List of sovereign states in the 1990s explained

This is a list of sovereign states in the 1990s, giving an overview of states around the world during the period between 1 January 1990 and 31 December 1999. It contains 241 entries, arranged alphabetically, with information on the status and recognition of their sovereignty. It includes 197 widely recognized sovereign states, 28 entities which claim an effective sovereignty but are considered de facto dependencies of other powers by the general international community, 2 associated states, 14 states which were initially unrecognized but then gained full recognition later in the decade, and 1 state which was initially widely recognized but then lost full recognition later in the decade.

Members or observers of the United Nations

Name and capital cityInformation on status and recognition of sovereignty
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A

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valign=top → → Afghanistan

Widely recognized UN member state. Claimed to be the sole legitimate government of Afghanistan and recognized as such by the UN, but only controlled a small portion of the country after 26 September 1996.

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valign=top

Widely recognized UN member state.

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valign=top Algeria – People's Democratic Republic of Algeria Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top Andorra – Principality of Andorra Widely recognized independent state. The President of France and Bishop of Urgell were ex officio Co-Princes of Andorra. UN member state (from 28 July 1993). The defense of Andorra was the responsibility of France and Spain.
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valign=top

Widely recognized UN member state.

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valign=top Antigua and Barbuda Widely recognized UN member state; Commonwealth realm. Antigua and Barbuda had two dependencies, Barbuda and Redonda.
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valign=top Argentina – Argentine Republic Widely recognized UN member state. Argentina was a federation of 22 provinces, two federal territories, and one federal territory. It had a claim over Argentine Antarctica, which was suspended under the Antarctic Treaty. It also claimed the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, both of which were British overseas territories.
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valign=top Armenia – Republic of Armenia De facto independent state; claimed by the Soviet Union to 26 December 1991. Widely recognized (from 26 December 1991). UN member state (from 2 March 1992).
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valign=top Australia – Commonwealth of Australia Widely recognized UN member state; Commonwealth realm. Australia was a federation of six states and three territories. It had sovereignty over the following external territories:
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valign=top Austria – Republic of Austria Widely recognized UN member state. EU member (from 1 January 1995). Austria was a federation of nine states.
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valign=top Azerbaijan – Republic of Azerbaijan De facto independent state; claimed by the Soviet Union to 26 December 1991. Widely recognized state from 26 December 1991; UN member state from 2 March 1992. Azerbaijan had one autonomous republic, Nakhchivan. It included the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh, where a partially recognized breakaway republic declared independence on 6 January 1992.
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B

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valign=top – Commonwealth of the Bahamas Widely recognized UN member state; Commonwealth realm.
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valign=top Bahrain – State of Bahrain Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top Bangladesh – People's Republic of Bangladesh Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top Barbados Widely recognized UN member state. Commonwealth realm.
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valign=top Belgium – Kingdom of Belgium Widely recognized UN member state. EEC member to 1 November 1993; EU member from 1 November 1993. Belgium was a federation of three communities and three regions.
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valign=top Belize Widely recognized UN member state. Commonwealth realm.
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valign=top Benin

Widely recognized UN member state.

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valign=top Bhutan – Kingdom of Bhutan Widely recognized UN member state. Bhutan was officially guided by India in its foreign affairs, but effectively pursued an independent foreign policy.
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valign=top Bolivia – Republic of Bolivia
Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top

De facto independent state. Claimed by Yugoslavia (to 28 April 1992). Widely recognized (from 7 April 1992). UN member state (from 22 May 1992). Much of the de jure territory of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was the under control of the following self-declared entities which, although they did not claim independence, were effectively self-governing:

In addition, there were three states which had declared and established de facto independence from Bosnia and Herzegovina: Republika Srpska (from 7 April 1992 to 14 December 1995) and Republic of Western Bosnia (from 26 July 1995 to 7 August 1995). After the Dayton Accords, Bosnia and Herzegovina was a federation of two constituent entities: the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which was itself a federation of ten cantons, and Republika Srpska. There was also a neutral Brčko District (from 5 March 1999).

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valign=top Botswana – Republic of Botswana Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top – Federative Republic of Brazil Widely recognized UN member state; Brazil was a federation of 26 states and one federal district.
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valign=top – State of Brunei, Abode of Peace Widely recognized UN member state. Brunei claimed part of the Spratly Islands (disputed by the People's Republic of China, the Republic of China, Vietnam, the Philippines, and Malaysia).
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valign=top Bulgaria

Widely recognized UN member state.

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valign=top Burkina Faso Widely recognized UN member state.
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Burma Myanmar
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valign=top Burundi – Republic of Burundi Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top → → Byelorussia / Belarus

Widely recognized UN member state. De facto independent state that was nominally a constituent state of the Soviet Union to 26 December 1991; widely recognized from 26 December 1991.

