List of sovereign states in the 1900s explained

This is a list of sovereign states in the 1900s, giving an overview of states around the world during the period between 1 January 1900 and 31 December 1909. It contains entries, arranged alphabetically, with information on the status and recognition of their sovereignty. It includes 119 widely recognized sovereign states, and entities which were de facto sovereign but which were not widely recognized by other states.

Sovereign states

width=60%	Name and capital city	width=70%	Information on status and recognition of sovereignty
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A
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Abuja  - Abuja Emirate Widely recognized state.
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valign=top	Aceh  - Sultanate of Aceh Protectorate of the Ottoman Empire. Annexed by the Netherlands in 1903.
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valign=top	→ Acre  - Republic of Acre De facto independent state. Annexed by Bolivia from 15 March to November 1900, from 24 December 1900 to 27 January 1903, and from 11 November 1903.
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valign=top	Agadez  - Tenere Sultanate of Aïr Widely recognized state. Annexed by France in 1900.^[1]
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valign=top	Andorra  - Principality of Andorra Widely recognized state. the President of France and Bishop of Urgell are ex officio Co-Princes of Andorra.
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valign=top	Angoche  - Angoche Sultanate Widely recognized state.
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valign=top	Ankole  - Kingdom of Ankole Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom on 25 October 1901.^[2]
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valign=top	- Argentine Republic Widely recognized state. Argentina is a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city.
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valign=top	Aro  - Aro Confederacy Widely recognized state. Annexed by France in January 1902.
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valign=top	Ashanti  - Ashanti Empire Widely recognized state. Anexed by the United Kingdom on 1 January 1902.
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valign=top	Aussa  - Sultanate of Aussa Widely recognized state.
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valign=top	→ → Australia  - Commonwealth of Australia Widely recognized state from 1 January 1901. Australia is a federation of six states and three territories, and is autonomous but still dependent from the United Kingdom. Australia has 1 External Territory:
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valign=top	- Austro-Hungarian Monarchy Widely recognized state. Austria-Hungary has 1 concession and 1 condominium:
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B
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valign=top	Bali  - Kingdom of Bali Widely recognized state. Annexed by the Netherlands on 18 April 1908.
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valign=top	Belgium  - Kingdom of Belgium Widely recognized state. Belgium has 1 colony and 1 concession:
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valign=top	Bhutan Bhutan Kingdom of Bhutan Widely recognized state.
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valign=top	Biu  - Biu Kingdom Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1900.
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valign=top	Bolivia  - Republic of Bolivia Widely recognized state.
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valign=top	Brakna  - Brakna Emirate Widely recognized state. Annexed by France on 18 October 1904.
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valign=top	Brazil  - Republic of the United States of Brazil Widely recognized state. Brazil was a federation of 20 states, one territory, and one federal district.
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valign=top	Bulgaria De facto independent state until October 5, 1908. Widely recognized state from October 5, 1908.^[3]
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Busoga – Kingdom of Busoga Widely recognized state. Abandoned in 1906.
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C
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valign=top	- Dominion of Canada Widely recognized state. Canada is autonomous but still dependent from the United Kingdom.
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valign=top	Champasak  - Kingdom of Champasak Vassal of Siam until 1904. Annexed by France on November 22, 1904.
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valign=top	Chile  - Republic of Chile Widely recognized state.
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valign=top	- Great Qing Empire Widely recognized state.
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valign=top	Chokwe  - Chokwe Kingdom Widely recognized state. Annexed by Portugal in 1908.
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valign=top	- Republic of Colombia Widely recognized state.
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valign=top	- Congo Free State Widely recognized state. State in personal union with the Kingdom of Belgium. Annexed by Belgium on November 15, 1908.
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valign=top	→ Costa Rica  - First Costa Rican RepublicWidely recognized state.
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valign=top	- Republic of Cuba^[4] Widely recognized state from May 20, 1902. Annexed by the United States of America from September 28, 1906 to February 6, 1909.
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D
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Damagaram  - Sultanate of Damagaram Widely recognized state to 1902. Annexed by France in 1902.
