List of sunken battleships explained
Sunken battleships are the wrecks of large capital ships built from the 1880s to the mid-20th century that were either destroyed in battle, mined, deliberately destroyed in a weapons test, or scuttled. The battleship, as the might of a nation personified in a warship, played a vital role in the prestige, diplomacy, and military strategies of 20th century nations. The importance placed on battleships also meant massive arms races between the great powers of the 20th century such as the United Kingdom, Germany, Japan, United States, France, Italy, Russia, and the Soviet Union.
The term "battleship" first entered common parlance to describe certain types of ironclad warships in the 1880s,[1] now referred to as pre-dreadnoughts. The commissioning and putting to sea of, in part inspired by the results of the Battle of Tsushima in May 1905, marked the dawn of a new era in naval warfare and defining an entire generation of warships: the battleships. This first generation, known as the "Dreadnoughts", came to be built in rapid succession in Europe, the Americas, and Japan with ever more tension growing between the major naval powers. However, despite the enormous sums of money and resources dedicated to the construction and maintenance of the increasing number of battleships in the world, they typically saw little combat. With the exception of the naval battles of the Russo-Japanese War and Jutland, which would be one of the last large-scale battles between capital ships,[2] no decisive naval battles between battleships were fought. When the First World War ended in 1918, much of the German High Seas Fleet was escorted to Scapa Flow, where almost all of the fleet was scuttled to prevent its being divided amongst the victorious Allies. Numerous other battleships were scuttled for similar reasoning.
Between the wars, the Washington Naval Treaty and the subsequent London Naval Treaty limited the tonnage and firepower of capital ships permitted to the navies of the world. The United Kingdom and the United States scrapped many of their aging dreadnoughts, while the Japanese began converting battlecruisers into fast battleships in the 1930s. In 1936, Italy and Japan refused to sign the Second London Naval Treaty and withdrew from the earlier treaties, prompting the United States and the United Kingdom to invoke an escalator clause in the treaty that allowed them to increase the displacement and armament of planned ships. The naval combat of World War II saw many battleships belonging to the various nations destroyed as air power began to be realized as being crucial to naval warfare, rather than massive capital ships. As the battleship began to fall out of favor, some captured capital ships were decommissioned, stripped, and deliberately sunk in nuclear weapons tests.
Losses
Much like battlecruisers, battleships typically sank with large loss of life if and when they were destroyed in battle. The first battleship to be sunk by gunfire alone, the, sank with half of her crew at the Battle of Tsushima when the ship was pummeled by a seemingly endless stream of Japanese shells striking the ship repeatedly, killing crew with direct hits to several guns, the conning tower, and the water line or below it, which became the cause of the ship's sinking. Battleships also proved to be very vulnerable to mines, as was evidenced in the Russo-Japanese War and both World Wars. After the Battle of Port Arthur, a number of Russian and Japanese vessels were struck by mines and either sank or were scuttled to prevent their capture. A decade later, the Marine Nationale and Royal Navy lost three battleships,,, and, to Turkish mines in the waters of the Dardanelles. Torpedoes were also very capable of sinking battleships. On 21 November 1944, sank with over 1200 casualties. was struck by three torpedoes fired from . Barham could not make an attempt to dodge the incoming torpedoes and sank with 862 fatalities as a result of several magazine explosions that occurred after she had initially been hit by U-331s torpedoes.
Although mines and torpedoes constantly threatened the battleship's dominance, it was the refinement of aerial technology and tactics that led to the replacement of the battleship with the aircraft carrier as the most important naval vessel. Initially, the large scale use of aircraft in naval combat was underrated and the idea that they could destroy battleships was dismissed. Still, the United States and the Japanese Empire experimented with offensive roles for aircraft carriers in their fleets.[3] One pioneer of aviation in a naval role was US Army General Billy Mitchell, who commandeered for testing of his theory in July 1921. Though these tests did not impress his contemporaries, they forced the US Navy to begin diverting some of its budget towards researching the matter further.[4] The belief that the aircraft carrier was junior to the battleship began to evaporate when the Imperial Japanese Navy, in a surprise attack, nearly destroyed the United States Pacific Fleet while it was at anchor at Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. The captain of the, Ernst Lindemann, had almost dodged the Royal Navy until he was undone by British reconnaissance aircraft. Although almost every sea battle in World War II involved gunfire between surface warships to some degree, their time as the senior ship of a nation's fleet had run its course.
