Book: Newman . Jacquetta A. . Women, Politics, and Public Policy: The Political Struggles of Canadian Women . White . Linda Ann . 2006 . Oxford University Press . 9780195418057 . en.
- News: Caroline . Law . 2007 . Canada's Most Sustainable Cities . 12 December 2016.
- Web site: "Today in History" profile of Barbara Hanley from the Sudbury Star . 2010-06-24 . Members.shaw.ca.
- News: Conservative trailblazer Flora MacDonald dies aged 89. Martin. Patrick. July 26, 2015. The Globe and Mail. July 27, 2015.
- News: Flora MacDonald, first female External Affairs minister, dies at 89. July 26, 2015. July 27, 2015. Global News.
- News: 'She cleared our path': First female external affairs minister, Flora MacDonald, dead at age 89. July 26, 2015. National Post. July 27, 2015.
- Book: Smith, Bonnie G.. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History. 2008. Oxford University Press. 9780195148909. en.
- Johnston became premier by winning the leadership of the governing party, but lost the subsequent election. Callbeck was the first female premier to win the office via her party winning a general election.
- Web site: First Female Premier Catherine Callbeck Never Set Out To Be A Trailblazer. 2011-10-08. HuffPost Canada. en. 2019-02-09.
- Encyclopedia: Agnes Macphail. The Canadian Encyclopedia. September 4, 2019.
- News: Motion passed to have statue of female MPPs erected on Queen's Park grounds. 2019-02-09.
- Book: Dutil, Patrice A.. The Guardian: Perspectives on the Ministry of Finance of Ontario. 2011. University of Toronto Press. 9781442642546. en.
- Web site: Toronto's first female mayor dies at age 93 . CBC. en. 2019-02-09.
- Book: The Politics of Ontario. Collier. Cheryl N.. Malloy. Jonathan. 2016-12-07. University of Toronto Press. 9781442609150. en.
- Web site: Some Important Women's Firsts in Manitoba . Nellie McClung Foundation . December 8, 2011.
- Book: Duckworth, Henry E.. One Version of the Facts: My Life in the Ivory Tower. 2000. Univ. of Manitoba Press. 9780887553523. en.
- Web site: Sharon Carstairs: voice of the Manitoba Liberals - CBC Archives. www.cbc.ca. en. 2019-02-09.
- Book: Saskatchewan Politicians: Lives Past and Present. 2004. University of Regina Press. 9780889771659. en.
- Book: Finkel, Alvin. Social Policy and Practice in Canada: A History. 2006-05-03. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. 9781554580880. en.
- Book: Porter, Jene M.. Perspectives of Saskatchewan. 2009. Univ. of Manitoba Press. 9780887553530. en.
- Web site: Margaret Rideout: obituary and death notice on InMemoriam. www.inmemoriam.ca. 2019-02-09.
- Book: Debates of the Senate: Official Report (Hansard). February 2003. Queen's Printer.. en.
- David Keith Adams, Britain and Canada in the 1990s: proceedings of a UK/Canada colloquium. Institute for Research on Public Policy, 1992. p. 23.
- Book: Proceedings of the ... Annual Meeting of the Western Society for French History. 1985. New Mexico State University Press. en.
- Book: Dunn, Christopher. Provinces: Canadian Provincial Politics, Third Edition. 2016. University of Toronto Press. 9781442633995. en.
- Book: Québec Studies. 1986. Northeast Council for Québec Studies. en.
- Web site: Andrée Boucher, 70: Quebec City's colourful mayor. thestar.com. 25 August 2007. en. 2019-02-09.
- Web site: Pauline Marois to become Quebec's 1st female premier . CBC. en. 2019-02-09.
- Web site: 100 years since first women elected to Alberta legislature Edmonton Journal. Clancy. Clare. 2017-06-07. en. 2019-02-09.
- Book: Adami, Rebecca. Women and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 2018-10-26. Routledge. 9780429795527. en.
- Web site: Jan Reimer takes the mayor's chair in female majority city council CBC News. Zazula. John. CBC. en. 2019-02-09.
- Web site: Pam Barrett, NDP stalwart in Alberta, dies at 54 CTV News. www.ctvnews.ca. 22 January 2008 . 2019-02-09.
- News: The saga of Alberta's MacBeth. 2019-02-09.
- News: Alberta to get first female premier. 2019-02-09.
- Web site: Kentville's Gladys Porter a political pioneer . www.kingscountynews.ca. en. 2019-02-09.
- Web site: Women in Parliament - Parliament of Victoria. www.parliament.vic.gov.au. 2019-02-09.
