List of rocket launch sites explained

This article constitutes a list of rocket launch sites. Some of these sites are known as spaceports or cosmodromes. A single rocket launch is sufficient for inclusion in the table, as long as the site is properly documented through a reference. Missile locations with no launches are not included in the list. Proposed and planned sites and sites under construction are not included in the main tabulation, but may appear in condensed lists under the tables.

A shorter list of spaceports for human spaceflight and satellite launches is available in the article Spaceport.

Table specification

Sorting order

Column specification

Major/active spaceports are shown in bold.

Africa

width=10% Countrywidth=18% Locationwidth=10% Coordinateswidth=10% Operational datewidth=10% Number of rocket launcheswidth=12% data-sort-type=number Heaviest rocket launchedwidth=10% Highest achieved altitudewidth=20% Notes
French AlgeriaCentre interarmées d'essais d'engins spéciaux (CIEES), Hammaguir1947–1967230  18,000 kgOrbital  Operated by France.[1]
Reggane1961–196510    
Shaba North, Kapani Tonneo OTRAG Launch Center1975–19793   <50 km  German OTRAG rockets.[2]
Jabal Hamzah ballistic missile test and launch facility30.1258°N 30.6051°W1962–19736    Testing SRBMs Al Zafir and Al Kahir[3] [4]
Broglio Space Centre (San Marco), Malindi1964–198827  20,000 kg  Orbital  Scout rockets, operated by ASI and Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.[5]
LibyaSabha, Tawiwa OTRAG Launch Center1981–19872   50  kmGerman OTRAG rockets after site in Zaire closed.[6]
Nouadhibou1973–19731    During a solar eclipse
Overberg South African Test Centre1986–1993, 2000s–   Launched test mission rockets only.[7]

Asia

Note that some Russian cosmodromes appear in this section, some in the Europe section.

width=10% Countrywidth=18% Locationwidth=10% Coordinateswidth=10% Operational datewidth=12% data-sort-type=number Heaviest rocket launchedwidth=10% Highest achieved altitudewidth=20% Notes
Base 603, Shijiedu, Guangde1960–19661,000 kg<60  km
Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center1970–464,000 kgOrbital  Human spaceflight[8]
Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center1980–249,000 kgOrbital  Polar satellites[9]
Xichang Satellite Launch Center1984–459,000 kgLunar  Geo-synchronous satellites, lunar probes.[10] [11]
Wenchang Satellite Launch Center2016–879,000 kgInterplanetary  New site on Hainan Island with pads for Long March 5 and Long March 7 rockets
Jingyu  
Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (Thumba Equatorial), Thiruvananthapuram District, Kerala1962– Orbital Primarily used as the launch site for Sounding rockets.[12]
Satish Dhawan Space Centre (Sriharikota Range), Tirupati District, Andhra Pradesh1971–690,000 kgInterplanetary Polar and Geosynchronous Satellites; Lunar and Mars probes.[13]
Abdul Kalam Island, Bhadrak District, Odisha1980– Sub-Orbital Military integrated testing range for advanced guided missiles.[14]
LAPAN Rocket Launcher Station, Pameungpeuk, Garut1965–765 kg  100 km  
Qom Space Center1991  Military testing[15]
Shahroud Space Center1998– Orbital Military tests and missile sounding for ISA Under the control of IRGCASF[16]
Semnan spaceport35.2346°N 53.9209°W2009– Orbital  
Al-Anbar Test Center198948,000 kg   Out of function[17] Al-Abid
Palmachim Air Force Base1987–70000 kg  Orbital  [18]
Akita Rocket Range1956–1990 343 km
Uchinoura Space Center1962–139,000 kgInterplanetary  [19]
Taiki Aerospace Research Field, Hokkaido2010–1,000 kg115 kmSuborbital and future orbital launch site for Interstellar Technologies and
Tanegashima Space Center, Tanegashima Island1967–445,000 kgInterplanetary  [20]
Spaceport Kii, Kushimoto, Wakayama Prefecture2024–Orbital Orbital launch site for Space One[21]
Ryori[22] 1970–2001  Sounding rocket launch site for the Japan Meteorological Agency
1963–1965  Eighteen launches of small rockets[23] [24]
Obachi[25] 1961– 105 kmballoon-launched Kappa sounding rockets
/(Operated by) Baikonur Cosmodrome, Tyuratam1955–2,400,000 kgInterplanetary  First satellite, first human in space. Operated by Russia.[26]
/(Partly operated by)Sary Shagan1958–  Military testing ground for anti-missile weapons. Part of the testing ground is rented by Russian Ministry of Defense.
Tonghae Satellite Launching Ground1998–  Military rockets; satellite launch[27]
Sohae Satellite Launching Station2012–  Military rockets; satellite launch[28]
Anheung Proving Ground1993–  
Naro Space Center, Goheung2008–200,000 kg Orbital  Attempted satellite launches[29]
Gan Island  Several rockets of the Kookaburra type were launched from a pad at 0°41' S and 73°9' E[30]
Sonmiani Satellite Launch Center, Las Bela, Balochistan1960s–[31]   Sounding rockets & missile testing for SUPARCO[32]
Kheysa1956–2008  Arctic sounding rocket launch site
/ Svobodny Cosmodrome, Amur Oblast1957–200747,000 kg  Orbital  ICBM base converted for satellites[33]
Sovetskaya Gavan1963–1964 402 km
/ Okhotsk1981–2005 1000 km
Yasny Cosmodrome (formerly Dombarovsky), Orenburg Oblast2006–211,000 kgOrbital  ICBM base converted for satellites[34]
Vostochny Cosmodrome, Amur Oblast[35] 2016–[36]   Facility on Russian territory to supplement Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan
Gangzi Station, Haiqian, Pingtung County1988–10,000 kg300 kmScience and technology development
Nantian Launch Facility, Taitung County, 2016–  Used by TiSPACE for testing and launching

