List of stutterers explained

Stuttering (alalia syllabaris), also known as stammering (alalia literalis or anarthria literalis), is a speech disorder in which the flow of speech is disrupted by involuntary repetitions and prolongations of sounds, syllables, words or phrases, and involuntary silent pauses or blocks during which the person who stutters is unable to produce sounds.[1] The exact etiology of stuttering is unknown; both genetics and neurophysiology are thought to contribute.[2] There are many treatments and speech-language pathology techniques available that may help increase fluency in some people who stutter to the point where an untrained ear cannot perceive stuttering; however, there is essentially no cure for the disorder at present.[3] [4]

People who stutter include British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, orator Demosthenes, King George VI, actor James Earl Jones, US President Joe Biden, and country singer Mel Tillis. Churchill, whose stutter was particularly apparent to 1920s writers,[5] was one of the 30% of people who stutter who have an associated speech disorder—a lisp in his case—and led his nation through World War II.[6] [7] Demosthenes stammered and was inarticulate as a youth, and, through dedicated practice using methods such as placing pebbles in his mouth, became a great orator of Ancient Greece.[8] King George VI hired speech therapist Lionel Logue to enable him to speak more easily to his Empire, and Logue effectively helped him accomplish this goal.[9] This training and its results are the focus of the 2010 film The King's Speech.[10] James Earl Jones has stated he was mute for many years of his youth, and he became an actor noted for the power of his voice.[11] [12] Mel Tillis stutters when talking but not when singing.[13] Many people had their speech impairment only during childhood.[14]

Actors

Name! width="12%" scope="col"
LifetimeCommentsReference(s)
1955–presentEnglish comedian, screenwriter, and actor who incorporates his stuttering into his work by using over-articulation to overcome problematic consonants[15] [16]
1983–presentEnglish actress who won a Golden Globe Award in 2007[17]
1938–presentAmerican actor and producer who played Jerry the orthodontist on The Bob Newhart Show[18]
1971–presentAmerican actor who serves with the Stuttering Foundation of America[19]
1973–presentBritish comedian who won British Stammering Association Writing Award in 2006[20] [21]
1960–presentEnglish actor who won a BAFTA and a Golden Globe Award in 1995[22]
1957–presentAmerican television and radio presenter, actor, author, businessman, and former stand–up comedian.[23]
1937–2018German actor and TV producer; started stuttering after being trapped under a staircase after a bombing raid in World War II[24] [25]
1931–presentAmerican actor who overcame stuttering to become noted for his powerful voice[26]
1948–presentAmerican actor who has appeared in over 100 films; active in Civil Rights Movement
Javivi1961–presentSpanish actor who has appeared in films and TV series, usually in comical roles[27]
1890–1932German film actor and producer; committed suicide with the advent of sound films because of his speech impairment[28]
1939–presentAmerican stage and movie actor[29]
1967–presentAustralian actress and film producer[30]
1977–presentEnglish comedian winner of the Perrier Comedy Award in 2002[31]
1946–2019American actress who played "Julie Barnes" on The Mod Squad
1991–presentAmerican comedian who often uses his stutter as the punchline of his jokes; brother of Stephen Lynch and Season 10 runner-up on America's Got Talent[32]
1965–presentAmerican radio personality known as "Stuttering John"[33]
1992–presentAmerican actor[34]
1926–1962American actress, singer, model, and sex symbol; Golden Globe Award nominee in 1956
1947–presentNew Zealand actor[35]
1940–presentAmerican actor, playwright, theatrical director, and instructor
1964–presentPuerto Rican-American actress[36]
1915–2001Mexican-American actor, painter, and writer
1974–presentIndian Bollywood actor who won numerous Best Actor awards[37]
1956–presentAmerican actor, Golden Globe Award nominee in 1978; brother of actress Julia Roberts
1967–presentOne of the highest paid American actresses in terms of box office receipts; sister of actor Eric Roberts[38]
1961–2023American actor and producer
1992–presentAmerican actor, twin of Dylan Sprouse[39]
1908–1997American film and stage actor whose stutter was a signature trait of his work[40] [41] [42] [43]
1955–presentAmerican actor, producer, and musician
1889–1967British actor whose career spanned nearly 7 decades, Tony-award winning actor[44]
1929–2024American actor and comedian, known for his intentional stammer (that was real)[45]
1938–2020Australian entertainer, comedienne and television personality
1898–1978American actor, provided the original voice of Porky Pig[46] [47]
1917–2000English actor and comedian[48]
1917–1992English actor and comedian[49] [50]
1887–1951French actor, theatre director and filmmaker[51]
1923–2020English actor, and radio and television presenter[52]
1929-2015English actor and dancer[53]
1849-1899English stage actor
1887-1969English actor, voice of Grinch[54]
1936-PresentEnglish actor[55]
1937-PresentEnglish actor[56]
1922-2007American actor in British theater and television[57]