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C

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Cambodia Kampuchea
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valign=top Cameroon – Republic of Cameroon Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top Canada Widely recognized UN member state. Commonwealth realm. Canada was a federation of ten provinces and three territories.
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valign=top Cape Verde – Republic of Cape Verde Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top Central African Republic Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top Chad – Republic of Chad Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top Chile

Widely recognized UN member state; it had a claim over Chilean Antarctic Territory which was suspended under the Antarctic Treaty.

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valign=top ChinaPeople's Republic of China Widely recognized UN member state. The People's Republic of China had five autonomous regions: Guangxi, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Xinjiang and Tibet. Additionally, it had sovereignty over two special administrative regions:
  • Hong Kong (from 1 July 1997)
  • (from 20 December 1999)

The People's Republic of China claimed Taiwan, Kinmen, the Matsu Islands, Pratas Island and the Vereker Banks, and Itu Aba, all of which were governed by the Republic of China. It also claimed the Paracel Islands (disputed by the Republic of China and Vietnam), the Spratly Islands (disputed by the Republic of China, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia and Brunei), and South Tibet (controlled by India). The People's Republic of China administered Aksai Chin and the Trans-Karakoram Tract, which were within the disputed region of Kashmir.

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valign=top Colombia – Republic of Colombia Widely recognized UN member state. Colombia administered Bajo Nuevo Bank and Serranilla Bank (disputed by Nicaragua and the United States)
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valign=top → → Comoros – Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros Widely recognized UN member state. The Comoros was a federation of three islands: Grande Comore, Mohéli, and Anjouan. Anjouan was a de facto independent state from 3 August 1997. Mohéli was a de facto independent state from 11 August 1997 to 1998. Comoros claimed sovereignty over the French overseas territories of Mayotte and the Glorioso Islands. It also claimed Banc du Geyser (disputed by Madagascar and France).
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valign=topCongo / Congo, Republic of the
  • People's Republic of the Congo
  • Republic of the Congo

Widely recognized UN member state.

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Congo, Democratic Republic of the Zaire
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valign=top Costa Rica – Republic of Costa Rica Widely recognized UN member state.
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Côte d'Ivoire Ivory Coast
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valign=top Croatia – Republic of Croatia De facto independent state. Claimed by Yugoslavia (to 28 April 1992). Widely recognized (from 15 January 1992). UN member state (from 22 May 1992). Croatia contained the following self-declared entities, all of which claimed to be part of Yugoslavia. Although they did not explicitly claim independence, they were de facto self-governing:

On 15 January 1996, the last of these entities came under the administration of the United Nations Transitional Authority for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium. It was reintegrated into Croatia on 15 January 1998.

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valign=top Cuba – Republic of Cuba Widely recognized UN member state; the Cuban area of Guantánamo Bay was under the complete control of the United States.
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valign=top Cyprus – Republic of Cyprus Widely recognized UN member state. The northeastern part of the island was the de facto independent state of Northern Cyprus, recognized only by Turkey.
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valign=top Czech Republic Widely recognized independent state. UN member state (from 19 January 1993).
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valign=top Czechoslovakia

Widely recognized UN member state. Czechoslovakia was a federation of two republics.

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D

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valign=top DenmarkKingdom of Denmark Widely recognized UN member state; EEC member to 1 November 1993. EU member (from 1 November 1993). The Danish Realm also included two of its constituent states:
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valign=top Djibouti – Republic of Djibouti Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top Dominica – Commonwealth of Dominica Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top Dominican Republic Widely recognized UN member state.
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E

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valign=top Ecuador – Republic of Ecuador Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top Egypt – Arab Republic of Egypt Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top El Salvador – Republic of El Salvador Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top Equatorial Guinea – Republic of Equatorial Guinea Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top Eritrea – State of Eritrea [2] Widely recognized independent state. UN member state (from 28 May 1993).
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valign=top Estonia – Republic of Estonia De facto independent state claimed by the Soviet Union to 6 September 1991. Widely recognized state from 6 September 1991; UN member state from 17 September 1991.
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valign=top → → → Ethiopia

Widely recognized UN member state. The province of Eritrea was under the control of a self-governing provisional government from 29 May 1991 to 23 May 1993. After 1995, Ethiopia was a federation of nine regions and two chartered cities.

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F

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valign=top Fiji
  • Republic of Fiji
  • Sovereign Democratic Republic of Fiji
  • Republic of the Fiji Islands

Widely recognized UN member state. Fiji had an autonomous dependency, Rotuma.

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valign=top Finland – Republic of Finland Widely recognized UN member state. EU member (from 1 January 1995). Finland had a neutral and demilitarised region:
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valign=top France – French Republic Widely recognized UN member state. EEC member (to 1 November 1993). EU member (from 1 November 1993). France included four overseas departments: French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Réunion. It also had sovereignty over the following overseas territories:

France also claimed Banc du Geyser (disputed by Madagascar and the Comoros).

