List of state leaders in the 20th century (1951–2000) explained
- Lists of state leaders by century
- See also
This is a list of state leaders in the 20th century (1951–2000) AD, such as the heads of state, heads of government, and the general secretaries of single-party states.
These polities are generally sovereign states, including states with limited recognition (when recognised by at least one UN member state), but excludes minor dependent territories, whose leaders can be found listed under territorial governors in the 20th century. For completeness, these lists can include colonies, protectorates, or other dependent territories that have since gained sovereignty.
Africa
Africa: Central
Angola
Colony, 1575–1951; Overseas province, 1951–1975
For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe
Cameroon
United Nations trust territory, 1946–1960
For details see France under western Europe
United Nations trust territory, 1946–1961
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
East Cameroon
West Cameroon
United Cameroon
Central African Republic
French colony, 1903–1958
For details see France under western Europe
Chad
Colony, 1900–1960
For details see France under western Europe
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Colony, 1908–1960
For details see the Belgium under Western Europe
Congo: Republic of the
Federation of colonies, 1910–1934; Colony, 1934–1958
For details see France under western Europe
Guinea
Colony, 1778–1968
For details see Spain in southwest Europe
- Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, President (1979–present)
Gabon
São Tomé and Príncipe
Colony, 1470–1951; Overseas province, 1951–1975
For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe
Africa: East
Burundi
United Nations trust territory, 1946–1962
For details see Belgium under western Europe
Comoros
Overseas territory, 1946–1961
For details see France under western Europe
- Ahmed Abdallah, Co-Chairman of the Directorate (1978), President (1978–1989)
- Ali Mroudjaé, Prime minister (1982–1984)
- Union of the Comoros
- Combo Ayouba, Coordinator of the Transitional Military Committee (1995)
- Said Ali Mohamed, Prime minister (1993)
Djibouti
Overseas territory, 1946–1967
Overseas territory, 1967–1977
For details see France under western Europe
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia (complete list) –
- Tamrat Layne, Acting Prime minister (1991–1995)
- Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Kenya
British colony and protectorate, 1920–1963
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
- Jomo Kenyatta, President (1964–1978)
- Jomo Kenyatta, Prime minister (1963–1964)
Madagascar
Colony, 1897–1958
For details see France under western Europe
Mauritius
Colony, 1810–1968
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Rwanda
Seychelles
British colony, 1903–1976
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Somalia
Protectorate, 1884–1940, 1941–1960
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
United Nations trust territory of Italy, 1950–1960
For details see Italy under southcentral Europe
Tanzania
United Nations trust territory, 1946–1961
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
- United Republic of Tanzania
Uganda
- Gasyonga II, Omugabe (1944–1967)
- Buganda (complete list) –
British protectorate, 1894–1962
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
- Yoweri Museveni, President (1986–present)
Africa: Northcentral
Libya
Allied military administration, 1942–1951
- Idris, Emir (1949–1951), King (1951–1969)
- Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council (1969–1977)
- Secretary General of the General People's Congress (1977–1979)
- Muammar Gaddafi, Prime minister (1970–1972)
Tunisia
- Georges Dupoizat, Interim Prime minister (1954)
Protectorate, 1881–1956
For details see France under western Europe
Africa: Northeast
Egypt
- Farouk I, King (1936–1952)
Sudan
Condominium of the United Kingdom and Egypt, 1899–1956
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Africa: Northwest