Athletes

Name! width="12%" scope="col"
LifetimeCommentsReference(s)
1982–presentScottish rugby union player[58]
1937–2014American boxer known as "The Hurricane"
1936–1999American basketball player, holds numerous official NBA all-time records[59]
1973–presentAmerican baseball outfielder[60]
1973–presentSwedish golfer
1964–presentAmerican basketball player
1955–presentAmerican football cornerback[61]
1961–presentCanadian sprinter
1962–presentAmerican baseball and football player, 1985 Heisman Trophy winner[62]
1943–presentAmerican baseball pitcher
1979–presentCroatian tennis player[63]
1993–presentAmerican basketball player[64]
1987–presentAmerican football cornerback[65]
1960–presentAmerican diver
1942–presentAmerican basketball player[66]
1997–presentAmerican racing driver[67] [68]
1959–presentPuerto Rican baseball player[69] [70]
1977–presentAmerican basketball player
1987–presentCanadian hockey player
1979–presentAmerican football running back
1969–presentPuerto Rican boxer
1956–presentAmerican boxer who was a world champion in the light-heavyweight and heavyweight divisions (1981–1988)
1989–presentAmerican baseball outfielder[71]
1983–presentAmerican football running back[72]
1958–presentAmerican actor and fitness personality who had a fitness line "Body by Jake" and TV show called Body by Jake[73]
1947–presentAmerican football running back
1955–presentAmerican ice hockey player
1931–2013American golfer and golf broadcaster[74]
1952–2024American Basketball Hall of Famer[75]
1975–presentAmerican golfer, formerly ranked World No. 1 (2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009)[76]
1991–presentColombian soccer player[77]
1958–presentAustralian rules footballer[78]
1915–1981American track and field coach[79]
1997–presentAmerican football linebacker[80]
1916–2006American boxer[81]

Politicians

Name! width="12%" scope="col"
LifetimeCommentsReference(s)
1967–presentBritish Labour politician; former Member of Parliament (2005–2015)[82]
1947–presentMayor of Naples (1994–1998); President of Campania (2000–2010); member of Italian Communist Party
1942–presentUnited States Senator from Delaware (1973–2009), 47th Vice President of the United States (2009–2017), 46th President of the United States (2021–present)[83]
1874–1965Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1940–1945, 1951–1955); Nobel Prize in Literature recipient in 1953
– 54 ADEmperor of Rome (41–54), exaggerated his ailment in youth amid fratricidal dynastic conflicts[84] [85]
384 – 322 BCAncient Greek orator and politician
1940–presentIrish Labour Party politician; Member of the European Parliament (1989–1992, 1999–)[86]
1976–presentArgentine Peronist politician; Minister of the Interior (2019–)[87]
1935–presentAmerican politician, 48th Governor of New Jersey (1982–1990)[88]
1982–presentPortuguese politician, Member of the Assembly of the Republic (2019–)[89]
1909–1998Indian communist politician; Chief Minister of Kerala (1957–1959, 1967–1969)[90]
1955–presentPrime Minister of Finland (2003–2010)[91]
1780–1857Anglo-Irish Member of Parliament[92]
1918–1989Romanian communist leader[93]
1905–1981Canadian politician and City of Toronto mayor[94]
1801-1856Brazilian politician, diplomat, judge, and monarchist[95]
1781-1847British Whig politician[96]