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G

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valign=top Gabon

Widely recognized UN member state.

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valign=top – Republic of the Gambia Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top
  • Republic of Georgia
  • Georgia

De facto independent state claimed by the Soviet Union until 26 December 1991. Widely recognized sovereign state from 26 December 1991; UN member state from 31 July 1992. Georgia had two autonomous republics: Adjara and Abkhazia. The latter republic was effectively self-governing from 30 September 1993 to 12 October 1999. After 12 October 1999, it was home to a de facto independent state. Georgia also included the disputed region of South Ossetia, where an unrecognized recognized breakaway republic declared independence on 29 May 1992.

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valign=top – German Democratic Republic
Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top Germany, West / Germany – Federal Republic of Germany
Widely recognized UN member state. EEC member (to 1 November 1993). EU member (from 1 November 1993). Germany was a federation of sixteen states.
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valign=top Ghana – Republic of Ghana Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top GreeceHellenic Republic Widely recognized UN member state; EEC member (to 1 November 1993). EU member (from 1 November 1993). Greece had sovereignty over Mount Athos, an autonomous monastic state that was jointly governed by the multi-national "Holy Community" on the mountain and the Civil Governor appointed by the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and spiritually came under the direct jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate.
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valign=top Grenada Widely recognized UN member state; Commonwealth realm. Grenada had one autonomous dependency and it was Carriacou and Petite Martinique.
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valign=topGuatemala – Republic of Guatemala Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top Guinea – Republic of Guinea Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top Guinea-Bissau – Republic of Guinea-Bissau Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top Guyana – Co-operative Republic of Guyana Widely recognized UN member state.
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H

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valign=top Haiti – Republic of Haiti Widely recognized UN member state; Haiti claimed the uninhabited United States possession of Navassa Island.
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Holy See Vatican City
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valign=top Honduras – Republic of Honduras Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top Hungary – Republic of Hungary Widely recognized UN member state.
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I

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valign=top Iceland – Republic of Iceland Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top India – Republic of India Widely recognized UN member state; India was a federation of twenty-five states and seven union territories. Indian sovereignty over South Tibet was disputed by China; India administered part of the disputed region of Kashmir as the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
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valign=top Indonesia – Republic of Indonesia Widely recognized UN member state.. Indonesia had three special provinces: Aceh, Jakarta, and Yogyakarta.
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valign=top – Islamic Republic of Iran Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top
  • Iraqi Republic (until 6 January 1992)[4] [5]
  • Republic of Iraq (from 6 January 1992)

Widely recognized UN member state.

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valign=top Widely recognized UN member state; EEC member to 1 November 1993. EU member from 1 November 1993.
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valign=top Israel – State of Israel Widely recognized UN member state. Israel occupied East Jerusalem, the Gaza Strip the Golan Heights, the Israeli Security Zone in Southern Lebanon, and the West Bank. These areas were not generally recognized as being part of Israel.
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valign=top Italy – Italian Republic Widely-recognized UN member state; EEC member. Italy had 5 autonomous regions and they were the Aosta Valley, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Sardinia, Sicily, and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol.
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valign=top

Widely recognized UN member state.

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J

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valign=top Jamaica Widely recognized UN member state; Commonwealth realm.
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valign=top Japan Widely recognized UN member state. Japan claimed the Liancourt Rocks, which were controlled by South Korea.
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valign=top Jordan – Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Widely recognized UN member state.
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K

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valign=top → → Kampuchea / Cambodia

Widely recognized UN member state. Claimed to be the sole legitimate government of Cambodia, despite being in exile until 15 March 1992.

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valign=top → → Kazakhstan – Republic of Kazakhstan [6]
De facto independent state; claimed by the Soviet Union to 26 December 1991. Widely recognized state from 26 December 1991; UN member state from 2 March 1992.
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valign=top Kenya – Republic of Kenya Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top Kiribati – Republic of Kiribati Widely recognized independent state. UN member state (from 14 September 1999).
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valign=top – Democratic People's Republic of Korea Widely recognized independent state. Permanent observer at the UN (to 17 September 1991). UN member state (from 17 September 1991). Claimed to be the sole legitimate government of Korea.
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valign=top – Republic of Korea Widely recognized independent state. Permanent observer at the UN (to 17 September 1991). UN member state (from 17 September 1991). Claimed to be the sole legitimate government of Korea. South Korea controlled the Liancourt Rocks, which were claimed by Japan.
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valign=top Kuwait – State of Kuwait Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top Kyrgyzstan
  • Republic of Kyrgyzstan
  • Kyrgyz Republic

De facto independent state; claimed by the Soviet Union to 26 December 1991. Widely recognized state from 26 December 1991; UN member state from 2 March 1992.

