List of subcultures explained

This is a list of subcultures.

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

L

M

N

O

P

R

S

T

V

W

Z

See also

References

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Low . Chris . Now That's What I Call Anarcho-Punk! Vol. 1 . . 1 August 2024.
  2. Book: Hughes, Langston . The Collected Works of Langston Hughes . registration . 208 . 2001 . . 978-0-8262-1410-2 . 45500326 . 4 December 2019.
  3. Web site: B-boys – Subcultures and Sociology . . 1 August 2024.
  4. BDSM sources:
    • Demographic and Psychosocial Features of Participants in Bondage and Discipline, "Sadomasochism" or Dominance and Submission (BDSM): Data from a National Survey . . Juliet Richters, Richard O. de Visser, Chris E. Rissel, Andrew E. Grulich, Anthony M.A. Smith . 5 . 7 . July 2008 . 1660–1668 . 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.00795.x . 18331257 .
    • Book: Leiblum, Sandra R. . Principles and practice of sex therapy . . 2006 . 978-1-59385-349-5 . 380, 405 . Sandra R. Leiblum .
  5. Web site: Wills . Matthew . How the Beat Generation Became “Beatniks” . . 1 August 2024 .
  6. Web site: Thomas . Lou . ”The golden age of motorcycles and that life is now gone”: Jeff Nichols on his biker subculture movie The Bikeriders . 30 July 2024.
  7. . Street Youths, Bosozoku, and Yakuza: Subculture Formation and Societal Reactions in Japan . Joachim . Kersten . 39 . 3 . 277–295 . 2003 . 10.1177/0011128793039003002 . 143674993 .
  8. Web site: Bretan . Juliette . The Striped-Sock-Wearing Polish Beatniks: The Life & Styles of the Bikiniarze . culture.pl . 15 June 2024 . 23 January 2022.
  9. Book: Trefon, Theodore . Reinventing order in the Congo: how people respond to state failure in Kinshasa . illustrated . Zed Books . 2004 . 978-1-84277-491-5 . 138 . 2016-09-24 . 2016-11-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161121111619/https://books.google.com/books?id=5VAAHi93y0sC . live .
  10. News: Synthetic Biology's New Menagerie . Xue . Katherine . Harvard Magazine . 2014 . 25 May 2015 . 28 July 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170728203147/http://harvardmagazine.com/2014/09/synthetic-biologys-new-menagerie . live .
  11. Web site: Becoming Ourselves . Haywire . Rachel . 20 March 2012 . 25 May 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150525205506/http://hplusmagazine.com/2012/03/20/becoming-ourselves/ . 25 May 2015 . dead .
  12. Connell . J . Birdwatching, twitching and tourism: towards an Australian perspective . Australian Geographer . 2009 . 40 . 2 . 203-217.
  13. Book: Sickels . Robert . The 1940s (American Popular Culture Through History) . 2004 . ABC-CLIO . 9780313312991 . 36 . 21 April 2019.
  14. Sources for Boispedink: Book: Klein, Alan M. . Little Big Men: Bodybuilding Subculture and Gender Construction . . 1993 . 978-0-7914-1559-7 . 2020-11-30 . 2021-03-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210328132436/https://books.google.com/books?id=z-ax2426Kw0C&q=subculture&pg=PA6 . live .
    • . Tales of lies. The bodybuilder's body between reality and fantasy . KOERT W. . 25 . 2 . 276–294, 324 . 0921-4933 . March 28, 1988 . October 6, 2008 . December 21, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081221114142/http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=2454011 . live .
    • Book: Contemporary Issues in Sociology of Sport . Andrew . Yiannakis . Merrill J. . Melnick . . 2001 . 978-0-7360-3710-5 . 413–425 . 2020-11-30 . 2021-03-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210328132444/https://books.google.com/books?id=NNuDZJtRweUC&q=bodybuilding+subculture&pg=PA413 . live .
  15. Web site: Tweet . WhatsApp . 2019-05-10 . The Great 'Bro-liferation': Should Women Be Calling Each Other 'Bro'? . 2022-05-07 . Live Wire . en-US.
  16. Web site: Rosel . Rachael . Bodgies and widgies: Remembering Aussie teens of the ’50s who were up to no good . 30 July 2024.
  17. Web site: 'Bogan' Polite or not? Cultural implications of a term in Australian slang . . Kay Frances Bartolo . 8 November 2014 . 9 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160309044640/https://www.griffith.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/72901/Issue1-kay-bartolo-boga-in-ausE.pdf . dead .
