List of the first women holders of political offices in Europe explained
See main article: List of the first women holders of political offices.
This is a list of political offices which have been held by a woman, with details of the first woman holder of each office. It is ordered by the countries in Europe and by dates of appointment. Please observe that this list is meant to contain only the first woman to hold of a political office, and not all the female holders of that office.
Albania
People's Socialist Republic
Republic
National level
Individual ministries
- Secretary General of Tourism and Sport – Monserrat Roncheras Santacreu – 1985
- Secretary General of the Conceil Generall – Susangna Arasanz Serra – 1991
- Minister for Education, Sport and Youth – Rosa Maria Mandico Alcobe – 1994
- Minister of Finance – Susangna Arasanz Serra – 1994
- Secretary of State for Health in the Ministry of Health and Welfare – Lidia Magallon Font – 1995
- Secretary of State of Agriculture – Olga Adellach Coma – 1997
- Minister of Agriculture and Environment – Olga Adellach Coma – 1998
- Minister of Health and Welfare – Mònica Codina Tort – 2001
- Foreign Minister – Meritxell Mateu i Pi – 2007[15]
Kingdom of Armenia
Imperial
Republic
Soviet Socialist Republic
National level
Individual ministries
Republic
Belarus
Soviet Socialist Republic
Belgium
Kingdom
National level
Individual ministries or regions
Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Republika Srpska
National level
Individual ministries
Kingdom
People's Republic
- Minister of Posts, Telegraphs and Telephones – Tsola Dragoycheva – 1947[85]
- Deputy Minister of Finance – Vera Lukanova – 1954[86]
- Member of the Politburo – Nadya Zenuka Vasileva Zhikova – 1961[86]
- Minister, Chairperson of the Commission for Light Industry – Dora Pavlova – 1963[86]
- Minister of Justice – Svetla Daskalova – 1966
- Minister of Culture - Lyudmilla Zhivkova - 1975[86]
- Minister of Education - Drazha Deleva Vulcheva - 1977[86]
Republic
Kingdom
Republic
National level
Individual ministries
Kingdom
Republic
Northern Cyprus
unrecognized, secessionist state
Duchy of Bohemia
Kingdom of Bohemia
National level
Individual Ministries
Czech Republic (1992–onward)
National level
Individual ministries or regions
Denmark
National level
Individual ministries or regions
Eva Madsen (1950)[160]
National level
Individual ministries
Finland
Swedish Realm
Grand Duchy
- Member of Parliament – Miina Sillanpää, Alli Nissinen, Hilma Räsänen, Ida Aalle-Teljo, Anni Huotari, Mimmi Kanervo, Hilja Pärssinen, Maria Raunio, Jenny Upari, Eveliina Ala-Kulju, Hedvig Gebhard, Liisi Kivioja, Iida Vemmelpuu – 1907[202]
Republic
National level
Individual ministries
France
National level
Individual ministries or regions
Kingdom
Republic
Abkhazia
Germany
Holy Roman Empire
Weimar Republic
Allied Occupation
Democratic Republic
Federal Republic (West)
Federal Republic (United)
Greece
Kingdom
Republic
National level
Individual ministries
Hungary
Kingdom
People's Republic
Republic
Iceland
See also: List of female cabinet ministers of Iceland.
Kingdom
Republic
Ireland
Kingdom of Ireland
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Irish Republic
Free State
Ireland (Republic of Ireland)
See main article: Electoral firsts in the Republic of Ireland.
Italy
See main article: Electoral firsts in Italy.
First Republic
Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic
Second Republic
Republic
Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic
Republic of Lithuania
County, Duchy and Grand Duchy
Grand Duchy
Malta
Colony
Republic
unrecognized, secessionist state
Serbia and Montenegro
Republic of Montenegro
Netherlands
Spanish Netherlands
Dutch Republic
Kingdom
Norway
- Other political positions
Svalbard
Poland
Kingdom (1385–1569)
Second Republic
People's Republic
Republic
Portugal
County
Kingdom
Republic
See main article: Electoral firsts in Romania.