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L

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valign=top – Lao People's Democratic Republic Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top Latvia – Republic of Latvia De facto independent state claimed by the Soviet Union to 6 September 1991; widely recognized state from 6 September 1991 and UN member state from 17 September 1991.
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valign=top Lebanon – Lebanese Republic Widely recognized UN member state. Lebanon was occupied by Syria. Some of Southern Lebanon was occupied by Israel.
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valign=top Lesotho – Kingdom of Lesotho Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top Liberia – Republic of Liberia Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top Libya – Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top Liechtenstein – Principality of Liechtenstein Widely recognized independent state. UN member state (from 18 September 1990). The defense of Liechtenstein was the responsibility of Switzerland.
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valign=top Lithuania – Republic of Lithuania De facto independent state claimed by the Soviet Union to 6 September 1991. Widely recognized state from 6 September 1991; UN member state from 17 September 1991.
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valign=top Luxembourg – Grand Duchy of Luxembourg Widely recognized UN member state. EEC member (to 1 November 1993). EU member (from 1 November 1993).
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M

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valign=top → → Macedonia – Republic of Macedonia De facto independent state claimed by Yugoslavia to 28 April 1992. Widely recognized UN member state from 8 April 1993.
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valign=top

Widely recognized UN member state. Madagascar claimed the French possessions of Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands and Juan de Nova Island. It also claimed Banc du Geyser (disputed by Comoros and France).

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valign=top Malawi – Republic of Malawi Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top Malaysia
Widely recognized UN member state. Malaysia was a federation of thirteen states and two federal territories. Malaysia claimed part of the Spratly Islands (disputed by the People's Republic of China, the Republic of China, Vietnam, the Philippines, and Brunei).
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valign=top Maldives – Republic of Maldives Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top Mali
    • Republic of Mali Republic of Mali

Widely recognized UN member state.

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valign=top Malta – Republic of Malta Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top Marshall Islands – Republic of the Marshall Islands Widely recognized state under a Compact of Free Association with the United States; UN member state (from 17 September 1991). The Marshall Islands claimed the United States territory of Wake Island.
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valign=top MauritaniaIslamic Republic of Mauritania Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top

Widely recognized UN member state. Commonwealth realm (to 12 March 1992). Mauritius had three dependencies: Agalega Islands, Cargados Carajos and Rodrigues. It claimed the British Indian Ocean Territory and the French territory of Tromelin Island.

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valign=top Mexico – United Mexican States Widely recognized UN member state. Mexico was a federation of 31 states and one federal district.
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valign=top – Federated States of Micronesia Widely recognized state under Compact of Free Association with the United States. UN member state (from 17 September 1991). The FSM was a federation of four states.
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valign=top Moldova – Republic of Moldova De facto independent state claimed by the Soviet Union to 26 December 1991; widely recognized state from 26 December 1991 and UN member state from 2 March 1992. Moldova had two autonomous territorial units and they were Gagauzia and Transnistria. Both units (only Transnistria after 14 January 1995) were home to de facto independent statelets.
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valign=top Monaco – Principality of Monaco Widely recognized independent state. Permanent observer at the UN (to 28 May 1993). UN member state (from 28 May 1993). The defense of Monaco was the responsibility of France.
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valign=top Mongolia

Widely recognized UN member state.

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valign=top Morocco – Kingdom of Morocco Widely recognized UN member state. Morocco claimed sovereignty over and controlled most of the disputed Western Sahara, which was home to the de facto independent Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. Morocco disputed the Spanish sovereignty over Ceuta, Isla de Alborán, Isla Perejil, Islas Chafarinas, Melilla, and Peñón de Alhucemas.
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valign=top Mozambique

Widely recognized UN member state.

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valign=top Myanmar – Union of Myanmar Widely recognized UN member state.
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N

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valign=top Namibia – Republic of Namibia Widely recognized independent state. UN member state (from 23 April 1990).
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valign=top Nauru – Republic of Nauru
Widely recognized independent state. UN member state (from 14 September 1999). The defense of Nauru was the responsibility of Australia.
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valign=top Nepal – Kingdom of Nepal Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top – Kingdom of the Netherlands
Widely recognized UN member state. The Kingdom of the Netherlands consisted of three autonomous countries:

The Kingdom of the Netherlands as a whole was a member of the EEC (to 1 November 1993) and the EU (from 1 November 1993), but Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles were not.

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valign=top New Zealand Widely recognized UN member state; Commonwealth realm. New Zealand had responsibilities for the two free associated states of:

It also had sovereignty over two dependent territories:

The government of Tokelau claimed Swains Island, part of American Samoa (a U.S. dependence). New Zealand did not recognize this claim.

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valign=top Nicaragua – Republic of Nicaragua Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top Niger – Republic of Niger Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top Nigeria

Widely recognized UN member state. Nigeria was a federation of 36 states and one federal territory.