  18. News: Casuals: The Lost Tribe of Britain: They dressed, andf still dress, cool and fought . . 8 May 2005 . Barry Didcock . 11 April 2017.
  19. Web site: Preston . Devon . CHONGAFIED . . 31 July 2024.
  20. . Urban Princesses: Performance and "Women's Language" in Japan's Gothic/Lolita Subculture . Isaac . Gagné . 18 . 1 . June 2008 . 10.1111/j.1548-1395.2008.00006.x . 130–176(21) . Blackwell Publishing .
  21. Web site: Kail . Ellyn . On the Go: Faces of an American Youth Subculture . 31 July 2024.
  22. Web site: On the Monster Beat . 31 July 2024.
  23. Web site: Cyberpunk as a Subculture. Information Database.
  24. , pages 101-102, 154-184
  25. Web site: Calderón-Douglass . Barbara . The Folk Feminist Struggle Behind the Chola Fashion Trend . . 30 July 2024.
  26. Arvid Dittmann · Artificial Tribes · Page 147 · 2001 ·
  27. News: Bateman. Kristen. 2020-06-30. Academia Lives — on TikTok. en-US. The New York Times. 2021-02-03. https://web.archive.org/web/20200706004410/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/30/style/dark-academia-tiktok.html . 2020-07-06.
  28. Web site: Deadheads – Subcultures and Sociology . 2023-07-17 . en.
  29. Sources:
    • Book: Marschark, Marc . Psychological Development of Deaf Children . reprint, illustrated . . 1997 . 978-0-19-511575-8 . 20 . Marc Marschark . 2020-11-30 . 2021-03-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210328132453/https://books.google.com/books?id=7-Xi91OINwIC&q=Deaf+subculture&pg=PA20 . live .
    • Book: Braden, Jeffery P. . Deafness, Deprivation, and IQ . illustrated . . 1994 . 978-0-306-44686-3 . Jeffery P. Braden . 2020-11-30 . 2021-03-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210328132453/https://books.google.com/books?id=9u2t-nrEIIsC&q=Deaf+subculture&pg=PA49 . live .
  30. Web site: PIPKIN . JANE . Tokyo fashion subculture 'Decora' – color, cute characters and a whole lot of accessories . 31 July 2024.
  31. Sources:
  32. Book: Kovačević . Predrag S . Between the First and the Second Serbia: On the Political and Class Dimension of Hip-Hop Subculture in Serbia . 11 October 2018 . University of Novi Sad . Novi Sad . 699-720 . Subcultures that emerged under neoliberalism, from hip-hoppers in the US and British chavs to Russian gopniks and, of course, Serbian dizelaši, share many core features..
  33. Web site: Martin . Emily . From police raids to pop culture: The early history of modern drag . . 31 July 2024.
  34. Web site: Snow White and the Russian Red . . 31 July 2024.
  35. Uh . Kyung Jin . 2020-10-30 . Digital persona in E-girl and E-boy fashion images . The Research Journal of the Costume Culture . 28 . 5 . 692–704 . 10.29049/rjcc.2020.28.5.692 . 229207298 . 1226-0401.
  36. Sources for emo subculture:
    • Book: Shirley R. . Steinberg . Priya . Parmar . Birgit . Richard . . 978-0-313-33729-1 . 2006 . 2008-08-20 . Contemporary Youth Culture: An International Encyclopedia . Westport, Conn. . 2021-03-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210328132617/https://books.google.com/books?id=KgNHAAAAMAAJ&q=emo+subculture . live .
    • Australasian Psychiatry . Lydia . Scott . Anna . Chur-Hansen . The mental health literacy of rural adolescents: Emo subculture and SMS texting . 10.1080/10398560802027328 . 2008-06-02 . 16 . 359–62 . 18608151 . 5. 31717119 .
    • News: Emotionally challenged . Michele . Kirsch . . 2008-07-06 . 2008-08-20 . 2008-07-06 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080706061509/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article683312.ece . live .
    • News: Subculture clash among Mexico youth . Chris . Hawley . . 2008-04-18 . 2008-08-20 . 2008-07-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080726155506/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-04-14-emo_N.htm . live .
    • Martin, G. . 2006 . Editorial. On suicide and subcultures . . 5 . 3 . 1–5 . 10.5172/jamh.5.1.1 . 2008-11-05 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080920180044/http://www.auseinet.com/journal/vol5iss3/martin.pdf . 2008-09-20 . dead .