Musicians

Name! width="12%" scope="col"
LifetimeCommentsReference(s)
1957–presentEnglish singer and songwriter[97]
1917–1995English composer, cellist and music critic[98]
1937–2011Irish singer, who represented Ireland at the 1967 Eurovision song contest[99]
1967–presentEnglish singer, guitarist, and vocalist[100]
1984–presentEnglish singer and songwriter[101]
1912–2001American blues guitarist[102]
1942–1999American scat singer[103]
1959–presentScottish singer and songwriter
1931–2021American music professor and composer of experimental music
1977–presentEnglish singer, songwriter, and pianist
1968–presentAustralian singer, songwriter, and actress
1957–presentEnglish singer, songwriter, and actor[104]
– 912Frankish composer, poet and scholar[105]
1948–presentEnglish singer, songwriter and television personality[106]
1935–1977American rock and roll singer
1945–presentAmerican singer, songwriter, musician, and children's author; recipient of two Grammy Awards, an Academy Award, and a Golden Globe Award; member of Grammy Hall of Fame[107]
1938–1972English musician and vocalist[108]
1932–2017American country singer, spokesman and honorary chairman of the Stuttering Foundation of America in 1998[109]
1971–presentAmerican musician
1938–2020American singer, songwriter, and musician[110] [111]
1986–presentAustralian singer, songwriter and musician[112]

Writers

Name! width="12%" scope="col"
LifetimeCommentsReference(s)
1867–1931English journalist and novelist
1922–1996British comedian, script-writer, and reader of children's books
1899–1973Irish novelist and short story writer
1832–1898English author, mathematician, logician, Anglican deacon and photographer
1945–presentAmerican cartoonist[113]
1838–1908Brazilian novelist, short story writer, poet, and literary critic[114]
1939–presentEnglish novelist, biographer, and literary critic[115]
Han, FeiHan Fei280 BC – 233 BCChinese philosopher and writer
1932–presentAmerican nature and travel writer[116]
1843–1916American-born writer and critic who spent most of his life in England
1960–presentBritish journalist and editor[117] [118]
1874–1965English novelist, playwright, and short story writer
1942–2016American illustrator, author, and publisher
1969–presentEnglish novelist[119]
1929–2016Irish poet
1914–2009American screenwriter, television producer, novelist and sports writer
1937–presentBritish screenwriter; BAFTA and Academy Award-winning writer of The King's Speech[120]
1956–presentAmerican writer of fiction and nonfiction
1899–1960British novelist and aeronautical engineer
1943–2022American author and poet
1927–1980English theater critic and writer
1932–2009American novelist, poet, short story writer, art critic, and literary critic
LivingBritish writer and public speaker[121]
LivingCanadian poet[122]
1965-PresentGerman poet, novelist, writer, literary editor, and musician[123]

Others

Name! width="12%" scope="col"
LifetimeCommentsReference(s)
197–264Three Kingdoms period general, Grand Commandant[124]
1958–presentPrince of Monaco[125]
1888–1969United States Army Major General during World War II[126]
1908–2002Publisher, philanthropist, and diplomat[127]
384 BC – 322 BCGreek philosopher and writer
1907–1991American newspaper reporter who won two Pulitzer Prizes for combat reporting—one each during World War II and the Korean War[128]
1939–2016American photographer and biographer of Muhammad Ali
1942–presentAmerican businessman, co-founder of The Home Depot and owner of the National Football League's Atlanta Falcons
1884–1960British-American psychiatrist; researcher on stuttering[129]
1913–19803rd Baron Glenavy, Irish-born British journalist, humorist and television personality
1915–2001British Field Marshal, tank commander in World War II; Chief of the Defence Staff[130]
1902–1986British biographer, historian and professor
1600–1649King of England (1625–1649)[131]
1809–1882English naturalist
1893–1969American car designer, first vice president of design at General Motors
1941–2012Canadian movie producer, director, and financier[132]
1494–1547 King of France (1515–1547)[133]
1903–1994American philanthropist and businessman[134] [135]
1933–2015Film critic and BBC radio producer[136]
1895–1952King of the United Kingdom (1936-1952)
1920–2020Wife of astronaut and United States Senator John Glenn; She was inducted into the National Stuttering Association Hall of Fame.[137] [138]
1918–1999American chemist who worked with the Central Intelligence Agency
1945–presentAmerican banker
1633–1701King of England (1685–1688)[139]
1906–1965American psychologist, stutter research[140]
846–879King of Aquitaine and West Francia[141]
770–829Byzantine emperor, founder of the Amorian (Phrygian) dynasty
1946–presentPolish editor, historian, essayist, and political commentator
1642–1727English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian
1950–presentBritish fashion designer
1953–presentPolish journalist, social campaigner[142]
1320–1367King of Portugal (1357–1367)[143]
1953–2018American zoologist, conservationist, field biologist, and President and CEO of Panthera[144]
1863–1949German-American botanist, Harvard professor
1947–presentAmerican consumer reporter, investigative journalist, author, and libertarian columnist[145]
1499–1557Italian mathematician, engineer, and surveyor
1912–1954 British mathematician [146]
1905–1994American speech pathologist
1935–2020American chemical engineer, businessman, and author
1889–1951Austrian philosopher
1819–1875Priest, historian, novelist, poet[147]
1812–1886American fur trapper and explorer known as the leader "Ezekiel 'Stuttering Zeke' Merritt"[148]
1911–1944American Women Airforce Service Pilots member, disappeared during World War II[149]
1831–1902Irish-American industrialist[150]
1906-2001English ophthalmologist who invented the introcular lens[151]
1896-1972Professional soldier in New Zealand Military Forces
1904-1938Mexican integrist[152]
1856-1941German linguist, ethnographer, and archeologist[153]
1933-PresentBritish barrister and judge[154]
1766-1828Queen of Württemberg [155]
12th or 15th CenturyFounder of the Iroquois Confederacy, also known as Great Peacemaker[156]
1901-1987Australian botanical artist[157]
1819-1887American lawyer and socialite. Called "the most popular man of New York[158]

