List of state leaders in the 6th century explained

Lists of state leaders by century List of state leaders in the 4th century List of state leaders in the 5th century List of state leaders in the 7th century List of state leaders in the 8th century

See also: List of political entities in the 6th century

This is a list of state leaders in the 6th century (501–600) AD.

Africa

Africa: East

• Kingdom of Aksum (complete list) –

• Ousas, King (c. 500)

• Kaleb, King (c. 520)

• Alla Amidas, King (fl. mid 6th century)

• Wazena, King (fl. mid 6th century)

• W`ZB, King (fl. mid 6th century)

• Ioel, King (fl. mid 6th century)

• Hataz, King (c. 575)

• Saifu, King (c. 577)

• Israel, King (c. 590)

• Gersem, King (c. 600)

Africa: Northcentral

• Vandal Kingdom (complete list) –

• Thrasamund, King (496–523)

• Hilderic, King (523–530)

• Gelimer, King (530–534)

Americas

Americas: Mesoamerica

Maya civilization

• Calakmul (complete list) –

• Yuknoom Ch'een I, King (early 6th century)

• Tuun K'ab' Hix, King (520–546)

• Sky Witness, King (561–572)

• Yax Yopaat, King (572–579)

• Scroll Serpent, King (579–611)
• Copán (complete list) –

• B'alam Nehn, King (504–544)

• Wil Ohl K'inich, King (532–551)^[1]

• Sak-Lu, King (551–553)

• Tzi-B'alam, King (553–578)

• K'ak' Chan Yopaat, King (578–628)^[2]
• Palenque (complete list) –

• B'utz Aj Sak Chiik, Ajaw (487–501)

• Ahkal Mo' Nahb I, Ajaw (501–524)

• K'an Joy Chitam I, Ajaw (529–565)

• Ahkal Mo' Nahb II, Ajaw (565–570)

• Kan Bahlam I, Ajaw (572–583)

• Yohl Ik'nal, Queen (583–604)
• Tikal (complete list) –

• Chak Tok Ich'aak II, Ajaw (c.486–508)

• Lady of Tikal, Ajaw, co-ruler (511–c.527)

• Kaloomte' Bahlam, Ajaw, co-ruler (c.511–527)

• Bird Claw, Ajaw (early 6th century)

• Wak Chan K'awiil, Ajaw (c.537–c.562)

• Animal Skull, Ajaw (post-562–c.593)

Asia

Asia: Central

• Hephthalite Empire –

• Toramana, Tegin (c.490–515)

• Mihirakula, Tegin (c.502–530)
• Rouran Khaganate (complete list) –

• Yujiulü Nagai, Khan (492–506)

• Yujiulü Futu, Khan (506–508)

• Yujiulü Chounu, Khan (508–520)

• Yujiulü Anagui, Khan (520–552)

• Yujiulü Poluomen, Khan (521–524)

• Yujiulü Tiefa, Khan (552–553)

• Yujiulü Dengzhu, Khan (553)

• Yujiulü Kangti, Khan (553)

• Yujiulü Anluochen, Khan (553–554)

• Yujiulü Dengshuzi, Khan (555)
• First Turkic Khaganate (complete list) –

• Bumin, Qaghan (551–552)

• Issik, Qaghan (552–553)

• Muqan, Qaghan (554–572)

• Taspar, Qaghan (572–581)

• Ashina Anluo, Qaghan (581–c.582)

• Ishbara, Qaghan (581–587)

• Bagha, Qaghan (587–589)

• Tulan, Qaghan (588–599)
• Tibet (Yarlung Valley) (complete list) –

• Drongnyen Deu, King (?)