- Encyclopedia: Alexa McDonough. The Canadian Encyclopedia. September 4, 2019.
- Web site: Canada 150: Mary Ellen Smith was first woman elected to a legislature in Canada. Vancouver Sun. Hume. Stephen. 2017-03-08. en. 2019-02-09.
- Book: House of Commons Debates, Official Report. 1992. E. Cloutier, Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery. en.
- Web site: Rita Johnston - Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. www.leg.bc.ca. en. 2019-02-09.
- News: B.C.'s MacPhail to leave political life. 2019-02-09.
- Web site: Women in Politics: A Prince Edward Island Perspective. www.revparl.ca. 2019-02-09.
- Web site: PEI WOMEN IN POLITICS.
- Web site: History of PEI Women in Government PEI's Famous 5. www.peifamousfive.ca. 2019-02-09.
- Web site: UPEI announces Hon. Catherine Callbeck as Chancellor-Elect. Marketing and Communications. en. 2019-02-09.
- Web site: ARCHIVED - Lady Helena E. (Strong) Squires - Themes - Government - Celebrating Women's Achievements - Library and Archives Canada. www.collectionscanada.gc.ca. 19 September 2017.
- Book: Women and Political Representation in Canada. Tremblay. Manon. Andrew. Caroline. 1998-02-13. University of Ottawa Press. 9780776617442. en.
- Web site: Women in Politics. www.heritage.nf.ca. 2019-02-09.
- Web site: Kathy Dunderdale becomes Newfoundland's first female premier. 2010-12-03. www.digitaljournal.com. 2019-02-09.
- Web site: Black, Martha Louise fonds. 2014-04-15. Special Collections & Archives. en. 2019-02-09.
- Book: Still Counting: Women in Politics Across Canada. Trimble. Linda. Arscott. Jane. 2008. University of Toronto Press. 9781442600546. en.
- Web site: Lena (Elizabeth Magdalena) Pedersen First woman elected to the Northwest Territories Council. April 12, 2005. Library and Archives Canada. 2016-10-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20161026172701/https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/women/030001-1331-e.html. October 26, 2016. dead.
- Book: Anuik, Jonathan. First in Canada: An Aboriginal Book of Days. 2011. University of Regina Press. 9780889772403. en.
- Book: Stern, Pamela R.. Historical Dictionary of the Inuit. 2013-09-26. Scarecrow Press. 9780810879126. en.
- https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20081114.wnunavutpremier1115/BNStory/National/home "Nunavut names new premier"
- Web site: Speakers. Cayman Islands Government.
- Web site: Cayman Islands Ministers.
- News: Cayman Islands governor appoints new premier. 2012-12-19. Reuters. 2019-02-09. en.
- Web site: New Governor of the Cayman Islands announced. GOV.UK. en. 2019-02-09.
- Web site: Costa Rica Ministers.
- Web site: Janina del Vecchio Ugalde. Murillo. Álvaro. La Nación, Grupo Nación. es-LA. 2019-02-09.
- Web site: Costa Rica to inaugurate first female president Saturday. 2010-05-06. Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones, República de Costa Rica. 2010-05-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20100509192521/http://www.ticotimes.net/dailyarchive/2010_05/0506101.cfm. 2010-05-09. dead.
- News: Ministra de Justicia Cecilia Sánchez asumirá el 1.° de enero dirección de Ilanud. La Nación, Grupo Nación. 2018-06-14. es-LA.
- News: Gobierno confirma renuncia de ministra de Justicia. 2017-12-11. El Mundo CR. 2018-06-14. es-ES.
- Web site: Cuba Ministers.
- Web site: Curacau.
- Web site: Eerste vrouwelijke gouverneur van Curaçao beëdigd – Kontabai.NL. www.kontabai.nl. 2019-02-09.
- Web site: Dominica Ministers.
- News: Pattullo . Polly . Polly Pattullo . 8 September 2005 . Dame Eugenia Charles . . London, England . 12 November 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160822221945/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/sep/08/guardianobituaries.pollypattullo . 22 August 2016.
- Web site: Lennox Honychurch's A-to-Z of Dominica's Heritage: Moir-James, Mabel. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101944/http://www.lennoxhonychurch.com/heritage.cfm?Id=120. dead. 2016-03-04. 2016-03-04. 2019-02-09.
- Web site: . United Workers Party Candidates Profile: Doreen Paul. CaKaFete. Marpin Telecom. 12 November 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20090227121231/http://www.cakafete.com/election_2000/profiles_UWP.html. 27 February 2009. Roseau, Dominica. 7 July 1999.