Notes and References

  1. Web site: ICD-10 F95.8 – Stuttering. World Health Organization. 16 July 2011.
  2. Gordon, N. . Stuttering: incidence and causes . Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology . 44 . 4 . 278–281 . 2002 . 11995897 . 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2002.tb00806.x .
  3. Prasse. Jane E.. Kikano. George E. . Stuttering: An Overview . American Family Physician. 77. 9. 1271–1276 . 2008. 18540491. Retrieved from Academic Research Library database, (Document ID: 1468009541).
  4. Web site: Therapy Outcomes. 6 May 2011 . Stuttering Foundation. 16 July 2011.
  5. Web site: Winston Churchill, Stutterer. University of Toronto. 28 January 2012. 13 January 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120113145826/http://www.utstat.utoronto.ca/sharp/Churchill.htm. dead.
  6. Web site: Experts Agree That Churchill Did Stutter. Stuttering Foundation. 20 July 2011.
  7. Web site: Churchill's speech impediment was stuttering . Mather, M.D. . John . Winston Churchill.org . 20 July 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110804082109/http://www.winstonchurchill.org/learn/myths/myths/he-stuttered . 4 August 2011 .
  8. Encyclopedia: Demosthenes. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2002.
  9. Book: Rhodes James, Robert. A Spirit Undaunted: The Political Role of George VI. 1998. Little, Brown, and Co.. London. 0-316-64765-9. 98.
  10. News: Reed. Rex. Did I Stutter? The King's Speech Is the Best Movie of the Year. https://web.archive.org/web/20101125114729/http://www.observer.com/2010/culture/did-i-stutter-kings-speech-best-movie-year#comment-87660. dead. 25 November 2010. New York Observer. 22 November 2010. 20 July 2011. London.
  11. James Earl Jones . The American Academy of Achievement for the National Medal of Arts . The Voice of Triumph . Interview: Audio/Transcript . Sun Valley, Idaho . 29 June 1996 . 20 February 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100906211247/http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/jon2int-2 . 6 September 2010 .
  12. Web site: James Earl Jones Biography. Flint Marx. Rebecca. All Movie Guide. 20 July 2011.
  13. Web site: Stammering Therapy -Does Analyzing Help Or Does It Make Stuttering Worse?. Stop Stuttering. 24 March 2010. 20 July 2011. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20100430140021/http://www.stop-stuttering.org/stuttering-tips-and-cures-does-analyzing-help-or-does-it-make-stuttering-worse/. 30 April 2010.
  14. Web site: Stuttering. National Institutes of Health – National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. 27 July 2011. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110806122002/http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/voice/stutter.html. 6 August 2011.
  15. News: Fears of a clown. Amy. Raphael. The Guardian. 30 March 2003. 16 July 2011. London.
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  17. Web site: Movie Star Talks about Stuttering. Stuttering Foundation. 15 July 2011. 16 July 2011.
  18. Web site: Famous People Who Stutter. Minnesota State University – Mankato . 16 July 2011.
  19. News: Nicholas Brendon faces down stuttering demon. W.. Reed Moran. USA Today. 15 May 2001. 16 July 2011.
  20. Web site: Jaik Campbell: L-L-Lost for Words – My Life with a Stutter – Free. Broadway Baby. 16 July 2011. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110928140849/http://www.broadwaybaby.com/edinburgh-fringe-archive/2050-jaik-campbell-l-l-lost-for-words-my-life-with-a-stutter-free. 28 September 2011.
  21. News: I've started, so I'll finish.... BBC. 16 July 2011. 23 July 2009.
  22. Book: Trubo, Richard. The New Book of Knowledge – Health and Medicine. 2001. Grolier. New York. 0-7172-0608-4. 112–123. Note: This annual was also published under the title The 2001 World Book Health & Medical Annual, United States of America: 2001 World Book, Inc.
  23. Web site: Steve Harvey. 2021-10-27. Stuttering Foundation: A Nonprofit Organization Helping Those Who Stutter. 29 September 2017 . en.
