List of the first women holders of political offices in Asia explained

See main article: List of the first women holders of political offices. This is a list of political offices which have been held by a woman, with details of the first woman holder of each office. It is ordered by the countries in Asia and by dates of appointment. Please observe that this list is meant to contain only the first woman to hold of a political office, and not all the female holders of that office.

Afghanistan

• Member of Parliament – Kubra Noorzai, Aziza Amani, Naiba from Khulm and Najiba from Herat^[1] – 1964
• Senator – Roqia Abubakr, Khadija Ahrari, Masuma Esmati-Wardak, Anahita Ratebzad, Aziza Gardizi^[2] and Homeira Seljuqi^[1] – 1965
• Minister (Health minister) – Kubra Noorzai – 1965
• Director of the Foreign and Publication Department – Maliha Zafar ^[1] – 1967
• Minister without Portfolio – Shafriqua Siayel – 1971^[3]
• Advisor for the Ministry of Planning – Shafriqua Siayel – 1972
• Minister of state for Women's Affairs – Shafriqua Siayel – 1976

Democratic Republic of Afghanistan

• Ambassador (to Yugoslavia) – Anahita Ratebzad – 1978^[4]
• Minister of Social Affairs – Anahita Ratebzad – 1978^[5]
• Minister of Education – Anahita Ratebzad – 1979
• Deputy Chairman of the Presidium of the Revolutionary Council (Vice President) – Anahita Ratebzad – 1980

Islamic Republic of Afghanistan

• Deputy Premier Minister – Sima Samar – 2001^[4]
• Minister of Youth Affairs – Amina Afzali – 2004^[4]
• Governor – Habiba Sorabi – 2005^[6]
• Mayor – Azra Jafari, (Nili) – 2008^[7]
• Afghanistan's Permanent Representative to the United Nations – Adela Raz – 2018
• Chairwoman of Election Commission – Hawa Alam Nooristani – 2019
• Chairwoman of IECC – Zuhra Bayan Shinwari –

Azerbaijan

Soviet Socialist Republic

• Cabinet Minister – Ayna Sultanova – 1938
• Minister of Justice – Ayna Sultanova – 1938
• Chairperson of the Committee for Science and Technology at the Council of Ministers – Tahira Tahirova – 1957
• Minister of Education – Sakina Aliyeva – 1958
• Minister of Foreign Affairs – Tahira Tahirova – 1959^[8]
• Deputy Premier Minister – Tahira Tahirova – 1963^[9]
• Vice-president – S.M. Mamedaliyeva – 1963 ^[9]
• Minister of Higher and Special Education – Zuleikha Ismail-Kyzy Guseinova – 1965
• Minister Social Affairs – L.P. Lykova – 1965 ^[9]
• Head of the Central Committee Department of Agriculture – L.D. Radzhabova – 1971^[9]
• Minister of Public Service/Consumers Protection - Zuleikha Mageran Kyzy Gasanova – 1974
• Minister of Trade – Svetlana Chingvitz-Kyzy Kasimova – 1979
• Minister of Foreign Affairs – Elmira Gafarova – 1983
• Chairwoman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet – Elmira Gafarova – 1989^[10]
• Speaker of the National Assembly of Azerbaijan – Elmira Gafarova – 1990

Republic

• Chairwoman of the National Assembly – Elmira Gafarova – 1991^[11]
• Secretary of State – Lala Shevket – 1993^[12]
• Minister of Justice – Südaba Hasanova -1995^{[13] [14]}
• Vice President of Azerbaijan – Mehriban Aliyeva – 2017^[15]

Bahrain

• Member of the Council of Representatives – Lateefa Al Gaood – 2006 (first female MP in the Gulf region)^[16]

Bangladesh

• Minister of State for Health and Social Welfare – Nurjahan Murshed – 1972^[17]
• Minister of Social Affairs and Family Planning – Nurjahan Murshed – 1973^[17]
• Minister of Education – Badrunnessa Ahmed – 1973^[17]
• Minister of Land Administration and Land Reforms – Benita Roy – 1975^[17]
• Minister of Women's Affairs – Aminah Rahman – 1978^[17]
• Prime Minister – Khaleda Zia – 1991^[18]
• Minister of Agriculture – Matia Chowdhury – 2009^[19]
• Minister of Home Affairs – Sahara Khatun – 2009
• Minister of Foreign Affairs – Dipu Moni – 2009^[20]
• Speaker of the Parliament – Shirin Sharmin Chaudhury – 2013^[21]
• Minister of State for Public Administration – Ismat Ara Sadek – 2014^[22]
• Minister of State of Women and Children Affairs – Meher Afroz Chumki – 2014^[23]

• Regent – Ashi Kesang – 1972^[24]
• King's Representative in the Ministry of Finance – Ashi Sonam Chhoden Wangchuck – 1974^[24]
• Special Advisor in the Ministry of Finance – Ashi Sonam Chhoden Wangchuck – 1996^[24]
• Chair of Council of Ministers – Ashi Sonam Chhoden Wangchuck – 1998^[24]
• Minister of Works and Human Settlement – Aum Dorji Choden – 2013^[25]

Cambodia

• Member of Parliament – Tong Siv Eng – 1958^[26]
• Secretary of State for Labour – Tong Siv Eng – 1959
• Minister of Social Action – Tong Siv Eng – 1961
• Minister of Health – Tong Siv Eng – 1963^[27]
• Secretary of State for National Education – Diep Dinar – 1966^[27]
• Secretary of State for Information – Chine Renne – 1969^[27]
• Secretary of State for Tourism – Ung Mung – 1969^[27]
• Cambodian Deputy Permanent Representative to the United Nations – Nhoung Peng – 1970^[28]
• Under-Secretary of State for Finances – Pheng Santhan – 1972^[28]
• Under-Secretary of State for Labour and Social Welfare – Plech Phirun – 1972^[28]
• Minister of Education – Ieng Thirith – 1975^[27]
• Minister of Culture and Education – Yun Yat – 1976^[27]

China

Early Imperial China

• Regent (Empress Regent of China) – Lü Zhi – 202 BC^[29]

Mid-Imperial China

• Monarch (Empress Regnant of China) - Wu Zetian – 690 AD^[30]

Republic of China (1912–1949)

• Minister for Women's Affairs – He Xiangning – 1923 ^[31]
• Member of Government Council – Song Qingling – 1927^[32]
• Member of the Central Government Council – He Xianging – 1928^[32]
• Acting Head of the Guangzhou government – Chen Bijun – 1944^[33]
• Member of the National Council of the Nationalist Government – Wu Yifang – 1947^[32]

People's Republic of China

National level

• Cabinet minister – Minister of Textile Industry – Feng Yunhe – 1949
• Vice Chairperson (Vice President) – Soong Chingling – 1959
• Chairperson (Co-acting President) – Soong Ching-ling – 1968
• Member of the Politburo – Jiang Qing – 1969 ^[34]
• Vice Premier – Wu Guixian – 1975^[35]
• Honorary President (Head of State) – Soong Ching-ling – 1981
• Governor (of Jiangsu) – Gu Xiulian – 1983

Individual ministries or offices

• Minister of Health – Li Dequan – 1949
• Justice Minister – Shi Liang – 1949–1959^{[36] [37]}
• Vice Chairperson of the Central People's Government – Soong Chingling – 1949^[38]
• Vice Chairperson of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference – Soong Chingling – 1954
• Minister of People's Supervision – Qian Ying – 1954
• Minister of Interior – Qian Ying – 1959
• Vice Chairperson of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress – Soong Ching-ling – 1959
• State Councillor – Chen Muhua – 1982^[39]
• Auditor General (National Audit Office) – Hu Zejun – 2017^[40]

Republic of China (Taiwan)

• Minister and Commissioner for Oversea Chinese – He Xiangning – 1949^[32]
• Deputy Chairperson of Economic Planning Council – Shirley Kuo Wang-jung – 1973^[41]
• Minister of Finance – Shirley Kuo Wang-jung – 1988^[41]
• Minister of State and Chairperson of Council of Economic Development – Shirley Kuo Wang-jung – 1990^[41]
• Minister of Transport and Communication – Yeh Chu-lan – 2000^[41]
• Vice President of the Republic of China – Annette Lu – 2000–2008^[42]
• President of the Republic of China – Tsai Ing-wen – 2016

East Timor

• Minister of Justice – Ana Maria Pessoa Pereira da Silva Pinto – 2001^[43]
• Minister of Finance – Emilia Maria Valéria Pires – 2007^[43]
• Foreign minister (acting) – Adalgisa Magno Guterres – 2007^[44]

British Hong Kong

• Deputy Secretary for Government – Anson Chan – 1975^[45]
• Director of Social Services – Anson Chan – 1980^[45]
• Commissioner for Culture – Elizabeth Chi-lieh Wong-Chien – 1982^[45]
• Secretary of Economy – Anson Chan – 1987^[45]
• Chief Secretary – Anson Chan – 1993^[46]

Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

• President of the Legislative Council – Rita Fan – 1997^[47]
• Secretary for Justice – Elsie Leung – 1997^[48]
• Chief Secretary – Anson Chan – 1997
• Chief Executive – Carrie Lam – 2017^[49]

India

British Raj

• Leader of a Major Party – Dr. Annie Besant – 1917^[50]
• Member of Provincial Legislative Assembly – Dr. Muthulakshmi Reddi – 1921^[51]
• Member of Central Legislature – Radhabai Subbarayan – 1937^[52]
• Provincial Minister – Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit – 1938^[53]
• Member of National Defence Council – Begum Jahanara Shahnawaz – 1942^[54]

Dominion and Republic of India

National level

• Cabinet minister – Minister of Health – Rajkumari Amrit Kaur – 1947^[55]
• Prime Minister – Indira Gandhi – 1966^[56]
• Leader of the House in Lok Sabha (Lower House of the Parliament) – Indira Gandhi – 1967
• Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha (Lower House of the Parliament) – Sonia Gandhi – 1999^[57]
• President – Pratibha Patil – 2007^[58]
• Speaker of the Lok Sabha (Lower House of the Parliament) – Meira Kumar – 2009^[59]
• Tribal President and First President to be born after independence – Droupadi Murmu – 2022
• Governor – United Provinces - Sarojini Naidu – 1947