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valign=top Norway – Kingdom of Norway Widely recognized UN member state. Norway had two integral overseas areas: Jan Mayen and Svalbard. The latter of area had a special status due to the Spitsbergen Treaty. Norway had sovereignty over the following dependencies:
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O

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valign=top Oman – Sultanate of Oman Widely recognized UN member state.
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P

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valign=top Pakistan – Islamic Republic of Pakistan Widely recognized UN member state. Pakistan was a federation of four provinces and four territories; it administered part of the disputed region of Kashmir as the territories of Azad Kashmir and the Northern Areas.
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valign=top Palau – Republic of Palau Widely recognized state under Compact of Free Association with the United States; UN member state from 15 December 1994.
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valign=top Panama – Republic of Panama Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top Papua New Guinea – Independent State of Papua New Guinea Widely recognized UN member state. Commonwealth realm.
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valign=top Paraguay – Republic of Paraguay Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top PeruRepublic of Peru Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top Philippines – Republic of the Philippines Widely recognized UN member state. The Philippines had one autonomous region: Muslim Mindanao. The Philippines administered Scarborough Shoal, which was disputed by the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China. It also claimed sovereignty over the Spratly Islands (disputed by the People's Republic of China, the Republic of China, Vietnam, Brunei, and Malaysia) and the Malaysian territory of Sabah.
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valign=top – Republic of Poland Widely recognized UN member state. Poland's government was still in exile until 22 December 1990.
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valign=top Portugal – Portuguese Republic Widely recognized UN member state. EEC member (to 1 November 1993). EU member (from 1 November 1993). Portugal had two autonomous regions: the Azores and Madeira. Portugal had one Chinese territory which it administered as a dependency:
  • Macau (to 19 December 1999)

Portugal claimed sovereignty over the former colony of Portuguese Timor (which had been annexed by Indonesia) until 25 October 1999. It also claimed the Spanish municipalities of Olivenza and Táliga.

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Q

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valign=top Qatar – State of Qatar Widely recognized UN member state.
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R

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valign=top Romania Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top – Russian Federation Widely recognized UN member state from 26 December 1991. Russia was a federation of 21 republics, 49 oblasts, 6 krais, 2 federal cities, 1 autonomous oblast, and 10 autonomous okrugs. One of those republics, Tatarstan, declared state sovereignty on 6 November 1992 and was effectively self-governing until 15 February 1994.
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valign=top Rwanda
    • Military rule in Rwanda Rwandese Republic

Widely recognized UN member state.

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S

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valign=top Saint Kitts and Nevis – Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis Widely recognized UN member state; Commonwealth realm. Saint Kitts and Nevis was a federation of fourteen parishes within two islands. Nevis (which was one of the islands) had autonomy.
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valign=top Saint Lucia Widely recognized UN member state; Commonwealth realm.
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valign=top Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Widely recognized UN member state. Commonwealth realm.
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Samoa Western Samoa
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valign=top San Marino – Republic of San Marino Widely recognized independent state; UN member state from 2 March 1992.
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valign=top – Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe Widely recognized UN member state; São Tomé and Príncipe had one autonomous province and it was Príncipe (from 29 April 1995).
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valign=top Saudi Arabia – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top Senegal – Republic of Senegal Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top Seychelles

Widely recognized UN member state; the Seychelles claimed the British Indian Ocean Territory and the French territories of Tromelin Island and the Glorioso Islands.

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valign=top Sierra Leone – Republic of Sierra Leone Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top Singapore – Republic of Singapore Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top Slovakia – Slovak Republic Widely recognized independent state. UN member state (from 19 January 1993).
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valign=top Slovenia – Republic of Slovenia De facto independent state claimed by Yugoslavia (to 28 April 1992). Widely recognized (from 15 January 1992); UN member state (from 22 May 1992).
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valign=top Solomon Islands Widely recognized UN member state. Commonwealth realm.
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valign=top Somalia

Widely recognized UN member state. Somalia's internationally recognized government did not exercise full control over the country from 26 January 1991 to 18 November 1991. After 18 November 1991, Somalia did not have any recognized central government. Many areas of the country had no effective government at all or were ruled by local clans. During this period, Somalia included one state which was de facto self-governing (although it did not claim independence from Somalia):

  • Jubaland (from 3 September 1998 to 11 June 1999)

In addition, there were two states which had declared and established de facto independence from Somalia: Puntland (from 1 August 1998), and Somaliland (from 18 May 1991).