    . Ianto . Ware . Andrew Keen Vs the Emos: Youth, Publishing, and Transliteracy . 11 . 4 . 2008 . 10.5204/mcj.41 . free . 2008-10-12 . 2008-12-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081221110035/http://journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/viewArticle/41 . live .

  37. https://www.bosshunting.com.au/lifestyle/what-is-an-eshay-australia/
  38. https://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/subscribe/news/1/?sourceCode=GAWEB_MRE170_a_GGL&dest=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geelongadvertiser.com.au%2Fnews%2Fgeelong%2Feshays-in-geelong-meet-one-of-our-scariest-youth-subcultures%2Fnews-story%2Fc231285fb1e63cfb4039e88461db7f77&memtype=anonymous&mode=premium&nk=5a3a29f7b41d20dbd1379be92b2a3e2f-1719559453
  39. Waysdorf . Abby . Placing fandom, studying fans: Modified acafandom in practice . Transformative Works and Cultures . June 2020 . 33 . Fandom is not only a niche subculture but a way of relating to a wide range of aspects of mediatized society.
  40. Book: Sagert, Kelly Boyer. Flappers: A Guide to an American Subculture. limited. Greenwood Press. 2010. 978-0-313-37690-0. Santa Barbara CA. 1.
  41. News: Pappas . Stephanie . Flat Earth: What Fuels the Internet's Strangest Conspiracy Theory? . 3 December 2022 . Live Science . 5 February 2018 . en.
  42. News: Lanuza . JM . Ong . Jonathan Corpus . Beyond Conspiracy: the ties that bind Filipino Flat Earthers and populist supporters . 3 December 2022 . Media@LSE . 28 August 2019.
  43. Thompson . Clive . YouTube's Plot to Silence Conspiracy Theories . 3 December 2022 . Wired . 18 September 2020.
  44. Book: Deviance and Liberty: Social Problems and Public Policy . Lee . Rainwater . Aldine Transaction . 2011 . 978-1-4128-1503-1 . 8. Heads and freaks: patterns and meanings of drug use among hippies . Fred . Davis . Laura . Munoz . 88–95 . https://books.google.com/books?id=-QmeFSAE8G8C . 2016-09-24 . 2019-12-17 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191217032024/https://books.google.com/books?id=-QmeFSAE8G8C . live .
  45. News: Dylan. Matthews. 9 questions about furries you were too embarrassed to ask. Vox. March 27, 2015. 2016-08-07. https://web.archive.org/web/20160729151838/http://www.vox.com/2014/12/10/7362321/9-questions-about-furries-you-were-too-embarrassed-to-ask. July 29, 2016. live.
  46. Book: Wells . Karen . Teen Lives around the World: A Global Encyclopedia . 107.
  47. Web site: 30 October 2019. Thunderdome: the Dutch rave with the world's fastest, hardest music. 26 September 2021. the Guardian. en.
  48. Sources for glam:
    • . Why Doesn't Anyone Write about Glam Rock . Jon . Stratton . 4 . 1 . June 2006 . Jon Stratton . 2014-05-03 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150404234939/http://humanities.curtin.edu.au/schools/MCCA/ccs/AJCS_journal/J4V1/J4V1Why%20doesn't%20anybody%20write%20anything%20about%20glam%20rock.htm . 2015-04-04 . dead .
    • . Fringe cultures . Gina . Marchetti . 42 . December 1998 . 2008-10-03 . 2009-02-11 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090211174248/http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/onlinessays/JC42folder/FringeCultures.html . live .
    • Book: Encyclopedia of Contemporary British Culture . Peter . Childs . Mike . Storry . . 1999 . 978-0-415-14726-2 . 229 . 2020-11-30 . 2021-03-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210328132618/https://books.google.com/books?id=2u1yAksuT0QC&q=glam+subculture&pg=PA229 . live .
    • , pages: 6, 19-20, 34-35, 66, 78, 92, 259
  49. https://www.allmusic.com/style/hair-metal-ma0000011902/artists "Hair metal"
  50. Web site: Get the ‘post-Soviet’ look: how Russian street style went global . . 1 August 2024.
  51. Book: The Routledge Companion to Gothic . Catherine . Spooner . Emma . McEvoy . . 2007 . 978-0-415-39843-5 . 195–196, 263–264 . London .