Those battleships belonging to the Central Powers that survived World War I often did not survive its aftermath. The German High Seas Fleet was scuttled at Scapa Flow by its sailors in June 1919 following their surrender and internment the previous November. On 1 November 1918, as the Austrian battleship was being transferred to the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, she was mined and sunk at Pola by two Italian frogmen, and Raffaele Rossetti, who were unaware of the transfer.[5] On 27 November 1942 the Vichy French government scuttled the majority of the French fleet at Toulon.
Sunk in combat
Name | Navy | Casualties | Date sunk | Location | Condition | Relics | Image |
---|
| | | 5 December 1904 | Port Arthur | Scrapped | | |
| | | 7 December 1904 | Port Arthur | Scrapped | | |
| | 470 – 514 killed | 27 May 1905 | Tsushima Strait | Unknown | | |
| | Lost with all hands | 27 May 1905 | Tsushima Strait | Unknown | | |
| | 854 killed, 1 captured | 27 May 1905 | Tsushima Strait | Unknown | | |
| | 908 killed, 20 captured | 27 May 1905 | Tsushima Strait | Unknown | | |
| | 741 killed, 1 captured | 28 May 1905 | Tsushima Strait | Unknown | | |
| | 47 killed, 613 captured | 28 May 1905 | Tsushima Strait | Unknown | | |
| | 547 killed | 1 January 1915 | Off Portland Bill, English Channel | Unknown | | |
| | 150 killed | 18 March 1915 | Dardanelles | Unknown | | |
| | 570 killed | 13 May 1915 | Dardanelles | Unknown | | |
| | 78 killed | 25 May 1915 | Near Gaba Tepe, Gallipoli Peninsula | Unknown | | |
| | 40 – 49 killed | 27 May 1915 | Cape Helles, Gallipoli Peninsula | Unknown | | |
| | 258 killed | 8 August 1915 | Dardanelles | Unknown | | |
| | Lost with all hands | 1 June 1916 | North Sea | Unknown | | |
| | Lost with all hands | 26 November 1916 | Off Lisbon, Portugal | Unknown | | |
| | Four killed | 27 December 1916 | Off Cape Maleas, Aegean Sea | Unknown | | |
| | 15 killed | 9 January 1917 | 35.1°N 26°W Off Malta | Unknown | | |
| | 296 killed[6] | 19 March 1917 | Mediterranean Sea | Upright under 1000m (3,000feet) of water. | | |
| | 89 killed | 10 June 1918 | Premuda, Adriatic Sea | Capsized under 66m (217feet) of water. | | |
| | 300 killed[7] | 1 November 1918 | Pula, Croatia | Unknown | | |
| | 50 killed, 80 injured | 9 November 1918[8] | Off Cape Trafalgar, Strait of Gibraltar | Unknown | | |
| | 833 killed | 14 October 1939 | Scapa Flow | Capsized under 33m (108feet) of water.[9] | Royal Oaks bell is the centerpiece to a memorial to those who died aboard Royal Oak at St Magnus' Cathedral in Kirkwall.[10] | |
| | 977 killed | 3 July 1940 | Mers-el-Kébir, Algeria | Scrapped | | |
| | | 23 April 1941 | Salamis Naval Base, near Salamis | Scrapped | | |
| | | 23 April 1941 | Salamis Naval Base, near Salamis | Scrapped[11] | | |
| | 2086 killed, 115 captured. | 27 May 1941 | 650km (400miles) from Brest, North Atlantic | Bismarck was found in great condition. She sank after being heavily bombarded by British ships. Bismarck sank stern first in her plunge to the ocean floor. Her bridge and stern ripped away as she spiraled downwards, and as she settled on the side of an extinct underwater volcano, the down blast from all the water she displaced hit her and caused her to slide down the volcano on a water avalanche of sorts. Soon a mud slide occurred due to the shifting of the soil caused by the massive ship and it began to carry her down. She finally settled upright under 4791m (15,719feet) of water. She slid half a mile. | | |