• Tagbu Nyasig, King (579–619)
• Gaochang

• Mǎ Rú, ruler (496-501)

• Qú Jiā, ruler (501-525)

• Qú Guāng, ruler (525-530)

• Qú Jiān, ruler (530-548)

• Qú Xuánxǐ, ruler (549-550)

• unnamed son of Qu Xuanxi, ruler (551-554)

• Qú Bǎomào, ruler (555-560)

• Qú Qiángù, ruler (560-601)

Asia: East

China: Northern dynasties

• Northern Wei (complete list) –

• Xuanwu, Emperor (499–515)

• Xiaoming, Emperor (516–528)

• daughter of Xiaoming, Emperor (528)

• Yuan Zhao,^[3] "Emperor" (528)

• Xiaozhuang, Emperor (528–530)^[4]

• Yuan Ye, Emperor (530–531)

• Jiemin, Emperor (531–532)

• Yuan Lang, Emperor (531–532)

• Xiaowu, Emperor (532–535)
• Western Wei (complete list) –

• Wen, Emperor (535–551)

• Fei, Emperor (552–554)

• Gong, Emperor (554–556)
• Northern Zhou (complete list) –

• Xiaomin, Emperor (557)

• Ming, Emperor (557–560)

• Wu, Emperor (561–578)

• Jing, Emperor (579–581)
• Eastern Wei (complete list) –

• Xiaojing, Emperor (534–550)
• Northern Qi (complete list) –

• Wenxuan, Emperor (550–559)

• Fei, Emperor (560)

• Xiaozhao, Emperor (560–561)

• Wucheng, Emperor (561–565)

• Gao Wei, Emperor (565–577)

• Gao Heng, Emperor (577)

China: Southern dynasties

• Southern Qi (complete list) –

• Xiao Baojuan, Emperor (499–501)

• He, Emperor (501–502)
• Southern Liang (complete list) –

• Wu, Emperor (502–549)^[5]

• Jianwen, Emperor (549–551)

• Xiao Dong, Prince (551–552)

• Yuan, Emperor (552–555)^[6]

• Xiao Yuanming, Marquess (555)

• Jing, Emperor (555–557)^[7]
• Western Liang (complete list) –

• Xuan, Emperor (555–562)

• Ming, Emperor (562–585)

• Jing, Emperor (585–587)
• Southern Chen (complete list) –

• Wu, Emperor (557–559)

• Wen, Emperor (560–566)

• Xuan, Emperor (569–582)

• Chen Shubao, Emperor/Duke (582–589)

China: Sui dynasty

• Sui dynasty (complete list) –

• Wen, Emperor (581–604)

Japan

• Japan, Asuka period (complete list) –

• Buretsu, Emperor (498–506)

• Keitai, Emperor (507–531)

• Ankan, Emperor (531–535)

• Senka, Emperor (535–539)

• Kinmei, Emperor (539–571)

• Bidatsu, Emperor (572–585)

• Yōmei, Emperor (585–587)

• Sushun, Emperor (587–592)

• Suiko, Empress (592–628)

Korea

• Baekje (complete list) –

• Dongseong, King (479–501)

• Muryeong, King (501–523)

• Seong, King (523–554)

• Wideok, King (554–598)

• Hye, King (598–599)

• Beop, King (599–600)

• Mu, King (600–641)
• Geumgwan Gaya (complete list) –

• Gyeomji, King (492–521)

• Guhyeong, King (521–532)
• Goguryeo (complete list) –

• Munja, King (491–519)

• Anjang, King (519–531)

• An-won, King (531–545)

• Yang-won, King (545–559)

• Pyeong-won, King (559–590)

• Yeong-yang, King (590–618)
• Silla (complete list) –

• Jijeung, King (500–514)

• Beopheung, King (514–540)

• Jinheung, King (540–576)

• Jinji, King (576–579)

• Jinpyeong, King (579–632)

Asia: Southeast

Cambodia

• Funan (complete list) –

• Qiáochénrú Shéyébámó, King (484–514)

• Rudravarman, King (514–c.545)
• Chenla (complete list) –

• Bhavavarman I, King (c.550-590)

• Mohendravarman, King (c.590–611)

Indonesia

Indonesia: Java

• Tarumanagara (complete list) –

• Indrawarman, King (455–515)

• Candrawarman, King (515–535)

• Suryawarman, King (535–561)

• Kertawarman, King (561–628)

