List of star extremes explained

A star is a massive luminous spheroid astronomical object made of plasma that is held together by its own gravity. Stars exhibit great diversity in their properties (such as mass, volume, velocity, stage in stellar evolution, and distance from Earth) and some of the outliers are so disproportionate in comparison with the general population that they are considered extreme. This is a list of such stars.

Records that are regarded as authoritative and unlikely to change at any given point are recorded on a white background, while those that could change with new information and/or discoveries are recorded on a grey background.

Age and distance

TitleObjectDateDataCommentsNotesRefsSee more
Nearest star3rd century BCOur local star's distance was first determined in the 3rd century BC by Aristarchus of Samos. Reported for reference
Second-nearest star1915 Also called Alpha Centauri C, it is the outlying star in a trinary star system that includes Alpha Centauri A (Rigil Kentaurus) and Alpha Centauri B (Toliman). This is currently the nearest known neighbouring star to our own Sun. This star was discovered in 1915, and its parallax was determined at the time, when enough observations were established.[1] [2] List of nearest stars and brown dwarfs
Most distant individually seen starWHL0137-LS (Earendel)2022z= 6.2 ± 0.112.9 Gly[3] [4] List of the most distant astronomical objects
Most distant starStars in HD12022z= 13.2713.5 Gly (light travel distance)
33.4 Gly (proper distance)		[5] List of the most distant astronomical objects
Most distant star gravitationally bound to Milky Way galaxyULAS J0015+012014900,000 light-yearsLocated in the Milky Way's extreme outer halo, far beyond the galactic disc. [6]
Oldest starHD 140283before 1912 billion yearsCommonly nicknamed Methuselah as a result of its extreme age, this subgiant star demonstrates a slight blueshift, indicating that it is moving in a direction towards the Earth. [7] List of oldest stars
Youngest Stars are being formed constantly in the universe so it is impossible to tell which star is the youngest. For information on the properties of newly formed stars, see Protostar, Young stellar object and Star formation.
Nearest stars by type
TitleObjectDateDataCommentsNotesRefsSee more
Nearest sun-like starAlpha Centauri
A & B		18391.34pcThis was the third star whose parallax was determined. Before Alpha Centauri, the record was held by 61 Cygni, the first star whose parallax was determined.[8]
Nearest normal starAlpha Centauri C
(Proxima Centauri)		19151.3pcBefore Proxima, the title had been held by Alpha Centauri A & B.[9]
Nearest red dwarfBefore Proxima, the title had been held by Barnard's Star
Nearest degenerate starSirius B18528.6lyThis is also the nearest white dwarf.[10]
Nearest subdwarfKapteyn's Star189812.83lyKapteyn's star is either a sdM1 subdwarf[11] or a M1.5V main-sequence star.[12] [13] WISEA 1810−1010 is the nearest undisputed subdwarf, at 29.03ly. [14] [15]
Nearest borderline subgiantProcyon11.5lyAll stars closer to the Sun are either main sequence or dwarf stars.
Nearest undisputed subgiantDelta Pavonis19.9lyA subgiant, but only slightly brighter than the Sun.
Nearest "true" giant starPollux33.8ly
Nearest red giantArcturus36.7ly
Nearest supergiantCanopus309lyWhile it is frequently described as a yellow supergiant, especially in evolutionary terms,[16] it is classified as a bright giant based on spectrum.[17]
Nearest carbon starCW Leonis310ly
Nearest F-type starProcyon A11.46ly[18]
Nearest A-type starSirius A8.6ly
Nearest B-type starRegulus A79.3ly[19]
Nearest O-type starZeta Ophiuchi366ly[20]
Nearest Wolf–Rayet starGamma Velorum1080ly
Nearest neutron starRX J1856.35-37542000400ly[21] [22] [23]
Nearest white dwarfSirius B18528.6lySirius B is also the second white dwarf discovered, after 40 Eridani B.[24] [25] [26]
Nearest brown dwarf20136.5ly This is a pair of brown dwarfs in a binary system, with no other stars.[27]

Brightness and power

TitleObjectDateDataCommentsNotesRefs See more
Brightest star from the Earth: Apparent magnitudeSunprehistoric Reported for reference
[28] [29]
Brightest star other than the SunSirius
(Alpha Canis Majoris)		prehistoricm= −1.46

See also: Historical brightest stars.