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valign=top South Africa – Republic of South Africa
Widely recognized UN member state. South Africa had six autonomous "bantustans": Gazankulu, KaNgwane, KwaNdebele, KwaZulu, Lebowa, and QwaQwa. There were also four bantustans which were nominally independent: Bophuthatswana, Ciskei, Transkei, and Venda. All ten bantustans were formally abolished when a new constitution took effect on 27 April 1994. South Africa administered one League of Nations mandate:
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valign=top – Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Widely recognized UN member state. The Soviet Union was a federation of 15 republics, two of which (Byelorussia and Ukraine) were UN members in their own right.
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valign=top Spain – Kingdom of Spain Widely recognized UN member state; EEC member (to 1 November 1993). EU member (from 1 November 1993); Spain was divided into seventeen autonomous communities and two autonomous cities. Its sovereignty over Ceuta, Isla de Alborán, Isla Perejil, Islas Chafarinas, Melilla and Peñón de Alhucemas was disputed by Morocco. Its sovereignty over Olivenza and Táliga was disputed by Portugal. It claimed the British overseas territory of Gibraltar.
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valign=top Sri Lanka – Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top SudanRepublic of the Sudan Widely recognized UN member state. After 1991, Sudan was a federation of 30 states.
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valign=top Suriname – Republic of Suriname Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top Swaziland – Kingdom of Swaziland
Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top Sweden – Kingdom of Sweden Widely recognized UN member state. EU member (from 1 January 1995).
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valign=top Switzerland – Swiss Confederation Widely recognized independent state. Permanent observer at the UN. Switzerland was a federation of 26 cantons.
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valign=top – Syrian Arab Republic Widely recognized UN member state. Syria included the Golan Heights, which were occupied by Israel. It disputed the Turkish sovereignty over Hatay Province.
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T

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valign=top Tajikistan – Republic of Tajikistan [10] De facto independent state; claimed by the Soviet Union to 26 December 1991. Widely recognized (from 26 December 1991). UN member state (from 2 March 1992). Tajikistan had one autonomous province: Gorno-Badakhshan.
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valign=top – United Republic of Tanzania
Widely recognized UN member state; Tanzania had one autonomous region and it was Zanzibar.
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valign=top Thailand – Kingdom of Thailand Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top Togo – Togolese Republic Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top Tonga – Kingdom of Tonga Widely recognized independent state; UN member state (from 14 September 1999).
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valign=top Trinidad and Tobago – Republic of Trinidad and Tobago Widely recognized UN member state; Trinidad and Tobago had one autonomous island and it was Tobago.
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valign=top Tunisia – Tunisian Republic Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top Turkey – Republic of Turkey Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top → → Turkmenistan De facto independent state claimed by the Soviet Union to 26 December 1991; widely recognized state from 26 December 1991 and UN member state from 2 March 1992.
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U

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valign=top Uganda – Republic of Uganda Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top → → Ukraine

Widely recognized UN member state; constituent republic within the Soviet Union to 26 December 1991. Widely recognized (from 26 December 1991); Ukraine had one autonomous republic and it was Crimea.

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valign=top United Arab Emirates Widely recognized UN member state. The United Arab Emirates was a federation of seven emirates.
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valign=top United Kingdom – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Widely recognized UN member state; EEC member (to 1 November 1993) and EU member (from 1 November 1993). The United Kingdom was composed of four constituent countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. It had sovereignty over 16 dependent territories: The following are..

In addition, the British Monarch had direct sovereignty over three self-governing Crown dependencies:

  • , with two dependencies:
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valign=top United States – United States of America Widely recognized UN member state. The United States was a federation of 50 states, one federal district, and one incorporated territory. It asserted sovereignty over the following inhabited insular areas:

The United States administered one United Nations Trust Territory:

  • (to 30 September 1994), consisting of one territory
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valign=top Uruguay – Eastern Republic of Uruguay Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top Uzbekistan – Republic of Uzbekistan De facto independent state claimed by the Soviet Union to 26 December 1991; widely recognized state from 26 December 1991 and UN member state from 2 March 1992. Uzbekistan had one autonomous region (or "republic") and it was Karakalpakstan.
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V

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valign=top Vanuatu – Republic of Vanuatu Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top – Vatican City State Widely recognized independent state. Vatican City was administered by the Holy See, a sovereign entity recognized by a large number of countries and a permanent observer at the United Nations. The Holy See also administered a number of extraterritorial properties in Italy. The Pope was the ex officio head of state of Vatican City.
----
valign=top

Widely recognized UN member state. Venezuela was a federation of 23 states, three territories, one federal dependency, and one federal district.

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valign=top – Socialist Republic of Vietnam Widely recognized UN member state. Vietnam claimed sovereignty over the Paracel Islands (disputed by China and Taiwan) and Spratly Islands (disputed by the People's Republic of China, the Republic of China, Brunei, the Philippines, and Malaysia).
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W

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valign=top / Samoa
  • Independent State of Western Samoa
  • Independent State of Samoa

Widely recognized UN member state.

----

Y

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valign=top Yemen – Republic of Yemen [11] Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top – Yemen Arab Republic Widely recognized UN member state.
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valign=top
  • People's Democratic Republic of Yemen

Widely recognized UN member state (to 22 May 1990). De facto independent state (from 7 July 1994). Claimed by Yemen. (from 7 July 1994).