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Dar al Kuti  - Sultanate of Dar Al Kuti Widely recognized state.
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valign=top	Darfur  - Sultanate of Darfur Widely recognized state.
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valign=top	Dendi  - Dendi Kingdom Widely recognized state. Annexed by France in 1901.
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valign=top	- Kingdom of Denmark Widely recognized state. Denmark has 1 colony and 1 dependency and 1 territory:
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valign=top	- Emirate of Dhala Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1904.
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valign=top	Dominican Republic  - Second Dominican Republic Widely recognized state.
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E
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valign=top	→ Ecuador  - Republic of Ecuador Widely recognized state.
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valign=top	El Salvador  - Republic of El Salvador Widely recognized state.
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valign=top	Ethiopia  - Ethiopian Empire Widely recognized state.
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F
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valign=top	- French Republic Widely recognized state. The following are colonies, concessions and protectorates of France:
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G
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valign=top	Geledi  - Sultanate of the Geledi Widely recognized state. Annexed by Italy on September 3, 1908.
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valign=top	- German Realm Widely recognized state. The following are colonies, concessions and protectorates of Germany:
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valign=top	Greece  - Kingdom of Greece Widely recognized state.
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Gowa  - Sultanate of Gowa Widely recognized state.
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valign=top	Guatemala  - Republic of Guatemala Widely recognized state.
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H
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valign=top	Ha'il  - Emirate of Ha'il Widely recognized state.
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valign=top	Haiti  - Republic of Haiti Widely recognized state.
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valign=top	- Republic of Honduras Widely recognized state.
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I
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valign=top	Igala  - Igala Kingdom Widely recognized state.
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valign=top	Igara  - Kingdom of Igara Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1901.
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valign=top	Ilé-Ifẹ̀  - Ilé-Ifẹ̀ Kingdom Widely recognized state.
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valign=top	- Kingdom of Italy Widely recognized state. Italy had two colonies and one concession:
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J
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valign=top	- Empire of Japan Widely recognized state. Japan had sovereignty over the following protectorates, dependencies and concessions:
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valign=top	Johor  - Johor Sultanate Widely recognized state.
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K
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valign=top	Kajara  - Kajara Kingdom Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1901.
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valign=top	Kano  - Kano Emirate Vassal of the Sokoto Caliphate. Annexed by the United Kingdom on February 3, 1903.
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valign=top	Kasanje  - Jaga Kingdom Widely recognized state.
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valign=top	Kebbi  - Kebbi Emirate Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1902.
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valign=top	- Greater Korean Empire Widely recognized state. to November 17, 1905. Became a Japanese protectorate on November 17, 1905.
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L
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valign=top	Lafia Beri-Beri  - Lafia Beri-Beri Kingdom Widely recognized state to. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1900.
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valign=top	- Republic of Liberia Widely recognized state.
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valign=top	- Principality of Liechtenstein Widely recognized state.
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valign=top	- Grand Duchy of Luxembourg Widely recognized state.
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M
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valign=top	Mbunda  - Mbunda Kingdom Widely recognized state.
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valign=top	Mexico  - United Mexican States Widely recognized state.
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valign=top	- Principality of Monaco Widely recognized state.
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valign=top	→ Montenegro  - Principality of Montenegro Widely recognized state.
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valign=top	Morocco  - Sultanate of Morocco Widely recognized state.
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valign=top	– Sultanate of Muscat and Oman De jure independent state. De facto a British protectorate.
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valign=top	Mutayr  - Emirate of Mutayr Widely recognized state.
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N
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valign=top	- Kingdom of the Netherlands Widely recognized state. The Netherlands had sovereignty over three colonies: Curaçao and Dependencies Dutch East Indies Surinam
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valign=top	- Dominion of Newfoundland Widely recognized state. Newfoundland is autonomous but still dependent from the United Kingdom.
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valign=top	New Zealand  - Dominion of New Zealand Widely recognized state. New Zealand is autonomous but still dependent from the United Kingdom. The following are territories of New Zealand:
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valign=top	→ Nicaragua  - Republic of Nicaragua Widely recognized state.