Proposed or planned spaceports and rocket launch sites in Asia

Europe

Note that some European countries operate spaceports in Africa, South America, or other equatorial regions. These spaceports are listed in this article according to their geographical location. Some Russian-controlled launch sites are listed as being in Asia. Note that some Russian cosmodromes appear in this section, some in the section Asia.

[40]

width=10% Countrywidth=18% Locationwidth=10% Coordinateswidth=10% Operational datewidth=10% Number of rocket launcheswidth=12% data-sort-type=numberHeaviest rocket launchedwidth=10% Highest achieved altitudewidth=20% Notes
Ahtopol1984–199028475 kg90 km
Ile du Levant1948–1970s   Missile test site
Rocket Launch Site Berlin, Berlin-Tegel1930–1933  4 km
Peenemünde/Greifswalder Oie1942–19453000+  12,500 kg175 kmV-2 rockets during World War II, first rocket to reach space 20 June 1944
Cuxhaven)1945–1964  >110 km
Hespenbusch, Großenkneten1952–1957  <10 km
Zingst1970–199267  130 kg80 km
Koroni1966–1989371   114 km
Salto di Quirra1964–   
Andøya Space Center1962–1200+  800 kg Rockets to the upper atmosphere.[41]
Marka1983–1984 16 kg 
SvalRak1997–   
Nazi-occupied PolandSS-Proving Ground Westpreußen today Poland (Tuchola Forest)1944–1945   Nazi-German V-2 rockets
Leba in Pommern since 1945 part of Poland1941–1945   Nazi-German rockets
Łeba-Rąbka1963–197336    Polish rockets
Nazi-occupied PolandV-2 missile launch site, Blizna1943–1944139    Nazi-German V-2 rockets
/Kapustin Yar Cosmodrome, Astrakhan Oblast1957–  Orbital  Previously for satellite launches[42]
/Nyonoksa1965–1997   
/Plesetsk Cosmodrome62.9256°N 40.5778°W1966–1000+  760,000 kgOrbital  
El Arenosillo1966–500+   720 km[43] Formerly used only by INTA, now used by Zero 2 Infinity and PLD Space
Nausta66.3572°N 19.2758°W1961–1961[44] 1  30 kg  <80 km  Plutnik rocket.
Kronogård1961–196418  700 kg135 kmArcas, Nike-Cajun and Nike-Apache rockets for atmospheric research.
Esrange, Kiruna1966–450  12,400 kg  717 km  Operated by ESRO.[45] Operated by SSC since 1972. Major programmes: Maxus, TEXUS, Maser, stratospheric balloons.
South Uist1959, 2015, 202221300~ kg First test launch in 1959. First space launch from the UK took place here in October 2015 as part of 'At Sea Demonstration 15' of an American 'Terrier-Orion' sounding rocket.[46]