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valign=top Yugoslavia – Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (to 27 April 1992) Widely recognized independent state and UN member state to 27 April 1992. Yugoslavia was a federation of six republics, four of which (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, and Slovenia) declared independence in 1991 and 1992. The two remaining republics, Montenegro and Serbia, established the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia on 27 April 1992. It claimed to continue Yugoslavia's international personality, but this claim was not widely recognized.
----

Z

----
valign=topZaire / Congo, Democratic Republic of the
  • Republic of Zaire
  • Democratic Republic of the Congo

Widely recognized UN member state.

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valign=top Zambia
  • Republic of Zambia (to 1991)
  • Republic of Zambia (from 1991)

Widely recognized UN member state.

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valign=top Zimbabwe – Republic of Zimbabwe Widely recognized UN member state.
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Non-UN members or observers

Widely-recognized

Name and capital cityInformation on status and recognition of sovereignty
valign=top – Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (from 27 April 1992) Widely recognized independent state from 27 April 1992. Serbia and Montenegro was a federation of two republics, Montenegro and Serbia. Serbia and Montenegro claimed to continue Yugoslavia's international personality, but this claim was not widely recognized. Serbia itself included two autonomous provinces, which were Vojvodina and Kosovo and Metohija. The latter province was under the administration of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo from 10 June 1999.
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valign=top → → → Tuvalu Widely recognized independent state and Commonwealth realm.

Others

Name and capital cityInformation on status and recognition of sovereignty
valign=top – Republic of Abkhazia De facto independent state not recognized by any other state; claimed by Georgia as the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia.
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valign=topAfghanistan, Islamic Emirate of
Partially-recognized de facto independent state; claimed to be the sole legitimate government of Afghanistan, but this was not recognized by the UN or most countries.
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valign=top – State of Anjouan De facto independent state. Not recognized by any other state. Claimed by the Comoros.
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valign=top – Republic of Bophuthatswana [12] Nominally independent South African bantustan.
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valign=top – Republic of Bougainville De facto independent state. Not recognized by any other state. Claimed by Papua New Guinea.
----
valign=top Cambodia, State of Partially recognized de facto independent state. Claimed to be the sole legitimate government of Cambodia.
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valign=top
  • Chechen Republic [13]
  • Chechen Republic of Ichkeria

Partially recognized de facto independent state; claimed by Russia as the Republic of Chechnya.

----
valign=top – Republic of Ciskei [14] Nominally independent South African bantustan.
----
valign=top Cook Islands A state in free association with New Zealand, recognized by China (from 25 July 1997). The Cook Islands is a member of multiple UN agencies with full treaty making capacity; it shares a head of state with New Zealand as well as having shared citizenship.
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valign=top Gagauzia – Gagauz Republic De facto independent state; not recognized by any other state. Claimed by the Soviet Union until 26 December 1991 and by Moldova from 27 August 1991 to 14 January 1995.
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valign=top Mindanao – Federal Republic of Mindanao (de facto)De facto independent state. Not recognized by any other state. Claimed by the Philippines.
----
valign=top Mohéli – Democratic Republic of Mohéli De facto independent state. Not recognized by any other state. Claimed by the Comoros.
----
valign=top – Nagorno-Karabakh Republic De facto independent state; not recognized by any other state. Claimed by Azerbaijan.
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valign=top Niue A state in free association with New Zealand. Niue is a member of multiple UN agencies with full treaty making capacity. It had shared citizenship with New Zealand.
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valign=top – Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Partially recognized de facto independent state, recognized only by Turkey. Claimed by the Republic of Cyprus.
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valign=top – State of Palestine
Disputed region consisting of three occupied territories: the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem. The declared State of Palestine, which claimed independence for all the Palestinian territories, was recognized by a large number of countries. In foreign relations, Palestine was represented by the Palestine Liberation Organization, which was a permanent observer at the United Nations. The Palestinian National Authority (established on 4 May 1994) was an interim administrative body that exercised limited control over parts of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.
----
valign=top Puntland – Puntland State of Somalia De facto independent state. Not recognized by any other state. Claimed by Somalia.
----
valign=top
  • Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
  • Republika Srpska

De facto independent state until 14 December 1995 not recognized by any other state; claimed by Bosnia and Herzegovina and recognized as such by the UN.