Algeria
French Départements, 1830–1962
For details see France under western Europe
- People's Democratic Republic of Algeria
- Chairman of the Revolutionary Council (1965–1976)
Morocco
French protectorate, 1912–1956; Spanish protectorate, 1912–1956; Tangier International Zone, 1924–1956
- Mohammed V, Sultan (1927–1953, 1955–1957), King (1957–1961)
Overseas territory, 1884–1958; Overseas province, 1958–1975
For details see Spain in southwest Europe
Africa: South
Botswana
British protectorate, 1885–1966
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Eswatini/ Swaziland
- Protectorate of Swaziland
- Sobhuza II, Paramount Chief under British rule (1921–1968), King (1968–1982)
- tiNdlovukati (complete list) –
- Sobhuza II, Paramount Chief under British rule (1921–1968), King (1968–1982)
- tiNdlovukati (complete list) –
- Dzeliwe, Queen Regent and Ndlovukati (1982–1983)
- Ntfombi, Queen Regent (1983–1986), Ndlovukati (1983–present)
Lesotho
British colony, 1884–1966
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
- Moshoeshoe II, Paramount Chief (1960–1966), King (1966–1990, 1995–1996)
- Kingdom of Lesotho
- Moshoeshoe II, Paramount Chief (1960–1966), King (1966–1990, 1995–1996)
Malawi
British protectorate, 1907–1964
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
- Malawi (Commonwealth realm) :
- Hastings Banda, Prime minister (1964–1966)
- Republic of Malawi (complete list) –
- Hastings Banda, President (1966–1994)
Mozambique
Colony, 1498–1972; Territory, 1972–1975
For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe
Namibia
United Nations trust territory, 1946–1990
For details see the South African Republic under southern Africa
South Africa
- Lucas Mangope, Chief Executive officer/Councillor (1968–1972), Chief Minister (1972–1977), President (1977–1994)
- Presidents (complete list) –
- Zwelibanzi Maneli Mabandla, Acting President (1978–1979)
- Prime ministers (complete list) –
- Dumnisani Gladstone Gwadiso, Acting Prime minister (1987)
- Tshamano Ramabulana, Military Chairman (1994)
Zambia
British protectorate, 1924–1964
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Self-governing British colony, 1953–1963
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Zimbabwe
British protectorate, 1924–1964
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
- Presidents (complete list) –
Africa: West
Benin
Colony, 1904–1958
For details see France under western Europe
- Hubert Maga, Chairman of the Presidential Council (1970–1972)
Burkina Faso
- Abdullahi Sandu bi Faruku, Almami (1932–1956)
- Huntani, Jafuali (1938–1952)
- Naaba Saaga II, Moogo-naaba (1942–1957)
- Naaba Tigre, Yatenga naaba (1914–1954)
Colony, 1919–1932, 1947–1958
For details see France under western Europe
Cape Verde
Colony, 1462–1951; Overseas province, 1951–1975
For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe
Gambia
British colony and protectorate, 1821–1965
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
- Yahya Jammeh, Chairman of the Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council (1994–1996), President (1996–2017)
Ghana
British colony, 1821–1957
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
- Jerry Rawlings, Military Head of State (1981–1993), President of the Fourth Republic (1993–2001)
Guinea
French colony, 1894–1958
For details see France under western Europe
Guinea-Bissau
Colony, 1474–1951; Overseas province, 1951–1974
For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe
- Ansumane Mané, Chairman of the Supreme Command of the Military Junta (1999)
Ivory Coast
Colony, 1893–1960
For details see France under western Europe
Liberia
- Liberia (complete list) –
- Amos Sawyer, President of the Interim Government of National Unity (1990–1994)
- Ruth Perry, Chairwoman of the Council of State (1996–1997)
Mali
Colony, 1880–1958
French territory, united together with Senegal 1959–1960
For details see France under western Europe
- Modibo Keïta, Head of State (1960–1965), President (1965–1968)