Kingdom
People's Republic
Republic
Russia
Imperial
Intermin Republic
- Vice Minister of State Welfare and Vice Minister of Education – Sofia Panina – 1917[507]
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Federation
Imperial
Despotate
Principality
Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia
Federal Yugoslavia
Republic of Serbia
partially recognized secessionist state under nominal international administration
Slovakia
Please note: Independent Slovak Republic was established on January 1, 1993. The first female politicians of Slovak Republic as a part of Czech and Slovak Federative Republic are not included above.
List of Slovak female holders of political offices before independence
Czechoslovakia
Czech and Slovak Federative Republic
Spain
Kingdom
This list includes office holders after the unification of Spain in the 16th-century:
- Monarch – Joanna I – 1504–1555
- Regent – Isabella of Portugal – 1535–1539[601]
- First Female Mayor – Matilde Pérez Mollá – 1924[602]
- First thirteen Members of National Assembly – Blanca de los Ríos de Lampérez, Isidra Quesada y Gutiérrez de los Ríos, Micaela Díaz y Rabaneda, María de Maeztu, María de Echarri y Martínez, María López de Sagredo, Concepción Loring y Heredia, Carmen Cuesta del Muro, Teresa Luzzatti Quiñones, Josefina Oloriz Arcelus, María López Moleón, María Natividad Domínguez de Roger y Trinidad Von Scholtzhermensdorff – 1927[603]
Second Republic
Francoist Spain
Kingdom (restored)
Autonomous City
Sweden
Kingdom
During the Kalmar Union (1397–1523), Sweden was in union with Denmark and Norway, but maintained its own administration. Sweden was in union with Norway during the United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway (1814–1905), but each country had its own administration and laws, and thus should be listed separately.
Switzerland
- Member of a citizens' council – Trudy Späth-Schweizer – 1958[671]
- President of a Cantonal Parliament (of Geneva) – Emma Kammacher – 1965[672]
- Mayor (of Geneva) – Lise Girardin – 1968
- Member of the Swiss Council of States – Lise Girardin – 1971
- Member of the Swiss National Council – Nelly Wicky, Lilian Uchtenhagen, Hanny Thalmann, Liselotte Spreng, Hanna Sahlfeld, Martha Ribi, Gabrielle Nanchen, Josi Meier, Hedi Lang, Tilo Frey, Elisabeth Blunschy – 1971[673]
- President of the Swiss National Council – Elisabeth Blunschy – 1977[674]
- Member of a Cantonal Executive (of Zurich) – Hedi Lang – 1983[675]
- Member of the Swiss Federal Council – Elisabeth Kopp – 1984
- Justice minister – Elisabeth Kopp – 1984[676] [677]
- Mayor of Lausanne – Yvette Jaggi – 1990
- Vice-President of the Swiss Confederation – Elisabeth Kopp – 1989
- President of the Swiss Council of States – Josi Meier – 1991[678]
- Landammann of Schwyz – Margrit Weber-Röllin – 1992[679]
- Schultheiss of Lucerne – Brigitte Mürner-Gilli – 1992[680]
- Landammann of Zug – Ruth Schwerzmann – 1993[681]
- Landammann of Aargau – Stéphanie Mörikofer – 1997
- President of the Swiss Confederation – Ruth Dreifuss – 1999[682]
- Landammann of Uri – Gabi Huber – 2002[683]
- Foreign minister – Micheline Calmy-Rey – 2003[684]
- Landammann of Nidwalden – Lisbeth Gabriel – 2005[685]
- Economics minister – Doris Leuthard – 2006[686]
- Landammann of Glarus – Marianne Dürst – 2008[687]
- Member of the Conseil d'État of the canton of Valais – Esther Waeber Kalbermatten – 2009[688]
- Mayor of Zurich – Corine Mauch – 2009[689]
- Mayor of St. Gallen – Maria Pappa – 2021[690]
Turkey
Ottoman
Republic
Soviet Socialist Republic
Republic
United Kingdom
Great Britain
Great Britain and Ireland
England
=
=
- Vice Minister – Sister Enrica Rosanna – 2004[792]
- Undersecretary of the Section for Relations with States (Vatican Secretariat of State) – Francesca Di Giovanni – 2020[793]
See also
Notes and References
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- Web site: Andorra Ministers.