Individual ministries

• Minister of Communications – Rajkumari Amrit Kaur – 1951^[60]
• Minister of State For Home Affairs – Maragatham Chandrasekar – 1962
• Minister of Information and Broadcasting – Indira Gandhi – 1964
• Minister of State of External Affairs – Lakshmi N. Menon – 1966
• Minister of External Affairs – Indira Gandhi – 1967
• Minister of Finance – Indira Gandhi – 1970^[61]
• Minister of Home Affairs – Indira Gandhi – 1970
• Minister of Defence – Indira Gandhi – 1975
• Chief Election Commissioner of India – V. S. Ramadevi – 1990^[62]
• Minister of Railways – Mamata Banerjee – 1999^[63]
• Ministry of Women and Child Development – Mamata Banerjee – 2006^[64]
• Ministry of Minority Affairs – Najma Heptullah – 2014^[65]

Regions

Andhra Pradesh

• Governor of United Andhra Pradesh – Sharada Mukherjee – 1977^[66]
• Home Minister of United Andhra Pradesh – Sabita Indra Reddy – 2009^[67]
• Home Minister of Andhra Pradesh - Mekathoti Sucharita – 2019^[68]

Assam

• Chief Minister – Anwara Taimur – 1980^[69]

Bihar

• Chief Minister – Rabri Devi – 1997^[70]

Delhi

• Chief Minister – Sushma Swaraj – 1998^[71]
• Mayor – Aruna Asaf Ali – 1958^[72]

Goa

• Chief Minister – Shashikala Kakodkar (1973–79)

Gujarat

• Chief Minister – Anandiben Patel – 2014
• Governor – Sharada Mukherjee – 1978^[73]

Himachal Pradesh

• Governor – Sheila Kaul – 1995^[74]

Karnataka

• Governor – V.S. Ramadevi – 1999^[75]

Kerala

• Governor – Jothi Venkatachalam – 1977^[76]

Madhya Pradesh

• Chief Minister – Uma Bharati – 2003^[77]

Maharashtra

• Governor – Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit – 1963^[53]

Odisha

• Chief Minister – Nandini Satpathy – 1972^[78]

Punjab

• Chief Minister – Rajinder Kaur Bhattal – 1996^[79]

Rajasthan

• Governor – Pratibha Patil – 2004^[80]
• Chief Minister – Vasundhara Raje – 2003^[81]

Tamil Nadu

• Governor – Fathima Beevi – 1997^[82]
• Chief Minister – V. N. Janaki – 1989^[83]

Uttarakhand

• Governor – Margaret Alva – 2009^[84]

Uttar Pradesh

• Governor – Sarojini Naidu – 1947^[85]
• Chief Minister – Sucheta Kripalani – 1963^[86]

West Bengal

• Governor – Padmaja Naidu – 1956^[87]
• Chief Minister – Mamata Banerjee – 2011^[88]

Indonesia

Ancient Indonesia

• Queen regnant of Kalingga – Shima – c. 674^[89]
• Queen regnant of Medang – Isyana – c. 947^{[90] [91]}
• Queen regnant of Bali – Mahendradatta – c. 980^[92]
• Queen regnant of Majapahit – Tribhuwana Wijaya – 1328^[93]
• Queen regnant of Bone – We Banrigau Makkaleppie Daeng Marowa - 1496^[94]
• Queen regnant of Kalinyamat – Ratu Kalinyamat – 1549^[95]
• Sultanah of Aceh – Taj ul-Alam – 1641^[96]

Dutch East Indies

• Member of Volksraad – Cornelia Razoux Schultz-Metzer – 1935^[97]

East Indonesia

• Mayor of Makassar – Salawati Daud – 1949

National level

• Deputy Speaker of the People's Representative Council/People's Consultative Assembly – Fatimah Achmad – 1997
• Cabinet minister – Minister of Social Service – Maria Ulfah Santoso – 1946^{[98] [99]}
• Vice President – Megawati Sukarnoputri – 1999^[100]
• President – Megawati Sukarnoputri – 2001
• Governor – Ratu Atut Chosiyah – 2005^[101]
• Mayor – Tri Rismaharini – 2010^[102] (First female mayor of Surabaya who was elected directly after the 1998 reformation)
• Speaker of the People's Representative Council – Puan Maharani – 2019
• Audit Board of Indonesia (Chairperson) – Isma Yatun – 2022^[103]

Individual ministries

• Minister of Manpower – Soerastri Karma Trimurti – 1947
• Minister of Basic Education and Culture – Artati Marzuki-Sudirdjo – 1964^[104]
• Minister of Agriculture – Justika Sjarifuddin Baharsjah – 1998^[105]
• Minister of Trade – Rini Soemarno – 2001^[106]
• Minister of Health – Siti Fadilah Supari – 2004^[107]
• Finance Minister – Sri Mulyani Indrawati – 2005^[108]
• Minister of Tourism – Mari Elka Pangestu – 2011^[109] (The ministry fell under the name 'Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy')
• Coordinating Minister for Human Development and Cultural Affairs – Puan Maharani – 2014^[110] (First Indonesian female to ever hold 'Coordinating Minister' post.)
• Foreign Minister – Retno Marsudi – 2014^[111]
• Minister of Environment and Forestry – Siti Nurbaya Bakar – 2014^[112]
• Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries – Susi Pudjiastuti – 2014^[113]

Iran

Sasanian Empire

• Monarch of Persia – Purandokht – 630^[114]

Imperial State

• Member of the Parliament – Mehrangiz Dowlatshahi, Nayereh Ebtehaj-Samii, Showkat Malek Jahanbani, Nezhat Nafisi, Farrokhroo Parsa and Hajar Tarbiat – 1963^[115]
• Senator – Mehrangiz Manouchehrian and Shams ol-Moluk Mosahab – 1963^[115]
• Deputy Minister of Education – Farrokhroo Parsa – 1965^[116]
• Minister of Education – Farrokhroo Parsa – 1968^[117]
• Mayor (Ahvaz) – Dabir Azam Hosna – 1970^[118]
• Minister for Women's Affairs – Mahnaz Afkhami – 1976^[119]

Islamic Republic

• Advisor to President – Shahla Habibi – 1995^[120]
• Vice President – Massoumeh Ebtekar – 1997^[121]
• Head of Environmental Protection Organization – Massoumeh Ebtekar – 1997
• Member of Board of the Parliament – Soheila Jolodarzadeh – 2000^[122]
• Minister of Health – Marzieh Vahid Dastjerdi – 2009^[123]
• Vice President in Legal Affairs – Elham Aminzadeh – 2013
• Spokesperson for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs – Marzieh Afkham – 2013^[124]
• Ambassador – Marzieh Afkham – 2015^[125]

Iraq

• Minister of Municipalities – Naziha al-Dulaimi – 1959^[126] (also first female government minister in the Arab world)
• Minister of Higher Education – Suad Khalil Ismail – 1969^[127]
• Member of Parliament – Sixteen women – 1980.^[128]
• Minister of Public Works and Municipalities – Nisrin Barwari – 2003^[127]
• Minister of Labour – Leila Abdul-Latif – 2004^[127]

Israel

• Minister of Labor – Golda Meir – 1949^[129]
• Minister of Foreign Affairs – Golda Meir – 1955
• Cabinet Secretary – Yael Uzai – 1963
• Prime Minister – Golda Meir – 1969
• Minister of Health – Shoshana Arbeli-Almozlino – 1986^[130]
• State Comptroller – Miriam Ben Porat – 1988^[131]
• State Attorney – Dorit Beinisch – 1989^[132]
• Minister of Education – Shulamit Aloni – 1992^[133]
• Minister of Environment – Ora Namir – 1992^[134]
• Minister of Communications – Shulamit Aloni – 1993
• Minister of Science and Culture – Shulamit Aloni – 1993
• Minister of Immigrant Absorption – Yuli Tamir – 1999^[135]
• Minister of Regional Cooperation – Tzipi Livni – 2001^[136]
• Minister of Commerce and Industry – Dalia Itzik – 2001^[137]
• Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development – Tzipi Livni – 2003
• Minister of Housing and Construction – Tzipi Livni – 2003
• Minister of Justice – Tzipi Livni – 2004
• Speaker of the Knesset – Dalia Itzik – 2006^[138]
• President (acting) – Dalia Itzik – 2007^[139]
• National Parliament – Pnina Tamano-Shata – 2013^{[140] [141] [142]}

Japan

National level

• Queen of Yamatai – Himiko – 188 AD*^[143]
• Regent – Jingū of Japan – 209 AD*^[144]
• Empress regnant – Empress Suiko – 592 AD^[145]
• Member of Parliament – Shidzue Katō – 1946^[146]
• Cabinet minister – Minister of Health and Welfare – Masa Nakayama – 1960^[147]
• Chair of Political Party (Japan Socialist Party, 社会党) – Takako Doi – 1986^[148]
• Mayor (Ashiya city) – Harue Kitamura – 1991^[149]
• Speaker of House of Representatives – Takako Doi – 1993
• Governor – Osaka Prefecture – Fusae Ota – 2000^[150]
• President of House of Councillors – Chikage Ogi – 2004^[151]
• Governor – Tokyo Prefecture – Yuriko Koike – 2016^[152]

Regional and individual ministries

• Minister of the Environment – Shige Ishimoto – 1984
• Minister of Justice – Ritsuko Nagao – 1996^{[153] [154]}
• Foreign minister – Makiko Tanaka – 2001^[155]
• Governor of Kumamoto Prefecture – Yoshiko Shiotani – 2001^[156]
• Governor of Chiba Prefecture – Akiko Domoto – 2001^[157]
• Governor of Hokkaidō Prefecture – Harumi Takahashi – 2003^[158]
• Governor of Shiga Prefecture – Yukiko Kada – 2006^[159]
• Minister of Defense – Yuriko Koike – 2007^[160]
• Minister of Justice – Keiko Chiba – 2009^[161] (First justice minister to witness an execution)
• Governor of Yamagata Prefecture – Mieko Yoshimura – 2009^[162]
• Mayor (Ōtsu city) – Naomi Koshi – 2012

Jordan

• Minister of Social Development – Ina'am Al-Mufti – 1980^[163]
• Minister of Culture and Information – Leila A. Sharaf – 1984
• Member of Parliament – Leila A. Sharaf – 1989
• Minister of Trade and Industry – Rima Khalaf – 1993^[164]
• Minister of Planning – Rima Khalaf – 1995^[164]
• Deputy Premier Minister – Rima Khalaf – 1999^[164]