  24. Der Parade-Deutsche. Der Spiegel. 78. 8. 1995.
  25. Dieter Thomas Heck: "Zigarette und Bierglas, zack. Das war schon heavy". Zylka. Jenni. Der Spiegel. 8. 11 December 2011. de. 5 February 2011.
  26. News: Understanding Stuttering . Glenn D.. Braunstein, M.D.. The Huffington Post . 28 February 2011. 20 July 2011. London.
  27. Web site: Javivi: Me gustaría presentar un concurso y hacerlo divertido. Europa Press. Spanish. 10 May 2012. 10 August 2011.
  28. Web site: Bruno Kastner . Cyranos . Staedeli . Thomas . 15 August 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110418184229/http://www.cyranos.ch/smkast-e.htm . 18 April 2011 .
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  33. Just Asking: H-h-h-here's Johnny!. https://web.archive.org/web/20121021192255/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,307197,00.htm . dead . 21 October 2012 . Entertainment Weekly. 16 July 1993. 16 July 2011.
  34. Web site: Shana Naomi Krochmal. Lost & Found. Out Magazine. August 15, 2012. June 21, 2023.
  35. Web site: Heartfelt interview was no act for Sam Neill. British Stammering Association. 16 July 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20070815062345/http://www.stammering.org/samneill.html. 15 August 2007. dead.
  36. Web site: Rosie Perez Biography . A & E Networks . 13 October 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140330154439/http://www.biography.com/people/rosie-perez-189138 . 30 March 2014 . dead .
  37. Web site: Bollywood Star Talks About His Stuttering . 18 October 2013 . Stuttering Help . 13 October 2014.
  38. Web site: People Index. Box Office Mojo. 5 February 2010. 16 July 2011.
  39. Web site: The Sprouse Twins, 17 – Young and minted: teens who struck it big . MSN Money . 16 July 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110720143427/http://money.uk.msn.com/your-cash/salary-centre/photos.aspx?cp-documentid=153707371&page=9 . 20 July 2011 .
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  42. Web site: Famous People Who Stutter. 29 July 2011 . Stuttering Foundation. 5 January 2015.
  43. Web site: Famous People – Speech Differences and Stutter. Disabled World. 5 January 2015.
  44. Web site: Claude Rains movies: 15 greatest films ranked from worst to best . 3 November 2023 . Gold Derby.
  45. Web site: The Untold Truth Of Bob Newhart . Nicki Swift. 29 July 2021 .
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  47. Book: Blanc, Mel. That's Not All Folks!. Warner Books. 1989. 66. 9780446512442 .
  48. Nathan Morley, Disney's British Gentleman: The Life and Career of David Tomlinson (History Press), 2021.
  49. Howerd mentioned his youthful stutter in a revealing BBC broadcast of Desert Island Discs, Jan. 1982, rebroadcast in April 2012 in the three-hour Howerd's Ways: the Radio Times of Frankie Howerd https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01gvwzh
  50. Howerd, Frankie (1976) On the Way I Lost It, W.H. Allen,
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  52. Web site: TRIBUTE TO NICHOLAS PARSONS CBE (1923-2020) . 2020-01-28 . STAMMA.
  53. Web site: My son, the actor. 26 April 2004 . The Scotsman – 26 April 2004. 15 October 2015.
  54. Book: Nollen . Scott A. . Karloff . Sara Jane . Boris Karloff: A Gentleman's Life . Baltimore, MD . Midnight Marquee Press . 1999 . 18 . 978-1-887664-23-3.
  55. Web site: Philip Lowrie — RADA. www.rada.ac.uk.
  56. Web site: Meet an "Amazing" Who Succeeds As An Actor Despite A Stammer . 2020-08-03 . Patch . Nelson . Nicole.
  57. Web site: Obituary - Don Fellows . 2008-01-22 . The Guardian . Shorter . Eric.
  58. Web site: Warrior talk. British Stammering Association. 17 July 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110720024513/http://www.stammering.org/scotland/kellybrown.html. 20 July 2011. dead.
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  60. News: Meet the Mane Attraction of the Boston Red Sox . The New York Times. 25 September 2004. 17 July 2011. Joe. Lapointe.