  52. Snyder . Gregory J. . 2006-04-01 . Graffiti media and the perpetuation of an illegal subculture . Crime, Media, Culture. en . 2 . 1 . 93–101 . 10.1177/1741659006061716 . 144911784 . 1741-6590.
  53. pages 91, from chapter "Subcultural conflict" by Phil Cohen
  54. Web site: Garland . Emma . Introducing: The Grown-Up Greebo . . 30 July 2024.
  55. Web site: Grunge: A Success Story. Rick. Martin. November 15, 1992. The New York Times.
  56. Web site: Klein . Amanda Ann . How MTV's "Jersey Shore" fetishized the Guido, a subversive ethnic stereotype that America disdained . . 1 August 2024.
  57. Web site: Adams . Jack . Angry, Young and Poor: Our Look at the World of Traveler Kids . 30 July 2024.
  58. Book: Evers. Izumi. Japanese Schoolgirl Inferno: Tokyo Teen Fashion Subculture Handbook. Macias. Patrick. 2010-07-01. Chronicle Books. 978-0-8118-7885-2. en.
  59. Sources:
  60. Web site: Madsen . Susanne . Rebel rebel . . 1 August 2024.
  61. Web site: Gordon . Calum . A look at the subcultural legacy of New Balance . . 30 July 2024.
  62. Sources:. Three profiles of heavy metal fans: A taste for sensation and a subculture of alienation . Jeffrey . Arnett . December 1993 . 10.1007/BF00989973 . 423–443 . 16 . 4. 143389132 ., pages viii, 13, 265
  63. pages:
    • 23 chapter "Introduction to part one, by Ken Gelder
    • 91 from chapter "Subcultural conflict" by Phil Cohen
    • 106, 110-111 from chapter "Girls and subcultures (1977)" by Angela McRobbie and Jenny Garber;
    • 127 from chapter "The meaning of style" by Dick Hebdige
    • 136-137 from chapter "Second-hand dresses and the role of the ragmarket (1989)" by Angela McRobbie
    • 304 from chapter "Black hair/style politics" by Kobena Mercer
  64. News: Hipsters . Dan Fletcher . https://web.archive.org/web/20090730232530/http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1913220,00.html . dead . July 30, 2009 . time.com . July 29, 2009 . November 1, 2009.
  65. Web site: Happe . Marguerite . The Hobo Way of Life . 1 August 2024.
  66. Web site: Smee . Sebastian . They kept their heads in the Reign of Terror, then embraced hedonism . . 1 August 2024.
  67. Web site: What Does Being "Indie" Even Mean?: A Deep Dive Into The Subculture . 1 August 2024.
  68. , page 68-71
  69. Horváth . Sándor . Patchwork identities and folk devils: youth subcultures and gangs in socialist Hungary . . May 2009 . 34 . 2 . 163–183 . . 0307-1022 . 859650578.
  70. Web site: Hefferman . Virginia . The Pride and Prejudice of Online Fan Culture . . 1 August 2024.
  71. Sources:
    • Heavy Metal Carnival and Dis-alienation: The Politics of Grotesque Realism . Karen Bettez Halnon . . Winter 2006 . 29 . 1 . 33–48 . 10.1525/si.2006.29.1.33 .
    • . Inside Shock Music Carnival: Spectacle as Contested Terrain . Karen Bettez Halnon . 30 . 3 . 743–779 . 2004 . 10.1163/1569163042119868 . 220912143 .
  72. News: Up for the count, Jugglers may pop out on streets this spring, but the real action is in a thriving Hub subculture . . Billy . Baker . 2007-03-05 . 2008-08-04 . 2016-03-03 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223406/http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/03/25/up_for_the_count/ . live .
  73. Web site: Johnson . Elgar . One of the Boys - a GQ Film . . 1 August 2024.
  74. Web site: Mvioki . Christvie . The Cultural History of the Congolese Fashion Identity . 1 August 2024.
  75. Web site: Siddons . Edward . Why is the gay leather scene dying? . . 31 July 2024.
  76. Book: Leppälahti, Merja. Markus Montola, Jaakko Stenros. Beyond Role and Play. About the Community of Role-Players. Ropecon ry. http://www.ropecon.fi/brap/ch28.pdf. 2004. 978-952-91-6843-9. 2009-04-24. 2010-09-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20100911115522/http://www.ropecon.fi/brap/ch28.pdf. dead.
  77. ABC Television and Creation Entertainment bring the Official Lost Fan Club and Special Events to Cities Around the World. ABC. May 12, 2005. August 29, 2006.