Kazakhstan

Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic

• Vice-chairperson of the Executive Committee – Maryam Tugambayeva – 1932^[165]
• Acting Chairperson of the Executive Committee – Kalima Amankulova – 1938
• Deputy Premier Minister – Zaure S. Omarova – 1959 ^[165]
• Acting Chairperson of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet – Kapitalina Nikolaevna Kryukova – 1960
• Minister of Culture – Laila Galievna Galimzhanova – 1965
• Minister of Social Affairs – Zaure S. Omarova – 1966
• Deputy Premier Minister – Dametken Z. Sarsenova – 1975 ^[165]
• Foreign minister – Akmaral Arystanbekova – 1989^[166]

Kyrgyzstan

• Ruler of Alay Kyrgyz – Kurmanjan Datka – 1862

Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic

• Chairman of the Supreme Soviet – Maryam Tugambayeva – 1937^[167]
• Acting Chairperson of the Central Executive Committee – Kalima Amankulova – 1938^[168]
• Deputy Minister of Finance – Sakin Bergmantrovna – 1952
• Minister of Culture – Kuluypa Konduchalova -1958
• Vice-president – B. Musuralieva – 1959^[169]
• Deputy Premier Minister – Sakin Bergmantrovna – 1961
• Minister of Foreign Affairs – Sakin Bergmantrovna – 1966
• Supreme Court Member – Kadicha Apaitova – 1980

Kyrgyz Republic

• President – Roza Otunbayeva – 2010^[170]
• Supreme Court Member – Kadicha Apaitova – 1991
• Chairperson of Constitutional Court – Cholpon Baekova – 1993
• Chairperson of Supreme Court – Janyl Alieva – 2008
• Deputy Prime Minister – Cholpon Sultanbekova – 2016
• Deputy Speaker of Parliament – Aida Kasymalieva – 2018
• Deputy Prime Minister Altynai Omurbekova – 2019

Individual ministries

• Foreign minister – Roza Otunbayeva – 1992
• Minister of Education – Chinara Jakypova – 1992
• Chairperson of Social Fund, Minister – Roza Aknazarova – 1999
• Minister of Education – Ishengul Boljurova – 2002
• Minister of labour and Social Protection – Roza Aknazarova – 2004
• Minister of Social Protection – Aigul Ryskulova – 2009
• Minister of Labour and Employment – Aigul Ryskulova – 2010
• Minister of Education and Science – Elvira Sarieva – 2014
• Minister of Education and Science – Gulmira Kudaibergenova – 2015
• Minister of Finance – Baktygul Jeenbaeva -2018

Kuwait

• Undersecretary of Higher Education – Rasha as-Sabakh – 1991^[171]
• Minister – Massouma al-Mubarak – 2005.^{[172] [173]}
• Member of the National Assembly – Aseel al-Awadhi, Rola Dashti, Massouma al-Mubarak and Salwa al-Jassar – 2009^{[174] [175]}

Laos

• Cabinet Member and Governor of the Central Bank – Pany Yathotou – 1987^[176]
• Minister to the Prime Minister's Office for International Cooperation – Pany Yathotou – 1997^[176]

Lebanon

• Member of Parliament – Myrna Bustani – 1963 ^[177]
• Minister of Industry – Leila Al Solh – 2004^[178]
• Minister of Finance – Raya Haffar al-Hassan – 2009^[179]
• Minister of Energy and Water – Nada Boustani Khoury
• Minister of Defence – Zeina Akar – 2020^[180]

Macau

Portuguese Macau

• Undersecretary of Administration – Adelina Carvalho – 1985^[181]
• President of the Legislative Assembly – Susana Chou – 1999^[182]

Special Administration of PRC China

• Secretary for Administration and Justice – Silva Chan – 1999^[183]

Malaysia

See also: List of female cabinet ministers of Malaysia.

• Councillor of the Federal Legislative Council (elected) – Che Halimahton Abdul Majid – 1955^[184]
• Member of Parliament – Fatimah Hashim, Khadijah Sidek, Zainon Munshi Sulaiman – 1959^[185]
• Senator – Aishah Ghani – 1962^[186]
• Minister of Social Welfare – Fatimah Hashim – 1969^[187] (First female Minister in Cabinet of Malaysia)
• Minister of General Welfare – Aishah Ghani – 1973^[188]
• Minister of Public Enterprises – Rafidah Aziz – 1980
• Minister of Commerce and Industry – Rafidah Aziz – 1987
• Minister of International Trade and Industry – Rafidah Aziz – 1990
• Minister of National Unity and Social Development – Napsiah Omar – 1990^[189]
• Minister in the Prime Minister's Department – Siti Zaharah Sulaiman – 1999^[190]
• Minister of Women and Family Development – Shahrizat Abdul Jalil – 2001^[191]
• Minister of Women, Family and Community Development – Shahrizat Abdul Jalil – 2001
• Minister of Youth and Sports – Azalina Othman Said – 2004^[192]
• Minister of Tourism – Azalina Othman Said – 2008
• Minister of Women, Family and Community Development – Ng Yen Yen – 2008^[193] (First female Chinese Minister in Cabinet of Malaysia)
• Leader of the Opposition in the Malaysian Parliament – Wan Azizah Wan Ismail – 2008^[194]
• Deputy President of the Dewan Negara – Armani Mahiruddin – 2009^[195]
• President of the Municipal Council of Penang Island – Patahiyah Ismail – 2010^[196] (First woman municipal council president in Malaysia)
• Mayor of Petaling Jaya – Alinah Ahmad – 2013^[197] (First woman mayor in Malaysia)
• Speaker of Selangor State Legislative Assembly – Hannah Yeoh – 2013^{[198] [199]} (First female Speaker in state legislature)
• Leader of the Opposition in the Penang State Legislative Assembly – Jahara Hamid – 2013^[200]
• Mayor of Penang Island – Patahiyah Ismail – 2015^[201]
• Leader of the Opposition in the Johor State Legislative Assembly – Gan Peck Cheng – 2015^[202]
• President of the Municipal Council of Seberang Perai – Maimunah Mohd Sharif – 2016^[203]
• Speaker of Perak State Legislative Assembly – S. Thangeswary – 2016^[204]
• Deputy Prime Minister – Wan Azizah Wan Ismail – 2018
• Minister of Housing and Local Government – Zuraida Kamaruddin – 2018^[205]
• Minister of Rural and Regional Development – Rina Harun – 2018^[206]
• Minister of Energy, Technology, Science, Climate Change and Environment – Yeo Bee Yin – 2018^[207]
• Minister of Primary Industries – Teresa Kok – 2018^[208]
• Chairperson of thePublic Accounts Committee – Noraini Ahmad – 2019^[209]
• Chief Justice of Malaysia – Tengku Maimun Tuan Mat – 2019^[210]
• Chief Commissioner of the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission – Latheefa Koya – 2019^[211]
• Minister of Higher Education – Noraini Ahmad – 2020^[212]
• Deputy Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat – Azalina Othman Said – 2020^[213]
• Minister of Education – Fadhlina Sidek – 2022
• Minister of Health – Zaliha Mustafa – 2022

Maldives

• Minister of Health – Moomina Haleem – 1977^[214]
• Foreign minister (acting) – Mariyam Shakeela – 2013^[215]

Mongolia

Mongolian People's Republic

• Minister (Minister of Health) – Dolgor Puntsag – 1930^[216]
• Head of State (acting) – Sühbaataryn Yanjmaa – 1953^[217]
• Minister of Labour – Myatauyn Lhaunsuren – 1970^[216]
• Minister of Health and Social Affairs – Pagbajabyn Nymadawa – 1990^[216]

Mongolia

• Foreign minister – Nyam-Osoryn Tuyaa – 1998^[218]
• Prime Minister (acting) – Nyam-Osoryn Tuyaa – 1999

Myanmar

British Burma

• Member of the Legislative Council – Hnin Mya – 1932

Burma

• Member of Parliament – Khin Kyi – 1947^[219]
• Minister for and Premier of the Karen State – Daw Ba Maung Chien – 1952^[220]
• Minister of Social Welfare – Khin Kyi – 1953

Myanmar

• Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement minister – Myat Myat Ohn Khin – 2012^[221]
• Education minister – Khin San Yi – 2014^[222]
• Science and Technology minister – Khin San Yi – 2015^[223]
• Foreign minister – Aung San Suu Kyi – 2016^[224]
• State Counsellor – Aung San Suu Kyi – 2016

Nepal

Kingdom

• Deputy Minister (of Health and Local Self-Governance) – Dwarika Devi Thakurani – 1959
• Minister of Health – Shusila Thapa – 1975^[225]
• Cabinet Member, State Minister for Labour and Social Welfare – Bhadra Kumari Ghale – 1982^[225]
• Minister of Industry and Trade – Sahana Pradhan – 1990
• Minister of Forests and Soil Conservation – Sahana Pradhan – 1996^[225]
• Minister of Women and Welfare – Sahana Pradhan – 1997
• Deputy Prime Minister – Shailaja Acharya – 1998^[226]

Republic

• Foreign minister – Sahana Pradhan – 2007^[227]
• President – Bidhya Devi Bhandari – 2015^[228]

North Korea

• Central Committee of the Workers' Party of North Korea members – Ho Jong-suk and Pak Chong-ae – 1946^[229]
• Minister of Culture – Ho Jong-suk – 1948^{[230] [231]}
• Minister of Justice – Ho Jong-suk – 1957-1959^{[232] [233]}
• Vice-Minister of Light Industry – Kim Pok-sin – 1958^[234]
• Minister of Agriculture – Pak Chong-ae – 1961^[234]
• Minister of Commerce – Yin Yang-suk – 1962^[234]
• Minister of Culture – Pak Yong-sin – 1966^[234]
• Minister of Foodstuff and Daily Necessities Industries – Yi Ho-hyok – 1967 ^[234]
• Minister of Textile and Paper Manufacturing Industry – Kim Pok-sin – 1971^[234]
• Minister of Finance – Yun Gi-jong – 1980^[234]
• Vice Premier – Kim Pok-sin – 1982^{[231] [235]}
• Head of the Light Industry Division of the Worker's Party Economic Policy Audit Department – Kim Kyung-hee – 1988^[234]
• Minister of Electronics Industry – Han Kwang-bok – 2009^[234]
• Chairperson of the Korean Committee for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries – Kim Jong-suk – 2009^[234]
• Deputy Prime Minister – Han Kwang-bok – 2010^[234]
• Vice-director of the Workers Party's Propaganda and Agitation Department – Kim Yo-jong – 2014^[234]
• Minister of Foreign Affairs – Choe Son-hui – 2022