Proposed or planned spaceports in Europe

North America

width=10% Countrywidth=18% Locationwidth=10% Coordinateswidth=10% Operational datewidth=10% Number of rocket launcheswidth=12% data-sort-type=number Heaviest rocket launchedwidth=10% Highest achieved altitudewidth=20% Notes
Churchill Rocket Research Range, Manitoba1954–19983500+  Canadian Army[55]
Resolute Bay, Nunavut1966–197117    National Research Council Canada[56]
Hall Beach, Nunavut1971–19717   270 km
Southend, Saskatchewan19802  1,200 kg 
Maritime Spaceport, Canso, Nova Scotia2019–0  Launch site for Cyclone-4M[57] [58]
Pituffik Space Base1964–1980   Former US Air Force launch site[59]
Clark University Physics Laboratory, Worcester, Massachusetts1914–1920s≈10  Robert H. Goddard's first experimental rockets, starting with powder-based fuels. Was also site of liquid rocket engine tests before being launched in nearby Auburn.[60]
Goddard Test Site, Auburn, Massachusetts1925–19305  Open field chosen as rocket test site in 1925; launch site of Robert H. Goddard's first liquid fuel rockets beginning on 16 March 1926.
Eden Valley Test Site, Roswell, New Mexico1930–1941>30  Used for Goddard's later rocket tests.
Wallops Flight Facility, Delmarva Peninsula, Virginia1945–1600+  Now operated by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.[61]
White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico1945–7500+  Military and civilian flights. Served as alternate landing site for the Space Shuttle.[62]
Nevada Test and Training Range (formerly Nellis Air Force Range)1946–1960s2000+  [63]
Poker Flat Research Range, Alaska1949–5000+  Sounding rocket launch site
Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, Florida1949–1000+ Interstellar  Commercial and U.S. Government uncrewed missions. Adjacent to NASA KSC.
Vandenberg Space Force Base, California1958–500+ Interplanetary Satellites, ballistic missile tests. Government and commercial launches.[64] Also launches SpaceX rockets.
Kennedy Space Center, Florida1962–151  3,000,000 kgInterplanetary  Launched each NASA crewed mission. Adjacent to Cape Canaveral Space Force Station.
Pacific Missile Range Facility, Hawaii1963–   Used for testing of antiballistic missile and missile tracking by the US Navy.
Keweenaw, Michigan1964–1971[65] 50+770 kg<160 kmSounding rocket launch site. Currently inactive.
Pacific Spaceport Complex, Kodiak, Alaska1991–26  86,000 kgOrbital  Ballistic missile interceptor tests, satellite launches. Alaska Aerospace Corporation.[66]
Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport (MARS), Delmarva Peninsula, Virginia1995–22  89,805 kgLunar  Operates in partnership with NASA, adjacent to Wallops Flight Facility. Designed for both commercial and government launches.[67] In 2019, Rocket Lab built their first US launch facility here.[68]
Mojave Air and Space Port, California2003–20+ 112 kmAdjacent to Edwards AFB. Privately funded, horizontal-launch spaceport. Xoie, Xombie, Xodiac (Masten Space Systems); SpaceShipOne, SpaceShipTwo (Scaled Composites, Virgin Galactic); Launcher One (Virgin Orbit).
Spaceport America, Upham, New Mexico2006–50+  Sub-orbital commercial and planned space tourist launches. Operated by the state of New Mexico with Virgin Galactic as the anchor tenant.[69] [70] [71] [72] Adjacent to White Sands Missile Range.
Corn Ranch, Van Horn, Texas31.2524°N -104.4532°W2006–20 ~105 kmUsed by Blue Origin for suborbital launches and engine tests.
Spaceport Camden, Camden County, Georgia2016–20192 ~10 kmOriginally Thiokol rocket testing facility. Used by Vector Space for testing and launching. Project and site abandoned in 2023 due to local pushback and financial issues.
SpaceX Starbase Spaceport, Boca Chica, Texas2018–~10~5,000,000 kgOrbital  Site originally planned for Falcon rockets, now used exclusively by SpaceX for Starship/SuperHeavy testing and launching.
Maine Spaceport Complex, Washington County, Maine2020–1 ~2 kmLaunch site to be used for suborbital and polar low-Earth orbital launch on the east coast by companies BluShift Aerospace and VALT Enterprises[73] [74] and funded by Maine Space Grant Consortium.