Indonesia: Sumatra

• Kantoli –

• Vijayavarman, King (c.519)^[8]

Malaysia: Peninsular

• Kedah Sultanate (complete list) –

• Karna DiMaharaja, Maharaja (c.465–512)

• Karma, Maharaja (c.512–580)

• Maha Dewa II, Maharaja (c.580–620)

Vietnam

• Champa (complete list) –

• Fan Wenkuan, King (c.502–c.510)

• Devavarman, King (c.510–c.526)

• Vijayavarman, King (c.526–c.529)

• Rudravarman I, King (c.529)

• Sambuvarman, King (mid 6th century)
• Early Lý dynasty (complete list) –

• Lý Nam Đế, Emperor (544–548)

• Triệu Việt Vương, Emperor (548–571)

• Đào Lang Vương, Emperor (549–555)

• Hậu Lý Nam Đế, Emperor (571–603)

Asia: South

Bengal and Northeast India

• Gauda Kingdom (complete list) –

• Shashanka, King (c.590–625)
• Kamarupa

Varman dynasty (complete list) –

• Narayanavarman, King (494–518)

• Bhutivarman, King (518–542)

• Chandramukhavarman, King (542–566)

• Sthitavarman, King (566–590)

• Susthitavarman, King (590–595)

• Supratisthitavarman, King (595–600)

• Bhaskaravarman, King (600–650)

India

• Chahamanas of Shakambhari (complete list) –

• Vasu-deva, King (6th century)
• Chalukya dynasty (complete list) –

• Jayasimha, King (c.500–c.520)

• Ranaraga, King (c.520–c.540)

• Pulakeshin I, King (c.540–c.567)

• Kirttivarman I, King (c.567–c.592)

• Mangalesha, King (c.592–c.610)
• Eastern Ganga dynasty (complete list) –

• Indravarman I, King (496–535)^[9]

• Samantavarman, King (537–562)

• Hastivarman, King (562–578)

• Indravarman II, King (578–589)

• Danarnava, King (589–652)

• Indravarman III, King (589–652)
• Western Ganga dynasty (complete list) –

• Avinita, King (469–529)

• Durvinita, King (529–579)

• Mushkara, King (579–604)
• Gupta Empire (complete list) –

• Narasimhagupta Baladitya, Emperor (c.495–?)

• Kumaragupta III, Emperor

• Vishnugupta, Emperor (c.540–c.550)

• Vainyagupta, Emperor (c.551–c.554)

• Bhanugupta, Emperor (c.510–?)
• Kadamba dynasty

Banavasi branch (complete list) –

• Ravivarma, Maharaja (485–519)

• Harivarma, Maharaja (519–530)
• Kadamba dynasty

Triparvatha branch (complete list) –

• Simhavarma, Maharaja (485–516)

• Krishna Varma II, Maharaja (516–540)
• Maitraka dynasty (complete list) –

• Dronasinha, Maharaja (c.500–c.520)

• Dhruvasena I, Maharaja (c.520–c.550)

• Dharapatta, Maharaja (c.550–c.556)

• Gruhasena, Maharaja(dhiraja) (c.556–c.570)

• Dharasena II, Maharaja (c.570–c.595)

• Śīlāditya I, Maharaja (c.595–c.615)
• Maukhari dynasty (complete list) –

• Ishana-varman, King (c.550–560)

• Sharva-varman, King (c.560–575)

• Avanti-varman, King (c.575–600)

• Graha-varman, King (c.600–605)^[10]
• Pallava dynasty –

• The Pallava dynasty has two chronologies of rulers.