Oman

• Undersecretary for Social Affairs in the Ministry of Social Affairs, Labour and Vocational Training – Thuwaibah bint Ahmad Bin Isa Al-Barwani – 1997^[236]
• Government Minister (Minister of Higher Education) – Rawya Saud Al Busaidi – 2004^[237]

Pakistan

Dominion

• Deputy Speaker – Begum Jahanara Shahnawaz – 1947^[238]
• Member of Parliament – Begum Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah – 1947

Republic

National level

• Cabinet minister – Education – Begum Mahmooda Salim Khan – 1962^[239]
• Governor (of Sindh) – Begum Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan – 1973^[240]
• Chair of Major Political Party (Pakistan Peoples Party) – Nusrat Bhutto – 1979^[241]
• Prime Minister – Benazir Bhutto – 1988^[242]
• Deputy Prime Minister – Nusrat Bhutto – 1980s
• Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan – Fahmida Mirza – 2008^[243]

Individual ministries

• Minister of State of Science and Technology – Shahzada Saaedur Rashid Abbasi – 1975^[244]
• Minister of State of Tourism – Shahzada Saaedur Rashid Abbasi – 1976
• Minister of Population – Dr. Attiya Inayatullah – 1980^[245]
• Government Advisor and Chairperson of Tourist Development Corporation – Viqarun Nisa Noon – 1980
• Minister of State of Social Welfare – Begum Afifa Mamdot – 1981
• Minister of Information – Syeda Abida Hussain – 1990^[246]
• Minister to the Prime Minister, Advisor on Population with Rank of Minister – Syeda Abida Hussain – 1991
• Minister of Finance – Benazir Bhutto – 1993^[247]
• Minister of Law and Human Rights – Shahida Jamil – 2002^{[248] [249]}
• Minister of Foreign Affairs – Hina Rabbani Khar – 2011^[250]

West Pakistan

West Pakistan was in existence from 1955 to 1970.

• Minister of Education (1962–65) – Begum Mahmooda Salim Khan^{[251] [252]}

Balochistan

• Minister (1976) – Fazila Aliani^[253]
• Minister of Health, Education and Social Welfare (1976) – Fazila Aliani^[253]

Gilgit-Baltistan

• Governor – Shama Khalid – 2010

Punjab

• Parliamentary Secretary (1951) – Begum Khudeja G.A. Khan^[254]
• Chief Minister – Maryam Nawaz – 2024^[255]

Sindh

• Governor (1973) – Begum Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan^[240]

Palestine

• Minister of Social Affairs – Intissar al-Wazir – 1995^[256]
• Minister of Higher Education and Research – Hanan Ashrawi – 1996^[257]
• Mayor of Ramallah – Janet Mikhail – 2005^[258]
• General Delegate of Palestine to the EU, Belgium and Luxembourg – Leila Shahid – 2006^[259]

Philippines

Commonwealth

• Member of Congress – Elisa Ochoa – 1941^[260]

Republic

National level

• Senator – Geronima Pecson – 1947^[261]
• Cabinet secretary – Social Welfare – Asuncion A. Perez – 1948^[262]
• Governor – Metropolitan Manila – Imelda Romualdez Marcos – 1975^[263]
• President – Corazon Aquino – 1986^[264]
• Senate President pro tempore – Leticia Ramos-Shahani − 1993^[265]
• Vice President – Gloria Macapagal Arroyo – 1998^[266]
• Senate Majority leader – Loren Legarda – 2001
• Chief Justice of the Supreme Court – Maria Lourdes Sereno – 2012^[267]
• Speaker of the House of Representatives – Gloria Macapagal Arroyo – 2018

Individual ministries

• Secretary of Education – Lourdes Quisumbing – 1986^[268]
• Secretary of Agrarian Reform – Miriam Defensor Santiago – 1989^[269]
• Secretary of Tourism – Gemma Cruz-Araneta – 1998^{[270] [271]}
• Secretary of Justice – Merceditas N. Gutierrez – 2002^[272]
• Secretary of Foreign Affairs – Delia Albert – 2003^[273]
• Secretary of National Defense – Gloria Macapagal Arroyo – 2003 (concurrently as President of the Philippines)

Qatar

• President (with rank of Minister) of the Supreme Council for Family Affairs – Mozah Bint Nasser Al Misnad – 1998^[274]

Saudi Arabia

• Deputy Minister of Education for Women's Affairs – Norah al-Faiz – 2009^[275]
• Assistant Speaker of the Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia – Hanan Al-Ahmadi – 2020^[276]

Singapore

• Minister of State of Community Development – Seet Ai Mee – 1988^[277]
• Minister of State of Health and Education – Aline K. Wong – 1990
• Minister in Prime Minister's Office – Lim Hwee Hua – 2009^[278]
• Ministry of Culture, Community and Youth – Grace Fu – 2015^[279]
• Speaker of the Parliament – Halimah Yacob – 2013
• President – Halimah Yacob – 2017^[280]
• Ministry of Manpower – Josephine Teo – 2018
• Ministry of Sustainability and Environment – Grace Fu – 2020
• Ministry of Communications and Information – Josephine Teo – 2021

South Korea

• Minister of Trade and Industry – Yim Yong-shin (Louise Yim) – 1948
• Minister of Information – Kim Whal-ran – 1950
• Minister of Education – Kim Ok-Gil – 1979 ^[281]
• Minister of Social Affairs and Health – Kim Chung-rye – 1982
• Minister of the Second Ministry of Political Affairs – Cho Kyung-hee – 1988
• Secretary of State for Political Affairs – Cho Kyung-hee – 1989
• Minister of Environment – Hwang San-suy – 1993
• Minister of Culture and Tourism – Shin Nak-yun – 1998
• Minister of Health and Welfare – Joo Yang-ja – 1998
• Presidential Secretary for Public Relations Affairs – Park Sun-sook – 1999
• Acting Prime Minister – Chang Sang – 2002^[282]
• Minister of Justice – Kang Kum-sil – 2003–2004^{[283] [284] [285] [286]}
• Prime Minister – Han Myung-Sook – 2006^[287]
• President – Park Geun-hye – 2013^[288]
• Deputy Prime Minister – Yoo Eun-hae – 2018

Sri Lanka

British Ceylon

• Member of the State Council – Adeline Molamure – 1931^[289]
• Member of Parliament – Florence Senanayake – 1947^[290]
• Senator – Adeline Molamure – 1947

Dominion

• Minister of Health – Vimala Wijewardene – 1956^[291]
• Minister of Foreign Affairs – Sirimavo Bandaranaike – 1960^[292]
• Minister of Defence – Sirimavo Bandaranaike – 1960
• Prime minister – Sirimavo Bandaranaike – 1960 (first female prime minister in the world)

Republic

• Prime minister – Chandrika Kumaratunga – 1993^[293]
• President – Chandrika Kumaratunga – 1994
• Minister of Justice – Thalatha Athukorale – 2017^[294]

Syria

• Member of Parliament – Jihan al-Mosli and Widad Haroun – 1960
• Minister of Culture – Najah al-Attar – 1976^[295]
• Minister of Higher Education – Salimah Sanqar – 1992^[296]
• Minister of National Guidance – Najah al-Attar – 1994
• Minister of Labour and Social Affairs – Baria al-Qudsi – 2000
• Vice President – Najah al-Attar – 2006

Tajikistan

Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic

• Vice-president – K. Alueva – 1960
• Deputy Premier Minister – A.N. Atanepesova – 1960
• Deputy Chair of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet – Nizoramo Zaripova – 1966
• Secretary of the Communist Party Central Committee Department of Propaganda and Agitation – Ibodat Rakhimova – 1966 ^[297]
• Minister of Trade Raisa – M. Grishiha – 1974 ^[297]
• Minister of Social Affairs – Karomat Mirzoalieva – 1978^[297]
• Acting President – Nizoramo Zaripova – 1984^[297]

Tajik Republic

• Minister of Health – Inumzada Jura – 1992^[297]
• Minister, Chairperson of the State-Committee of Youth, Sports and Tourism Zebiniso – S. Rustamova – 1992^[297]
• Minister of Education – Bozgul Dodkhudoeva – 1993^[297]
• Deputy Premier Minister – Munira Abdulloyevna Inoyatova – 1994^[297]
• Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs – Ozoda Rahmon – 2009^[297]

Taiwan

• Minister and Commissioner for Overseas Chinese – He Xiangning – 1949^[32]
• Justice on the Supreme Court of the Republic of China – Chang Chin-lan – 1967^[298]
• Mayor of Chiayi, first elected female city mayor – Hsu Shih-hsien – 1967^[299]
• Deputy Chairperson of the Economic Planning Council – Shirley Kuo – 1973^[41]
• Minister of Finance, first appointed female minister – Shirley Kuo – 1988^[300]
• Minister of Justice – Yeh Chin-fong – 1999-2000^[301]
• Vice President – Annette Lu – 2000^[302]
• Vice Premier – Yeh Chu-lan – 2004^[303]
• Minister of Transportation and Communications – Yeh Chu-lan – 2004
• President of National Assembly of the Republic of China – Yeh Chu-lan – 2005
• Secretary-General to the President of the Republic of China – Yeh Chu-lan – 2005^[304]
• Mayor of Kaohsiung, first elected female mayor of a special municipality – Kiku Chen – 2006^[305]
• Chairperson of the Democratic Progressive Party, first elected female leader of a major party - Tsai Ing-Wen – 2008^[306]
• Vice President of the Legislative Yuan (Deputy Speaker of Parliament) – Hung Hsiu-chu – 2012^[307]
• President – Tsai Ing-wen – 2016

Tannu Tuva

• Chairperson of the Presidium of the Little Hural (head of state) – Khertek Anchimaa-Toka – 1940^[308]