  78. News: Lost Fans Hold Convention for Show . Don . Kaplan . June 15, 2005 . Fox News Channel . August 29, 2006 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060925022111/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0%2C2933%2C159667%2C00.html . September 25, 2006 .
  79. Book: Understanding Youth: Perspectives, Identities and Practices . . illustrated . SAGE Publications . 2007 . 978-1-4129-3064-2 . London .
  80. Web site: Rasmussen . Tom . The IG documenting the Hot Topic mallgoths of the 90s and 00s . . 11 March 2019 . 10 January 2021.
  81. Web site: ANTONOPOULOS . PAUL . Brendan Perry discusses migration, mangas and his new English-language Rebetiko album with GCT . 1 August 2024.
  82. Web site: Fashioncore Definitions and Connotations. 2011-09-14. 2012-03-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20120324211804/http://www.chemistrydaily.com/chemistry/Fashioncore. live.
  83. Ender, Morton, "Military Brats and Other Global Nomads", March 2002, Greenwood Publishing Group,,
    • 84, 91, from chapter "Subcultural conflict" by Phil Cohen;
    • 94, 101, from chapter "Cultures, subcultures and class", by John Clarke et al.
  85. . Why doesn't anybody write anything about Glan Rock? . Jon . Stratton . 4 . 1 . 1986 . 15–38 . 2014-05-03 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150404234939/http://humanities.curtin.edu.au/schools/MCCA/ccs/AJCS_journal/J4V1/J4V1Why%20doesn't%20anybody%20write%20anything%20about%20glam%20rock.htm . 2015-04-04 . dead .
  86. Web site: Fox . Dan . Whatever Happened to New Age Travellers? . . 30 July 2024.
  87. Sources for nudism:Book: Empire of Ecstasy: Nudity and Movement in German Body Culture, 1910-1935 . Karl Eric Toepfer . . 1997 . 978-0-520-20663-2 . 31 . Karl Eric Toepfer . 2020-11-30 . 2021-03-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210328132731/https://books.google.com/books?id=FgvYUZh75WwC&q=nudism+subculture&pg=PA31 . live .
  88. pages: 516, 550
  89. Book: Buckley, Sandra . Encyclopedia of Contemporary Japanese Culture . 2002 . 380 . 978-0-415-14344-8 . . Taylor & Francis . Sandra Buckley . 2020-11-30 . 2021-03-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210328132758/https://books.google.com/books?id=tOaHI25bn-kC&q=otaku+OR+subculture+OR+subcultures+OR+subcultural&pg=PA380 . live .
  90. Web site: Senator Ralph Babet slams Year 8 student who reportedly identifies as a cat . 30 July 2024.
  91. Pachuco sources:
  92. Web site: Paninaro How Italian Style and UK Football Culture Collided in the 1980s . 1 August 2024.
  93. Vidales. Santiago. 2019. Hemispheric Poetics: raúlsalinas, César Vallejo, and the convergence of Xicanx and Vanguardia poetry. NACCS Annual Conference Proceedings. 117–133.
  94. Adolescência, cultura Emo e saúde: o olhar de adolescentes em Fortaleza-CE. Pedro Mesquita de. Sousa. Adriana. Ferreira. Alissan. Martins. Fabiane. Gubert. Ligia. Scopacasa. Jaislâny. Mesquita. Francisco Sampaio. Filho. Paulo Henrique de. Paula. Neiva. Vieira. Patricia. Pinheiro. November 11, 2011. Adolescencia e Saude. 8. 2. 11–17. www.adolescenciaesaude.com. October 13, 2013. October 14, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131014173405/http://www.adolescenciaesaude.com/detalhe_artigo.asp?id=269. live.
  95. Book: DeLamater, John D. . Handbook of social psychology . illustrated . . 2003 . 978-0-306-47695-2 . 165–168 . John D. DeLamater . 2020-11-30 . 2021-03-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210328132733/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Handbook_of_Social_Psychology/-x4jOgoadvUC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=preppies+subcultures&pg=PA165&printsec=frontcover . live .
  96. Web site: RhymeZone - Psychedelia . 25 May 2015 . 7 August 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160807065339/http://www.rhymezone.com/r/d=psychedelia . live .
  97. Web site: memidex - Psychedelias . 25 May 2015 . 17 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191217032016/http://www.memidex.com/psychedelias . live .
