List of space telescopes explained

This list of space telescopes (astronomical space observatories) is grouped by major frequency ranges: gamma ray, x-ray, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave, and radio. Telescopes that work in multiple frequency bands are included in all of the appropriate sections. Space telescopes that collect particles, such as cosmic ray nuclei and/or electrons, as well as instruments that aim to detect gravitational waves, are also listed. Missions with specific targets within the Solar System (e.g., the Sun and its planets), are excluded; see List of Solar System probes for these, and List of Earth observation satellites for missions targeting Earth. Two values are provided for the dimensions of the initial orbit. For telescopes in Earth orbit, the minimum and maximum altitude are given in kilometers. For telescopes in solar orbit, the minimum distance (periapsis) and the maximum distance (apoapsis) between the telescope and the center of mass of the Sun are given in astronomical units (AU).

Gamma ray

Gamma-ray telescopes collect and measure individual, high energy gamma rays from astrophysical sources. These are absorbed by the atmosphere, requiring that observations are done by high-altitude balloons or space missions. Gamma rays can be generated by supernovae, neutron stars, pulsars and black holes. Gamma ray bursts, with extremely high energies, have also been detected but have yet to be identified.[1]

PhotoNameSpace agencyLaunch dateTerminatedLocationRef(s)
Proton-1Earth orbit (183-589 km) [2]
Proton-2Earth orbit (191-637 km)
Proton-4Earth orbit (248-477 km) [3]
Small Astronomy Satellite 2 (SAS-B) Earth orbit (443–632 km) [4] [5]
Earth orbit (339.6–99,876 km) [6] [7] [8]
Earth orbit (486.4–504.9 km) [9] [10] [11]
Earth orbit (2,000–200,000 km) [12] [13] [14]
align=left Earth orbit (375 km) [15]
Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO) Earth orbit (362–457 km) [16] [17] [18]
align=left Low Energy Gamma Ray Imager (LEGRI) Earth orbit (600 km) [19] [20]
High Energy Transient Explorer 2 (HETE 2) Earth orbit (590–650 km) [21] [22] [23]
International Gamma Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL) — Earth orbit (639–153,000 km) [24] [25]
Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory— Earth orbit (585–604 km) [26] [27]
Astrorivelatore Gamma ad Immagini Leggero (AGILE) 18 Earth orbit (524–553 km) [28] [29]
— Earth orbit (555 km) [30]
Gamma-Ray Burst Polarimeter (IKAROS) 21 May 2015 Heliocentric orbit [31] [32]
align=left Space Variable Objects Monitor (SVOM)— Earth orbit (625–625 km) [33] [34]

X-ray

X-ray telescopes measure high-energy photons called X-rays. These can not travel a long distance through the atmosphere, meaning that they can only be observed high in the atmosphere or in space. Several types of astrophysical objects emit X-rays, from galaxy clusters, through black holes in active galactic nuclei to galactic objects such as supernova remnants, stars, and binary stars containing a white dwarf (cataclysmic variable stars), neutron star or black hole (X-ray binaries). Some Solar System bodies emit X-rays, the most notable being the Moon, although most of the X-ray brightness of the Moon arises from reflected solar X-rays. A combination of many unresolved X-ray sources is thought to produce the observed X-ray background.