Thailand

• Member of Parliament – Orapin Chaiyakan – 1949^{[309] [310]}
• Minister of Transport – Lursakdi Sampatisiri – 1976^[311] (one of the two first female Ministers)
• Minister of State University Affairs (now defunct) – Wimonsiri Chamnanwet – 1976 (one of the two first female Ministers)
• Minister for Office of the Prime Minister – Supatra Masdit – 1986
• Minister of Public Health – Sudarat Keyuraphan – 2001
• Minister of Culture – Uraiwan Thienthong – 2002
• Minister of Labour – Uraiwan Thienthong – 2003
• Second Deputy Speaker of House of Representatives – Lalita Lerksamran – 2005^[312]
• Minister of Agriculture and Cooperatives – Sudarat Keyuraphan – 2005
• Minister of Energy – Poonpirom Liptapanlop – 2008
• Minister of Natural Resources and Environment – Anongwan Thepsuthin – 2008
• Second Vice President of Senate – Tassana Boontong – 2008^[313]
• Minister of Commerce – Pornthiva Nakasai – 2008
• Minister of Information and Communication Technology – Ranongrak Suwanchawee – 2008
• Minister of Science and Technology (now defunct) – Kalaya Sophonpanich – 2008
• Prime Minister – Yingluck Shinawatra – 2011^{[314] [315]}
• Minister of Defence – Yingluck Shinawatra – 2013^[316]
• Minister of Social Development and Human Security – Paweena Hongsakul – 2013^[317]
• Minister of Tourism and Sports – Kobkarn Wattanavrangkul – 2014^[318]
• Minister of Industry – Atchaka Sibunruang – 2015^[319]
• Minister of Education – Trinuch Thienthong – 2021^[320]

Turkmenistan

Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic

• Deputy Minister of Public Service – Khally Nazarova – 1958^[321]
• Minister of Social Affairs – Khally Nazarova – 1959
• Minister of Social Welfare – Anzurat Mullabavna Rakhimova – 1960
• Deputy Premier Minister – Khally Nazarova – 1963
• Minister of Education – Bibi Palvanova – 1967
• Deputy Premier Minister – Roza Atamuradovna Bazarova – 1975 ^[322]
• Member of the Presidium of Supreme Soviet – Roza Atamuradovna Bazarova – 1975
• President of the Republic – Roza Atamuradovna Bazarova – 1988

Republic of Turkmenistan

• Member of the Cabinet and Prosecutor General – Gurbanbibi Sinirenovna Atajanova – 1997
• Minister of Social Affairs and Labour – Enebay Geldiyevna Atayeva – 2001
• Minister of Economy and Finance – Enebay Geldiyevna Atayeva – 2001

United Arab Emirates

• Under-Secretary (of Education) – Aysha al-Sayaar (Aisha al-Sayer) – 1996^[323]
• Minister (of Economic Planning) – Lubna bint Khalid bin Sultan al Qasimi – 2004^[324]

Uzbekistan

Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic

• Minister of Construction Industry – Yagdar Nasriddinova – 1952^[325]
• Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet – Yagdar Nasriddinova – 1959^[326]
• Minister of Culture – Zakha Rakhimbabaeva – 1963
• Minister of Social Affairs – Vasiha Sadykovna Sadykova – 1956
• Minister of Public Service – Anna Brodova – 1967
• Minister of Justice – Mamlakat Sobirovna Vasikova – 1970–1984^{[327] [328] [329]}
• Deputy Premier Minister – Rano Kh. Abdullaeva – 1971

Republic of Uzbekistan

• Foreign minister – Shahlo Mahmudova – 1991^[330]

Vietnam

• Minister of Social Affairs, Health and the Disabled – Dương Quỳnh Hoa – 1975^[331] (in North Vietnam 1969)
• Minister of Education – Nguyễn Thị Định – 1976^[332]
• Member of the Council of State – Nguyễn Thị Định – 1981^[333]
• Vice President – Nguyễn Thị Định – 1987^[334]
• Chairwoman of National Assembly – Nguyễn Thị Kim Ngân – 2016^[335]
• President (Acting) – Đặng Thị Ngọc Thịnh – 2018^[336]

Yemen

South Yemen

• Member of The Presidium of the State and Deputy Minister of Information and Culture – 1986^[337]

Yemen

• Undersecretary of Information – Amat Al Alim Alsoswa – 1991
• Minister of Human Rights – Amat Al-Aleem Alsoswa – 2003^[338]
• Ministry of State for Human Rights – Wahiba Fara’a – 2001^[339]