- Book: Women in Politics: Voices from the Commonwealth. 1999. Commonwealth Secretariat. 9780850925692. en.
- Web site: Loreen Bannis-Roberts is Dominica's new UN Ambassador – Dominica News Online. dominicanewsonline.com. 25 August 2016. 2019-02-09.
- Web site: SENATOR SONIA WILLIAMS SWORN IN AS NEW MINISTER FOR EDUCATION. cakafete. en-US. 2019-02-09.
- Web site: Anniversary of Pierre Charles death today – Dominica News Online. dominicanewsonline.com. 6 January 2010. 2019-02-09.
- Web site: Address by Hon. Gloria Shillingford on the Occasion of the 19th anniversary of The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). www.dominica.gov.dm. 2019-02-09.
- Web site: Dominican Republic Ministers.
- Web site: Dominican Republic Ministers .
- Web site: El Salvador Ministers.
- Web site: María Eugenia Brizuela de Ávila, Incaísta destacada, empresaria y política. mujereselsalvador.com. 2019-02-08.
- Web site: Ana Vilma de Escobar. 2015-01-10. Alianza Republicana Nacionalista. es-ES. 2019-02-08.
- Web site: El FMLN retiene San Salvador. 2006-03-17. La Prensa. es-ES. 2019-02-08.
- Web site: Secultura felicita a la Dra. María Isabel Rodríguez por nuevo reconocimiento. MINISTERIO DE CULTURA. es. 2020-01-12.
- Web site: First female Grenadian governor Bynoe dies at 91. Cambridge, Ucill. 17 March 2013. The Trinidad Guardian. Port-of-Spain, Trinidad. 9 April 2013.
- Web site: Dame Hilda Bynoe. Caribbean Community Secretariat. https://web.archive.org/web/20140107005802/http://www.caricom.org/jsp/projects/personalities/dame_hilda_bynoe.jsp?menu=projects. 7 January 2014. dead. 11 March 2015.
- Web site: Grenada Names First Female Governor General, Cecile La Grenade. 2013-04-10. Caribbean Journal. en. 2019-02-09.
- Web site: Caribbean Elections Biography Margaret Neckles. www.caribbeanelections.com. 2019-02-09.
- News: Former House Speaker dies. 2017-01-16. The New Today Newspaper Grenada. 2019-02-09. en-US.
- Web site: First Female Foreign Affairs Minister scores big on first Official Trip GOV.gd. www.gov.gd. 2019-02-09.
- Book: Wess, Martin. Savoir être femme. 1972. F. Nathan. fr.
- Web site: Guatemala Ministers.
- Web site: Quintela . Carmen . 11 Nov 2019 . "Unos diputados me dijeron que mientras ellos estuvieran ahí, una mujer no iba presidir el Congreso" . "Some members of Congress told me that while they were there, a woman was not going to preside it" . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206213110/https://nomada.gt/pais/entender-la-politica/unos-diputados-me-dijeron-que-mientras-ellos-estuvieran-ahi-una-mujer-no-iba-presidir-el-congreso/ . 6 Feb 2023 . 4 Jun 2023 . Nomada.
- Web site: 12 Oct 2005 . Beatriz de León primera magistrada de la Corte en Guatemala . Beatriz de León, first female magistrate of the Court in Guatemala . 11 Oct 2023 . Cimac Noticias.
- Web site: Palau . Aída . 23 Sep 2008 . Por primera vez una mujer encabeza la policía . First woman heading Police . 20 Dec 2023 . RFI.
- Web site: Baldetti, First Woman to Be Vice President in Guatemala . 2019-02-08 . prensa-latina.cu . en-gb.
- Web site: Asume Marithza Ruiz como embajadora en Estados Unidos – Prensa Libre. es-GT. 2019-02-08.
- Web site: Mujer asume Gobernación en Guatemala. La Nación, Grupo Nación. es-LA. 2019-02-08.
- News: 26 July 2016 . Lucrecia Hernández Mack es la nueva ministra de Salud . La Hora . 26 August 2018.
- Web site: Haiti Ministers.
- News: ECOLife Issue No.6 (January - April 2015). 25 May 2015 . 2017-09-21. Issuu.
- Book: Journal of Haitian Studies. 2004. Haitian Studies Association. en.
- Web site: Ertha Pascal Trouillot, la première femme présidente d'Haïti. June 21, 2018. Le Nouvelliste.