  61. News: Having overcome chronic sinus problems and a speech defect, Lester Hayes reflects on a career he credits to Al Davis and stickum. Barron. David. Houston Chronicle. 31 July 2004. 17 July 2011.
  62. Web site: Bo Knows Best. ESPN. 17 July 2011.
  63. Web site: Communicating in Brief But Bold Strokes. 7 September 2018.
  64. Web site: Kentucky's Michael Kidd-Gilchrist no longer bothered by his stuttering. 26 June 2012 .
  65. Web site: New York Jets Cornerback Ellis Lankster Honored by Stuttering Foundation: Fan Perspective.
  66. Web site: Documentary shares Bob Love's story. Stuttering Foundation. 17 July 2011.
  67. Web site: Mason Massey shines light on personal journey for International Stuttering Awareness Day . . October 22, 2023 . February 12, 2024.
  68. Web site: Xfinity Driver Threw A Race Because Of His Stutter . Autoweek . October 20, 2023 . February 12, 2024.
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  72. News: Despite a stuttering problem, Chargers return man Sproles is ... Speaking Loudly. North County Times. 29 November 2007. 17 July 2011. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20111012145321/http://www.nctimes.com/sports/football/professional/nfl/chargers/article_d38913c9-2e81-59ef-a41a-a1fbd2bb99ae.html. 12 October 2011.
  73. News: Smooth Sailing for Stuttering Gala Maiden Voyage Aboard the QM2. Leon. Masha. Jewish Daily Forward. 16 July 2011.
  74. News: My Shot: Ken Venturi. Golf Digest. December 2004. 17 July 2011.
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  77. News: Ten things you don't know about James Rodriguez. Gambino. Simeone. Goal.com. 23 July 2014. 13 May 2015.
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  81. News: Seattle Times Obituary of Hostak. Seattle Times. 6 July 2018.
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  89. News: The black woman with a stutter who changed the course of Portugal's history. Agencia EFE. 10 October 2019. 30 October 2019.
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  93. News: Blumenthal . Ralph . UPHEAVAL IN THE EAST: OBITUARY; The Ceausescus: 24 Years of Fierce Repression, Isolation and Independence . The New York Times . 26 December 1989 .
  94. News: Obituary: Dennison, William Donald . The Toronto Star . 1981-05-04 . B11.
  95. Book: Barman . Roderick J. . 1999 . Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–1891 . Stanford University Press . Stanford . 978-0-8047-3510-0 .
  96. Web site: PONSONBY, John William, Visct. Duncannon (1781-1847). historyofparliament.org. January 13, 2024.
  97. Web site: Burston. Paul. Marc Almond: Interview. 29 May 2007. TimeOut. 16 July 2011. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20071209174035/http://www.timeout.com/london/gay/features/2945.html. 9 December 2007.
  98. Sutcliffe. Tom. A life in words and music. 3 March 1995. The Times.
  99. Web site: Sing You Home Again. Brian Dunphy. 17 May 2020. 17 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210417161528/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wrYEQh0hB0I&t=7s. 17 April 2021.
  100. Book: Harris, John. Britpop!: Cool Britannia and the Spectacular Demise of English Rock. 2004. Da Capo Press. Cambridge, MA. 0-306-81367-X. 118.
  101. Web site: Waggott. Gina. Book reviews: Gareth Gates – Right From the Start. British Stammering Association. 16 July 2011. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110720024304/http://www.stammering.org/review_gareth.html. 20 July 2011.
  102. Web site: John Lee Hooker. The Stuttering Foundation. 17 July 2015. 13 August 2021.
  103. Web site: The Stutter and the Scat Is The Same Thing. Minnesota State University – Mankato. 16 July 2011.
  104. Tough Questions for Peter Murphy. Spin Magazine. 28 August 2011.
  105. Book: McGowan, Joseph . Schulman . Jana K. . 2002 . [{{google books|plainurl=y|id=f_jLbHTM_zgC}} The Rise of the Medieval World, 500-1300: A Biographical Dictionary ]. Notker Balbulus (The Stammerer) (c. 840–912) . . Westport . 978-0-313-30817-8 . 314 .