See also

• List of elected and appointed female heads of state and government

Notes and References

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3. Web site: Republic of Afghanistan.
4. Web site: Republic of Afghanistan.
5. News: Afghan Women Slowly Joining Western Sisters at Work. EATON. WILLIAM J.. 2 July 1986. Los Angeles Times. 15 February 2019. en-US. 0458-3035.
6. Web site: An Interview with Afghanistan's First Female Governor: Dr. Habiba Sorabi Cultures of Resistance Films. culturesofresistancefilms.com. 25 April 2011 . en. 15 February 2019.
7. News: Afghanistan's first female mayor proves critics wrong. Motevalli. Golnar. 24 February 2013. The Guardian. 15 February 2019. en-GB. 0261-3077.
8. Web site: Azərbaycanın ilk qadın naziri - Tahirə Tahirova » Anaveusaq.az - İctimai-siyasi, pedogoji jurnal. anaveusaq.az. 2019-02-11.
9. Web site: Azerbaijan Ministers.
10. Book: Azerbaijan Human Development Report. 1995. United Nations Development Programme. en.
11. Book: Clements, Barbara Evans. A History of Women in Russia: From Earliest Times to the Present. 2012. Indiana University Press. 9780253000972. en.
12. Web site: Lala SHEVKET :: official site. www.lalashevket.az. 2019-02-11.
13. Web site: Azərbaycanın ədliyyə nazirləri - 97 illik tarix. Azvision. November 22, 2015. AzVision.az. az. 2018-06-11.
14. News: Südabə Həsənovanın vaxtında vətəndaşlar Avropa Şurasına deyil, elə Sədrin özünə şikayət edərdilər. YeniSözçü qəzeti. 2018-06-11. en-gb.
15. Web site: First VP Mehriban Aliyeva: Ensuring women's active participation in all spheres - a priority task of Azerbaijan [UPDATE]]. 2018-05-30. AzerNews.az. en. 2019-02-11.
16. Web site: Lateefa Al Gaood. World News. en. 15 February 2019.
17. Web site: Bangladesh Ministers.
18. Web site: Khaleda Zia Biography & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. en. 15 February 2019.
19. Book: Panday, Pranab Kumar. Women's Political Participation in Bangladesh: Institutional Reforms, Actors and Outcomes. 30 May 2013. Springer Science & Business Media. 9788132212720. en.
20. Web site: Dipu Moni new chairperson of AUW. The Daily Star. 2 March 2016. 12 April 2016.
21. News: Shirin to become first woman Speaker. 29 April 2013. 29 April 2013.
22. Web site: More women officers to be employed. 24 May 2014. Dhaka Tribune. 15 February 2019.
23. Web site: Chumki takes oath. Staff Correspondent. bdnews24.com. bdnews24.com. 15 February 2019.
24. Web site: Bhutan Ministers.
25. News: Bhutan's first female minister: engineer, equality warrior, former civil servant. Dudman. Jane. 12 April 2015. The Guardian. 15 February 2019. en-GB. 0261-3077.
26. Web site: Tong Siv Eng Dies at 82. Ana. Phann. 15 June 2001. The Cambodia Daily. en-US. 15 February 2019.
27. Web site: Cambodia Ministers.
28. Jacobsen, Trudy, Lost goddesses: the denial of female power in Cambodian history, NIAS Press, Copenhagen, 2008.
29. Book: Peterson, Barbara Bennett. Notable Women of China: Shang Dynasty to the Early Twentieth Century. 16 September 2016. Routledge. 9781317463726. en.
30. Web site: The Demonization of Empress Wu. Dash. Mike. Smithsonian. en. 15 February 2019.
31. Song, Yuwu (2013). Biographical Dictionary of the People's Republic of China. McFarland. p. 117. .
32. Web site: China Ministers.
33. Lily Xiao Hong Lee: Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: v. 2: Twentieth Century
34. The first five were: Jiang Qing 1969, Ye Qun 1969, Deng Yingchao 1978, Wu Yi 2002, Liu Yandon: https://books.google.com/books?id=4gYqDwAAQBAJ&dq=first+woman+in+politburo+china&pg=PA58
35. Web site: China's First Female Vice Premier Fights to Reduce Poverty – All China Women's Federation . 15 February 2019 . www.womenofchina.cn.
36. Book: Wong, Jan. Beijing Confidential: A Tale of Comrades Lost and Found. 12 February 2010. Doubleday Canada. 9780307375186.
37. Web site: Shi Liang: China's First Minister of Justice - All China Women's Federation. womenofchina.cn. 8 October 2017.
38. Web site: Soong Qingling: 'The mother of modern China'. Montefiore. Clarissa Sebag. www.bbc.com. en. 15 February 2019.
39. Web site: China's Four Female Vice Premiers Since 1949 – All China Women's Federation. www.womenofchina.cn. 15 February 2019.
40. Web site: 全国人大常委会决定任命胡泽君为审计署审计长_人事风向_澎湃新闻-The Paper . 2024-08-13 . www.thepaper.cn.
41. Web site: Taiwan Ministers.
42. Book: Chen, Peiying. Acting Otherwise: The Institutionalization of Women's / Gender Studies in Taiwan's Universities. April 2004. Routledge. 9781135934385. en.
43. Web site: Timor Leste Ministers.
44. Web site: Novo Governo de Timor-Leste tem sete mulheres e quatro novos ministros. PÚBLICO. Lusa. PÚBLICO. pt. 15 February 2019.
45. Web site: Hong Kong Government.
46. Web site: Ten Hong Kong women achievers in politics, film, sport and more. 8 March 2018. South China Morning Post. en. 15 February 2019.
47. Web site: Remarkable Hong Kong Women of Past 20 Yrs – All China Women's Federation. www.womenofchina.cn. 15 February 2019.
48. Web site: Speech by CS at the International Women's Summit (English only) (with photos/video). www.info.gov.hk. 7 June 2018.
49. News: Carrie Lam Is Sworn In as Hong Kong's First Female Leader. Ramzy. Austin. 30 June 2017. The New York Times. 15 February 2019. en-US. 0362-4331.
50. Web site: Annie Besant: The Champion of Women's Rights. 2 August 2017. Madras Courier. en-US. 15 February 2019.
51. Book: Of Property and Propriety: The Role of Gender and Class in Imperialism and Nationalism. Bannerji. Himani. Mojab. Shahrzad. Whitehead. Judith. 2001. University of Toronto Press. 9780802081926. en.
52. Book: Women in Modern India. Forbes. Geraldine. Forbes. Geraldine Hancock. 28 April 1999. Cambridge University Press. 9780521653770. en.
53. Web site: Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit Indian politician and diplomat. Encyclopedia Britannica. en. 15 February 2019.
54. Web site: International relations, Foreign Affairs & policy, Benazir Bhutto - PIIA.
55. News: Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, 75, Dies; India's First Minister of Health; Gandhi's Secretary 17 Years, a Princess, Led Campaign to Eradicate Malaria. 7 February 1964. The New York Times. 15 February 2019. en-US. 0362-4331.
56. Web site: Indira Gandhi becomes Indian prime minister . 15 February 2019 . HISTORY . en.
57. Web site: Sonia Gandhi: The woman who would not be queen – Times of India . 15 February 2019 . The Times of India.
58. Web site: Pratibha Patil Biography & Facts . 15 February 2019 . Encyclopedia Britannica . en.
59. Web site: 3 June 2009 . India names first woman speaker . 4 February 2019 . The National . en.
60. Web site: India Ministers.
61. Web site: Indira Gandhi Biography & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. en. 15 February 2019.
62. Book: Roy, Meenu. The Battle of the ballot. 1992. Classic Pub. House. 9788171930258. en.
63. News: Some interesting facts that you must know about Mamata Banerjee. India Today. en. 15 February 2019. Ist.
64. News: As Vasundhara Raje loses power, Mamata Banerjee is now the only woman chief minister in India. India Today. en. 15 February 2019. Ist.
65. Web site: Najma Heptulla Biography & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. en. 15 February 2019.
66. Web site: Sharda Mukherjee appointed first woman governor of Gujarat. India Today. en. 15 February 2019. March 4. 1978UPDATED. Ist. 2015 10:56.
67. Web site: Sabita Reddy becomes first woman home minister of AP – Indian Express. archive.indianexpress.com. 15 February 2019.
68. Web site: Mekathoti Sucharita, the Dalit woman Home Minister of Andhra Pradesh. indianexpress.com. 6 June 2023.
69. Web site: Former Assam Chief Minister Syeda Anwara Taimur not included in final draft of National Register of Citizens India News. www.timesnownews.com. en-GB. 15 February 2019.
70. Web site: Rabri Devi. 23 December 2004. Hindustan Times. en. 15 February 2019.
71. Web site: Sushma Swaraj was the first female Chief Minister of Delhi. Inshorts. en. 15 February 2019.
72. News: Remembering Aruna Asaf Ali, the Indian freedom fighter who was so ahead of her times. India Today. en. 15 February 2019. Ist.
73. Sharda Mukherjee appointed first woman governor of Gujarat. India Today. en. 15 February 2019.
74. News: Sheila Kaul obituary. Kaul. Vaibhav. 21 June 2015. The Guardian. 15 February 2019. en-GB. 0261-3077.
75. Book: Shirur, Sunanda S.. Emergence Of Elite Women In Politics. 1 January 2005. Mohit Publications. 9788174453372. en.
76. Web site: Previous Governors. Administrator. 15 March 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20120813042814/http://www.rajbhavan.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=45&Itemid=41. 13 August 2012. dead.
77. Web site: Uma Bharti takes over as first woman CM of MP. www.rediff.com. 15 February 2019.
78. Book: Orissa Review. August 1986. Home Department, Government of Orissa. en.
79. Web site: Congress expects new Punjab chief minister Bhattal to wage aggressive anti-Akali campaign. India Today. en. 15 February 2019. June 12. 1996UPDATED. Ist. 2013 18:31.
80. News: Rajasthan gets its first woman Governor. The Hindu. 29 November 2004. 5 March 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20071012222639/http://hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2004/11/09/stories/2004110909760500.htm. 12 October 2007. usurped.
81. Web site: Vasundhara Raje Indian politician. Encyclopedia Britannica. en. 15 February 2019.
82. Web site: How a Kerala Woman Become Our 1st Female Supreme Court Judge. 13 January 2018. The Better India. en-US. 15 February 2019.
83. Tamil Nadu: Janaki Ramachandran is chief minister but can she survive?. S. H. Venkatramani . November 21, 2013 . India Today. en. 15 February 2019.
84. Web site: Alva tales – Times of India. The Times of India. 15 February 2019.
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121. News: The Leading Female Politicians in Rouhani's Presidential Party. Al Bawaba. 15 February 2019.
122. News: Why Iranian women are taking off their veils. 8 March 2018. The Economist. 15 February 2019. 0013-0613.
123. News: First female candidates vie for Iranian presidency. Correspondent. Christina Lamb, Chief Foreign. 16 April 2017. The Sunday Times. 15 February 2019. en. 0956-1382.
124. Web site: Inside Iran: A Big First For Iranian Women. ABC News. en. 15 February 2019.
125. News: Iran to appoint first female ambassador since Islamic revolution. Dehghan. Saeed Kamali. 14 April 2015. The Guardian. 15 February 2019. en-GB. 0261-3077.
126. Book: Women in Executive Power: A Global Overview. Bauer. Gretchen. Tremblay. Manon. 10 March 2011. Taylor & Francis. 9781136819155. en.
127. Web site: Iraq Ministers.
128. http://archive.ipu.org/PDF/publications/women45-95_en.pdf Women in Parliaments 1945–1995
129. Web site: Golda Meir Biography & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. en. 15 February 2019.
130. Web site: Shoshana Arbeli-Almozlino Jewish Women's Archive. jwa.org. 15 February 2019.
131. Web site: Miriam Ben-Porat Jewish Women's Archive. jwa.org. 15 February 2019.
132. Web site: Dorit Beinisch Jewish Women's Archive. jwa.org. 15 February 2019.
133. Web site: Shulamit Aloni Jewish Women's Archive. jwa.org. 15 February 2019.
134. Web site: Women Members of Knesset Jewish Women's Archive. mfa.gov.il. 15 February 2019.