  98. Web site: Adventures Through Inner Space: Meet the 'Psychonauts' . 28 November 2000 . 25 May 2015 . 10 August 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160810094302/http://www.utne.com/community/adventures-through-inner-space-meet-the-psychonauts.aspx . live .
  99. Web site: New Designer Drugs Are In Legal Gray Area . 4 June 2013 . 25 May 2015 . 4 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095418/http://hereandnow.wbur.org/2013/06/04/new-designer-drugs . live .
  100. pages:
    • 84 from chapter "Introduction to part two" by Ken Gelder
    • 121-124, 127-128 from chapter 10 "The meaning of style" by Dick Hebdige
    • 138 from chapter "Second-hand dresses and the role of the ragmarket (1989)" by Angela McRobbie
  101. http://jalopnik.com/your-guide-to-europes-weirdest-car-culture-raggare-512086377 Jalopnik: Your Guide To Europe's Weirdest Car Culture: Raggare
  102. Book: Larson, Russ . 101. Kalmbach Publishing. N Scale Primer. Learn the lingo. 1974. Fourth printing, 1977. Milwaukee, WI.
  103. Kisor, p. 5.
  104. Web site: What is Otaku Culture - The Obsessive Japanese Pop Culture Fandom Explained . 31 July 2024.
  105. Book: Carter . Ian . British railway enthusiasm . 2014 . Manchester University Press . USA . 978-0-7190-6567-5 . 97 . Second.
  106. Sources:
        • chapter "The social logic of subcultural capital" by Sarah Thorton, page 192
      • chapter "Moments of Ecstasy: oceanic and ecstatic moments in clubbing [1999]" by Ben Malbon, page 496
      • chapter "Amateur manga subculture and the Otaku incident [2000]" by Sharon Kinsella, page 543
    • Book: McRobbie, Angela . Postmodernism and popular culture . illustrated, reprint . . 1994 . 978-0-415-07713-2 . 168–170 .
    • Book: Hazlehurst, Cameron . Gangs and Youth Subcultures: International Explorations . . 1998 . 978-1-56000-363-2 . 57–60 . Transaction Publishers . 2020-11-30 . 2021-03-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210328132912/https://books.google.com/books?id=JhObWrzxcWIC&q=rave+subculture&pg=PA60 . live .
    • Book: Resituating culture . Gavan Titley, Council of Europe. Directorate of Youth and Sport . . 2004 . 978-92-871-5396-8 . 181, 183–184 . 2020-11-30 . 2021-03-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210328132946/https://books.google.com/books?id=jCdO77_24zcC&q=rave+subculture&pg=PA181 . live .
    • Book: Introducing Cultural Studies . Brian Longhurst, Gaynor Bagnall, Greg Smith, Garry Crawford, Scott McCracken, Miles Ogborn, Elaine Baldwin . 2, illustrated . . 2008 . 978-1-4058-5843-4 . 2020-11-30 . 2021-03-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210328132941/https://books.google.com/books?id=jl2dzvtgvbEC&q=rave+subculture+subcultures&pg=PA258 . live .
  107. Sources:
    • , page 67
    • 148-183 Chapter "'Don't need you': Rethinking identity politics and separatism from a grrrl perspective, by Mary Celeste Kearney
    • , 253-256
  108. Web site: Santos . Zeon . 10 Of The Strangest Music Subcultures From Around The World . 31 July 2024.
  109. , pages 721,728
  110. pages:
    • 94, 109-110 from chapter "Girls and subcultures (1977)" by Angela McRobbie and Jenny Garber
    • 295 from chapter 27 "Posing... threats, striking... poses. Youth, surveillance and display (1983)" by Dick Hebdige
  111. Sources:
    • Book: Shared Fantasy . Gary Alan Fine . . 1983 . 25–38,236–– . 978-0-226-24944-5 . Gary Alan Fine . 2020-11-30 . 2021-03-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210328132941/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Shared_Fantasy/rLlLbN0XuSEC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=gamer+subculture&pg=PA25&printsec=frontcover . live .
    • Book: Reading Stargate SG-1 . Stanley W. Beeler, Stan Beeler, Lisa Dickson . Stan . Beeler . Lisa . Dickson . . 2006 . 978-1-84511-183-0 . 2020-11-30 . 2021-03-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210328132942/https://books.google.com/books?id=MO30KAzBb_MC&q=role+playing+subculture&pg=PA189 . live .