  106. Ozzy Osbourne on speech impediments and paranoia. The Times. 23 January 2011.
  107. News: Donaldson James . Susan . Not So Vain: Carly Simon's Panicky Past . 10 November 2021 . . 1 May 2009.
  108. Web site: An almost famous singer. The Stuttering Foundation. 4 June 2011.
  109. Web site: Meet Mel Tillis. Mel Tillis.com. 17 July 2011. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110716074100/http://www.meltillis.com/bio/default.htm. 16 July 2011.
  110. Bill Withers: The Soul Man Who Walked Away. Greene. Andy. 14 April 2015. Rolling Stone. 26 August 2015.
  111. Web site: Biography, Awards and Credits. 8 July 1972. Billwithersmusic.com. https://web.archive.org/web/20110829182422/http://www.billwithersmusic.com/htmlWork/bio1.html. 29 August 2011. 12 January 2011.
  112. Web site: Australian Story – Talk Of The Town 7 July 2014. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 7 July 2014. 7 July 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140711205019/http://www.abc.net.au/austory/content/2014/s4041089.htm. 11 July 2014. dead.
  113. Web site: Cartoonist Jim Davis-The Man Behind Garfield. American Profile. 17 July 2011. 8 March 2009.
  114. Machado de Assis and psychiatry: a chapter in the relations between art and clinical practice in Brazil. História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos. 16. 3. 641–654. Scientific Electronic Library Online. 10.1590/S0104-59702009000300004. 20614668. 2009. Lima. E. M.. free.
  115. Web site: Public Speech and Public Silence. British Stammering Association. 17 July 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000740/http://www.stammering.org/publicspeech.html. 28 September 2007. dead.
  116. Web site: Essayist, nature writer Hoagland due in San Francisco. University of California – Davis, Davis Community Network. 28 January 1996. 17 July 2011.
  117. News: Jones. Dylan. Why I hate the letter D. The Guardian. 17 October 2006. 17 July 2011. London.
  118. Web site: The Rules For Mastering a Stammer. British Stammering Association. 17 July 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110927044932/http://www.stammering.org/djones.html. 27 September 2011. dead.
  119. Web site: My stammer is a secret informant. British Stammering Association. 17 July 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20070506235604/http://www.stammering.org/mitchell2.html. 6 May 2007. dead.
  120. Web site: Q&A – Oscar Nominee David Seidler Overcame His Stutter on the Road to The King's Speech . 31 January 2011 . . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110204193436/http://www.filmcritic.com/features/2011/01/interview-david-siedler/ . 4 February 2011 .
  121. Web site: Katherine Preston. Simon & Schuster. 20 April 2018. en.
  122. Web site: I Talk Like a River by Jordan Scott: 9780823445592 PenguinRandomHouse.com: Books. 2020-12-07. PenguinRandomhouse.com. en-US.
  123. Dingemann . Rüdiger . Eine außergewöhnliche Radiosendung . . 13 July 2017.
  124. Records of the Three Kingdoms, vol. 28.
  125. Web site: Politics and Stuttering Mix Well. 16 January 2009 . Stuttering Foundation . 16 July 2011.
  126. Battle of Sicily: A Matter of Days. Time. https://web.archive.org/web/20121107130726/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,766919-3,00.html. dead. 7 November 2012. 9 August 1943. 18 July 2011.
  127. News: Grace Glueck. Walter Annenberg, 94, Dies; Philanthropist and Publisher . . 2 October 2002 . 11 October 2014.
  128. News: Severo. Richard. Homer Bigart, Acclaimed Reporter, Dies. The New York Times. 17 April 1991. 18 July 2011.
  129. Web site: Charles S. Bluemel . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20210603193830/https://ahn.mnsu.edu/stuttering/professional-education/the-comdis-field/remembering-the-contributions-of-those-who-have-passed-on/charles-s.-bluemel/ . 2021-06-03 . University of Minnesota, Mankato