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valign=top	Niue  - Kingdom of Niue-Fekai Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom on April 21, 1900.
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valign=top	→  - Kingdom of Norway Widely recognized state. In personal union with Sweden until June 7, 1905. Norway had three uninhabited possessions: Bouvet Island Peter I Island Sverdrup Islands
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valign=top	Nri  - Kingdom of Nri Widely recognized state.
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valign=top	Nshenyi  - Nshenyi Kingdom Widely recognized state. Annexed by Ankole in 1901.
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O
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valign=top	Obwera  - Obwera Kingdom Widely recognized state. Annexed by Ankole in 1901.
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valign=top	Onitsha  - Onitsha Kingdom Widely recognized state.
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valign=top	Widely recognized state. Independent Annexed by the United Kingdom in May 31, 1902.
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valign=top	Oron  - Oron Nation Widely recognized state to 1909. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1909.
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valign=top	- Sublime Ottoman State Widely recognized independent state. The following are autonomous territories of the Ottoman Empire:
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P
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valign=top	→  - Republic of Panama Widely recognized state from November 3, 1903.
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valign=top	- Republic of Paraguay Widely recognized state.
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Pattani  - Sultanate of Patani^[5] Widely recognized state. Annexed by Siam in 1902.
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valign=top	→ Persia  - Sublime State of Persia Widely recognized state.
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valign=top	- Peruvian Republic Widely recognized state.
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valign=top	Philippines  - First Philippine Republic De facto independent state to March 23, 1901.
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valign=top	Portugal  - Kingdom of Portugal Widely recognized state. The following are colonies, vassal state and possession of Portugal:
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valign=top	Potiskum  - Potiskum Emirate Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1901.
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R
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valign=top	Riyadh  - Emirate of Riyadh Widely recognized state from January 15, 1902.
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valign=top	- Kingdom of Romania Widely recognized state.
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valign=top	Rujumbura  - Rujumbura Kingdom Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1901.
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valign=top	Rukiga  - Rukiga Kingdom Widely recognized state to 1901.
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valign=top	- Russian Empire Widely recognized state. Russia had two protectorates, one concession and one autonomous grand duchy:
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S
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valign=top	- Most Serene Republic of San Marino Widely recognized state.
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valign=top	- Kingdom of Serbia Widely recognized state.
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valign=top	Setul Mambang Segara  - Kingdom of Setul Mambang Segara Widely recognized state.
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valign=top	→ Siam  - Kingdom of Siam Widely recognized state. Siam has one vassal state:
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valign=top	Sokoto  - Caliphal State in the Bilād as-Sūdān Widely recognized state to July 29, 1903. Annexed by the United Kingdom.
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valign=top	Spain  - Kingdom of Spain Widely recognized independent state. Spain had three colonies, and two possessions:
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valign=top	Swaziland  - Kingdom of Swaziland Widely recognized independent state to June 1902.
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- United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway Personal union of the separate kingdoms of Sweden and Norway to June 7, 1905. Union Badge removed November 1, 1905.
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valign=top	→ →  - Kingdom of Sweden Widely recognized independent state. In personal union with Norway until June 7, 1905.
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valign=top	Switzerland  - Swiss Confederation Widely recognized independent state. Switzerland was a federation of 25 cantons.
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T
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valign=top	Tagant  - Emirate of Tagant Widely recognized independent state.
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valign=top	Tonga  - Kingdom of Tonga Widely recognized independent state.
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valign=top	- South African Republic Widely recognized independent state.
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valign=top	Trarza  - Emirate of Trarza Widely recognized independent state.