- Moussa Traoré, Chairman of the Military Committee for National Liberation (1968–1969), Head of State (1969–1979), President (1979–1991)
- Amadou Toumani Touré, Chairman of the National Reconciliation Council (1991), Chairman of the Transitional Committee (1991–1992)
Mauritania
French colony, 1903–1960
For details see France under western Europe
Niger
- Zarmakoy Moumouni, King (1938–1953)
French colony, 1921–1960
For details see France under western Europe
- Ali Saibou, President of the Supreme Military Council (1987–1989), President of the Republic (1989–1993)
Nigeria
- Zulkarnayni Gambari "Aiyelabowo V", Emir (1959–1992)
- Suleja Emirate (complete list) –
British colony, 1821–1957
British colony, 1914–1960
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Senegal
Federation of colonies, 1895–1958
For details see France under western Europe
French colony, 1848–1960
For details see France under western Europe
Sierra Leone
British colony and protectorate, 1808–1961
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
- Ambrose Patrick Genda, Prime minister (1967)
- Patrick Conteh, Prime minister (1968–1968)
- Siaka Stevens, Prime minister (1968–1971)
- Republic of Sierra Leone
First Republic
Military regime
Second Republic
Togo
United Nations Trust Territory, 1946–1956
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
United Nations Trust Territory, 1946–1960
For details see France under western Europe
Americas
Americas: Caribbean
Anguilla
Antigua and Barbuda
British colony, 1632–1981
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
The Bahamas
British colony, 1648–1973
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Barbados
British colony, 1625–1966
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Cuba
- Fidel Castro, President (1976–2008)
- Fidel Castro, Prime minister (1959–1976), President of the Council of Ministers (1976–2008)
Dominica
British Colony, 1763–1978
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Dominican Republic
- Armando Óscar Pacheco, Luis Amiama Tió, Antonio Imbert Barrera, Enrique Valdez Vidaurre, Wilfredo Medina Natalio, Huberto Bogaert, Civic-Military Council (1962)
- Víctor Elby Viñas Román, Chairman of the Provisional Junta (1963)
Grenada
Haiti
- Executive Government Council (1957)
Jamaica
Saint Kitts and Nevis
British colony, 1882–1983
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Saint Lucia
British colony, 1802–1979
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
British Colony, 1763–1979
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Trinidad and Tobago
British colony, 1797–1962
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Americas: Central
Belize
British colony, 1862–1981
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Costa Rica
El Salvador
- Junta of Government, (1960–1961)
Guatemala
Honduras
Nicaragua
Daniel Ortega, Coordinator (1979–1985)
- Daniel Ortega, President (1985–1990)
- Violeta Chamorro, President (1990–1997)
Panama
- Military leaders: de facto Heads of state (1968–1989)
Americas: North
Canada
Mexico
- Vicente Fox, President (2000–2006)
United States
- Dwight D. Eisenhower, President (1953–1961)
- Richard Nixon, President (1969–1974)
- Ronald Reagan, President (1981–1989)
- George H. W. Bush, President (1989–1993)
- Bill Clinton, President (1993–2001)
Americas: South
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Augusto Rademaker, Aurélio de Lira Tavares, Márcio Melo, President (1969)
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
- Military Junta, Members: Ramón Castro Jijón, Luis Cabrera Sevilla, Guillermo Freile Posso, Marcos Gándara (1963–1966)
- Otto Arosemena, Interim President (1966–1967), Constitutional President (1967–1968)
Guyana
British colony, 1814–1966
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
- Prime ministers (complete list) –
- Prime ministers (complete list) –
Netherlands
Dutch colony 1634–1828, 1845–1954
For details see the Netherlands under western Europe
Constituent country 1954–2010
For details see the Netherlands under western Europe
Saint Kitts and Nevis
British colony, 1882–1983