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- http://archives.lesoir.be/breves-bruxelles-saint-gilles-place-marie-janson-faits-_t-20030328-Z0MZE3.html "Place Marie Janson"
- http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=B33KA4U5 "Zonnebeke herdenkt eerste vrouwelijke burgemeester"
- http://www.ps-bxl.be/PageDesnouvelles125/Fiche32.html "Lucie Dejardin: la première femme élue députée"
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- Book: Jackson-Laufer, Guida Myrl. Women who ruled : a biographical encyclopedia. 1998. Barnes & Noble Books. 9780760708859.
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- News: Núria de Gispert, primera mujer presidenta del Parlament. Barcelona. JOSE RICO / NEUS TOMÀS /. 2010-12-16. elperiodico. 2018-02-22. ES.
- Web site: 2013-03-10 . Nace la primera nieta de José María Aznar y Ana Botella . 2019-02-10 . abc . es.
- Web site: Yolanda Barcina, primera presidenta de Navarra España elmundo.es . 2024-01-06 . elmundo.es.
- Web site: Ada Colau: Necesitamos del feminismo para que Barcelona sea más justa . 2019-02-10 . efe.com . es.
- Web site: Domaika . Eva . 2023-06-17 . La socialista Maider Etxebarria, elegida primera alcaldesa de la historia de Vitoria . 2024-01-06 . cadena SER . es-ES.
- Web site: 2023-06-29 . La jeltzale Eider Mendoza se convierte en la primera mujer al frente de la Diputación de Gipuzkoa con un voto del PP . 2024-01-06 . Europa Press.
- Web site: 2023-07-05 . Elixabete Etxanobe se convierte en la primera mujer en liderar la Diputación de Bizkaia, con los votos de PNV y PSE . 2024-01-06 . Europa Press.
- Web site: Dueñas Martínez, María del Carme.
- Web site: Dueñas asegura que trabajará en el Senado por toda Melilla "sin excepción". SUR.es. diariosur.es. 11 March 2008. 2018-02-23.
- Book: Carli, Barbro. The Making and Breaking of a Female Culture: The History of Swedish Physical Education 'in a Different Voice'. 2004-01-01. Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis. 9789173464802.
- Book: Adams, Jad. Women and the Vote: A World History. 2014. Oxford University Press. 9780198706847.
- Book: Porter, Dorothy. Health, Civilization, and the State: A History of Public Health from Ancient to Modern Times. 1999. Psychology Press. 9780415200363.
- Web site: skbl.se - Alfhild Valfrid Matilda Palmgren Munch-Petersen. skbl.se. 2019-02-14.
- Book: Oldfield, Sybil. International Woman Suffrage: October 1916 – September 1918. 2003. Taylor & Francis. 9780415257398.
- Book: Woman's Leader. 1921.
- Book: McNeely, Connie L.. Public Rights, Public Rules: Constituting Citizens in the World Polity and National Policy. 2014-04-08. Routledge. 9781135598228.
- Book: News from Sweden. 1950. Swedish Information Service, Swedish Consulate General.
- Book: Women, Diplomacy and International Politics since 1500. Sluga. Glenda. Glenda Sluga. James. Carolyn. 2015-06-12. Routledge. 9781317497028.
- Web site: Moderata pionjärer: Kvinnor i politiskt arbete 1900–2000. Haglund. Ann-Cathrine. Petersson. Ann-Marie. Sällskapet för Moderata Kvinnors Historia. Ström-Billing. Inger.
