List of state leaders in the 4th and 3rd millennia BC explained

See also: Copper Age state societies.

State leaders in the 20th century BC – State leaders by yearThis is a list of state leaders in the 4th and 3rd millennium BC (4000–2001 BC).

Africa: Northeast

TypeNameTitleRoyal houseFromToRefs
SovereignHsekiuPharaoh—??
SovereignKhayuPharaoh—??
SovereignTiuPharaoh—??
SovereignTheshPharaoh—??
SovereignNehebPharaoh—??
SovereignWaznerPharaoh—Around 3100 BC?
SovereignMekhPharaoh—??
TypeNameTitleRoyal HouseFromToRefs
SovereignScorpion IPharaoh—Around 3200 BC?
SovereignIry-HorPharaoh—Around 3150 BC?
SovereignKaPharaoh—Around 3150 BC?
SovereignScorpionPharaoh—Around 3150 BC?
SovereignNarmerPharaoh—Around 3150 BC?
TypeNameTitleRoyal houseFromToRefs
SovereignNarmerPharaohFirst dynasty3150 BC?3125 BC?[1]
SovereignHor-AhaPharaohFirst dynastyAround 3050 BC?
SovereignDjerPharaohFirst dynasty41 - 54 years
SovereignDjetPharaohFirst dynasty10 - 23 years
SovereignMerneithRegentFirst dynasty??
SovereignDenPharaohFirst dynasty14 - 42 years
SovereignAnedjibPharaohFirst dynasty8 - 10 years
SovereignSemerkhetPharaohFirst dynasty8.5 - 9 years
SovereignQa'aPharaohFirst dynasty2916 BC?2890 BC?[2]
SovereignHotepsekhemwyPharaohSecond dynasty2890 BC?2853 BC?
SovereignRanebPharaohSecond dynasty10 - 39 years
SovereignNynetjerPharaohSecond dynasty40 - 45 years
SovereignWenegPharaohSecond dynasty8 years
SovereignSenedjPharaohSecond dynasty20 years
SovereignSeth-PeribsenPharaohSecond dynasty17 years
SovereignSekhemib-PerenmaatPharaohSecond dynasty??
SovereignKhasekhemwyPharaohSecond dynasty17 - 18 years2686 BC?
SovereignSanakhtPharaohThird dynasty2686 BC2668 BC
SovereignDjoserPharaohThird dynasty2668 BC2649 BC[3] [4]
SovereignSekhemkhetPharaohThird dynasty2649 BC2643 BC[5]
SovereignKhabaPharaohThird dynasty2643 BC2637 BC
SovereignHuniPharaohThird dynasty2637 BC2613 BC[6]
SovereignSneferuPharaohFourth dynasty2613 BC2589 BC
SovereignKhufuPharaohFourth dynasty2589 BC2566 BC
SovereignDjedefrePharaohFourth dynasty2566 BC2558 BC
SovereignKhafrePharaohFourth dynasty2558 BC2532 BC
SovereignMenkaurePharaohFourth dynasty2532 BC2503 BC
SovereignShepseskafPharaohFourth dynasty2503 BC2498 BC
SovereignUserkafPharaohFifth dynasty2498 BC or 2494 BC2491 BC or 2487 BC
SovereignSahurePharaohFifth dynasty2490 BC or 2487 BC2477 BC or 2475 BC
SovereignNeferirkare KakaiPharaohFifth dynasty2477 BC or 2475 BC2467 BC or 2455 BC
SovereignNeferefrePharaohFifth dynasty2460 BC2458 BC or 2425 BC
SovereignShepseskarePharaohFifth dynasty2467 BC or 2455 BC2460 BC or 2448 BC
SovereignNyuserre IniPharaohFifth dynasty2445 BC or 2425 BC2422 BC or 2421 BC
SovereignMenkauhor KaiuPharaohFifth dynasty2422 BC or 2421 BC2414 BC
SovereignDjedkare IsesiPharaohFifth dynasty2414 BC2375 BC
SovereignUnasPharaohFifth dynasty2375 BC2375 BC
SovereignTetiPharaohSixth dynasty2345 BC2333 BC
SovereignUserkarePharaohSixth dynasty2333 BC2332 BC
SovereignPepi I MeryrePharaohSixth dynasty2332 BC2283 BC
SovereignMerenre Nemtyemsaf IPharaohSixth dynasty2283 BC2278 BC
SovereignPepi II NeferkarePharaohSixth dynasty2278 BC2184 BC
SovereignMerenre Nemtyemsaf IIPharaohSixth dynasty2184 BC[7]
SovereignNeitiqerty SiptahPharaohSixth dynasty2184 BC2181 BC
TypeNameTitleRoyal houseFromToRefs
SovereignMenkarePharaohEighth dynasty??
SovereignNeferkare IIPharaohEighth dynasty??
SovereignNeferkare NebyPharaohEighth dynasty??
SovereignDjedkare ShemaiPharaohEighth dynasty??
SovereignNeferkare KhenduPharaohEighth dynasty??
SovereignMerenhorPharaohEighth dynasty??
SovereignNeferkaminPharaohEighth dynasty??
SovereignNikarePharaohEighth dynasty??
SovereignNeferkare TereruPharaohEighth dynasty??
SovereignNeferkahorPharaohEighth dynasty??
SovereignNeferkare PepisenebPharaohEighth dynasty??
SovereignNeferkamin AnuPharaohEighth dynasty??
SovereignQakare IbiPharaohEighth dynasty2169 BC2167 BC
SovereignNeferkaure IIPharaohEighth dynasty2167 BC2163 BC
SovereignNeferkauhorPharaohEighth dynasty2163 BC2161 BC
SovereignNeferirkarePharaohEighth dynasty2161 BC2160 BC
SovereignNeferkare IIIPharaohNinth dynasty??
SovereignSenenh/SetutPharaohNinth dynasty??
SovereignMer[ibre Khety]PharaohNinth dynasty??
SovereignShed—PharaohNinth dynasty??
SovereignH—PharaohNinth dynasty??
SovereignMeryhathorPharaohTenth dynasty2130 BC?
SovereignNeferkare IVPharaohTenth dynasty??
SovereignWahkare Khety IPharaohTenth dynasty??
SovereignMerikarePharaohTenth dynasty?2040 BC
SovereignMentuhotep IPharaohEleventh dynasty??
SovereignIntef IPharaohEleventh dynasty2134 BC2118 BC or 2117 BC
SovereignIntef IIPharaohEleventh dynasty2117 BC or 2112 BC2069 BC or 2063 BC
SovereignIntef IIIPharaohEleventh dynasty2069 BC2061 BC or 2060 BC
SovereignMentuhotep IIPharaohEleventh dynasty2061 BC or 2060 BC2040 BC