  112. Sources:
    • , page 100
    • pages 103 from chapter "Cultures, subcultures and class", by John Clarke et al. (rudies = rude boys)
  113. Web site: Stewart . Ethan . From Hardcore to Harajuku: the Origins of Scene Subculture . . 25 May 2021 . 25 May 2021 . 25 May 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210525180042/https://www.popmatters.com/scene-subculture-origins-hardcore-harajuku . live .
  114. pages:
    • 90, from chapter "Subcultural conflict" by Phil Cohen
    • 131 from chapter 10 "The meaning of style" by Dick Hebdige
  115. Sources for Scouting:
  116. Web site: Seapunk: scenester in-joke or underground art movement?. The Guardian. 15 December 2022. 14 January 2022.
  117. Penguin Dictionary of Sociology 2006 p.384
  118. Web site: Skateboarding – Subcultures and Sociology. Sk8spt. 16 February 2021. 14 January 2022.
  119. pages:
    • 294, from chapter 27 "Posing... threats, striking... poses. Youth, surveillance and display (1983)" by Dick Hebdige
    • 339, from chapter "Tattoo enthusiasts. Subculture or figuration? (2003)" by Michael Atkinson
    • 370-381, from chapter "Real men, phallicism and fascism (1996)" by Murray Healy
    • 471, chapter "Communities and scenes in popular music (1991)" by Will Straw
  120. Brown. Timothy S.. 2004. Subcultures, Pop Music and Politics: Skinheads and "Nazi Rock" in England and Germany. Journal of Social History. en. 38. 1. 170. 10.1353/jsh.2004.0079. 42029805. 0022-4529.
  121. Book: Bronner. Simon J.. Clark. Cindy Dell. Youth Cultures in America [2 volumes]. 978-1-4408-3392-2. 622.
  122. The Skinheads . . 1970-06-08 . 2008-09-27 . 2013-05-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130521073648/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909318,00.html?promoid=googlep . dead .
  123. Web site: Wright . Lisa . The Greatest Indie Labels Of All Time . . 1 August 2024.
  124. Campbell. Alex. 2006. The search for authenticity: An exploration of an online skinhead newsgroup. New Media & Society. en-US. 8. 2. 269–294. 10.1177/1461444806059875. 40582514. 1461-4448.
  125. Web site: Institute of Contemporary Arts : DANCESCHOOL : Subjective Thoughts on a Neglected Scene . 2010-05-06 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20101030213606/http://www.ica.org.uk/20362/DANCESCHOOL/Subjective-Thoughts-On-A-Neglected-Scene.html . 2010-10-30.
  126. Sources for steampunk:
    • News: . The steampunk contraptors . Erico . Gizzo . 45 . 10 . 10.1109/MSPEC.2008.4635034 .
    • News: La Ferla, Ruth . . Steampunk Moves Between 2 Worlds . 2008-05-08 . 2009-01-16 . 2021-03-08 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210308211545/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/08/fashion/08PUNK.html?ex=1210824000&en=37050ac6c0c4b37f&ei=5070 . live .
    • E-compos Revista da Associação Nacional Dos Programas de Pós-Graduação Em Comunicação . Visões Perigosas: Para uma genealogia do cyberpunk . pt . 6 . August 2006 . 7 . Estudos Culturais . 2010-01-16 . 2009-08-10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090810051824/http://www.compos.org.br/seer/index.php/e-compos/article/view/81/81 . live .
    • . Subculturas e cibercultura(s): para uma genealogia das identidades de um campo . Adriana . Amaral . 37 . December 2008 . footnote 13 in page 6 . pt . 2010-01-16 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110706161259/http://revcom2.portcom.intercom.org.br/index.php/famecos/article/view/5553/5037 . 2011-07-06 . dead .
  127. Web site: Lewis . Danny . When Rock Was Banned in the Soviet Union, Teens Took to Bootlegged Recordings on X-Rays . . 1 August 2024.
  128. Web site: Palmer . Elle . The Minor Threat song that shaped Thurston Moore . 30 July 2024.
  129. Thorne . Tanis . Legends of the Surfer Subculture: Part One . Western Folklore . July 1976 . 35 . 3 . 209-217.