135. News: Yuli Tamir, the First Lady of Labor, Speaks Out on Poverty, Education and Kadima Tactics. 25 January 2006. Haaretz. 15 February 2019. en.
136. News: Tzipi Livni Fast Facts. Library. CNN. CNN. 16 May 2018.
137. Web site: Dalia Itzik Jewish Women's Archive. jwa.org. 15 February 2019.
138. News: Dalia Itzik / Knesset Gets First Female Speaker. 2 May 2006. Haaretz. 15 February 2019. en.
139. https://archive.today/20120529150830/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1167467809567&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull Dalia Itzik becomes acting president
140. Web site: Tamano-Shata, Pnina (1981–) The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed. www.blackpast.org. 29 July 2014. en. 28 September 2018.
141. News: All the kingmaker's men, and women. 28 September 2018. en-US.
142. Pnina Tamano-Shata, Esq. is the first female of Ethiopian descent elected to the Israeli National Parliament (2013).
143. Web site: Himiko Japanese ruler. Encyclopedia Britannica. en. 15 February 2019.
144. News: Women warriors of Japan. Hoffman. Michael. 9 October 2011. The Japan Times Online. 15 February 2019. en-US. 0447-5763.
145. Web site: Suiko empress of Japan. Encyclopedia Britannica. en. 15 February 2019.
146. News: Shizue Kato. Blacker. Carmen. 1 February 2002. The Guardian. 15 February 2019. en-GB. 0261-3077.
147. Book: Japanese Women in Science and Engineering: History and Policy Change. Kodate. Naonori. Kodate. Kashiko. 30 July 2015. Routledge. 9781317595052. en.
148. Web site: 1 October 2014 . The achievements of Takako Doi . 15 February 2019 . The Japan Times . en-US.
149. News: 18 January 2003 . First female mayor to call it a day . en-US . The Japan Times Online . 15 February 2019 . 0447-5763.
150. News: Sims . Calvin . 26 March 2000 . Governor Butts Heads With Sumo Ban on Women . en-US . The New York Times . 15 February 2019 . 0362-4331.
151. News: Yoshida . Reiji . 29 July 2004 . Ogi set to become first female president of Upper House . en-US . The Japan Times Online . 15 February 2019 . 0447-5763.
152. Web site: Fensom . Anthony . 6 August 2017 . Tokyo Governor Yuriko Koike Could Be Japan's First Female Prime Minister . 15 February 2019 . The National Interest . en.
153. News: Mayumi Moriyama. tribunedigital-chicagotribune. 7 June 2018. en.
154. Web site: Japanese Women: Choosing Between Career or Kimona. Deutsch. Linda. Linda Deutsch . 7 November 1979. cdnc.ucr.edu. 7 June 2018.
155. Book: Hoover, William D.. Historical Dictionary of Postwar Japan. 15 December 2018. Rowman & Littlefield. 9781538111567. en.
156. News: Shiotani re-elected Kumamoto governor. 5 April 2004. The Japan Times Online. 15 February 2019. en-US. 0447-5763.
157. News: Online Extra: Q&A with Japan's Akiko Domoto. Bloomberg.com. 15 February 2019.
158. Web site: Hokkaido: Bridging a Bright Future with Russia / JapanGov – The Government of Japan. JapanGov – The Government of Japan. en. 15 February 2019.
159. News: Japan first: At 36, Shiga gets youngest female mayor. 24 January 2012. The Japan Times Online. 15 February 2019. en-US. 0447-5763.
160. News: Tokyo governor Yuriko Koike: the most powerful woman in Japan. Financial Times. 8 March 2017. en-GB. 15 February 2019. Harding. Robin.
161. News: Waiting for the death-penalty debate that never comes. Brasor. Philip. 22 March 2014. The Japan Times Online. 7 June 2018. en-US. 0447-5763.
162. News: Yamagata governor Yoshimura returned uncontested. 11 January 2013. The Japan Times Online. 15 February 2019. en-US. 0447-5763.
163. Book: Talhami, Ghada Hashem. Historical Dictionary of Women in the Middle East and North Africa. 2013. Rowman & Littlefield. 9780810868588. en.
164. Web site: Jordan Ministers.
165. Web site: Kazakstan Ministers.
166. Book: Hämmerle, Christa. Gender Politics in Central Asia: Historical Perspectives and Current Living Conditions of Women. 2008. Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar. 9783412201401. en.
167. Web site: Soviet republics. rulers.org. 15 February 2019.
168. Web site: Kyrgyzstan Ministers.
169. Web site: Kyrgyzstan Heads.
170. Web site: 3 July 2010 . Roza Otunbayeva sworn in, becoming Central Asia's first female president . 15 February 2019 . France 24 . en.
171. Web site: Kuwait Ministers.
172. News: Women In Gulf Politics: A Progress Report . 28 June 2005 . The Washington Institute for Near East Policy.
173. News: Kuwait's woman minister sworn-in . 20 June 2005 . BBC News.
174. News: Kuwait votes for first female MPs. 17 May 2009. 17 May 2009. BBC News.
175. Web site: Women win parliamentary seats for first time in Kuwait. 17 May 2009. 17 May 2009. CNN.
176. Web site: Laos Ministers.
177. Pax Syriana: Elite Politics in Postwar Lebanon
178. Web site: Lebanon Ministers.
179. Web site: Raya Haffar al-Hassan, the First Woman of Lebanese Politics. Fanack.com. en-US. 15 February 2019.
180. Web site: Lebanon's new defense minister is first woman in Arab world to hold post. The Times of Israel. 22 January 2020. 25 January 2020.
181. Web site: Macau Ministers.
182. Web site: Susana Chou: Evergreen Stalwart on Macao's Political Stage – All China Women's Federation. www.womenofchina.cn. 15 February 2019.
183. Web site: 5 trailblazing Hong Kong women who broke through the glass ceiling. 8 March 2016. South China Morning Post. en. 15 February 2019.
184. Book: Rubin, Jacob A.. Pictorial history of the United Nations. registration. 1962. T. Yoseloff. en.
185. Book: Keluarga, Malaysia Kementerian Pembangunan Wanita dan. She: a tribute to the women of Malaysia. 2005. Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development. 9789834143282. en.
186. Book: The Palgrave Handbook of Women's Political Rights. Franceschet. Susan. Susan Franceschet. Krook. Mona Lena. Mona Lena Krook. Tan. Netina. 19 August 2018. Springer. 9781137590749. en.
187. Web site: Official Portal of Malaysia National Archives. 15 March 2015.
188. Web site: Official Portal of Malaysia National Archives. 15 March 2015.
189. Web site: Portman College – Tan Sri Dato' Napsiah Omar. 15 March 2015.
190. Book: Feminism and the Women's Movement in Malaysia: An Unsung (R)evolution. Mohamad. Maznah. Ng. Cecilia. Hui. tan beng. 18 April 2006. Routledge. 9781134188833. en.
191. Book: The Report: Malaysia 2008 – Oxford Business Group. 2008. Oxford Business Group. 9781902339887. en.
192. Web site: About WSFFM WSFFM – Woman's Sports and Fitness Foundation Malaysia. www.wsffm.com. en-US. 16 May 2018.
193. Web site: Raising the bar – Features – The Star Online. 15 March 2015.
194. Web site: Malaysia finds champion for 'invisible' women in Deputy Prime Minister Wan Azizah. hermesauto. 9 August 2018. The Straits Times. en. 15 February 2019.
195. Web site: Armani is first female Deputy Speaker – Nation The Star Online. www.thestar.com.my. 15 February 2019.
196. Web site: Patahiyah set to become first woman council chief – Nation The Star Online. www.thestar.com.my. 15 February 2019.
197. Web site: Alinah Ahmad to be new mayor of Petaling Jaya. www.thestar.com.my. 15 February 2019.
198. Web site: Subang Jaya rep Hannah Yeoh appointed first woman Speaker in Selangor – Nation – The Star Online. 15 March 2015.
199. News: Hannah Yeoh: Becoming Malaysia's First Woman Speaker. 18 January 2018. YMI. 16 May 2018. en-US.
200. Web site: Jahara making way for young leaders – Nation The Star Online. www.thestar.com.my. 15 February 2019.
201. Web site: Council president now Penang's first mayor Malay Mail. Mok. Opalyn. www.malaymail.com. 31 March 2015 . en. 15 February 2019.
202. Web site: DAP assemblyperson feeling pressure as first female opposition head in Johor. https://web.archive.org/web/20171023101447/http://www.asiaone.com/malaysia/dap-assemblyperson-feeling-pressure-first-female-opposition-head-johor. dead. 23 October 2017. AsiaOne. 15 February 2019.
203. Web site: The United Nations and Malaysian women's power. www.nst.com.my. 15 February 2019.
204. Web site: S Thangasvari is first woman appointed as Perak assembly speaker. Malaysiakini. 9 August 2016 . en. 15 February 2019.
205. Web site: Q&A with new Housing Minister Zuraida Kamaruddin. www.nst.com.my. 15 February 2019.
206. Web site: 'Just Rina' – Nation The Star Online. www.thestar.com.my. 15 February 2019.
207. Web site: 5 impressive facts about new Minister of Energy, Yeo Bee Yin. www.nst.com.my. 15 February 2019.
208. Web site: Teresa Kok – A 'Partner in Democracy'. Persatuan Kesedaran Komuniti Selangor. en-US. 15 February 2019.
209. Web site: Noraini appointed PAC chairman. The Edge Markets. 2 March 2021. 12 April 2019.
210. Web site: Tengku Maimun is Malaysia's first woman CJ (updated). The Star. 2 March 2021. 2 May 2019.
211. Web site: Malaysia appoints first female MACC chief. The Edge Markets. 2 March 2021. 4 June 2019.
212. Web site: Meet Datuk Dr Noraini Ahmad, Malaysia's New Minister of Education. Afterschool.my. 2 March 2021. 10 March 2020.
213. Web site: Azalina first woman to hold Deputy Dewan Rakyat Speaker's post. Bernama. 2 March 2021. 13 July 2020.
214. Web site: Maldives Ministers .
215. Web site: Dr Mariyam Shakeela appointed Acting Minister of Foreign Affairs – Minivan News – Archive. en-US. 15 February 2019.
216. Web site: Mongolia Ministers .
217. Web site: Yanjmaa, Sühbaataryn (1893–1962) Encyclopedia.com. www.encyclopedia.com. 15 February 2019.
218. Book: Sanders, Alan. Historical Dictionary of Mongolia. 9 April 2003. Scarecrow Press. 9780810866010. en.
219. Web site: The Overlooked Mother. 27 December 2018. The Irrawaddy. en-US. 15 February 2019.
220. Web site: Myanmar Ministers .
221. Web site: Myanmar appoints first female Cabinet minister. NDTV.com. 15 February 2019.
222. Web site: Burma's Government to Appoint a Second Woman Minister. 11 February 2014. The Irrawaddy. en-US. 15 February 2019.
223. Web site: In Myanmar there will be no democratic transition without women. 3 September 2015. Policy Forum. 15 February 2019.
224. News: Aung San Suu Kyi: The democracy icon who fell from grace. 13 September 2018. 15 February 2019. en-GB.
225. Web site: Nepal Ministers .
226. Web site: Nepal's first woman deputy Prime Minister Acharya passes away Asian Tribune. asiantribune.com. 15 February 2019.
227. Book: Pathways to Power: The Domestic Politics of South Asia. Guneratne. Arjun. Weiss. Anita M.. 19 December 2013. Rowman & Littlefield. 9781442225992. en.
228. News: Nepal elects first female president. 29 October 2015. 15 February 2019. en-GB.
229. Book: Tétreault, Mary Ann. Women and Revolution in Africa, Asia, and the New World. 1994. Univ of South Carolina Press. 978-1-57003-016-1. 181.
230. Book: Barraclough, Ruth. Rabinowitz. Paula. Barraclough. Ruth. Bowen-Struyk. Heather. Red Love Across the Pacific: Political and Sexual Revolutions of the Twentieth Century. https://books.google.com/books?id=65OkCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT42. 2015. Springer. New York. 978-1-137-50703-7. Red Love in Korea: Rethinking Communism, Feminism, Sexuality. 42.
231. Book: Tétreault, Mary Ann. Women and Revolution in Africa, Asia, and the New World. 1994. Univ of South Carolina Press. 978-1-57003-016-1. 182.
232. Book: Lankov, Andrei. . December 2014. Oxford University Press. 9780199390038. 28.
233. Web site: Korea North Ministers. guide2womenleaders.com. 24 October 2017.