[30] [31] List of brightest stars
Brightest star in a transient eventProgenitor of SN 10061006m= −7.5 This was a supernova, and its remnant (SNR) is catalogued as PKS 1459-41[32]
Dimmest star from the EarthUDF 2457m= 25
Most luminous starGodzilla2022L= 134,000,000 – 255,000,000 LSun[33] List of most luminous stars
Most luminous star in a transient eventProgenitor of GRB 080916C2008The star exploded in a gamma-ray burst with the total energy equal to 9,000 supernovae[34] List of gamma-ray bursts
Least luminous normal star2MASS J0523−14032013[35]
Most energetic starR136a12010[36] [37] List of most luminous stars
Most energetic star in a transient eventProgenitor of GRB 080916C2008
Least energetic normal star2MASS J0523−14032013L=0.000126LSun
Hottest normal starWR 102T= 200000K[38] List of hottest stars
Coolest normal starS CassiopeiaeT= 1800K[39] List of coolest stars
TitleObjectDateDataCommentsNotesRefs See more
Hottest degenerate star CSPN of NGC 43612019270000K[40]
Hottest neutron starPSR B0943+103100000K[41]
Coolest neutron starPSR B1257+1228856K
Hottest white dwarfKPD 0005+51062008200000K[42]
Hottest PG 1159 star/GW Vir starRX J2117+34121999170000K[43]
Coolest brown dwarfWISE 1828+2650NaNKWISE 0855−0714 may be cooler at 225–260 K, but its status as a rogue planet or sub-brown dwarf is not well known as its mass is between .

Size and mass

TitleObjectDateDataCommentsNotesRefs See more
Largest apparent size starSunprehistoric
The apparent size of the Sun was first measured by Eratosthenes in the 3rd century BC,[44] who was the second person to measure the distance to the Sun. However, Thales of Miletus provided a measurement for the real size of the Sun in the 6th century BC, as the great circle of the Sun (the orbit of the Earth)[45] Reported for reference
Largest extrasolar apparent size starR Doradus1997 0.057"This replaced Betelgeuse as the largest, Betelgeuse having been the first star other than the Sun to have its apparent size measured.[46]
Smallest apparent size starThousands of neutron stars located on the other side of the galaxy, likely impossible to resolve.
Largest starWOH G642009Consistent with the upper limit for red supergiants of roughly based on the four largest stars measured in a survey, which is consistent with the current stellar evolutionary theory.[47] [48] [49] [50] [51] List of largest known stars
Smallest star2017[52] [53] [54] [55] List of smallest stars
Most massive star BAT99-98 or R136a12014, 2022, This exceeds the predicted limit of, previously believed to be the limit of stellar mass, according to the leading star formation theories. R136a1 considered the most massive known by the scientific community.[56] [57] [58] List of most massive stars
Least massive normal star SCR 1845–6357 A[59] List of least massive stars
Most massive stars by type
TitleObjectDateDataCommentsNotesRefsSee more
Most massive brown dwarfSDSS J010448.46+153501.8201790 MJupiterThis is at the limit between brown dwarfs and red dwarfs.[60] [61] [62]
Most massive degenerate starThe most massive type of degenerate star is the neutron star. See Most massive neutron star for this recordholder.
Most massive neutron starPSR J0740+662020192.14 MSunSeveral candidates exist which have a higher mass, however their mass has been measured by less precise methods and as such their mass value is regarded as less certain.[63] List of most massive neutron stars
Most massive neutron star (disputed)PSR J1748-2021B20152.548 MSun[64]
Most massive white dwarfRE J0317-853/ZTF J1901+14581998/20201.35 MSun[65] [66]
Least massive stars by type
TitleObjectDateDataCommentsNotesRefsSee more
Least massive normal star SCR 1845–6357 AList of least massive stars
Least massive white dwarfSDSS J091709.55+463821.8
(WD J0917+4638) 		20070.17 MSun[67] [68] [69] [70]
Least massive brown dwarf(unnamed)20233 – 4 Located in the star cluster IC 348[71] [72] Sub-brown dwarf

Motion

TitleObjectDateDataCommentsNotesRefs See more
Highest proper motionBarnard's Star10.3 "/yrThis is also the fourth closest star to the Solar System.[73] [74]
Lowest proper motionN/AN/A~0 "/yrBillions of stars on the other end of the galaxy
Highest radial velocity
Lowest radial velocityEY Aquarii2013-870 km/sMira variable[75]
Highest peculiar motion
Lowest peculiar motion
Highest rotational speed of a normal starVFTS 1022013600 km/s[76]
Lowest rotational speedPrzybylski's Star19610.0014 km/s
Fastest velocity of a starS5-HVS120191,755 km/s[77] [78] [79] [80]