  130. Web site: Duffy . Conor . Sharpie die hards keep Australia's only home-grown youth subculture alive . . 1 August 2024.
  131. Sources:
    • pages:
      • 84 from chapter "Introduction to part two" by Ken Gelder
      • 111-112 from chapter "Girls and subcultures (1977)" by Angela McRobbie and Jenny Garber
    • Book: Brake, Mike . The Sociology of Youth Culture and Youth Subcultures . Routledge and Kegan Paul . 1980 . 978-0-7100-0364-5 . 143 . London . 2020-11-30 . 2021-03-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210328133133/https://books.google.com/books?id=V6g9AAAAIAAJ&q=teenybopper+subculture&pg=PA143 . live .
  132. pages:
    • 98, 101, 102 from chapter "Cultures, subcultures and class", by John Clarke et al.
    • 105, 107 from chapter "Girls and subcultures (1977)" by Angela McRobbie and Jenny Garber
    • 126 from chapter 10 "The meaning of style" by Dick Hebdige
    • 161-162 from chapter "Symbols of trouble" by Stanley Cohen
    • 273 from chapter "Introduction to part five" by Ken Gelder
    • 284-287 from chapter "Fashion and revolt (1963)" by T.R. Fyvel
    • 309 from chapter "Black hair/style politics" by Kobena Mercer
    • 367, 372 from chapter "Real men, phallicism and fascism (1996)" by Murray Healy
  133. Web site: Sołtysiak . Grzegorz . Williams . Dorota . Plereza pod naleśnikiem . Tygodnik Przegląd . January 2017 . 10 January 2024 . Polish . https://web.archive.org/web/20220618190757/http://www.polska-ihpan.edu.pl/images/Polska07-2005/WA303_78935_B155-Polska-T-7-2005_recenzje.pdf . 18 June 2022.
  134. Trekkie sources:
    • Web site: Chamberlain, Daniel Luke . Alexander, Malcolm Laurence . Personal networks and the social world of ordinary Star Trek fans: Method and first results . 2005 . . TASA 2005 Conference Proceedings . The fans of the science fiction franchise, Star Trek, are known as 'Trekkies' and are the only fan subculture to have an entry in the OED. . 2008-09-19 . 2011-04-11 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110411061047/http://www98.griffith.edu.au/dspace/handle/10072/2442?mode=full . live .
    • page 167–169
    • . Utopian Enterprise: Articulating the Meanings of Star Trek's Culture of Consumption . Robert V. . Kozinets . 28 . June 2001 . 1 . 10.1086/321948 . 67–88 .
  135. News: The story of visual kei. Bunny Bissoux. 2015-06-11. . 2017-08-20.
  136. http://www.pinkmachine.com/PMP/nr12.pdf Ordered Misbehavior – The Structuring of an Illegal Endeavor
  137. Book: Herman . Andrew . Thomas . Swiss . 2014-04-08 . The World Wide Web and Contemporary Cultural Theory: Magic, Metaphor, Power . 103 . 9781135205126 . 25 May 2015 . 2021-03-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210328133133/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_World_Wide_Web_and_Contemporary_Cult/W85QAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=warez+subculture&pg=PA103&printsec=frontcover . live .
  138. Zazou sources:
    • Book: Portis, Larry . French Frenzies: A Social History of Pop Music in France . Virtualbookworm.com . 2004 . 978-1-58939-547-3 . 103 . College Station, TX . 2020-11-30 . 2021-03-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210328133203/https://books.google.com/books?id=QNi4KH0yYYgC&q=zazou+subculture&pg=PA103 . live .
    • Book: Crane, Diana . Fashion and Its Social Agendas: Class, Gender, and Identity in Clothing . illustrated . . 2001 . 978-0-226-11799-7 . 183 . Chicago . 2020-11-30 . 2021-03-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210328133139/https://books.google.com/books?id=vphcHONAXmwC&q=zazou+subculture&pg=RA1-PA183 . live .
    • Book: Uhlmann, Anthony . Beckett and Poststructuralism . Cambridge Univ. Press . 1999 . 978-0-521-64076-3 . 56–57 . Cambridge . 2020-11-30 . 2021-03-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210328133143/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYeqHnyuk6QC&q=zazou+subculture&pg=PA56 . live .

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