• Nandivarman I, King (480–500/510)

• Kumaravishnu II, King (early 6th century)

• Buddhavarman, King (early 6th century)

• Kumaravishnu III, King (early 6th century)

• Simhavarman III, King (early/mid 6th century)

• Simhavishnu, King (mid/late 6th century)^[11]

• Mahendravarman I, King (6th/7th century)^[11]
• Pandyan dynasty (complete list) –

• Kadungon, King (590–620)
• Pushyabhuti dynasty (complete list) –

• Naravardhana, King (c.500–525)

• Rajyavardana, King (c.525–555)

• Adityavardhana, King (c.555–580)

• Prabhakara-vardhana, King (c.580–605)
• Vishnukundina dynasty (complete list) –

• Vikramendra Varma I, Maharaja (c.508–528)

• Vikramendra Varma II, Maharaja (555–569)

• Janssraya Madhava Varma IV, Maharaja (573–621)

Sri Lanka

• Anuradhapura Kingdom, Sri Lanka (complete list) –

• Moggallana I, King (497–515)

• Kumara Dhatusena, King (515–524)

• Kittisena, King (524–524)

• Siva II, King (524–525)

• Upatissa II, King (525–526)

• Silakala Ambosamanera, King (526–539)

• Dathappabhuti, King (539–540)

• Moggallana II, King (540–560)

• Kittisiri Meghavanna, King (560–561)

• Maha Naga, King (561–564)

• Aggabodhi I, King (564–598)

• Aggabodhi II, King (598–608)

Asia: West

Turks

• Western Turkic Khaganate (complete list) –

• Istämi, Yabgu (553–575)

• Tardu

• Yabgu (575–581)

• Qaghan (581–603)

• Apa, Qaghan of the Apa line (581–587)

• Niri, Qaghan of the Apa line (c.600)

Persia

• Persia: Sasanian Empire (complete list) –

• Kavadh I, Shahanshah, King of Kings (498–496, 499–531)

• Khosrow I, Shahanshah, King of Kings (531–579)

• Hormizd IV, Shahanshah, King of Kings (579–590)

• Khosrow II, Shahanshah, King of Kings (590)

• Bahram VI Chobin,§ Shahanshah, King of Kings (590–591)

• Khosrow II, Shahanshah, King of Kings (591–628)

• Vistahm,§ Shahanshah, King of Kings (591–596)

Arabia

• Lakhmid kingdom

• al-Nu'man II ibn al-Aswad (497–503)

• Abu Ya'fur ibn Alqama (503–505)

• al-Mundhir III ibn al-Nu'man (503/5–554)

• 'Amr III ibn al-Mundhir (554–569)

• Qabus ibn al-Mundhir (569–573)

• Suhrab (Persian governor) (573–574)

• al-Mundhir IV ibn al-Mundhir (574–580)

• al-Nu'man III ibn al-Mundhir (580–602)

Europe

Europe: Balkans

• Byzantine Empire (complete list) –

• Anastasius I, Emperor (491–518)

• Justin I, Emperor (518–527)

• Justinian I, Emperor (527–565)

• Justin II, Emperor (565–578)

• Tiberius II, Emperor (578–582)

• Maurice, Emperor (582–602)

• Theodosius, Co-Emperor (590–602)

Europe: British Isles

Great Britain: Scotland

• Dál Riata (complete list) –

• Loarn, King (474–500)

• Fergus Mór, King (500–501)

• Domangart Réti, King (?–c.507)

• Comgall mac Domangairt, King (?–c.540)

• Gabrán mac Domangairt, King (?–c.560)

• Conall mac Comgaill, King (?–c.574)

• Áedán mac Gabráin, King (?–c.606)
• Picts (complete list) –

• Galam Cennalath, King (550–555)

• Bridei I, King (554–584)

• Gartnait II, King (584–595)

• Nechtan nepos Uerb, King (595–616)
• Kingdom of Strathclyde / Alt Clut (complete list) –

• Dyfnwal Hen, King (early 6th century)

• Clinoch of Alt Clut, King (6th century)

• Tutagual, King (mid 6th century)

• Rhydderch Hael, King (6th–7th century)
• Isle of Man (complete list) –

• , King (c.550)

• , King (c.575)

Great Britain: Northumbria

• Bernicia (complete list) –

• Ida, King (c.547–559)

• Glappa, King (559–560)

• Adda, King of Bernicia (560–568)

• Aethelric, King (568–572)

• Theodric, King (572–579)

• Frithuwald, King (579–585)