- Book: Lawyers and Vampires: Cultural Histories of Legal Professions. Sugarman. David. Pue. W. Wesley. 2003. Hart Publishing. 9781841133126.
- Book: Leach, Henry Goddard. The American-Scandinavian Review. Henry Goddard Leach. 1973. American-Scandinavian Foundation.
- Book: Gendering Diplomacy and International Negotiation. Aggestam. Karin. Towns. Ann E.. 2017-11-09. Springer. 9783319586823.
- Web site: Does Female Leadership Matter? An Analysis of Swedish Foreign Ministers and their Parliamentary Speeches, 1955–2016. Bäck. Hanna. Björkdahl. Annika. 2017. Lund University.
- News: I.L.O. Group Elects Woman. Ap. 1984-06-07. The New York Times. 2019-02-14. 0362-4331.
- Book: Bondeson, Jan. Blood on the Snow: The Killing of Olof Palme. 2014-01-31. Cornell University Press. 9780801470127.
- Book: Scobbie, Irene. The A to Z of Sweden. May 2010. Rowman & Littlefield. 9780810872189.
- Book: Bertil Ohlin: A Centennial Celebration, 1899-1999. Findlay. Ragnar Nurkse. Findlay. Ronald. Jonung. Lars. Lundahl. Mats. 2002. MIT Press. 9780262062282.
- Book: Unfinished Democracy: Women in Nordic Politics. Haavio-Mannila. E.. Skard. T.. 2013-10-22. Elsevier. 9781483286327.
- Book: In search of social democracy: responses to crisis and modernisation. Callaghan. John. Fishman. Nina. 2010-01-15. Manchester University Press. 9780719079207.
- Web site: Feminist is the favourite to take over as Prime Minister in Stockholm. 1995-08-23. The Independent. 2019-02-14.
- Book: Joachim, Jutta M.. Agenda Setting, the UN, and NGOs: Gender Violence and Reproductive Rights. 2007-07-24. Georgetown University Press. 9781589012332.
- Book: Kronsell, Annica. Gender, Sex and the Postnational Defense: Militarism and Peacekeeping. 2012-02-24. Oxford University Press, USA. 9780199846061.
- News: For Swedish mayor, a monumental task. Ekman. Ivar. 2005-12-04. The New York Times. 2019-02-14. 0362-4331.
- Web site: 100 years of female suffrage in Germany: the unknown story. Khan. Zubair. 2018-11-12. The Muslim Times. 2019-02-14.
- Web site: Switzerland (AP) – To (lie women of Switzerland, the current clamor of American women for liberation and equality sounds like reaching beyond the moon.. June 7, 1970. newspaperarchive.com. 2019-02-14.
- News: Späte Blüte am Baum der Demokratie NZZ. Neue Zürcher Zeitung. 2011-02-03. 2019-02-14. de-CH. 0376-6829.
- Web site: 14 fascinating facts about the history of women's rights in Switzerland. 2017-03-08. thelocal.ch. 2019-02-14.
- Web site: Lang, Hedi. AN. Markus Bürgi /. HLS-DHS-DSS.CH. fr. 2019-02-14.
- News: Switzerland's first female cabinet minister blows out 80 candles. Jaberg. Samuel. SWI swissinfo.ch. 2018-06-12.
- News: Scandals Tarnish Swiss Squeaky-Clean Image. CZUCZKA. TONY. 1989-01-29. Los Angeles Times. 2018-06-12. 0458-3035.
- Book: Bauer-Lagier, Monique. Une femme en politique: mémoires d'une conseillère aux Etats de Genève. 1996. Labor et Fides. 9782830908237. fr.
- Book: Annuaire statistique de la Suisse. 1993. Verlag des Art. Institut Orell Füssli in Zürich. 9783858234100. fr.
- Web site: PDC Femmes. PDC suisse. fr. 2019-02-14.