Additional rocket launch sites in North America

Please delete items or move them to the table above with appropriate data and references.

Proposed or planned spaceports in North America

South America

width=10% Countrywidth=18% Locationwidth=10% Coordinateswidth=10% Operational datewidth=10% Number of rocket launcheswidth=12% data-sort-type=number Heaviest rocket launchedwidth=10% Highest achieved altitudewidth=20% Notes
Pampa de Achala1961–19628  28 kg  25 km  First Argentine launch site
CELPA1962–1991, 2010–100 (approximately) 933 kg  550 km  Military Launch Test Site (CITIDEF)
Las Palmas1966–19662  3,400 kg  270 km  During a solar eclipse, with Titus rockets.
Tartagal1966–1966   During a solar eclipse
Mar Chiquita1968–197211    
Villa Reynolds1973–19732    
Serrezuela20091  500 kg  40 km  Military test (Gradicom I)
Punta Indio2011–3  7,076 kg  [84] 2.2 km  Civilian Launch Test Site (CONAE)
Puerto Belgrano2014–Launch pad for Tronador II under construction (CONAE)
Natal-Barreira do Inferno1965–233  7,270 kg  1100 km  
Praia do Cassino1966–196627    
Alcântara Launch Center, Maranhão1990–47  6,737 kg  956 km  Brazilian Air Force, Brazilian Space Agency. Planned satellite launches.
Guiana Space Centre, Kourou1968–<200  777,000 kg  Interplanetary  Operated by CNES for ESA; launch base for Arianespace. Commercial and governmental launches.
Chilca Launch Range1974-1983<65   590 km  Sounding rocket launch location.[85]
Chilca PLOB, Punta Lobos Range198332  2,000 kg  590 km  Sounding rocket launch location. Possibly part of, or identical to, Chilca Launch Range.[86] [87]
Dutch SurinameCoronie1965–19654   205 km  