| | 326 killed | 23 September 1941 | Leningrad | Scrapped | | |
| | 862 killed | 25 November 1941 | Off Egypt | Unknown | | |
| | 1177 killed | 7 December 1941[12] | Pearl Harbor | Heavily damaged as a result of the attack on Pearl Harbor. After being struck off the Naval Vessel Register on 1 December 1942, Arizona was found to be in such terrible condition that she could not be made serviceable again even after salvaging. Arizonas surviving superstructure was removed in 1942, followed by her main armament over the next year and a half. | The amidships section had served as a ceremonial platform on the wreck but was cut away to make room for today's overlying memorial. One of the ship's bells is at the University of Arizona,[13] an anchor and a restored gun barrel is located at the Wesley Bolin Memorial Plaza, and several of her guns were later used aboard . Other artifacts from the ship, such as items from the ship's silver service, are on permanent exhibit in the Arizona State Capitol Museum.[14] | |
| | 64 killed | 7 December 1941 | Pearl Harbor | Utah capsized during the attack, and was partially salvaged but not recovered.[15] Utahs wreck is almost completely submerged, with a small amount of highly corroded superstructure visible above the surface. | In 1972, a memorial consisting of a 70abbr=onNaNabbr=on walkway from nearby Ford Island that terminates in a platform with a flagpole and a plaque.[16] Other relics of the Utah are preserved at the Utah State Capitol and are regularly on display.[17] | |
| | 327 killed | 10 December 1941[18] | South China Sea | Capsized under 71m (233feet) of water. Reported to have been heavily salvaged.[19] | Prince of Wales bell was recovered, restored, and displayed in the Merseyside Maritime Museum in Liverpool. | |
| | 16 killed[20] | 25 May 1942 | 100miles from Cape Paderan, Vietnam[21] | Unknown | | |
| | 188 killed[22] | 13 November 1942 | Off Guadalcanal | Capsized under 900m (3,000feet) of water.[23] | | |
| | 212 killed | 15 November 1942 | Off Guadalcanal | Capsized under 1100m (3,600feet) of water.[24] | | |
| | 1393 killed | 9 September 1943 | 30km (20miles) north of Sardinia | Capsized and blown in half under 1000m (3,000feet).[25] | | |
| | 1932 killed, 36 captured | 26 December 1943 | near the Norwegian North Cape | Capsized under 290m (950feet).[26] | | |
| | | 18 August 1944 | Bay of Lazaret | Scrapped | | |
| | | 28 August 1944 | Toulon, France | Scrapped | | |
| | 1023 killed[27] | 24 October 1944 | Sibuyan Sea[28] | Heavily damaged and in multiple pieces under 1000m (3,000feet) of water.[29] [30] | | |
| | 1620 killed[31] | 25 October 1944 | Surigao Strait | Capsized 185m (607feet) of water with pagoda mast snapped off.[32] | | |
| | 1626 killed | 25 October 1944 | Surigao Strait | Capsized in 191m (627feet) of water with bow folded back over the keel of the rest of the hull, and engine room collapsed.[33] | | |
| | 950 – 1204 killed | 12 November 1944 | Håkøybotn Bay, Norway | Somewhat salvaged after the Second World War. | | |
| | 1250 killed | 21 November 1944 | Taiwan Strait | Unknown | | |
| | | 23 February 1945 | Taranto Harbor | Scrapped | | |