- Web site: Manuela Weichelt-Picard elected head of cantonal government. zug4you.ch. 2019-02-14.
- [Swiss Federal Council#List of firsts in the Federal Council]
- Web site: Gabriela Huber. bloomberg.com. 2019-02-14.
- Web site: Swiss fact: women were the majority in Switzerland's cabinet from 2010 to 2012. 2016-11-25. Le News. 2019-02-14.
- News: Zwei Frauen mit einem langen Atem NZZ. Neue Zürcher Zeitung. 2002-03-04. 2019-02-14. de-CH. 0376-6829.
- Web site: Femmes au Conseil fédéral depuis 1984. fédéral. Le Conseil. admin.ch. fr. 2019-02-14.
- News: Qu'avez-vous fait de ces 10 ans? Marianne Dürst: "J'ai mûri, c'est certain". Temps. Fournier. Anne. 2008-12-20. 2019-02-14. fr. 1423-3967.
- Web site: Esther Waeber-Kalbermatten: première femme élue au Conseil d'Etat valaisan – Vidéo. Play RTS. fr. 2019-02-14.
- Web site: Corine Mauch: A passion for the city. alumni.ethz.ch. 2019-02-14. 2019-02-15. https://web.archive.org/web/20190215050610/http://www.alumni.ethz.ch/en/news-and-media/news/2016/03/corine-mauch-a-passion-for-the-city.html. dead.
- Web site: Voneschen . Reto . 2020-11-29 . St.Gallen: Starkes Zeichen für Frauen in der Politik . 2024-05-02 . St. Galler Tagblatt . de.
- Web site: Famous Women in History: Kosem Sultan. 2017-02-13. ENTITY. 2019-02-14.
- Web site: Women will end one-man rule in 2019: CHP leader – Turkey News. Hürriyet Daily News. 3 April 2018. 2019-02-14.
- Cumhuriyetin 75.yılı, Tempo Yayıncılık, Istanbul, 1998 p.48
- Web site: Nine notable firsts for women in Turkish history. trtworld.com. 2019-02-14.
- Book: Talhami, Ghada. Historical Dictionary of Women in the Middle East and North Africa. 2012-12-19. Scarecrow Press. 9780810870864.
- Book: Arat, Yeşim. The Patriarchal Paradox: Women Politicians in Turkey. 1989. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. 9780838633472.
- Book: Women and Politics Worldwide. registration. 713. Nelson. Barbara J.. Barbara J. Nelson. Chowdhury. Najma. Najma Chowdhury. 1994. Yale University Press. 9780300054088.
- Book: The Selection of Ministers around the World. Dowding. Keith. Dumont. Patrick. 2014-08-13. Routledge. 9781317634454.
- Web site: Hürriyet. https://web.archive.org/web/20140225004318/http://hurarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/goster/printnews.aspx?DocID=9464. dead. 2014-02-25. 2014-02-25. 2019-02-14.
- Web site: İlk kadın TBMM başkanvekili vefat etti. hurriyet.com.tr. 20 August 2003 . tr. 2019-02-14.
- Book: Gendering Diplomacy and International Negotiation. Aggestam. Karin. Towns. Ann E.. 2017-11-09. Springer. 9783319586823.
- Book: Kardam, Nüket. Turkey's Engagement with Global Women's Human Rights. 2017-11-30. Routledge. 9781351143868.
- Book: Policy Transfer in Criminal Justice: Crossing Cultures, Breaking Barriers. McFarlane. Mary Anne. Canton. Rob. 2014-06-26. Springer. 9781137300607.
- Web site: Tansu Çiller Turkish prime minister and economist. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2019-02-14.
- Web site: T.C. Danıştay Başkanlığı Füruzan İKİNCİOĞULLARI. danistay.gov.tr. 2019-02-14.
- Web site: Turkish Women: Decision makers in Turkish politic. EU Delegation to Turkey. 2019-02-14.
- Web site: Stratejik Vizyon Ödülleri. 15 March 2015.