• Hussa, King (585–592)

• Æthelfrith, King (593–616)
• Deira (complete list) –

• Ælla, King (560–589)

• Aethelric, King (589–604)

Great Britain: England

• The Britons (complete list) –

• Ambrosius Aurelianus, Leader (late 5th century)

• Maelgwn Gwynedd, King (?–c.549)

• Selyf ap Cynan, King (?–c.613)
• Dumnonia (complete list) –

• Geraint, King (c.480–c.514)

• Cador, King (c.514–c.530)

• Constantine, King (c.530–c.560)

• Gerren rac Denau, King (c.560–c.598)

• Bledric ap Custennin, King (c.598–c.613)
• Kingdom of East Anglia (complete list) –

• Wehha, King (?–571)

• Wuffa of East Anglia, King (571–578)

• Tytila of East Anglia, King (578–593)

• Raedwald of East Anglia, King (593–624)
• Kingdom of Essex (complete list) –

• Æscwine, King (527–587)

• Sledd, King (587–604)
• Kingdom of Kent (complete list) –

• Oisc, King (488–c.512)

• Octa, King (512/516–534/540)

• Eormenric, King (534/540–c.590)

• Æthelberht I, King (c.590–616)
• Kingdom of Sussex (complete list) –

• Ælle, King (477–514)

• Cissa, King (514–567)
• Kingdom of Wessex (complete list) –

• Cerdic, King (519–534)

• Cynric, King (534–560)

• Ceawlin, King (560–592)

• Cynric, King (534–560)

• Ceol, King (591–597)

• Ceolwulf, King (597–611)

Great Britain: Wales

• Kingdom of Ceredigion –

• , King (490–523)

• , King (523–560)

• Arthfoddw ap Boddw, King (560–595)

• Arthlwys ap Arthwfoddw, King (595–630)
• Kingdom of Glywysing (complete list) –

• Cadoc, ruler of Gwynllwg (523–580) ruler of Penychen (540–580)
• Kingdom of Gwynedd (complete list) –

• Cadwallon Lawhir ap Einion, King (c.500–534)

• Maelgwn Gwynedd, King (c.520–c.547)

• Rhun Hir ap Maelgwn, King (c.547–c.580)

• Beli ap Rhun, King (c.580–c.599)

• Iago ap Beli, King (c.599–c.616)
• Kingdom of Gwent (complete list) –

• Meurig ap Tewdrig, King (493/517–530–540)
• Kingdom of Powys (complete list) –

• Cyngen Glodrydd, King (c.500)

• Pasgen ap Cyngen, King (c.530)

• Morgan ap Pasgen, King (c.540)

• Brochwel Ysgithrog, King (c.550)

• Cynan Garwyn, King (582–610)

Ireland

• Ireland (complete list) –

These kings are generally though historical, but dates are uncertain and naming some High Kings may be anachronistic or inaccurate.

• Lugaid mac Lóegairi, High King (479–503)

• Muirchertach mac Ercae, High King (504–527)

• Túathal Máelgarb, High King (528–538

• Diarmait mac Cerbaill, High King (539–558)

• Domhnall and Fearghus, High Kings (559–561)

• Eochaidh and Baedan, High Kings (562–563)

• Ainmuire mac Sétnai, High King (564–566)

• Báetán mac Ninnedo, High King (567)

• Áed mac Ainmuirech, High King (568–594)

• Áed Sláine and Colmán Rímid, High King (595–600)
• Airgíalla (complete list) –

• Colga mac Loite mac Cruinn, King (?–513)

• Cairpre Daim Argat, King (?–514)

• Daimine Daim Argat, King (?–565)

• Conall Derg mac Daimine)

• Bec mac Cuanu, King (?–594)

• Aed mac Colgan, King (?–606)

Europe: Central

• Duchy of Alsace (see also) –

• Butilin, Duke (539–554)

• Leuthari I, Duke (pre-552–554)

• Haming, Duke (539–554)

• Lantachar,^[12] Duke (?–548)

• Magnachar,^[13] Duke (555–565)