234. Web site: Korea North Ministers .
235. Book: Asia Week. January 1982. Asiaweek Limited. 15.
236. Web site: Oman Ministers .
237. Web site: Omanis Welcome Appointment of Woman Minister. 10 March 2004. Arab News. en. 14 February 2019.
238. Book: Pande, Aparna. Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Pakistan. 23 August 2017. Routledge. 9781317447597. en.
239. Web site: Pakistan Ministers .
240. http://www.humsafar.info/pio_begum_raana_liaquat_ali_khan.php Raana Liaquat Ali Khan
241. News: Benazir Bhutto, the Muslim World's First Female Leader. 21 June 2016. The New York Times. 15 February 2019. en-US. 0362-4331.
242. "Benazir Bhutto: Daughter of Tragedy" by Muhammad Najeeb, Hasan Zaidi, Saurabh Shulka and S. Prasannarajan, India Today, 7 January 2008
243. News: Balakrishnan . Angela . agencies . 19 March 2008 . Pakistan gets first female speaker . en-GB . The Guardian . 15 February 2019 . 0261-3077.
244. https://www.guide2womenleaders.com/Pakistan.htm Islamic Republic of Pakistan/ Islami Jamhuriya-e-Pakistan
245. Book: Jawed, Mohammed Nasir. Year Book of the Muslim World. 1996. Medialine. 9788186420003. en.
246. Book: Dynasties and Female Political Leaders in Asia: Gender, Power and Pedigree. Derichs. Claudia. Thompson. Mark R.. 2013. LIT Verlag Münster. 9783643903204. en.
247. http://www.guide2womenleaders.com/Pakistan.htm Pakistan
248. Web site: Pakistan gets a female law minister. UPI. en. 15 February 2019.
249. News: Barrister Shahida Jamil. Pakistan Herald. 16 May 2018.
250. News: Pakistan appoints first woman foreign minister. 19 July 2011. Reuters. 15 February 2019. en.
251. http://pap.gov.pk/uploads/previous_members/L-1962-1965.htm Provincial Assembly of West Pakistan
252. also see Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan (Punjabi politician)
253. http://www.unicef.org/teachers/forum/1003.htm Opening Doors for Girls in Balochistan Province of Pakistan
254. http://pap.gov.pk/uploads/previous_members/L-1951-1955.htm Legislators
255. Web site: Khan . S . Who is Maryam Nawaz, Pakistan's first woman chief minister? . DW . 27 February 2024 . 26 February 2024.
256. Web site: Intisar Al-Wazir (Um Jihad). www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. 15 February 2019.
257. Web site: Hanan Ashrawi. www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. 15 February 2019.
258. Web site: Janet Mikhail is more than just the mayor of Ramallah. The National. 25 February 2012 . en. 15 February 2019.
259. Web site: Leila Shahid leaves her function of Palestinian delegate to Belgium and the EU. 14 December 2014. Brussels Diplomatic. en. 15 February 2019.
260. News: Filipinos Elect Nurse to House; Elisa Rosales Ochoa Is First Woman to Win Place in Newly Created Congress. 23 November 1941. The New York Times. 15 February 2019. en-US. 0362-4331.
261. Web site: Geronima T. Pecson. 23 November 2013.
262. Web site: UMC News: Content Layout (United Methodist Church). www.umnews.org. 15 February 2019.
263. Web site: Imelda Marcos Fast Facts. Library. C. N. N.. CNN. 9 October 2015 . 15 February 2019.
264. Web site: Corazon Aquino: the First Female President who won Philippine people's hearts. Editors. April. 4 November 2017. April Magazine. en-US. 15 February 2019.
265. Web site: Leticia Ramos Shahani '51 . 15 February 2019 . Wellesley College . en.
266. Web site: Bueza . Michael . 8 March 2014 . Key women in Philippine government . 15 February 2019 . Rappler . en.
267. Web site: Conde, Chichi . 24 August 2012 . Sereno is new Chief Justice . 24 August 2012 . Interaksyon.
268. Web site: First female Education secretary Lourdes Quisumbing dies at 96. INQUIRER.net. newsinfo.inquirer.net. 15 October 2017. en. 15 February 2019.
269. Web site: Miriam Defensor Santiago: Asia's 'Iron Lady'. GMA News Online. en-US. 15 February 2019.
270. Book: Annual Report. 1968. The Museum. en.
271. Book: McFerson, Hazel M.. Mixed Blessing: The Impact of the American Colonial Experience on Politics and Society in the Philippines. 2002. Greenwood Publishing Group. 9780313307911. en.
272. Web site: Gutierrez as permanent DOJ secretary pushed. philstar.com. 15 February 2019.
273. Web site: 1st woman DFA secretary named. philstar.com. 15 February 2019.
274. Web site: Qatar Ministers.
275. Web site: Saudia Arabia Ministers.
276. Web site: Dr. Hanan bint Abdulrahim Al-Ahmadi, assistant speaker of the Saudi Shoura Council. Arab News. 20 October 2020. 3 January 2021.
277. Web site: Singapore Ministers.
278. Web site: Lim Hwee Hua is first woman minister. news.asiaone.com. 15 February 2019.
279. Web site: Grace Fu finds place in history with two firsts. hermes. 29 September 2015. The Straits Times. en. 15 February 2019.
280. News: Anger in Singapore as first female president is elected without a vote. Agence France-Presse. 13 September 2017. The Guardian. 15 February 2019. en-GB. 0261-3077.
281. Web site: South Korea.
282. News: Sign of Change in South Korea: A Woman as Prime Minister. Kirk. Don. 12 July 2002. The New York Times. 15 February 2019. en-US. 0362-4331.
283. Book: Ginsburg, Tom. Legal Reform in Korea. March 2004. Routledge. 9781134326808.
284. Book: South Korean Social Movements: From Democracy to Civil Society. Shin. Gi-Wook. Chang. Paul Y.. 31 May 2011. Routledge. 9781136708060.
285. Book: Jung, Kyungja. Practicing Feminism in South Korea: The women's movement against sexual violence. 1 October 2013. Routledge. 9781134581726.
286. Book: Kihl, Young Whan. Transforming Korean Politics: Democracy, Reform, and Culture: Democracy, Reform, and Culture. 26 March 2015. Routledge. 9781317453314.
287. Web site:
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288. News: Park Geun-hye: South Korea's first female president. 6 April 2018. 15 February 2019. en-GB.
289. Web site: 90 years of democratic evolution. www.ft.lk. en. 15 February 2019.
290. Web site: Parliament of Sri Lanka – Lady Members. www.parliament.lk. en-gb. 15 February 2019.
291. Web site: Buddharakkita Thera: A Modern Kingmaker. 19 November 2013. Colombo Telegraph. en-US. 15 February 2019.
292. Web site: Sirimavo Bandaranaike Biography & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. en. 15 February 2019.
293. Web site: Who was the first elected female head of government?. Nix. Elizabeth. HISTORY. en. 15 February 2019.
294. News: Thalatha Athukorala country's first ever female Minister of Justice. The Sunday Times Sri Lanka. 15 May 2018.
295. Web site: Syria's First Female Vice President Hailed as Progress for Women. 24 March 2006. Arab News. en. 14 February 2019.
296. Web site: Syria Ministers.
297. Web site: Tajikistan Ministers.
298. Web site: Taiwan in time: A tiger unafraid of jackals – Taipei Times. www.taipeitimes.com. 4 September 2016. 14 February 2019.
299. Book: Lee, Lily Xiao Hong. Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: v. 2: Twentieth Century. 8 July 2016. Routledge. 9781315499246. en.
300. Book: Roy, Denny. Taiwan: A Political History. registration. 186. 2003. Cornell University Press. 9780801488054. en.
301. Web site: Moving to the Hot Seat. CNN. 22 August 2014.
302. News: The place to be a woman in politics. Sui. Cindy. 20 May 2016. 15 February 2019. en-GB.
303. Web site: UNPO: Taiwan: New Cabinet takes Shape after Inauguration. unpo.org. 14 February 2019.
304. Book: Relations, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, and Senate, Committee on Foreign. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2007, Report. September 2008. Government Printing Office. 9780160813993. en.
305. Book: Hutchinson, Francis E.. Architects of Growth?: Sub-national Governments and Industrialization in Asia. 5 December 2013. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 9789814414531. en.
306. News: Taiwan's first female leader sworn in. 20 May 2016. 15 February 2019. en-GB.
307. Web site: Taiwan's ousted presidential nominee Hung Hsiu-chu elected as Kuomintang's first woman leader. 27 March 2016. South China Morning Post. en. 15 February 2019.
308. News: Khertek Anchimaa Toka: the world's first female head of state. 2 December 2008. The Times. 14 February 2019. en. 0140-0460.
309. Sopchokchai, Orapin. Female Members of Parliament, Women's Political Participation at the National Level, Women's Political Participation in Thailand, TDRI Quarterly Review, Vol. 13, No. 4, December 1998, pp. 11–20
310. Iwanaga, Kazuki. Women in Politics in Thailand, Working Paper No. 14, Centre for East and South-East Asian Studies, Lund University, Sweden, 2005
311. Web site: ลำดับความเป็นมาของคณะรัฐมนตรีไทย. 15 March 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20120214181058/http://www.cabinet.thaigov.go.th/bb2_main11.htm. 14 February 2012. dead.
312. Book: Sleeman, Elizabeth. The International Who's Who of Women 2002. 2001. Psychology Press. 9781857431223. en.
313. http://www.senate.go.th/w3c/senate/senator.php?url=president&p=3 ทำเนียบรองประธานคนที่สอง
314. News: Yingluck, Pheu Thai win in a landslide . Bangkok Post . 3 July 2011 .
315. CNN, [Talking politics with Thailand's PM http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/12/17/ta.abhisit/index.html], 18 December 2008
316. Book: Turner, B.. The Statesman's Yearbook 2015: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World. 27 December 2016. Springer. 9781349672783. en.
317. Book: Between Consolidation and Crisis: Elections and Democracy in Five Nations in Southeast Asia. Croissant. Aurel. Martin. Beate. 2006. LIT Verlag Münster. 9783825888596. en.
318. Web site: Thailand's first female tourism minister goes to war with the country's sex trade. Her.ie. en. 14 February 2019.
319. Web site: Thailand ranks as an Asian leader on gender parity, but we can do better. The Nation. 8 March 2016. en. 14 February 2019.
320. Web site: เปิดประวัติ 'ตรีนุช เทียนทอง' รมว.สตรีคนแรกของศธ.. Bangkokbiznews. 24 March 2021. th. 24 March 2021.
321. Web site: Turkmenistan Ministers.
322. Web site: Turkmenistan Heads.
323. Web site: United Arab Emirates.
324. Web site: United Arab Emirates.
325. Web site: Uzbekistan Ministers.
326. Book: Steinberg, S.. The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1960. 13 December 2016. Springer. 9780230270893. en.
327. Web site: Министерство юстиции Республики Узбекистан – История Министерства. www.minjust.uz. ru. 25 June 2018.
328. Book: Daily Report: Soviet Union. 1984. The Service. en.
329. Web site: Правовая помощь в Узбекистане: История адвокатуры: "Полувековой юбилей адвокатуры Узбекистана" М.С.Васикова. Softmare. Negaton. uzlawyer.com. ru. 25 June 2018.
330. Book: Daily Report: Soviet Union. 1991. The Service. en.
331. Book: Ngọc, Hữu. Viet Nam: Tradition and Change. 15 August 2016. Ohio University Press. 9780896804937. en.
332. Web site: South Vietnam Ministers.
333. Web site: Vietnam Ministers.
334. Web site: Nguyen Thi Dinh (1920–1992) Encyclopedia.com. www.encyclopedia.com. 14 February 2019.
335. Web site: H.E. Nguyen Thi Kim Ngan – Global Summit of Women Speakers of Parliament.
336. Web site: Tomiyama. Atsushi. 2018-09-26. Dang Thi Ngoc Thinh named acting president of Vietnam. 2022-01-09. Nikkei Asia. en-GB.
337. Web site: South Yemen.
338. Web site: Yemen Ministers.
339. Web site: Yemeni Women's Uphill Struggle for Education. 12 June 2014. Al-Fanar Media. en-US. 14 February 2019.