| | 3055 killed[34] | 7 April 1945 | East China Sea | Broken in half under 340m (1,120feet) of water.[35] | | |
| | 65 killed | 24 July 1945 | Kure, Japan | Scrapped | | |
| | | 29 July 1945[36] | Kure, Japan | Scrapped | | |
| | 50 killed[37] | 28 July 1945 | Kure, Japan | Scrapped | | |
| | 200+ killed | 1 August 1945[38] | 34.1667°N 165°W Kure, Japan | Scrapped | | | |
Converted battleships
Name | Navy | Casualties | Date sunk | Location | Condition | Image |
---|
| | 811 killed | 4 June 1942 | | Unknown | |
| | 131 killed | 11 August 1942 | near Majorca | Unknown | |
| | 1435 killed[39] | 29 November 1944 | 105km (65miles) south of mainland Japan. | Unknown | | |
Lost at sea
Name | Navy | Casualties | Date sunk | Location | Condition | Image |
---|
| | 679 killed | 13 April 1904 | Yellow Sea | Unknown | |
| | 496 killed | 15 May 1904 | Yellow Sea | Unknown | |
| | | 15 May 1904 | Yellow Sea | Unknown | |
| | | 30 May 1906 | Lundy Island, England | Almost entirely salvaged. | |
| | 120 killed | 12 March 1907 | Toulon, France | Scrapped | |
| | 250 killed | 25 September 1911 | Toulon, France | Scrapped | |
| | One killed | 27 October 1914 | 39km (24miles) of Tory Island[40] | Capsized under 64m (210feet) of water. | |
| | 736 killed | 26 November 1914 | Off Sheerness, England | Unknown | |
| | Unknown | 18 March 1915 | Dardanelles | Unknown | |
| | 639 killed | 18 March 1915 | Dardanelles | Unknown | |
| | 454 killed | 27 September 1915 | Brindisi, Italy | Unknown | |
| | | 6 January 1916 | Off Cape Wrath, Scotland. | Capsized under 108m (354feet) of water. | |
| | 125 killed | 27 April 1916 | Off Valletta, Malta | Capsized under 110m (360feet) of water. | |
| | 448 killed | 2 August 1916 | Taranto, Italy | Scrapped | |
| | 228 killed | 20 October 1916 | Sevastopol, Ukraine | Scrapped | |
| | 675 killed | 12 December 1916 | Off Valona, Albania | Laying on her starboard side under 68m (223feet).[41] | |
| | 116–167 killed | 4 January 1917 | Off Port Said, Egypt | Unknown | |
| | 843 killed[42] | 9 July 1917 | Scapa Flow | Unknown, rests under 14.2m (46.6feet) of water.[43] | |
| | 600–700 killed | 2 July 1918 | | Partially salvaged. | |
| | | 30 December 1921 | Off Camperduin, the Netherlands | Upright and visible from shore, partially scrapped. | |
| | Three killed | 26 August 1922 | Quiberon Bay, France | Unknown | |
| | | 26 August 1923 | Cape Tres Forcas, Morocco | Somewhat salvaged, including a 305abbr=onNaNabbr=on and a 102abbr=onNaNabbr=on gun, but mostly destroyed by severe storms. | |
| | Five killed | 30 April 1937 | Off Santander, Spain | Unknown | |
| | | 17 June 1937 | Cartagena, Spain | Scrapped | |
| | | 3 May 1945 | Off Zinnowitz, Germany | Scrapped | |
| | 1121 killed | 8 June 1943 | Seto Inland Sea | Due to salvaging efforts that ceased in the 1990s, the only major piece of the wreckage that remains is a 35adj=onNaNadj=on stretch of the hull from the bridge to turret No. 1 at a depth of about 12m (39feet). | |
| | | 17 May 1947 | Unknown, northeast of Hawaii | Capsized in Pearl Harbor Attack. Salvaged. | |
| | | November 1951 | Unknown | Unknown | |
| | 608 killed | 29 October 1955 | 44.6186°N 33.5356°W Sevastopol, Ukraine | Scrapped | | |
Scuttled battleships
Name | Navy | Casualties | Date sunk | Location | Condition | Relics | Image |
---|