PhotoNameSpace agencyLaunch dateTerminatedLocationRef(s)
Uhuru (Small Astronomy Satellite 1, SAS-A) Earth orbit (531–572 km) [35] [36] [37]
align=left Astronomical Netherlands Satellite (ANS) Earth orbit (266–1176 km) [38] [39]
Ariel VEarth orbit (520 km) [40] [41]
Earth orbit (563–619 km) [42]
Small Astronomy Satellite 3 (SAS-C) Earth orbit (509–516 km) [43] [44] [45]
Earth orbit (339.6–99,876 km)
Cosmic Radiation Satellite (CORSA) Failed launch [46] [47]
High Energy Astronomy Observatory 1 (HEAO 1) Earth orbit (445 km) [48] [49] [50]
Einstein Observatory (HEAO 2)Earth orbit (465–476 km) [51] [52]
Hakucho (CORSA-b) Earth orbit (421–433 km) [53] [54] [55]
High Energy Astronomy Observatory 3 (HEAO 3) Earth orbit (486.4–504.9 km)
Tenma (Astro-B) Earth orbit (489–503 km) [56] [57] [58]
Earth orbit (2,000–200,000 km) [59] [60] [61]
Earth orbit (347–191,709 km) [62] [63] [64]
Ginga (Astro-C) Earth orbit (517–708 km) [65] [66] [67]
Earth orbit (2,000–200,000 km)
Re-entry 23 October 2011.[68]
Formerly Earth orbit (580 km) 		[69] [70] [71]
Broad Band X-ray Telescope / Astro 1 Earth orbit (500 km) [72] [73]
Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics (ASCA, Astro-D) Earth orbit (523.6–615.3 km) [74] [75]
Array of Low Energy X-ray Imaging Sensors (Alexis) Earth orbit (749–844 km) [76] [77] [78]
Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) Earth orbit (409 km) [79] [80] [81]
Earth orbit (575–594 km) [82] [83] [84]
A Broadband Imaging X-ray All-sky Survey (ABRIXAS) Earth orbit (549–598 km) [85] [86] [87]
— Earth orbit (9,942–140,000 km) [88] [89]
— Earth orbit (7,365–114,000 km) [90] [91]
High Energy Transient Explorer 2 (HETE 2) Earth orbit (590–650 km) [92]
International Gamma Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL) — Earth orbit (639–153,000 km)
Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory— Earth orbit (585–604 km)
Suzaku (Astro-E2) Earth orbit (550 km) [93] [94]
Astrorivelatore Gamma ad Immagini Leggero (AGILE) 18 Earth orbit (524–553 km)
Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) — Earth orbit (603.5 km) [95] [96]
AstroSat— Earth orbit (600–650 km) [97] [98] [99]
align=left Hitomi (Astro-H) Earth orbit (575 km) [100] [101] [102]
align=left Earth orbit (478–493 km) [103] [104]
align=left Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER) — [105]
align=left Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (HXMT) — Low Earth orbit (545–554.1 km) [106]
— Sun-Earth L2 [107]
Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE)NASA— Earth orbit (540 km)[108] [109]
Lobster Eye Imager for Astronomy (LEIA) CSA— Low Earth orbit[110] [111]
X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission (XRISM)— Earth orbit (550 km)[112] [113]
align=left X-ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat) — Earth orbit (638–653 km) [114] [115]
align=left — Earth orbit (581–593 km) [116]
align=left Space Variable Objects Monitor (SVOM) — Earth orbit (625–625 km) [117] [118]

Ultraviolet

Ultraviolet telescopes make observations at ultraviolet wavelengths, i.e. between approximately 10 and 320 nm. Light at these wavelengths is absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere, so observations at these wavelengths must be performed from the upper atmosphere or from space.[119] Objects emitting ultraviolet radiation include the Sun, other stars and galaxies.[120]

PhotoNameSpace agencyLaunch dateTerminatedObserving locationRef(s)
OAO-2 (Stargazer) Earth orbit (749–758 km) [121]
Orion 1 and Orion 2 Space Observatories (Orion 1); (Orion 2)
1973
Earth orbit (Orion 1: 200–222 km; Orion 2: 188–247 km) [122] [123]
Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph (UVC) Descartes Highlands on lunar surface [124]
Earth orbit (713–724 km) [125]
Astronomical Netherlands Satellite (ANS) Earth orbit (266–1176 km)
International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) Earth orbit (32,050–52,254 km) [126] [127]
Earth orbit (2,000–200,000 km)
— Earth orbit (586–610 km) [128]
Broad Band X-ray Telescope / Astro 1 Earth orbit (500 km)
Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) Earth orbit (515–527 km) [129] [130]
align=left Astro 2Earth orbit (349–363 km) [131] [132]
Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) Earth orbit (752–767 km) [133] [134]
align=left Cosmic Hot Interstellar Spectrometer (CHIPS) Earth orbit (578–594 km) [135] [136]
Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) Earth orbit (691–697 km) .[137] [138] [139]
align=left Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Satellite 4 (Kaistsat 4) ? Earth orbit (675–695 km) [140] [141]
align=left Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory (Swift) — Earth orbit (585–604 km)
Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) — Earth orbit (387–415 km) [142] [143]
Hisaki (SPRINT-A) 8 December 2023 Earth orbit (957–1151 km) [144] [145]
align=left reusable Suborbital to 300 km [146]
align=left — Lunar surface
(On Chang'e 3 lander) 		[147]
AstroSat— Earth orbit (600–650 km)
Spatial Heterodyne Interferometric Emission Line Dynamics Spectrometer (SHIELDS)NASA19 Apr 202119 Apr 2021Suborbital to 284.8 km[148]
Colorado Ultraviolet Transit Experiment (CUTE)NASA, Colorado University27 Sep 2021nearly Sun-synchronous orbit with a ~90 minute orbital period[149]
PROBA-3— Earth orbit (600–60350 km)
UV ranges listed at Ultraviolet astronomy#Ultraviolet space telescopes.