Oceania

width=10% Countrywidth=18% Locationwidth=10% Coordinateswidth=10% Operational datewidth=10% Number of rocket launcheswidth=12% data-sort-type=number Heaviest rocket launchedwidth=10% Highest achieved altitudewidth=20% Notes
Woomera Test Range, SA1950s– 28,000 kg  Orbital  Australian government research facility. Missile testing, 2 satellite launches.
Carnarvon, WA1964–196512   120 km  
Lancelin, WA1974–19742    During a total solar eclipse
Koonibba Test Range, SA2019–4  85 km  Used by Southern Launch for suborbital launch tests
Whalers Way Orbital Launch Complex, SA2020–Used by Southern Launch for orbital polar launches
Arnhem Space Centre, NT2021–2  327 km  First NASA launches outside USA. Australia's first commercial launches
Reagan Test Site, Omelek Island, Kwajalein Atoll1950s– 39,000 kg  Orbital  US-controlled ICBM base converted for satellites. SpaceX Falcon 1. Close to the equator.
Birdling's Flat1980s–10<    Used for sounding rockets. Formerly proposed launch site for Rocket Lab, never developed.
Great Mercury Island2009160  kg120  kmUsed for the first launch by Rocket Lab of their Atea 1 suborbital rocket.
Mahia Peninsula2017–42[88] 13,000 kg[89] Lunar  Launch site built and operated by Rocket Lab. First commercial spaceport in the southern hemisphere.

Past and/or planned only

Launches at sea

width=10% Countrywidth=18% Locationwidth=10% Coordinateswidth=10% Operational datewidth=10% Number of rocket launcheswidth=12% Heaviest rocket launchedwidth=10% Highest achieved altitudewidth=20% Notes
Ocean Odyssey complexMobile1999–30  462,000 kg  Orbital  Mobile satellite launch platform operated by Sea Launch. Uses a converted oil platform that plies between Long Beach, California, where a Zenit-3SL rocket is collected, and the equator, where the rocket is launched.
Russian Delta class submarinesMobile1998–2  30,000 kg  Orbital  Launch of uncrewed satellites into Earth orbit via converted SLBM missile Shtil from the Barents Sea.
MLP Sputnik2010–4  1,630 kg  8.2 km  Mobile satellite launch platform operated by Copenhagen Suborbitals.

Additional rocket launch sites in the oceans and Antarctica

Please delete items or move them to the table above with appropriate data and references.