| | 11 killed | 2 January 1905 | Port Arthur | Unknown | | |
| | | 4 November 1914 | Portland Harbour | | | |
| | | 9 November 1915 | Cape Helles, Gallipoli | Unknown | | |
| | Three killed | 17 October 1917 | Moon Sound, Estonia | Scrapped | | |
| | | 18 June 1918 | Novorossiysk, Russia | Unknown | | |
| | | 21 June 1919 | Gutter Sound, Scapa Flow | Capsized under about 35m (115feet) of water.[44] Somewhat damaged by metal scavenging. | | |
| | One killed | 21 June 1919 | Gutter Sound, Scapa Flow | Capsized under about 45m (148feet) of water.[45] | | |
| | Two killed | 21 June 1919 | Gutter Sound, Scapa Flow | Capsized under about 45m (148feet) of water.[46] | | |
| | | 21 June 1919 | Gutter Sound, Scapa Flow | Scrapped | | |
| | | 21 June 1919 | Gutter Sound, Scapa Flow | Scrapped | Friedrich der Grosses bell was returned to the Federal Republic of Germany and today is on display at the German Navy sea base at Glücksburg. | |
| | | 21 June 1919 | Gutter Sound, Scapa Flow | Scrapped | | |
| | | 21 June 1919 | Gutter Sound, Scapa Flow | Scrapped | | |
| | | 21 June 1919 | Gutter Sound, Scapa Flow | Scrapped | | |
| | | 21 June 1919 | Gutter Sound, Scapa Flow | Scrapped | Grosser Kurfürsts bell was purchased at auction by the National Museum of the Royal Navy, Portsmouth, Hampshire.[47] | |
| | | 21 June 1919 | Gutter Sound, Scapa Flow | Scrapped | Bayerns bell is on display at the Kiel Fördeklub. | |
| | | November 1920 | Strait of Kerch | Partially salvaged, reported to be extant albeit sinking into silt.[48] | | |
| | | 27 November 1942 | Toulon, France | Scrapped | | |
| | | 27 November 1942 | Toulon, France | Scrapped | | |
| | | 9 June 1944 | Off Normandy | Unknown | HMS Centurions badge is on display at Shugborough Hall.[49] | |
| | | 9 June 1944 | Off Sword Beach, Normandy | Scrapped | | |
| | | 21 March 1945 | Off Osmussaar, Gulf of Finland | Wreckage buried in 1966.[50] | Schleswig-Holsteins bell is on display in the Military History Museum of the Bundeswehr in Dresden as of 1990. | |
| | | 27 March 1945 | Gotenhafen (Gdynia), Poland | Scrapped | Her aft main turret was removed and placed at Austrått Fort, near Trondheim, as the coastal gun "Orlandert." | |
| | | 26 March 1945 | Gotenhafen (Gdynia), Poland | Scrapped | | | |
Expended as targets
See also
Notes
Citations
References
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- Book: Sweetman, John. Tirpitz: Hunting the Beast. 2004. Sutton Publishing Limited. 978-0-7509-3755-9.
- Book: Taras, Alexander. 2000. Корабли Российского императорского флота 1892–1917 гг.. Kharvest. Library of Military History. ru. 978-985-433-888-0. Minsk. Ships of the Imperial Russian Navy 1892–1917.
- Book: Tully, Anthony P.. Battle of Surigao Strait. Indiana University Press. 2009. 978-0-253-35242-2.
- Book: Vinogradov. Sergei. Fedechkin. Aleksei. 2011. Bronenosnyi kreyser "Bayan" i yego potomki. Od Port-Artura do Moonzunda.. Yauza / EKSMO. ru. 978-5-699-51559-2.
- Book: Warner. Denis. Denis Warner. Warner. Peggy. The Tide at Sunrise: A History of the Russo-Japanese War, 1904–1905. Frank Cass. 2002. 2nd. 0-7146-5256-3.
- Book: Wheeler, Keith. War Under the Pacific. Time-Life Books. 1980. 0-8094-3376-1.
- Book: Whitley, M. J.. Michael J. Whitley. Battleships of World War II. 1998. United States Naval Institute Press. 1-55750-184-X.