    College of Allied Health and Nursing

    .
  130. News: van der Vat. Dan. Field Marshal Lord Carver. Guardian. 12 December 2001. 18 July 2011.
  131. Book: Dutton, Ralph. English Court Life: From Henry VII to George II. 1963. B. T. Batsford. London. 978-1-4058-5903-5. 232.
  132. Web site: Doty. Laura. Famous People Who Stutter. Minnesota State University – Duluth. 18 July 2011. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20000823201706/http://www.d.umn.edu/~cspiller/stutteringpage/famous.htm. 23 August 2000.
  133. Book: Michelet, Jules. Histoire de France au seizième siècle, vol. 8. 1857. Camerot. Paris. 418.
  134. Web site: Fraser. Jane. Stuttering Foundation of America – Looking Back and Looking Forward. Minnesota State University – Mankato. 23 August 1998. 18 July 2011.
  135. News: Malcolm H. Fraser, 91, Retailer of Auto Parts. The New York Times. 19 February 2008. 18 July 2011.
  136. News: Philip French: my life as a stammerer . . 26 December 2010 . 29 December 2013 . French, Philip.
  137. Web site: John Glenn's true hero: Annie Glenn. Greene. Bob. CNN. 19 February 2012 . 2016-12-09.
  138. Web site: NSASTUTTER.ORG. www.nsastutter.org. 2016-12-09.
  139. Book: Haile, Martin. Queen Mary of Modena: Her Life and Letters. 1905. J.M. Dent. London. 40.
  140. Williams, D. Wendell Johnson and Charles Van Riper. Minnesota State University (22 February 1999). Retrieved on 2008-08-30.
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  144. Web site: Conservationist and SFA spokesman Alan Rabinowitz is featured on Speaking of Faith, a program on public radio. July 2011 . Stuttering Foundation . 18 July 2011.
  145. Web site: John Stossel for the Stuttering Foundation. 6 May 2011 . Stuttering Foundation . 18 July 2011.
  146. Web site: Did Alan Turing stutter?. stutter.ca. 2019-07-30.
  147. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/238246/pdf Project MUSE, Journal of Victorian Culture
  148. Web site: Bear Flag Revolt, June 1846 . National Park Service. January 13, 2024.
  149. Web site: Gertrude Vreeland Tompkins Silver . The Charley Project.
  150. Web site: John Mackay: The Irish-American Bonanza King . The Stuttering Foundation. 15 April 2022 .
  151. Book: Apple, David J. Sir Harold Ridley and his fight for sight. 2006. SLACK incorporated. 978-1-55642-786-2.
  152. Acosta Rico . Fabian . Los ideales agrarios de la derecha de los pobres: una revisión histórica del sinarquismo . El Tiempo de Jalisco . December 2017 . 36 . 10 May 2022.
  153. Book: Pranas . Čepėnas . Lietuvos Universitetas 1579–1803–1922 . The Association of Lithuanian-American Professors . 1972 . Chicago . 2152067 . 150, 396, 427, 439 . lt.
  154. Desert Island Discs featuring Lord Woolf . Desert Island Discs . Desert Island Discs . . . 2008-06-01 . 14 June 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110614175307/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/features/desert-island-discs/castaway/ad4438bb . 6 June 2008 . live .
  155. Book: Fraser, Flora. Princesses: the six daughters of George III. registration. 2005. Knopf. New York. 978-0-679-45118-1. 1st American. https://archive.org/details/princessessixdau00fras/page/.
  156. Web site: Influential pws: Dekanawida. May 9, 2020. January 13, 2024.
  157. ashby-alison-marjorie-12151. Ashby, Alison Marjorie (1901–1987). 29 May 2014. Enid. Robertson. 17. 2007.
  158. News: The Wit of William R. Travers .

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