Asia: West

Kings who Lived in Tents
TypeNameTitleRoyal houseFromToRefs
SovereignTudiyaKing—23rd century BC?
SovereignAdamuKing—??
SovereignYangiKing—??
SovereignSuhlamuKing—??
SovereignHarharuKing—??
SovereignMandaruKing—??
SovereignImsuKing—??
SovereignHarsuKing—??
SovereignDidanuKing—??
SovereignHanuKing—??
SovereignZuabuKing—??
SovereignNuabuKing—??
SovereignAbazuKing—??
SovereignBeluKing—??
SovereignAzaraKing—??
SovereignUshpiaKing—Around 2030 BC?
SovereignApiashalKing—??
Kings whose Fathers Are Known
TypeNameTitleRoyal houseFromToRefs
SovereignApiashalKing—??
SovereignHaleKing—??
SovereignSamaniKing—??
SovereignHayaniKing—??
SovereignIlu-MerKing—??
SovereignYakmesiKing—??
SovereignYakmeniKing—??
SovereignYazkur-elKing—??
SovereignIla-kabkabuKing—??
SovereignAminuKing—??
Kings whose Eponyms Are not Known
TypeNameTitleRoyal houseFromToRefs
SovereignSuliliKing—21st century BC?
SovereignKikkiyaKing—21st century BC?
SovereignAkiyaKing—21st century BC or early 20th century BC?
TypeNameTitleRoyal houseFromToRefs
SovereignHumbaba?—Around 2700 BCAround 2680 BC
SovereignHumban-Shutur?—??
SovereignThe unnamed king of AwanKing of AwanAwan dynastyAround 2580 BC?
Sovereign...LuKing of AwanAwan dynasty??
SovereignKur-IshshakKing of AwanAwan dynasty?Around 2550 BC
SovereignPeliKing of AwanAwan dynastyAround 2500 BC?
SovereignTata IKing of AwanAwan dynasty??
SovereignUkku-TanhishKing of AwanAwan dynasty??
SovereignHishutashKing of AwanAwan dynasty??
SovereignShushun-TaranaKing of AwanAwan dynasty??
SovereignNapi-IlhushKing of AwanAwan dynasty??
SovereignKikku-Siwe-TemtiKing of AwanAwan dynasty??
SovereignHishep-Ratep IKing of AwanAwan dynasty??
SovereignLuh-IshshanKing of AwanAwan dynasty?Around 2325 BC
SovereignHishep-Ratep IIKing of AwanAwan dynastyAround 2325 BC?
SovereignEmahsiniKing of AwanAwan dynastyAround 2315 BC2311 BC
SovereignHeluKing of AwanAwan dynasty??
SovereignHitaKing of AwanAwan dynastyAround 2270 BC
SovereignKutik-InshushinakKing of AwanAwan dynastyAround 2100 BC
SovereignThe unnamed king of SimashkiKing of SimashkiSimashki dynasty?Around 2100 BC
SovereignGir-Namme IKing of SmiashkiSimashki dynasty??
SovereignTazitta IKing of SimashkiSimashki dynastyAround 2040 BCAround 2037 BC
SovereignEparti IKing of SimashkiSimashki dynasty?Around 2033 BC
SovereignGir-Namme IIKing of SimashkiSimashki dynastyAround 2033 BC?
SovereignTazitta IIKing of SimashkiSimashki dynasty??
SovereignLurak-LuhhanKing of SimashkiSimashki dynastyAround 2028 BC2022 BC
SovereignHutran-TemtiKing of SimashkiSimashki dynasty??
SovereignIndattu-Inshushinak IKing of SimashkiSimashki dynasty?2016 BC
SovereignKindattuKing of SimashkiSimashki dynastyBefore 2006 BCAfter 2005 BC

References

Literature

Notes and References

  1. Grimal, Nicolas-Christophe. A History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford, UK; Cambridge, USA: Blackwell, 1992, p. 389, .
  2. Bard, Kathryn A. Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. London; New York: Routledge, 1999, p. 27, .
  3. Toby Wilkinson, Early Dynastic Egypt, Routledge, 1999, pp.83 & 95
  4. Toby Wilkinson, Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt, pp.79 & 258
  5. Clayton (1994) p.32
  6. Clayton (1994) p.42
  7. Dodson & Hilton (2004) p.73

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