- News: Adalet'e ilk kadın bakan. Hürriyet. 2018-06-07. tr.
- News: Adaletin peşinde bir ömür. 2018-06-07. tr.
- Web site: Nimet Baş – GES 2016. ges.world. 2019-02-14.
- Web site: Gaziantep Mayor Fatma Şahin becomes first woman to chair Turkish municipality union – Turkey News. Hürriyet Daily News. 10 May 2018. 2019-02-14.
- Web site: Beril Dedeoğlu kimdir aslen nereli? Biyografisi. gazeteoku.com. 2019-02-14.
- Web site: Em 25 anos, dobra número de mulheres no comando de países em todo o mundo. 2015-02-07. Revista Fórum. pt-BR. 2019-02-10.
- Web site: Ukraine Ministers.
- Book: Who's Who in Russia since 1900. McCauley. Martin. 2002-09-11. Routledge. 9781134772131.
- Book: Bolhov, Vadym. Halychyna. 2004. Ukraïnsʹka akademii͡a heralʹdyky, tovarnoho znaku ta lohotypu. 9789667953478. uk.
- Book: Ukraïna dyplomatychna. 2004. Heneralʹna dyrekt͡sii͡a po obsluhovuvanni͡u inozemnykh predstavnyt͡stv. uk.
- Book: Ukraïna na zlami tysi͡a͡cholitʹ: istorychnyĭ ekskurs, problemy, tendent͡s͡iï ta perspektyvy. Shchekin. G.. Shchokin. Heorhiĭ. Ukraine). Miz͡h͡rehionalʹna akademii͡a͡ upravlinni͡a͡ personalom (Kiev. 2000. Miz͡h͡rehionalʹna akademii͡a͡ upravlinni͡a͡ personalom. 9789666080168. uk.
- Web site: Study visit of the Ukrainian Parliament Commissioner for Human Rights Mrs Lyudmyla Denisova to the Council of Europe. Council of Europe Office in Ukraine. 2019-02-10.
- Anne was Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland from 8 March 1702, and from 1 May 1707, under the Acts of Union 1707, became Queen of the Kingdom of Great Britain. She held that position, in addition to remaining as Queen of Ireland, until her death on August 1, 1714. The first female monarch of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland following the Act of Union 1800 was Queen Victoria, while the first female monarch of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland was Queen Elizabeth II.
- News: First lady of politics. BBC. 29 January 2008.
- Web site: Margaret Bondfield British labour leader. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2019-02-14.
- News: Britain to celebrate pioneering women with three new statues. Pidd. Helen. 2017-01-09. The Guardian. 2019-02-14. 0261-3077.
- Web site: Stella Isaacs, Marchioness of Reading and Baroness Swanborough (1894–1971). UK Parliament. 2019-02-14.
- Book: Mastermind. 1984. Treasure Press. 340.
- Web site: Margaret Herbison. saltiresociety.org.uk. 2019-02-14. 2019-02-15. https://web.archive.org/web/20190215050834/http://www.saltiresociety.org.uk/awards/outstanding-women/2015-nominees/margaret-herbison/. dead.
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- Web site: Margaret Thatcher Biography & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2019-02-14.
- https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/thatcher_margaret.shtml BBC – History – Margaret Thatcher (1925 –)
- http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/2241555.stm Baroness Young of Farnworth: Obituary
- http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/27/newsid_2502000/2502597.stm 1992: Betty Boothroyd is new speaker
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- Web site: Firsts for women in parliament. bbc.com. 2019-02-14. 2019-02-15. https://web.archive.org/web/20190215102744/https://www.bbc.com/timelines/z8f2xnb. dead.
- Web site: These are the pioneering women who blazed a trail in Parliament. jerseyeveningpost.com. 20 February 2018. 2019-02-14.
- News: First female Solicitor General kicks the 'men in wigs' downstairs. 2 March 2003. . London . Rachel . Sylvester . 11 May 2010.