- Book: Wildenberg, Thomas. Billy Mitchell's War with the Navy: The Army Air Corps and the Challenge to Seapower. United States Naval Institute Press. 2014. 978-1-61251-332-4.
- Book: Williams, Mike. Mutsu – An Exploration of the Circumstances Surrounding Her Loss. Jordan. John. Conway. 2009. Warship 2009. 978-1-84486-089-0.
- Book: Zetterling. Niklas. Tamelander. Michael. Michael Tamelander. Tirpitz: The Life and Death of Germany's Last Super Battleship. 2009. Casemate. 978-1-935149-18-7.
Journals
- Allen. M. J.. 1964. The Loss & Salvage of the "Leonardo da Vinci". Warship International. Naval Records Club. I. Reprint.
- Allen. Francis J.. 1993. "Old Hoodoo": The Story of the U.S.S. Texas. Warship International. International Naval Research Organization. XXX. 3. 0043-0374.
- Fernández. Rafael. Mitiukov. Nicholas. Crawford. Kent. March 2007. The Spanish Dreadnoughts of the España class. Warship International. 44. 1. 106. International Naval Research Organization. 0043-0374. 1647131. .
- Windsor. H. H.. French Battleship Blown up in Toulon Harbor. November 1911. Popular Mechanics. 16. 5.
- Kingsepp. Sander. Ahlberg. Lars. Reader Reactions and Questions. March 2007. Contributions to the History of Imperial Japanese Warships. Paper II.
- Lengerer. Hans. Ahlberg. Lars. Battleships Kawachi and Settsu. September 2006. Contributions to the History of Imperial Japanese Warships. Paper I.
- Lengerer. Hans. Ahlberg. Lars. Tango (ex-Poltava). September 2008. Contributions to the History of Imperial Japanese Warships. Paper V. .
- Lengerer. Hans. Ahlberg. Lars. Hizen (ex-Retvizan). September 2008. Contributions to the History of Imperial Japanese Warships. Paper V. .
- Lengerer. Hans. Ahlberg. Lars. Sagami (ex-Peresvet) and Suwō (ex-Pobeda). September 2008. Contributions to the History of Imperial Japanese Warships. Paper V. .
- Lengerer. Hans. Ahlberg. Lars. Iwami (ex-Orël). September 2008b. 64–66. Contributions to the History of Imperial Japanese Warships. Paper V. .
- McLaughlin. Stephen. Ahlberg. Lars. Peresvet and Pobéda. September 2008. Contributions to the History of Imperial Japanese Warships. Paper V. .
- Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute. 1940. Proceedings. United States Naval Institute. 66. .
- Sieche. Erwin F.. 1991. S.M.S. Szent István: Hungaria's Only and Ill-Fated Dreadnought. Warship International. International Warship Research Organization. XXVII. 2. 0043-0374.
- Wright. Christopher C.. March 2002. The US Navy's Study of the Loss of the Battleship Arizona. Warship International. International Naval Research Organization. XXXIX–XL. 3–4, 1. 0043-0374.
Online resources
News publications
External links
Notes and References
- Stoll, J. Steaming in the Dark?, Journal of Conflict Resolution Vol. 36 No. 2, June 1992.
- Jeremy Black, "Jutland's Place in History," Naval History (June 2016) 30#3 pp. 16–21.
- [#{{sfnref|Grant|2008}}|Grant 2008]
- Reid, John Alden. "Bomb the Dread Noughts!" Air Classics, 2006.
- Franco Favre, La Marina nella Grande Guerra. Le operazioni navali, aeree, subacquee e terrestri in Adriatico, pp. 262–64.
- News: Amos. Jonathan. Danton wreck found in deep water. BBC News. 19 February 2009. 19 February 2009.
- Web site: Slučaj bojnog broda 'Viribus Unitis'. Croatian. 2016-12-17. https://web.archive.org/web/20150925041006/http://www.udhrm.com/clanci/2011/slucaj-bojnog-broda-viribus-unitis.html. 2015-09-25. dead.