- Skard, Torild (2014) "Claudette Werleigh" in Women of power - half a century of female presidents and prime ministers worldwide, Bristol: Policy Press,
- Web site: Honduras Ministers.
- Web site: Patricia Rodas la nueva canciller de Honduras. Diario La Prensa. es-HN. 2019-02-08.
- Web site: Opposition candidate Xiomara Castro elected Honduras' first female president . UPI . 1 December 2021 . 30 November 2021.
- Web site: Jamaica Ministers.
- Web site: Jamaica's First Female Prime Minister - The Feminist eZine. www.feministezine.com. 2019-02-08.
- Book: Latin American Weekly Report. 2007. Latin American Newsletters Limited. en.
- Web site: KC Times Daughter of KC Old Boy Makes History as first female Minister of Foreign Affairs. kctimes.org. 2019-02-08.
- Web site: Josette Manin, première femme députée de Martinique. Party. Jean-Marc. June 17, 2017. franceinfo.
- Web site: Catherine Conconne, première femme sénatrice, Maurice Antiste, réélu. RCI. fr. 2019-04-26.
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- Book: Lavrin, Asunción. Latin American Women: Historical Perspectives. Greenwood Publishing Group. 1978. 0-313-20309-1. 291.
- Web site: Mexico Ministers.
- Riding, Alan. Distant Neighbors: A Portrait of the Mexicans, Vintage (reprinted 1989), - p.128
- José López Portillo (obituary), The Economist, March 4, 2004 accessed at http://www.econ.umn.edu/~julian/teaching/econ4311_2005/lopez_portillo.pdf March 27, 2007
- Web site: La Jornada: Murió Rosario Green, la primera mujer en dirigir la Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores. 2017-11-26. www.jornada.com.mx. es-MX. 2019-02-09.
- Web site: Josefina Vázquez Mota ELMUNDO.es. www.elmundo.es. 2019-02-09.
- Web site: Georgina Kessel, primera mujer al frente de Energía Cimac Noticias. www.cimacnoticias.com.mx. 22 February 2012. 2019-02-09.
- News: Green . Emily . Peralta . Eyder . Mexico elects its first female president . June 3, 2024 . . June 3, 2024.
- Web site: Muere doña Norma Villarreal de Zambrano - Periódico El Regio. www.elregio.com. 2019-02-09.
- http://www.e-mexico.gob.mx/wb2/eMex/eMex_Gro eMujeres :: Mujeres y hombres, mismos derechos, mismas oportunidades
- Web site: Beatriz Paredes. Asociación de Bancos de México. es. https://web.archive.org/web/20110720034047/http://www.abm.org.mx/convencion_bancaria/72%20convencion/Beatriz_Paredes_Bio.pdf. 2011-07-20. dead. 2009-10-09.
- Web site: Dulce María Sauri Riancho pólitica feminista mexicana. Hernandez. Hortensia. 2019-02-09.
- Web site: Ivonne Ortega, en el top de las mujeres históricas del PRI – Voz de Mujer Peninsular. es-MX. 2019-02-09.
- Web site: Amalia García Medina pionera en la lucha por los derechos de las mujeres. Hernandez. Hortensia. 2019-02-09.
- News: Mexico City Journal; Tough, Cheerful Mayor Wins Hearts. Preston. Julia. 2000-02-28. The New York Times. 2019-02-09. en-US. 0362-4331.
- Web site: Montserrat.
- Book: Information Services Latin America. July 2003. ISLA. en.
- Web site: Netherlands Antillies Ministers.
- Book: Political Handbook of the World 1998. Banks. Arthur S.. Day. Alan J.. Muller. Thomas C.. 2016-02-01. Springer. 9781349149513. en.
- Web site: Nicaragua Ministers.
- Web site: 1990: Violeta de Chamorro asume como presidenta de Nicaragua – Prensa Libre. es-GT. 2019-02-08.
- Web site: Ana Isabel Morales, ministra de gobernación del nuevo gobierno. Dos mujeres dirigirán las fuerzas armadas. El Nuevo Diario. es. 2019-02-08.
- Web site: Panama Ministers.
- Web site: PANAMA: Mireya Moscoso, la primera mujer en la Presidencia. 1999-09-01. IPS Agencia de Noticias. es. 2019-02-08.
- Web site: Galería de ex ministros para rescatar la historia. 2016-11-24. Ministerio de Gobierno. es-ES. 2019-02-08.
- Web site: Balbina Herrera, segunda mujer que aspira a presidir la República de Panamá - elConfidencial.com. www.elconfidencial.com. 2019-02-08.
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