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Hammaguira. Astronautix.com. 11 August 2017. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20140209173427/http://www.astronautix.com/sites/hamguira.htm. 9 February 2014.
  2. Web site: Kapani Tonneo. Astronautix.com. 11 August 2017. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20131202224132/http://www.astronautix.com/sites/kaponneo.htm. 2 December 2013.
  3. Encyclopedia: Jabal Hamzah . Encyclopedia Astronautica . https://web.archive.org/web/20200523150033/http://www.astronautix.com/j/jabalhamzah.html . 23 May 2020 . dead . dmy .
  4. Web site: Egypt – Missile. NTI (Nuclear Threat Initiative) . James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies . https://web.archive.org/web/20160309155907/https://www.nti.org/learn/countries/egypt/delivery-systems/ . 9 March 2016 . live .
  5. Encyclopedia: San Marco . Encyclopedia Astronautica . https://web.archive.org/web/20161228060220/http://astronautix.com/s/sanmarco.html . dead . December 28, 2016 . 1 June 2020.
  6. Web site: Tawiwa . https://web.archive.org/web/20051001032013/http://astronautix.com/sites/tawiwa.htm. dead. October 1, 2005. Astronautix.com. 11 August 2017.
  7. Web site: Overberg. Astronautix.com. 11 August 2017. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221415/http://www.astronautix.com/sites/overberg.htm. 2 December 2013.
  8. Web site: Jiuquan . https://web.archive.org/web/20020313140521/http://www.astronautix.com/sites/jiuquan.htm. dead. March 13, 2002. Astronautix.com. 11 August 2017.
  9. Web site: Taiyuan . https://web.archive.org/web/20020829125635/http://astronautix.com/sites/taiyuan.htm. dead. August 29, 2002. Astronautix.com. 11 August 2017.
  10. Web site: "嫦娥一号"发射时间确定 但未到公布时机 . XINHUA Online . July 7, 2007 . August 2, 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20071029011240/http://news3.xinhuanet.com/tech/2007-07/07/content_6340313.htm . October 29, 2007 .
  11. Web site: Xichang. Astronautix.com. 11 August 2017. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20050129090651/http://www.astronautix.com/sites/xichang.htm. 29 January 2005.
  12. http://www.isro.org/centers/cen_vssc.htm Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC)
  13. Web site: Sriharikota . https://web.archive.org/web/20020124024249/http://www.astronautix.com/sites/sriikota.htm. dead. January 24, 2002. Astronautix.com. 11 August 2017.
  14. Web site: India Fourth To Test ASAT, Pioneered By US, Soviet Union 60 Years Ago. NDTV India. 27 March 2019.
  15. Web site: Qom. Astronautix.com. 11 August 2017. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185117/http://www.astronautix.com/sites/qom.htm. 3 March 2016.
  16. Web site: Emamshahr. Astronautix.com. 11 August 2017. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20131202230929/http://www.astronautix.com/sites/emashahr.htm. 2 December 2013.
  17. Web site: Al Anbar. Astronautix.com. 11 August 2017. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20131108114341/http://www.astronautix.com/sites/alanbar.htm. 8 November 2013.
  18. Web site: Palmachim . https://web.archive.org/web/20020612062752/http://www.astronautix.com/sites/palachim.htm. dead. June 12, 2002. Astronautix.com. 11 August 2017.
  19. Web site: Kagoshima . https://web.archive.org/web/20020322062006/http://www.astronautix.com/sites/kagshima.htm. dead. March 22, 2002. Astronautix.com. 11 August 2017.
  20. Web site: Tanegashima . https://web.archive.org/web/20020317045230/http://www.astronautix.com/sites/tanshima.htm. dead. March 17, 2002. Astronautix.com. 11 August 2017.
  21. Web site: Space Port Kii . 2024-03-15 . SPACE ONE.
  22. Web site: http://www.jmbsc.or.jp/jp/offline/cd0710.html . Japanese . ja:気象ロケット観測30年報 . Japan Meteorological Business Support Center . 8 April 2021.
  23. ja:札幌試験場視察 . Visit to Sapporo Proving Ground . 8 March 2010 . Electronic Equipment Research Institute / Advanced Technology Promotion Center Headquarters Kobo [newsletter] . ja . General Affairs Division, General Affairs Department, Technology Research Headquarters, Ministry of Defense . 503 . 2 . https://www.mod.go.jp/trdi/data/pdf/kouhou/503.pdf . https://web.archive.org/web/20160308093530/https://www.mod.go.jp/trdi/data/pdf/kouhou/503.pdf . 8 March 2016 . dead .
  24. Encyclopedia: Niijima . Encyclopedia Astronautica . https://web.archive.org/web/20191121104449/http://astronautix.com/n/niijima.html . 21 November 2019 . dead .
  25. Web site: Obachi. December 3, 2022. Astronautix.com.
  26. Encyclopedia: Baikonur . Encyclopedia Astronautica . https://web.archive.org/web/20131016055211/http://www.astronautix.com/sites/baikonur.htm . 16 October 2013 . dead .