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Paraguay
Paraguay (complete list) –
Peru
- Alberto Fujimori, Constitutional President (1990–1992), de facto President (1992–1995), Constitutional President (1995–2000)
Suriname
Dutch colony 1667–1954
For details see the Netherlands under western Europe
Constituent country 1954–1975
For details see the Netherlands under western Europe
Uruguay
- Arturo Lezama, President (National Council of Government) (1957–1958)
- Carlos Fischer, President (National Council of Government) (1958–1959)
- Benito Nardone, President (National Council of Government) (1960–1961)
Venezuela
- Hugo Chávez, President (1999–2002, 2002–2013)
Asia
Asia: Central
- Emomali Rahmon, Chairman of the Supreme Assembly (1992–1994), President (1994–present)
Asia: East
- Republic of China: Taiwan
- Mao Zedong, Chairman (1945–1976), Paramount Leader (1949–1976)
- Hua Guofeng, Chairman (1976–1981), Paramount Leader (1976–1978)
- Hu Yaobang, Chairman (1981–1982), General Secretary (1982–1987)
- Jiang Zemin, General Secretary (1989–2002), Paramount Leader (1989–2002)
- Zhu De, NPC Standing Committee Chairman (1975–1976)
- Ye Jianying, NPC Standing Committee Chairman (1978–1983)
- Kim Il Sung, Chairman (1949–1966), General Secretary (1966–1994)
- Premiers (complete list) –
- Paik Too-chin, Acting Prime minister (1952–1953), Prime minister (1953–1954)
- Paek Han-song, Acting Prime minister (1954)
- Choi Kyu-hah, Acting Prime minister (1975–1976), Prime minister (1976–1979)
- Pak Choong-hoon, Acting Prime minister (1980)
- Shin Byung-hyun, Acting Prime minister (1984–1985)
- Lee Han-key, Acting Prime minister (1987)
- Ro Jai-bong, Acting Prime minister (1990–1991), Prime minister (1991)
- Goh Kun, Prime minister (1997–1998)
Asia: Southeast
Brunei
British protectorate, 1888–1984
Cambodia
- Sam Yun, Prime minister (1956–1957)
- Sim Var, Prime minister (1957–1958)
- Lon Nol, Prime minister (1966–1967)
- Lon Nol, Prime minister (1970–1971)
- Pol Pot, General Secretary (1963–1981)
- General Secretary (complete list) –
- Heng Samrin, Chairman of the Revolutionary Council (1979–1981), Chairman of the State Council (1981–1992)
- Chan Sy, Prime minister (1982–1984)
United Nations protectorate, 1992–1993
- General Secretary (complete list) –
- Chea Sim, Chairman of the State Council (1992–1993)
- Hun Sen, Prime minister (1989–1993), Second Prime minister (1993)
- Hun Sen, Second Prime minister (1993–1998)
- Ung Huot, First Prime minister (1997–1998)
- Hun Sen, Prime minister (1998–present)
East Timor
United Nations protectorate, 1999–2002
Indonesia
- Wilopo, Prime minister (1952–1953)
United Nations protectorate, 1962–1963
Laos
Malaysia
Myanmar / Burma
- Ba U, President (1952–1957)
- Ne Win, Chairman of the Revolutionary Council (1962–1974)
- U Nu, Prime minister (1948–1956)
- Ba Swe, Prime minister (1956–1957)
- U Nu, Prime minister (1957–1958)
- Ne Win, Prime minister (1958–1960)
- U Nu, Prime minister (1960–1962)
- Party Chairman (complete list) –
- Aye Ko, Acting President (1988)
- Tun Tin, Prime minister (1988)
- Union of Burma/Myanmar
Philippines
Third Philippine Republic
Fourth Philippine Republic
- Ferdinand Marcos, President (1965–1986)
Fifth Philippine Republic
Fourth Philippine Republic
- Ferdinand Marcos, Prime minister (1978–1981)
Singapore
- Lee Kuan Yew, Prime minister (1959–1990)
Thailand
Vietnam
- Presidents (complete list) –
- Prime ministers (complete list) –
- Lê Duẩn, General Secretary (1960–1986)
- Presidents (complete list) –
- Prime ministers (complete list) –
- Heads of state (complete list) –
- Heads of government (complete list) –
- Huỳnh Tấn Phát, Prime minister (1975–1976)
- Socialist Republic of Vietnam (1976–present)
- Lê Duẩn, General Secretary (1960–1986)
- Đỗ Mười, General Secretary (1991–1997)
- Võ Chí Công, Chairmen of the Council of State (1987–1992)
- Phạm Văn Đồng, Prime minister (1976–1981), Chairmen of the Council of ministers (1981–1987)
- Phạm Hùng, Chairmen of the Council of ministers (1987–1988)