----
valign=top
Partially recognized de facto independent state. The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic claimed the disputed territory of Western Sahara, most of which was under control of Morocco. The territories under its control, the so-called Free Zone, were claimed by Morocco. Its government resided in exile at Tindouf in Algeria.
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valign=top – Republic of Somaliland [15] De facto independent state. Not recognized by any other state. Claimed by Somalia.
----
valign=top – Republic of South Ossetia [16] De facto independent state. Not recognized by any other state. Claimed by Georgia.
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valign=top – Republic of China
[17] Partially recognized de facto independent state. The Republic of China claimed to be the sole legitimate government of China, but only administered Taiwan, Kinmen, the Matsu Islands, Pratas Island and Itu Aba. The Republic of China had territorial claims over Mongolia; the Russian republic of Tuva; the Sixty-Four Villages East of the River (administered by Russia); The majority of Gorno-Badakhshan (administered by Tajikistan); The eastern tip of the Wakhan Corridor (administered by Afghanistan); a small portion of Gilgit-Baltistan (administered by Pakistan and part of the disputed Kashmir region); Aksai Chin (administered by the People's Republic of China and part of the disputed Kashmir region); eastern Bhutan; South Tibet (controlled by India); and Kachin State (administered by Myanmar).
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valign=top Unrecognized de facto self-governing entity. Claimed by Sri Lanka.
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valign=top – Tatar Soviet Socialist Republic De facto independent state. De facto part of the Russian Federation since 15 February 1994. De jure since March 2002.
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valign=top – Republic of Transkei Nominally independent South African bantustan (until 27 April 1994).
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valign=top

De facto independent state not recognized by any other country; claimed by the Soviet Union to 26 December 1991 and Moldova from 27 August 1991.

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valign=top – Republic of Venda Nominally independent South African bantustan.
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valign=top Western Bosnia – Republic of Western Bosnia De facto independent state. Not recognized by any other state. Claimed by Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Other entities

Excluded from the list above are the following noteworthy entities which either were not fully sovereign or did not claim to be independent:

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Please log in . aceproject.org.
  2. Web site: Eritrea Marks Independence After Years Under Ethiopia. Associated Press. May 25, 1993. The New York Times. subscription. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212054/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/05/25/world/eritrea-marks-independence-after-years-under-ethiopia.html. 2016-03-03.
  3. Web site: Ethiopia . January 3, 2023. Central Intelligence Agency. CIA.gov.
  4. Web site: Iraq: Resolution No. 460 of 1991 (official toponymy). United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 6 January 1992. 25 October 2020.
  5. Web site: al-Waqāʼiʻ al-ʻIrāqīyah. CLR. 6 January 1992. 25 October 2020.
  6. Web site: Kazakhstan. December 27, 2022. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency. CIA.gov.
  7. Web site: Madagascar > Constitution. ICL Project.
  8. Web site: Mauritius Republic Act 1992.
  9. Web site: Mongolia > Constitution. ICL Project.
  10. Web site: Tajikistan. December 22, 2022. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency. CIA.gov.
  11. Web site: 2 Yemens Become One, and Celebrate. Reuters . May 23, 1990. The New York Times. subscription. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150525202743/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/23/world/2-yemens-become-one-and-celebrate.html. 2015-05-25.
  12. Web site: Bophuthatswana taken off the map. March 14, 1994. The Independent.
  13. Web site: Facts in conflict. Anne. Nivat . May 1, 2006. Le Monde diplomatique.
  14. Web site: A 2d Homeland Is Taken Over By South Africa. Bill. Keller . March 23, 1994. The New York Times. subscription. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150526105252/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/23/world/a-2d-homeland-is-taken-over-by-south-africa.html. 2015-05-26.
  15. Web site: Somaliland declared independence from Somalia on 18 May 1991 . 2010-05-10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120227110751/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Somaliland.pdf . 2012-02-27 . dead .
  16. Web site: South Ossetia declared independence from Georgia on 29 May 1992 . 2010-05-10 . https://archive.today/20100314073828/http://www.republicofsouthossetia.org/pages/who-we-are/key-dates.shtml . 2010-03-14 . dead .
  17. Web site: Schools to teach Nanjing is ROC capital: ministry . Taipei Times . Chris Wang . December 4, 2013.
  18. Book: Rogan-Finnemore, Michelle . 2005 . What Bioprospecting Means for Antarctica and the Southern Ocean . Von Tigerstrom . Barbara . International Law Issues in the South Pacific . Ashgate Publishing . 204 . 0-7546-4419-7. "Australia, New Zealand, France, Norway and the United Kingdom reciprocally recognize the validity of each other's claims."
  19. Web site: Antarctica. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency. 19 January 2008. CIA.gov.
  20. http://www.orderofmalta.int/diplomatic-relations/862/sovereign-order-of-malta-bilateral-relations/?lang=en Bilateral relations with countries
  21. Book: Chapter General of the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta . Constitutional Charter and Code of the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes, and of Malta, promulgated 27 June 1961, revised by the Extraordinary Chapter General 28–30 April 1997, Article 3 "Sovereignty," Paragraph 1. . Tipografia Arte della Stampa . 1998-01-12 . Rome . 11 .