  27. Web site: Musudan. Astronautix.com. 11 August 2017. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20131202223759/http://www.astronautix.com/sites/musudan.htm. 2 December 2013.
  28. Web site: Sohae Satellite Launching Station : Facilities. Nti.org. 11 August 2017.
  29. Web site: Goheung. Astronautix.com. 11 August 2017. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231425/http://www.astronautix.com/sites/goheung.htm. 2 December 2013.
  30. Web site: Kookaburra . 2008-08-20 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20081015145230/http://astronautix.com/lvs/kooburra.htm . 2008-10-15 .
  31. http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Pakistan/Missile/3294_3333.html Missile Facilities – Flight Test Range, Sonmiani Beach
  32. Web site: Sonmiani. Astronautix.com. 11 August 2017. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150824115306/http://www.astronautix.com/sites/sonmiani.htm. 24 August 2015.
  33. Web site: Svobodniy. Astronautix.com. 11 August 2017. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221527/http://www.astronautix.com/sites/svoodniy.htm. 2 December 2013.
  34. Web site: Dombarovsky. Astronautix.com. 11 August 2017. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20131216221311/http://www.astronautix.com/sites/domvskiy.htm. 16 December 2013.
  35. Web site: New Russian spaceport: Vostochny Cosmodrome . 2010-08-14 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110410011953/http://scitechstory.com/2010/07/20/new-russian-spaceport-vostochny-cosmodrome/ . 2011-04-10 .
  36. Web site: First rocket launch from Russia's Far Eastern Vostochny spaceport. 11 August 2017.
  37. http://www.rediff.com/news/report/isro-plans-more-gslvs-and-experimental-mark-iii-launches/20140105.htm ISRO plan more launches
  38. Web site: 北海道スペースポート|HOKKAIDO SPACEPORT . 2023-12-23 . Hokkaido Spaceport.
  39. Web site: Interstellar Technologies Inc. - Launch Complex . 2023-12-23 . Interstellar Technologies Inc. . en.
  40. Book: Tucker, Spencer C. . 2020 . Weapons and Warfare: From Ancient and Medieval Times to the 21st Century . Santa Barbara, California . ABC-CLIO . 73 . 978-1-4408-6728-6.
  41. Web site: Andoya. Astronautix.com. 11 August 2017. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20131202223910/http://www.astronautix.com/sites/andoya.htm. 2 December 2013.
  42. Web site: Kapustin Yar. Astronautix.com. 11 August 2017. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20071104074853/http://www.astronautix.com/sites/kapinyar.htm. 4 November 2007.
  43. Web site: El Arenosillo Launch Log.
  44. Web site: Sweden's First Rocket Launch. Norrbottens Museum. December 3, 2022.
  45. Web site: Kiruna . https://web.archive.org/web/20030904160937/http://astronautix.com/sites/kiruna.htm. dead. September 4, 2003. Astronautix.com. 11 August 2017.
  46. Web site: Hebrides rocket launch: The space milestone we almost missed. 3 February 2016. BBC Scotland News. 20 February 2017.
  47. Web site: SSC - Swedish Space Corporation - SSC. Ssc.se. 11 August 2017.
  48. Web site: Spaceport 'positive announcement' as Newquay bids to be first in Europe. Richard. Whitehouse. Colleen. Smith. 4 July 2018. cornwalllive.
  49. News: BBC. BBC News. 9 November 2018. 12 December 2018.
  50. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/08/scotland-approves-highlands-spaceport/ Scottish spaceport formally approved by Highland Council
  51. Web site: Público. 17 March 2019.
  52. Web site: Meld. St. 10 (2019–2020). fiskeridepartementet. Nærings-og. 2019-12-13. Regjeringen.no. no. 2020-05-14.
  53. Web site: El digital de Canarias. 4 September 2019.
  54. Web site: Virgin space companies sign new agreements with Italy. 8 July 2018.
  55. Web site: Fort Churchill. Astronautix.com. 11 August 2017. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20050214225127/http://astronautix.com/sites/forchill.htm. 14 February 2005.
  56. Web site: Resolute Bay. Astronautix.com. 11 August 2017. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20161219043305/http://www.astronautix.com/sites/restebay.htm. 19 December 2016.
  57. Web site: T-minus 1 year until rocket launch site construction starts in Nova Scotia – Nova Scotia – CBC News . CBC.ca . 2017-03-16.
  58. Web site: It is rocket science: New details revealed about proposed space port in Nova Scotia . CBC.ca . 2017-04-11 . 2017-06-22.
  59. Web site: Thule AFB . https://web.archive.org/web/20050421221225/http://astronautix.com/sites/thuleafb.htm. dead. April 21, 2005. Astronautix.com. 11 August 2017.
  60. Book: Lehman, Milton . 1988 . Robert H. Goddard: Pioneer of Space Research . New York . Da Capo Press . 978-0-306-80331-4 .
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