- Võ Văn Kiệt, Acting Chairmen of the Council of ministers (1988)
- Đỗ Mười, Chairmen of the Council of ministers (1988–1991)
- Võ Văn Kiệt, Chairmen of the Council of ministers (1991–1992), Prime minister (1992–1997)
Asia: South
Afghanistan
- General Secretary of the Central Committee (complete list) –
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
- Jawaharlal Nehru, Prime minister (1947–1964)
Maldives
Huraa Dynasty (complete list) –
Nepal
Pakistan
- Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, President (1978–1988)
- Benazir Bhutto, Prime minister (1988–1990)
- Benazir Bhutto, Prime minister (1993–1996)
Sri Lanka
Asia: West
Bahrain
Protectorate of the United Kingdom, 1861–1971
Cyprus
Colony, 1878–1960
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
- Republic of Cyprus (complete list) –
Iran
- Ruhollah Khomeini, Supreme Leader (1979–1989)
- Ali Khamenei, Supreme Leader (1989–present)
- Ali Khamenei, President (1981–1989)
Iraq
- Nuri al-Said, Prime minister (1930–1932, 1938–1940, 1941–1944, 1946–1947, 1949, 1950–1952, 1954–1957, 1958)
Israel
- Moshe Katsav, President (2000–2007)
- Benjamin Netanyahu, Prime minister (1996–1999)
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
- Selim Hoss, Acting President, Disputed (1988–1989)
Oman
Palestine
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
- Ibn Saud, Emir (1902–1921), Sultan (1921–1932), King (1932–1953)
Syria
Turkey
- Kenan Evren, Chairman (1980–1982), President (1982–1989)
United Arab Emirates
Yemen: North
Yemen: South
- Muhsin ibn Farid al-Yaslami al-'Awlaqi, Amir (1902–1959)
- Nasir ibn 'Abd Allah al-Wahidi, Sultan (1948–1967)
- 'Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Sa`id al-Wahidi, Regent (1967)
- 'Awad ibn Salih al-'Awlaqi, Sultan (1935–1967)
- Emirate of Dhala (complete list) –
- 'Ali ibn 'Ali al-'Amiri, Emir (1947–1954)
- Shafa`ul ibn 'Ali al-'Amiri, Emir (1954–1967)
- Wahidi Haban (complete list) –
- al-Husayn ibn 'Abd Allah al-Wahidi, Sultan (1962), Subordinate ruler (1962–1967)
- Kathiri State of Seiyun –
- al-Husain ibn 'Ali al-Kathir, Sultan (1949–1967)
- Lower Yafa –
- Aydarus ibn Muhsin al-Afifi, ruler (1925–1958)
- Mahmud ibn Aydarus al-Afifi, ruler (1958–1967)
- Upper Yafa –
- al-Fadl V ibn 'Abd al-Karim al-'Abdali, Sultan (1947–1952)
- 'Ali III ibn 'Abd al-Karim al-'Abdali, Sultan (1952–1958)
- Ahmad ibn 'Abd Allah Afrar al-Mahri, Sultan (mid-20th century–1952)
British Colony, 1937–1963
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
- General Secretary (complete list) –
- Heads of state (complete list) –
- Prime ministers (complete list) –
Yemen: United
- Ali Abdullah Saleh, Chairman of the Presidential Council (1990–1994), president (1994–2012)
Europe
Europe: Balkans
Albania
- First Secretaries (complete list) –
- Adil Çarçani, Prime minister (1981–1991)
- Republic of Albania
Bulgaria
- General Secretary (complete list) –
- Georgi Damyanov, Chairman of the Presidium of the National Assembly (1950–1958)
- Dimitar Ganev, Chairman of the Presidium of the National Assembly (1958–1964)
- Georgi Traykov, Chairman of the Presidium of the National Assembly (1964–1971)
- Todor Zhivkov, Chairman of the State Council (1971–1990), president (1990)
Cyprus
- Presidents (complete list) –
Greece
4th of August Regime
Third Republic
Kosovo
- Presidents (complete list) –
- Prime ministers (complete list) –
Yugoslavia: Serbia & Yugoslavia
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
- Josip Broz Tito, General Secretary (1945–1964), President of the Presidium (1964–1980)
- Ivan Ribar, President of the Presidency (1945–1953)
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia/ Serbia and Montenegro
- Srđa Božović, Acting President (1997)
Yugoslavia: Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Bosniak members of the Presidency (complete list) –
- Croat members of the Presidency (complete list) –
- Serb members of the Presidency (complete list) –
Yugoslavia: Croatia
- Presidents (complete list) –
- Mile Paspalj, Acting President (1992–1992)
- Prime ministers (complete list) –