- News: Jackie Ashley meets Helen Liddell, the Scottish secretary. Ashley. Jackie. 2003-01-27. The Guardian. 2019-02-14. 0261-3077.
- News: TUC appoints first female leader. Moylan. John. 2012-07-10. 2019-02-14.
- http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4977348.stm Profile:Margaret Beckett
- News: Baroness Hayman makes history as first Lord Speaker. Daily Telegraph. Tweedie. Neil. 2006-07-04. 2019-02-14. 0307-1235.
- http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6906150.stm Profile:Jacqui Smith
- News: Baroness Scotland of Asthal, QC – Times Online. O'Neill. Sean. 21 April 2008. 11 May 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20110611201515/http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/law/article3759767.ece. 2011-06-11. dead. Times Online. Hamilton. Fiona. London.
- Web site: Catherine Ashton Biography & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2019-02-14.
- http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/8678971.stm Cheryl Gillan, the first woman Welsh Secretary
- Web site: Epping MP elected as principal Commons deputy speaker. Epping Forest Guardian. 9 January 2020. 2020-03-17.
- [Empress Matilda]
- Web site: Aldeburgh Town Council: Elizabeth Garrett Anderson. 12 April 2021.
- Book: Scrivens, Phyllida, The Lady Lord Mayors of Norwich, 1923–2017, (2018: Pen and Sword). 27 December 2020.
- Book: MARGARET BEAVAN: The National Archives. 1927–1928.
- Book: Hawson, Herbert Keeble. Sheffield: the growth of a city, 1893–1926. December 1968. J. W. Northend. 9780901100009.
- Book: Lords of the City: The Lord Mayors of York and Their Mansion House. Kightly. Charles. Rachel Semlyen . Semlyen. Rachel. 1980. York City Council.
- Web site: Fantastic photo flashback to year Leeds had its first female Lord Mayor. News of Leeds. 2019-02-14.
- Web site: List of past Lord Mayors PLYMOUTH.GOV.UK. plymouth.gov.uk. 2019-02-14.
- Web site: Women Councillors Newcastle City Council. newcastle.gov.uk. 2019-02-14. 2019-02-15. https://web.archive.org/web/20190215050636/https://www.newcastle.gov.uk/your-council-and-democracy/councillors-and-democracy/councillors/women-councillors. dead.
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- Web site: Bristol Mayors – a collection of historical data. davenapier.co.uk. 2019-02-14.
- Web site: More Hull Firsts – Annie Major. Carnegie Hull. 2019-02-28.
- Web site: Mayors and Lord Mayors. Oxford History. 2019-06-14.
- The first woman Mayor of Oxford (before the Lord Mayoralty was created) was Lily Sophia Tawney in 1934.
- Book: The corporate parent: Manchester Children's Department, 1948–1971. Holman. Bob. Holman. Robert. Work. National Institute for Social. August 1996. National Institute for Social Work. 9781899942091.
- Web site: Check out this lot – children show their skills in city chess tournament. portsmouth.co.uk. 22 June 2016. 2019-02-14.
- Web site: The first female Lord Mayor of Birmingham Honorable Alderman Marjorie Alice Brown CBE JP. Hicks. Danielle. 2015-01-13. birminghammail. 2019-02-14.
- Web site: Mary Donaldson. 2018-07-16. First 100 Years. 2019-02-14.
- News: Former London deputy mayor gives her first interview since leaving office. Paton. Maureen. 2008-07-31. The Guardian. 2019-02-14. 0261-3077.
- Web site: Assembly appoints Sally Hamwee as Chair. 2005-05-11. MayorWatch. 2019-02-14.
- Web site: Police and crime commissioners: Their first year – Police.uk. police.uk. 2019-02-14.
- Book: Women and Citizenship in Britain and Ireland in the 20th Century: What Difference Did the Vote Make?. Breitenbach. Esther. Thane. Pat. 2010-05-06. Bloomsbury Publishing. 9781441149008.