• Vaefar,^[14] Duke (565–573)

• Theodefrid,^[15] Duke (fl.573)

• Leutfred, Duke (570–587)

• Uncilin, Duke (587–607)
• Bavaria (complete list) –

• Garibald I, Duke (555–591)

• Tassilo I, Duke (591–610)
• Old Saxony (complete list) –

• Hadugato, Duke (fl.531)
• Thuringia (complete list) –

• Baderich, King (500–530)

• Berthachar, King (500–530)

• Herminafried, King (500–531)

Europe: East

• Avar Khaganate –

• Kandik, Khagan (554–562)

• Bayan I, Khagan (562–602)
• Kingdom of the Gepids

• , fl. 488

• , fl. 505

• Elemund, ?–548

• Thurisind, 548–c.560

• Cunimund, c.560–567

Europe: Nordic

• Sweden (complete list) –

• Ongentheow, King (c.490–515)

• Ohthere, King

• Onela, King

• Eadgils, King (c.530–575)

• Östen, King (late 6th century)

• Sölve, King (late 6th–early 7th century)

Europe: Southcentral

• Lombards in Pannonia (complete list) –

• Tato, King (c.500–510)

• Wacho, King (510–539)

• Walthari, King (539–546)

• Audoin, King (546–560)

• Alboin, King (560–568)
• Kingdom of the Lombards in Italy (complete list) –

• Alboin, King (568–572)

• Cleph, King (572–574)

• Rule of the Dukes (574–584)

• Authari, King (584–590)

• Agilulf, King (590–616)
• Kingdom of the Ostrogoths in Italy (complete list) –

• Theodoric, King (493–526)

• Athalaric, King (526–534)

• Theodahad, King (534–536)

• Vitiges, King (536–540)

• Ildibad, King (540–541)

• Eraric, King (541)

• Totila, King (541–552)

• Teia, King (552–553)
• Duchy of Spoleto (complete list) –

• Faroald I, Duke (570–592)

• Ariulf, Duke (592–602)

Europe: Southwest

• Kingdom of Galicia / Kingdom of the Suebi (complete list) –

• Veremund, King (fl. 535)

• Theodemund, King (fl. 6th century)

• Chararic, King (c.550–558/559)

• Ariamir, King (558/559–561/566)

• Theodemar, King (561/566–570)

• Miro, King (570–583)

• Eboric, King (583–584)

• Andeca, King (584–585)

• Malaric, King (585)
• Visigothic Kingdom (complete list) –

• Alaric II, King (484–507)

• Gesalec, King (507–511)

• Theoderic the Great, Regent (511–526)

• Amalaric, King (526–531)

• Theudis, King (531–548)

• Theudigisel, King (548–549)

• Agila I, King (549–554)

• Athanagild, King (554–568)

• Liuva I, King (568–572)

• Liuvigild, King (569–586)

• Hermenegild, King (580–585)

• Reccared I, King (580–601)

• Segga, King (586–587)

• Argimund, King (589–590)

Europe: West

• Austrasia of the Franks (complete list) –

• Theuderic I, King (511–533)

• Theudebert I, King (533–548)

• Theudebald, King (548–555)

• Chlothar I, King (555–561)

• Sigebert I, King (561–575)

• Childebert II, King (575–595)

• Theudebert II, King (595–612)
• Kingdom of the Burgundians (non-Merovingian) (complete list) –

• Gundobad, King in Lyon and Burgundy (473–516)

• Godegisel, King in Vienne and Geneva (473–500)

• Sigismund, King (516–523)

• Godomar, King (523–532)
• Kingdom of Burgundy (Merovingian) (complete list) -

• Guntram, King (561–592)

• Childebert II, King (592–595), also King of Austrasia

• Theuderic II, King (595–613), also King of Austrasia
• Champagne (complete list) –

• , Duke (570s)
• Frankish Empire

Merovingian dynasty (complete list) –

• Clovis I, King (481–511)

• Childebert I, King (511–558)

• Chlodomer, King (511–524)

• Theuderic I, King (511–533)