- Dušan Vještica, Prime minister (1991–1992)
- Risto Matković, Acting Prime minister (1992–1992)
- Zdravko Zečević, Prime minister (1992–1993)
- Đorđe Bjegović, Prime minister (1993–1994)
United Nations protectorate, 1996–1998
Yugoslavia: Macedonia
Yugoslavia: Slovenia
Europe: Baltic states
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania
Europe: British Isles
Ireland
- Presidents (complete list) –
- Mary Robinson, President (1990–1997)
- Mary McAleese, President (1997–2011)
United Kingdom
- United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- Harold Wilson, Prime minister (1964–1970)
- Edward Heath, Prime minister (1970–1974)
- Harold Wilson, Prime minister (1974–1976)
- Margaret Thatcher, Prime minister (1979–1990)
Europe: Central
Austria
- American zone High Commissioners (complete list) –
- British zone High Commissioners (complete list) –
- French zone High Commissioners (complete list) –
- , High Commissioner (1950–1954)
- , High Commissioner (1954–1955)
- , High Commissioner (1955)
- Soviet zone Commanders (complete list) –
Czechoslovakia
- General Secretaries (complete list) –
- Miloš Zeman, Prime minister (1998–2002)
- Slovakia
Germany
- High Commissioners (complete list) –
- High Commissioners (complete list) –
- High Commissioners (complete list) –
- Commanders (complete list) –
- Vasily Chuikov, Chief Administrator (1949), Chairman of Control Commission (1949–1953)
- General Secretaries (complete list) –
- Walter Ulbricht, General Secretary (1950–1953), First Secretary (1953–1971)
- Erich Honecker, First Secretary (1971–1976), General Secretary (1976–1989)
- Heads of state (complete list) –
- Chairman of the Council of Ministers (complete list) –
- Helmut Schmidt, Chancellor (1974–1982)
- Helmut Kohl, Chancellor of West Germany (1982–1990), Chancellor of reunified Germany (1990–1998)
- Federal Republic of Germany
- Helmut Kohl, Chancellor of West Germany (1982–1990), Chancellor of reunified Germany (1990–1998)
Hungary
Third Republic
- Viktor Orbán, Prime minister (1998–2002)
Liechtenstein
Poland
- Party leaders (complete list) –
Switzerland
- Adolf Ogi, President of the Confederation (1993)
- Adolf Ogi, President of the Confederation (2000)
Europe: East
Belarus
- Alexander Lukashenko, President (1994–present)
Moldova
- Heads of State (complete list) –
- Igor Smirnov, Chairman of the Provisional Supreme Soviet (1990), of the Republic (1990–1991)
- Igor Smirnov, Chairman of the Republic (1991), President (1991–2011)
- Prime ministers (complete list) –
- Stanislav Moroz, Acting Prime minister (1990)
Romania
- General Secretaries (complete list) –
- Constantin Ion Parhon, President of the Provisional Presidium (1947–1948), President of the Presidium (1948–1952)
- Petre Roman, Acting Prime minister (1989–1990), Prime minister (1990–1991)
Russia
- General Secretary (complete list) –
- Leonid Brezhnev, First Secretary (1964–1966), General Secretary (1966–1982)
- Leonid Brezhnev, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1960–1964)
- Anastas Mikoyan, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1964–1965)
- Leonid Brezhnev, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1977–1982)
- Yuri Andropov, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1983–1984)
- Andrei Gromyko, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1985–1988)
- Joseph Stalin, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (1941–1946), Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1946–1953)
- Ivan Silayev, Chairman of the Interstate Economic Committee (1991)
- Russia
- Vladimir Putin, Acting President (1999–2000), President (2000–2008)
- Vladimir Putin, Prime minister (1999–2000)
Ukraine
- Vitold Fokin, Acting Prime minister (1990–1991), Prime minister (1991–1992)
Europe: Nordic
Denmark
Finland
Iceland
- Presidents (complete list) –
Norway
Sweden
- Tage Erlander, Prime minister (1946–1969)
Europe: Southcentral
Italy
- Silvio Berlusconi, Prime minister (1994–1995)
Malta
British colony, 1813–1964
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