Star systems

TitleObjectDateDataCommentsNotesRefs See more
Least stars in a star system There are many single star systems.
Most stars in a star systemNonuple star system[81] System contains at least nine stars. [82]
Stars in the closest orbit around one anotherThere are many stars that are in contact binary systems (where two or more stars are in physical contact with each other).
Stars in the most distant orbit around one anotherFomalhaut A/B/C~0.77pc
Nearest multiple star systemAlpha Centauri18391.3pcThis was one of the first three stars to have its distance measured.[83] [84] [85]
Nearest binary star systemLuhman 1620131.998pcBrown dwarf binary system. The nearest non-brown dwarf binary is Sirius, and the nearest composed entirely of main-sequence stars is Luyten 726-8.
Nearest trinary star systemAlpha Centauri18391.38pcAlso nearest multiple star system, and nearest star system of any type
Nearest quaternary star systemGliese 5705.88pcK4 star orbited by a pair of M stars, all orbited by a T7 brown dwarf.
Nearest quintenary star systemV1054 Ophiuchi6.46pcM3 star orbited by a pair of pair of M4 stars, together orbited by an M3.5 star, all orbited by an M7 star.
Nearest sextenary star systemCastor171815.6pcA1 star orbited by a red dwarf, both orbited by another A star orbited by a red dwarf, all orbited by two red dwarfs orbiting each other.
Nearest septenary star systemNu Scorpii150pcA B3V star orbited by an unknown-type star, both orbited by another unknown star, together orbited by another unknown star, all orbited by a B9III star orbiting a pair of stars which are a B9III and unknown star.

External links

Notes and References

  1. "Innes' Sterne bei α Centauri", Astronomische Nachrichten, volume 206, 1918
  2. Harold L. Aden, "Alpha and Proxima Centauri", Astronomical Journal, vol. 39, issue 913, 1918
  3. Welch, Brian . et al. . A highly magnified star at redshift 6.2 . 30 March 2022 . . 603 . 7903 . 815–818 . 10.1038/s41586-022-04449-y. 35354998 . 2022Natur.603..815W . 247842625 . 30 March 2022 . 2209.14866 .
  4. News: Gianopoulos . Andrea . Record Broken: Hubble Spots Farthest Star Ever Seen . 30 March 2022 . . 30 March 2022 .
  5. News: Crane . Leah . Astronomers have found what may be the most distant galaxy ever seen – A galaxy called HD1 appears to be about 33.4 billion light years away, making it the most distant object ever seen – and its extreme brightness is puzzling researchers . 7 April 2022 . . 8 April 2022 .
  6. Web site: Team discovers two stars most distant ever observed in the Milky Way. phys.org. 2016-01-14.
  7. ScienceDaily, "Hubble Finds 'Birth Certificate' of Oldest Known Star", 7 March 2013
  8. An "average" star is a normal star which is larger than a red dwarf, but smaller than a giant star. Depending on the definition, this can also be called "Sun-like star".
  9. Fraser Cain (13 November 2009), "How Far is the Nearest Star?", Universe Today (accessed 2010-11-02)
  10. Not including stellar-mass black holes or exotic stars
  11. Koen . C. . Kilkenny . D. . van Wyk . F. . Marang . F. . 2010-04-01 . UBV(RI)C JHK observations of Hipparcos-selected nearby stars . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 403 . 4 . 1949–1968 . 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.16182.x . 2010MNRAS.403.1949K . 0035-8711. free .
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  13. Demory . B.-O. . Segransan . D. . Forveille . T. . Queloz . D. . Beuzit . J.-L. . Delfosse . X. . Di Folco . E. . Kervella . P. . Bouquin . J.-B. Le . Perrier . C. . October 2009 . Mass-radius relation of low and very low-mass stars revisited with the VLTI . Astronomy & Astrophysics . 505 . 1 . 205–215 . 10.1051/0004-6361/200911976 . 0906.0602 . 2009A&A...505..205D . 0004-6361.
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  29. This is the appearance in the sky from Earth.
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  31. Other than the Sun
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  52. A normal star is a star that is past its protostar period, in its main fusion period, before becoming a degenerate star, black hole, or post-stellar nebula, and is not a failed star (brown dwarf).
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