• Theudebert I, King (533–548)

• Theudebald, King (548–555)

• Chlothar I, King (511–561)

• Charibert I, King (561–567)

• Guntram, King (561–592)

• Sigebert I, King (561–575)

• Childebert II, King (575–595)

• Theudebert II, King (595–612)

Eurasia: Caucasus

• Kingdom of Abkhazia (complete list) –

• Anos, King (c.510–530)

• Ghozar, King (c.530–550)

• Istvine, King (c.550–580)

• Phinictios, King (c.580–610)
• Kingdom of Iberia (Kartli) (complete list) –

• Vakhtang I Gorgasali, King (447–522)

• Dachi, King (522–534)

• Bacurius II, King (534–547)

• Pharasmanes V, King (547–561)

• Pharasmanes VI, King (561–?)

• Bacurius III, King (?–580)

Notes and References

1. Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.336.
2. Sharer & Traxler 2006, p. 337.
3. Empress Dowager Hu initially declared Emperor Xiaoming's "son" (actually a daughter) emperor, but almost immediately after admitted that she was actually female and declared Yuan Zhao emperor instead. Emperor Xiaoming's unnamed daughter was therefore arguably an "emperor" and his successor, but is not commonly regarded as one. Indeed, Yuan Zhao himself is often not considered an emperor.
4. The Northern Wei imperial prince Yuan Hao, under support by rival Liang Dynasty's troops, declared himself emperor and captured the capital Luoyang in 529, forcing Emperor Xiaozhuang to flee. Yuan Hao carried imperial title and received pledges of allegiance from provinces south of the Yellow River for about three months before Erzhu Rong recaptured Luoyang. Yuan Hao fled and was killed in flight. Due to the briefness of Yuan Hao's claim on the throne and the limited geographic scope of his reign, he is usually not counted among the succession of Northern Wei emperors.
5. Emperor Wu's nephew Xiao Zhengde the Prince of Linhe, who joined Hou Jing's rebellion, was declared emperor by Hou in 548, but after Hou's victory over Emperor Wu in 549 was deposed and killed by Hou, and is not usually considered a true emperor.
6. Emperor Yuan's brother Xiao Ji the Prince of Wuling also declared himself emperor in 552, but was defeated and killed by Emperor Yuan in 553, and is usually not considered a true emperor.
7. In 558, a year after Emperor Jing had yielded the throne to Chen Baxian (and had been killed by Chen), his nephew Xiao Zhuang the Prince of Yongjia, with support from Northern Qi, was proclaimed the emperor of Liang by the general Wang Lin. In 560, Wang Lin defeated the Chen troops, and both he and Xiao Zhuang were forced to flee to Northern Qi. It is a matter of controversy whether Xiao Zhuang should be considered an emperor of Liang.
8. Book: Coedès, George. George Coedès. Walter F. Vella. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. 1968. University of Hawaii Press. 978-0-8248-0368-1.
9. Book: Sen, Sailendra . A Textbook of Medieval Indian History . Primus Books . 2013 . 978-93-80607-34-4 . 36–37.
10. Book: Davidson, Ronald M. . Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement . Columbia University Press . 2012 . 978-0-231-50102-6 . 34-35.
11. Book: Sen, Sailendra . A Textbook of Medieval Indian History . Primus Books . 2013 . 978-9-38060-734-4 . 41–42.
12. According to the Chronicon of Marius of Avenches. Geuenich, Dieter. Geschichte der Alemannen. Verlag Kohlhammer: Stuttgart, 2004.
13. According to the Chronicon of Marius of Avenches. Geuenich, Dieter. Geschichte der Alemannen. Verlag Kohlhammer: Stuttgart, 2004.
14. According to the Chronicon of Marius of Avenches. Geuenich, Dieter. Geschichte der Alemannen. Verlag Kohlhammer: Stuttgart, 2004.
15. According to the Chronicon of Marius of Avenches. Geuenich, Dieter. Geschichte der Alemannen. Verlag Kohlhammer: Stuttgart, 2004.