- Dom Mintoff, Prime minister (1971–1984)
- Republic of Malta
San Marino
- Marino Della Balda, Luigi Montironi, Captains Regent (1950–1951)
- Alvaro Casali, Romolo Giacomini, Captains Regent (1951)
- Domenico Forcellini, Giovanni Terenzi, Captains Regent (1951–1952)
- Domenico Morganti, Mariano Ceccoli, Captains Regent (1952)
- Arnaldo Para, Eugenio Bernardini, Captains Regent (1952–1953)
- Vincenzo Pedini, Alberto Reffi, Captains Regent (1953)
- Giordano Giacomini, Giuseppe Renzi, Captains Regent (1953–1954)
- Giuseppe Forcellini, Secondo Fiorini, Captains Regent (1954)
- Agostino Giacomini, Luigi Montironi, Captains Regent (1954–1955)
- Domenico Forcellini, Vittorio Meloni, Captains Regent (1955)
- Mario Nanni, Enrico Andreoli, Captains Regent (1956)
- Mariano Ceccoli, Eugenio Bernardini, Captains Regent (1956–1957)
- Giordano Giacomini, Primo Marani, Captains Regent (1957)
- Federico Bigi, Alvaro Casali, Pietro Giancecchi, Zaccaria Giovanni Savoretti, Provisional Captains Regent (1957)
- Marino Valdes Franciosi, Federico Micheloni, Captains Regent (1957–1958)
- Zaccaria Giovanni Savoretti, Stelio Montironi, Captains Regent (1958)
- Domenico Forcellini, Pietro Reffi, Captains Regent (1958–1959)
- Marino Benedetto Belluzzi, Agostino Biordi, Captains Regent (1959)
- Giuseppe Forcellini, Ferruccio Piva, Captains Regent (1959–1960)
- Alvaro Casali, Gino Vannucci, Captains Regent (1960)
- Eugenio Reffi, Pietro Giancecchi, Captains Regent (1960–1961)
- Giovanni Vito Marcucci, Pio Galassi, Captains Regent (1961–1962)
- Domenico Forcellini, Francesco Valli, Captains Regent (1962)
- Antonio Maria Morganti, Agostino Biordi, Captains Regent (1962–1963)
- Leonida Suzzi Valli, Stelio Montironi, Captains Regent (1963)
- Giovan Luigi Franciosi, Domenico Bollini, Captains Regent (1963–1964)
- Marino Benedetto Belluzzi, Eusebio Reffi, Captains Regent (1964)
- Giuseppe Micheloni, Pier Marino Mularoni, Captains Regent (1964–1965)
- Ferruccio Piva, Federico Carattoni, Captains Regent (1965)
- Alvaro Casali, Pietro Reffi, Captains Regent (1965–1966)
- Francesco Valli, Emilio Della Balda, Captains Regent (1966)
- Giovanni Vito Marcucci, Francesco Maria Francini, Captains Regent (1966–1967)
- Vittorio Rossini, Alberto Lonfernini, Captains Regent (1967)
- Domenico Forcellini, Romano Michelotti, Captains Regent (1967–1968)
- Marino Benedetto Belluzzi, Dante Rossi, Captains Regent (1968)
- Pietro Giancecchi, Aldo Zavoli, Captains Regent (1968–1969)
- Ferruccio Piva, Stelio Montironi, Captains Regent (1969)
- Francesco Valli, Eusebio Reffi, Captains Regent (1970)
- Simone Rossini, Giuseppe Lonfernini, Captains Regent (1970–1971)
- Marino Benedetto Belluzzi, Giuseppe Micheloni, Captains Regent (1972)
- Rosolino Martelli, Bruno Casali, Captains Regent (1972–1973)
- Francesco Maria Francini, Primo Bugli, Captains Regent (1973)
- Antonio Lazzaro Volpinari, Giovan Luigi Franciosi, Captains Regent (1973–1974)
- Ferruccio Piva, Giordano Bruno Reffi, Captains Regent (1974)
- Francesco Valli, Enrico Andreoli, Captains Regent (1974–1975)
- Alberto Cecchetti, Michele Righi, Captains Regent (1975)
- Giovanni Vito Marcucci, Giuseppe Della Balda, Captains Regent (1975–1976)
- Primo Bugli, Virgilio Cardelli, Captains Regent (1976–1977)
- Alberto Lonfernini, Antonio Lazzaro Volpinari, Captains Regent (1977)
- Giordano Bruno Reffi, Tito Masi, Captains Regent (1977–1978)
- Francesco Valli, Enrico Andreoli, Captains Regent (1978)
- Pietro Chiaruzzi, Primo Marani, Captains Regent (1980)
- Giancarlo Berardi, Rossano Zafferani, Captains Regent (1980–1981)
- Mario Rossi, Ubaldo Biordi, Captains Regent (1981–1982)
- Libero Barulli, Maurizio Gobbi, Captains Regent (1982–1983)
- Adriano Reffi, Massimo Roberto Rossini, Captains Regent (1983)
- Renzo Renzi, Germano De Biagi, Captains Regent (1983–1984)
- Pier Paolo Gasperoni, Ubaldo Biordi, Captains Regent (1985–1986)
- Luciano Cardelli, Reves Salvatori, Captains Regent (1988–1989)
- Adalmiro Bartolini, Ottaviano Rossi, Captains Regent (1990)