Visible light

The oldest form of astronomy, optical or visible-light astronomy, observes wavelengths of light from approximately 400 to 700 nm.[150] Positioning an optical telescope in space eliminates the distortions and limitations that hamper that ground-based optical telescopes (see Astronomical seeing), providing higher resolution images. Optical telescopes are used to look at planets, stars, galaxies, planetary nebulae and protoplanetary disks, amongst many other things.[151]

PhotoNameSpace agencyLaunch dateTerminatedLocationRef(s)
Earth orbit (223–35,632 km) [152] [153] [154]
— Earth orbit (586.47–610.44 km)
Earth orbit (819–832 km) [155] [156]
Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory— Earth orbit (585–604 km)
Earth orbit (872–884 km) [157] [158]
Earth-trailing heliocentric orbit [159] [160] [161]
BRITE constellation Austria, Canada, Poland - — Earth orbit [162]
Near Earth Object Surveillance Satellite (NEOSSat) — Sun-synchronous Earth orbit (776–792 km) [163] [164]
Gaia (astrometry) — [165]
align=left — Earth orbit (600–650 km)
Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) — High Earth Orbit [166]
—Sun-synchronous orbit[167]
— Lunar surface [168]
align=left Space Variable Objects Monitor (SVOM)— Earth orbit (625–625 km) [169] [170]
PROBA-3— Earth orbit (600–60350 km)

Infrared and submillimetre

See main article: Infrared astronomy and Submillimetre astronomy. Infrared light is of lower energy than visible light, hence is emitted by sources that are either cooler, or moving away from the observer (in present context: Earth) at high speed. As such, the following can be viewed in the infrared: cool stars (including brown dwarves), nebulae, and redshifted galaxies.[171]

PhotoNameSpace agencyLaunch dateTerminatedLocationRef(s)
Earth orbit (889–903 km) [172] [173]
Earth orbit (486 km) [174] [175]
Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) Earth orbit (1000–70500 km) [176] [177] [178]
Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX) Earth orbit (900 km) [179]
Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite (SWAS) Earth orbit (638–651 km) [180] [181]
Wide Field Infrared Explorer (WIRE) no observations Re-entered May 10, 2011[182] [183]
[184] Solar orbit (0.98–1.02 AU) [185] [186]
align=left Akari (Astro-F) [187] Earth orbit (586.47–610.44 km) [188] [189]
[190] [191] [192] [193] [194]
align=left Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) Earth orbit (500 km) [195] [196] [197]
—Sun-synchronous orbit
James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)NASA/ESA/CSA—Sun–Earth Lagrange point[198]
—Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point[199] [200]

Microwave

Microwave space telescopes have primarily been used to measure cosmological parameters from the Cosmic Microwave Background. They also measure synchrotron radiation, free-free emission and spinning dust from the Milky Way Galaxy, as well as extragalactic compact sources and galaxy clusters through the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect.[201]

PhotoNameSpace agencyLaunch dateTerminatedLocationRef(s)
Earth orbit (900 km) [202] [203]
align=left — Earth orbit (622 km) [204] [205]
[206]
Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point (mission)
Heliocentric (Derelict) 		[207] [208]

Radio

As the atmosphere is transparent for radio waves, radio telescopes in space are most useful for Very Long Baseline Interferometry: doing simultaneous observations of a source with both a satellite and a ground-based telescope and by correlating their signals to simulate a radio telescope the size of the separation between the two telescopes. Typical targets for observations include supernova remnants, masers, gravitational lenses, and starburst galaxies.

PhotoNameSpace agencyLaunch dateTerminatedLocationRef(s)
align=left Earth orbit (560–21,400 km) [209] [210] [211]
align=left Spektr-R (RadioAstron) Earth orbit (10,000–390,000 km) [212] [213] [214]

Particle detection

Spacecraft and space-based modules that do particle detection, looking for cosmic rays and electrons. These can be emitted by the Sun (Solar Energetic Particles), the Milky Way galaxy (Galactic cosmic rays) and extragalactic sources (Extragalactic cosmic rays). There are also Ultra-high-energy cosmic rays from active galactic nuclei, those can be detected by ground-based detectors via their particle showers.

PhotoNameSpace agencyLaunch dateTerminatedLocationRef(s)
Earth orbit (589–183 km)
Earth orbit (637–191 km)
High Energy Astronomy Observatory 3 (HEAO 3) Earth orbit (486.4–504.9 km)
NASA / DE Earth orbit (512–687 km) [215]
align=left Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer 01 (AMS-01) Earth orbit (296 km) [216]
Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light-nuclei Astrophysics (PAMELA) Earth orbit (350–610 km) [217] [218]
NASA— Earth orbit (86,000–259,000 km) [219]
Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer 02 (AMS-02) — Earth orbit (353 km) on ISS [220]
Calorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) — Earth orbit (353 km) on ISS [221]
Dark Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE) — Earth orbit (500 km) [222]

Gravitational waves

A type of telescope that detects gravitational waves; ripples in space-time generated by colliding neutron stars or black holes.

To be launched

PhotoNameSpace agencyPlanned launch dateLocationRef(s)
align=left Earth orbit [224]
align=left Low Earth orbit [225] [226] [227]
ESAGeosynchronous orbit [228]
Israel Space AgencySun–Earth L2 Lagrange point [229]
align=left Sun–Earth Lagrange point [230]
align=left Low Earth orbit [231]
align=left ESASun–Earth Lagrange point [232]
align=left NASAHighly elliptical orbit [233]
align=left [234]
align=left Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics (Athena) ESA/NASA/JAXASun–Earth L2 Lagrange point [235]
align=left Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) ESA[236]

See also

External links

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