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U
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valign=top	- United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Widely recognized independent state. The following are colonies, territories, dependencies and protectorates of the United Kingdom: Aden Afghanistan Amoy Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Ascension Island → Bahama Islands Bahrain Baker Island Barbados Barotziland–North-Western Rhodesia Basutoland Bechuanaland Bermuda British Central Africa British Cyprus British East Africa → British Guiana British Honduras British Hong Kong → British Jamaica British Leeward Islands → British Mauritius → British Somaliland British Trinidad and Tobago British Western Pacific Territories → British Windward Islands → Brunei Colony of Natal Falkland Islands Federated Malay States Friendly Islands Gambia Gibraltar Gilbert and Ellice Islands Graham Land Guernsey Hankou Heard Island and McDonald Islands - Indian Empire Jarvis Island Kuwait Labuan Lagos Maldive Islands Malta Muscat and Oman Nepal → Newfoundland New Hebrides New South Wales New Zealand Niger Districts → North Borneo Northern Nigeria North-Eastern Rhodesia Nyasaland → Orange River Colony British New Guinea Rhodesia Queensland Saint Helena Seychelles → Sierra Leone Sikkim South Australia South Orkney Islands South Shetland Islands Southern Nigeria → Straits Settlements Suez Canal Zone Swaziland Tasmania Tientsin Tristan da Cunha Trucial States Unfederated Malay States
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valign=top	→  - United States of America Widely recognized independent state. The following are territories of the United States of America: → Alaska → American Samoa → Arizona → Bajo Nuevo Bank Cuba → Guam Hawaii → Howland Island → Indian Territory → Johnston Atoll → Kingman Reef → Middlebrook Island → Midway Atoll → Navassa Island → New Mexico Oklahoma → Palmyra Atoll → Panama Canal Zone → Philippine Islands Philippine Islands → Philippine Islands → → Puerto Rico^[6]
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Upper Aulaqi Sheikhdom Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom on 5 February 1904.
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Upper Aulaqi Sultanate Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom on 23 April 1904.
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valign=top	Upper Yafa  - State of Upper Yafa Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1903.
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valign=top	- Eastern Republic of Uruguay Widely recognized state.
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V
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valign=top	→ Venezuela  - United States of Venezuela Widely recognized independent state.
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W
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valign=top	Wadai  - Wadai Empire Widely recognized independent state.
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Wajoq  - Kingdom of Wajoq Widely recognized independent state.
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valign=top	Wukari  - Wukari Federation Widely recognized independent state.
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States claiming sovereignty
valign=top	Chita  - Chita Republic Unrecognized state.
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valign=top	Cruzob  - Chan Santa Cruz De facto independent state. Reannexed to Mexico from May 5, 1901.
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valign=top	Dervish State  - Dervish State Unrecognized state.
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Gurian Republic Unrecognized state.
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Jungle Nation  - Jungle Republic Unrecognized state.
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valign=top	Khiva  - Khanate of Khiva Semi-independent state. Under Russian protection.
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valign=top	Kruševo  - Republic of Kruševo De facto independent state.
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Negros  - Cantonal Republic of Negros Unrecognized state.
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Shuliavka Republic Unrecognized state.
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valign=top	Shuntian Kingdom  - Heavenly Kingdom of the Great Mingshun Unrecognized state from January 28 to January 31, 1903.^[7]
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Strandzha Commune Unrecognized state.
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valign=top	Tagalog Republic Unrecognized state.
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Notes and References

1. Book: James B. Minahan. Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition. 2016. ABC-CLIO. 978-1-61069-954-9. 418.
2. Book: Briggs. Philip. Roberts. Andrew. Uganda. 5 November 2016. Bradt Travel Guides. 9781784770228. 534. 29 December 2016. en.
3. Web site: Bulgaria at the end of the 19th-century. 2021-02-06. Encyclopedia Britannica.
4. Book: Pérez . Cuba Between Empires: 1878–1902 . University of Pittsburgh Pre . 1998 . 978-0-8229-7197-9 . Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania . xv . en . 6 May 2023.
5. Koch . Margaret L. . 1977 . Patani and the Development of A Thai State . Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society . 50 . 69–88 . 41492172 . 2 (232).
6. The United States Military Government of Porto Rico became the Insular Government of Porto Rico on April 12, 1900.
7. Web site: Rong. Yuan. 洪秀全后裔今何在 [Where are the descendants of Hong Xiuquan]]. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20140506113053/http://zm.njnews.cn/html/2012-05/31/content_1254292.htm. 2014-05-06. Zhoumo News. October 27, 2021.