- Domenico Bernardini, Claudio Podeschi, Captains Regent (1991)
- Romeo Morri, Marino Zanotti, Captains Regent (1992–1993)
- Alberto Cecchetti, Fausto Mularoni, Captains Regent (1994)
- Renzo Ghiotti, Luciano Ciavatta, Captains Regent (1994–1995)
- Pier Paolo Gasperoni, Pietro Bugli, Captains Regent (1996)
- Paride Andreoli, Pier Marino Mularoni, Captains Regent (1997)
- Luigi Mazza, Marino Zanotti, Captains Regent (1997–1998)
Vatican
- Sovereign (complete list) –
- Paul VI, Sovereign (1963–1978)
- John Paul II, Sovereign (1978–2005)
- President of the Governorate (complete list) –
Europe: Southwest
Andorra
Portugal
- Marcello Caetano, President of the Council of Ministers (1968–1974)
- Third Republic of Portugal
António de Spínola (President), Francisco da Costa Gomes, Jaime Silvério Marques, Diogo Neto, Carlos Galvão de Melo, José Pinheiro de Azevedo, António Rosa Coutinho, Acting Head of state (1974)
António de Spínola, Francisco da Costa Gomes, Jaime Silvério Marques, Diogo Neto, Carlos Galvão de Melo, José Pinheiro de Azevedo, António Rosa Coutinho, Acting Head of government (1974)
Spain
Europe: West
Belgium
France
Luxembourg
- Jean, Grand Duke (1964–2000)
- Henri, Grand Duke (2000–present)
Monaco
Netherlands
- Jo Cals, Prime minister (1965–1966)
- Wim Kok, Prime minister (1994–2002)
Eurasia: Caucasus
Armenia
Azerbaijan
- Presidents (complete list) –
- Heads of State (complete list) –
- , Acting Chairmen of the Supreme Council (1993–1994)
- Presidents of the National Assembly (complete list) –
- , President of the National Assembly (1993–1996)
- Oleg Yesayan, President of the National Assembly (1997–2005)
Georgia
- Feliks Zassiev, Prime minister (1994–1995)
- Vladislav Gabarayev, Prime minister (1995–1996)
Oceania
Oceania: Australia and Papua New Guinea
Australia
Papua New Guinea
United Nations Trust Territory of Australia, 1946–1975
For details see Australia
United Nations Trust Territory of Australia, 1946–1975
For details see Australia or the United Kingdom under the British Isles, Europe
New Guinea: United Nations Trust Territory of Australia, 1949–1975
Papua: Australian external territory (1949–1975)
For details see Australia
Oceania: Pacific
Fiji
British colony, 1874–1970
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
- Kamisese Mara, Acting President (1993–1994), President (1994–2000)
French Polynesia
- Council of Ministers (1953)
Protectorate of France, 1887/1888–1959
Overseas territory of France, 1959–2003
- Council of Ministers (1953)
- Pasilio Keletaona, King (1997–2003)
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia
Nauru
New Zealand
New Zealand protectorate, 1907–present
For details see the New Zealand under Oceania
- Queen's Representative (complete list) –
Palau
Samoa and American Samoa
Solomon Islands
British protectorate, 1893–1978
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Tonga
- Tupou VI, then known as ʻAhoʻeitu ʻUnuakiʻotonga Tukuʻaho, Prime minister (2000–2006)
Tuvalu
United States
United Nations Trust Territory under the administration of the United States, 1947–1994
- Delmas H. Nucker, Acting High Commissioner (1954–1956), High Commissioner (1954–1961)
Vanuatu
British-French Condominium, 1906–1980
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles and France under western Europe
Notes and References
- Book: Madiéga, Y. Georges . Contribution à L'Histoire Précoloniale du Gulma (Haute Volta) . 1982 . Franz Steiner Verlag . 978-3-515-03222-3 . 123.
- Madiéga . Y. Georges . Les Koarima de Koarimadeni: un groupe Kurumba en milieu gulmance . Tribus . 37 . 1988 . 53–62 . French.
- Sheridan, Michael J. et Nyamweru, Celia, African sacred groves: ecological dynamics & social change, James Currey, 2008, p. 141
- Klein, Martin A., Islam and Imperialism in Senegal. Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914, Edinburgh University Press, 1968, p. XV
- Book: Said., Zahlan, Rosemarie. The Origins of the United Arab Emirates : a Political and Social History of the Trucial States.. 2016. Taylor and Francis. 9781317244653. 239. 945874284.