- News: HMS Britannia Sunk. The Daily Telegraph. 11 November 1918.
- Web site: Wreck of HMS Royal Oak. scapaflowwrecks.com. Scapa Flow Wrecks.
- Web site: HMS Royal Oak Ship's Bell and Book of Remembrance. Imperial War Museum. 15 September 2019.
- Web site: Idaho. Naval History & Heritage Command. 28 September 2007. 6 December 2011. 10 January 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140110180354/http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/i1/idaho-ii.htm. dead.
- Web site: Pearl Harbor Raid, 7 December 1941, USS Arizona during the Pearl Harbor Attack. Naval History and Heritage Command. 26 August 2010. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20100901132555/http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/wwii-pac/pearlhbr/ph-az.htm. 1 September 2010.
- Web site: U.S.S. Arizona Bell. University of Arizona. 16 July 2011.
- Web site: Flagship of the Fleet: Life and Death of the USS Arizona. Current Exhibits. Arizona Capitol Museum. 22 May 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20150406034244/http://azmemory.azlibrary.gov/cdm/ref/collection/acmimages/id/35. 6 April 2015.
- Web site: National Park Service. USS Arizona Memorial: Submerged Cultural Resources Study (Chapter 2). 21 July 2013.
- Web site: Pearl Harbor Area Attractions. 5 May 2013.
- Web site: USS Utah – The 100th Anniversary. 7 May 2013. 9 May 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090509230619/http://history.utah.gov/front_page/ussutah.html. dead.
- Web site: Garzke. William. Dulin. Robert. Denlay. Kevin. Death of a Battleship: A Reanalysis of the Tragic Loss of HMS Prince of Wales. Pacific Wrecks. 18 May 2012.
- News: Celebrated British warships being stripped bare for scrap metal. Julian Ryall, Tokyo. Joel Gunter. Daily Telegraph. 25 October 2014. 26 October 2014.
- Web site: IJN Subchaser CH-9: Tabular Record of Movement. Hackett. Bob. Kingsepp. Sander. Cundall. Peter. 2013. Kusentei!. Combinedfleet.com. 10 November 2013. amp.
- Web site: Hackett. Bob. Sander. Kingsepp. 2010. IJN Repair Ship Asahi: Tabular Record of Movement. Kido Butai. Combinedfleet.com. 2 August 2012. amp.
- Web site: Combined Fleet – tabular history of Hiei. 25 July 2010. Parshall, Jon; Bob Hackett, Sander Kingsepp, & Allyn Nevitt.
- News: Werner. Ben. Wreck of First Japanese Battleship Sunk By U.S. Navy in WWII Found. USNI News. United States Naval Institute. 2 February 2019. 14 September 2019.
- Web site: Kirishima Damage Analysis. Lundgren. Robert. DiGiulian. Tony. 28 September 2010.
- News: Divers locate wreck of battleships sunk on way to Malta. Times of Malta. 28 June 2012. 28 June 2012.
- Web site: Fenton. Norman. The Sinking of the 'Scharnhorst', Wreck discovery. BBC History. 17 February 2011. 2 July 2012.
- Web site: Hackett. Bob. Kingsepp. Sander. IJN Battleship MUSASHI: Tabular Record of Movement. combinedfleet.com. Imperial Battleships.
- News: Explorers find 'most famous' Japanese WWII battleship off Romblon's Sibuyan Island. Patricia Denise Chiu. GMA News. March 3, 2015.
- News: Microsoft's Allen Says WWII Battleship Musashi Found. 4 March 2015. The Japan Times. 4 March 2015.
- News: Japanese WWII battleship Musashi Exploded Under Water, New Footage Suggests. Yamaguchi. Mari. 13 March 2015. StarTribune. 13 March 2015. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150316024345/http://www.startribune.com/world/296172551.html. 16 March 2015.
- Web site: Parshall. Jon. Bob Hackett. Sander Kingsepp. Allyn Nevitt. Fuso Tabular record of movements. Imperial Japanese Navy Page. Combinedfleet.com.