- Web site: McMordie Hall, Queen's University Women, Ireland & Commemoration 1912-22. ul.ie. 2019-02-14. 2019-02-15. https://web.archive.org/web/20190215050751/https://www.ul.ie/wic/content/mcmordie-hall-queens-university. dead.
- Web site: Obituary: Robin Chichester-Clark – Unionist MP who was an early critic of Paisley. newsletter.co.uk. 19 August 2016. 2019-02-14.
- Web site: Grace Bannister OBE – Bloomfield Collegiate School. 19 November 2017. 2019-02-14.
- News: Profile: Bairbre de Brun. 2009-05-12. 2019-02-14.
- Web site: Eileen Bell is new Assembly speaker. 2006-04-10. irishexaminer.com. 2019-02-14. Pm. 2006-03:43.
- News: Foster is elected as leader of DUP. 2015-12-18. 2019-02-14.
- News: Who is NI's new justice minister?. 2016-05-25. 2019-02-14.
- Web site: BBC – History – Scottish History. bbc.co.uk. 2019-02-14.
- Book: Jansen, S.. Debating Women, Politics, and Power in Early Modern Europe. 2008-04-14. Springer. 9780230611238.
- Book: The biographical dictionary of Scottish women : from the earliest times to 2004 . 2006 . Edinburgh University Press . Elizabeth Ewan, Sue Innes, Sian Reynolds . 978-0-7486-2660-1 . Edinburgh . 246 . 367680960.
- Book: Biographical Dictionary of ScottishWomen. Ewan. Elizabeth L.. Innes. Sue. Reynolds. Sian. Pipes. Rose. 2007-06-27. Edinburgh University Press. 9780748626601.
- Web site: Independence wins favour of Labour ex-Lord Provost. edinburghnews.scotsman.com. 2019-02-14. 2019-02-15. https://web.archive.org/web/20190215050853/https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/politics/independence-wins-favour-of-labour-ex-lord-provost-1-3485601. dead.
- Web site: Dr Margaret Farquhar, CBE, Lord Provost of Aberdeen Art UK. artuk.org. 2019-02-14.
- News: Provost removed over expenses row. 2001-06-18. 2019-02-14.
- Web site: Helen W. Wright (b.1943), Lord Provost of Dundee (1999–2001) Art UK . 2022-03-11 . artuk.org.
- News: The Guardian profile: Scotland's first woman lord advocate Elish Angiolini. Carrell. Severin. 2006-10-05. The Guardian. 2019-02-14. correspondent. Scotland. 0261-3077.
- News: Tory leader Goldie to stand down. 2011-05-09. 2019-02-14.
- News: The Nicola Sturgeon story. Sim. Philip. 2017-05-26. 2019-02-14.
- News: Wendy Alexander: I'll lead Labour to power'. Daily Telegraph. Correspondent. Auslan Cramb, Scottish. 2007-09-14. 2019-02-14. 0307-1235.
- Web site: Scotland ranks third in the world for female political empowerment. scotsman.com. 18 February 2018. 2019-02-14.
- Web site: Tricia Marwick MSP elected as the Scottish Parliament's first female Presiding Officer. 2011-08-29. parliament.scot. 2019-02-14.
- Web site: Greatest Cardiffians: Politicians. Pyke. Chris. 2015-02-27. walesonline. 2019-02-14.
- Web site: Minister to leave Cardiff Bay for the good life. Wightwick. Abbie. 2010-07-02. walesonline. 2019-02-14.
- Book: Quinn, Thomas. Electing and Ejecting Party Leaders in Britain. 2012-02-07. Springer. 9780230362789.
- Web site: Interview with Sr. Enrica Rosanna. nationalcatholicreporter.org. 2019-02-10.
- Web site: Aragón. Heraldo de. ¿Quién es la primera mujer 'ministra' del Vaticano?. 2020-11-13. heraldo.es. 16 January 2020 . es.