- Web site: IJN Fuso. RV Petrl. Paul Allen. 15 September 2019.
- Web site: IJN YAMASHIRO. R/V Petrel. November 16, 2019.
- Web site: Combined Fleet – tabular history of Yamato. 1 April 2010. Parshall, Jon; Bob Hackett, Sander Kingsepp, & Allyn Nevitt. 2009.
- News: Remains of sunken Japanese battleship Yamato discovered. Associated Press. Reading Eagle. 4 August 1985. 31 March 2010.
- Web site: Hackett. Bob. Kingsepp. Sander. IJN SETTSU: Tabular Record of Movement. combinedfleet.com. Combined Fleet.
- Web site: Hackett. Bob. Kingsepp. Sander. Ahlberg. Lars. IJN ISE: Tabular Record of Movement. combinedfleet.com. Combined Fleet.
- Web site: Hackett. Bob. Kingsepp. Sander. IJN HYUGA: Tabular Record of Movement. combinedfleet.com. Combined Fleet.
- Web site: Tully. Anthony P.. 2001. IJN Shinano: Tabular Record of Movement. Kido Butai. Combinedfleet.com. 16 June 2013.
- Web site: HMS Audacious. 5 March 2011. Deep image underwater shipwreck exploring. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20101011175125/http://www.deepimage.co.uk/wrecks/audacious/audacious990-article.htm. 11 October 2010.
- Web site: Ruberti. Fabio. Regina Margherita. iantexpeditions.com. IANTD Expedditions. 14 September 2005.
- Web site: People associated with HMS Vanguard. scapaflowwrecks.com. Scapa Flow Wrecks.
- Web site: History of HMS Vanguard. scapaflowwrecks.com. Scapa Flow Wrecks.
- Web site: SMS König 3D Shipwreck. scapaflowwrecks.com. Scapa Flow Wrecks.
- Web site: SMS Kronprinz 3D Shipwreck. scapaflowwrecks.com. Scapa Flow Historic Wreck Site.
- Web site: SMS Markgraf 3D Shipwreck. Scapa Flow Historic Wreck Site. 15 September 2019.
- News: Bristol garden's WW1 German battleship bell sells for £5,000. BBC News. 22 March 2014. 23 March 2014.
- Web site: Yolkin. A.. Kladbische korablei (Кладбище кораблей). www.wreck.ru. 30 June 2010. Russian. https://web.archive.org/web/20100419210130/http://www.wreck.ru/stat3.shtml. 19 April 2010. dead.
- Web site: The Mansion House. n.d.. 27 August 2014. Staffordshire County Council.
- The battleship that started World War II. May 2009. Diver. 29 July 2012. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20121027232117/http://www.divernet.com/Wrecks/242302/the_battleship_that_started_world_war_two.html. 27 October 2012.
- Web site: HMS Empress of India Wreck in Lyme Bay. Teign Dive. Teign Diving Centre. 24 April 2016. en-GB.
- Web site: USS Massachusetts learn about the history audio transcript. Florida's "Museums in the Sea". 23 July 2010.
- Web site: The Naval Bombing Experiments: Bombing Operations. 3 April 2007. Naval History & Heritage Command. 31 December 2010. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20090114165732/http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/navybomb2.htm. 14 January 2009.
- Web site: Ostfriesland. 23 May 2015.
- Web site: USS Iowa (Battleship # 4), 1897–1923. Later renamed Coast Battleship # 4.. Department of the Navy — Naval Historical Center. 13 April 2003. 29 September 2011.
- Web site: Ex-USS New Jersey | Monitor National Marine Sanctuary.
- Web site: Ex-USS Virginia | Monitor National Marine Sanctuary.
- Web site: Tully. A.P.. Nagato's Last Year: July 1945 – July 1946. Mysteries/Untold Sagas of the Imperial Japanese Navy. Combinedfleet.com. 26 May 2013. 2003.
- Web site: Bikini Atoll Dive Tourism Information. Bikini Atoll Divers. 8 January 2014.