List of southernmost items explained

The most southerly geographical features of various types are listed here.

Cities and settlements

See also: Southernmost settlements.

ItemPlaceLatitude/longitude
Capital (of an independent nation) Wellington, New Zealand
Permanent settlement of any size Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica-90°N 0°W
Settlement capable of housing more than 1,000 people[1] McMurdo Station, Antarctica-77.85°N 206°W
Town > 1,000 people Puerto Williams, Chile-54.9333°N -104°W
City > 50,000 people Ushuaia, Argentina-54.8°N -86°W
City > 100,000 people Punta Arenas, Chile-53.1667°N -126°W
City > 250,000 people Christchurch, New Zealand
City > 500,000 people Mar del Plata, Argentina-38°N -90°W
Metropolitan area > 5,000,000 people Melbourne, Australia-37.8136°N 144.9631°W
Metropolitan area > 15,000,000 people Buenos Aires, Argentina-34.6033°N -58.3817°W
Metropolitan area > 20,000,000 people São Paulo, Brazil-23.5517°N -46.6336°W

Geography

ItemPlaceLatitude/longitude
Body of water (navigable)Bay of Whales, Ross Sea
Land (excluding Antarctica)Thule Island, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands-59.5306°N -27.3972°W

Islands

See also: List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands.

ItemPlaceLatitude/longitude
Any island (above sea level)Deverall Island
Any island (with bare rock, not ice-covered)Ross Island-77.8333°N 206°W
Any size excluding AntarcticaThule Island-59.45°N -45°W
Island > 10,000 km2 excluding AntarcticaIsla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, Argentina/Chile-55.0333°N -83°W
Island > 100,000 km2South Island, New Zealand
Coral atollElizabeth Reef, Australia-29.95°N 163°W
The southernmost point of Berkner Island is further south than any of these, but its bedrock lies entirely below sea level, with only its ice covering rising above.

Nature

Animals

ItemPlaceLatitude/longitude
Bird: South polar skua (Stercorarius maccormicki)seen at the South Pole[2]
Amphibian: Gray four-eyed frog (Pleurodema bufoninum)Southern tip of South America[3]
Mammal: Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii)Southern Ocean[4] [5] 80th parallel south
Marsupial: Patagonian opossum (Lestodelphys halli)Estancia La Madrugada, Argentina[6]
Reptile: Liolaemus magellanicusIsla Grande de Tierra del Fuego[7]
Insect: Antarctic midge (Belgica antarctica)Refuge Islands[8] [9]
Fish: Gymnoscopelus nicholsi, Gymnoscopelus braueri, Electrona antarcticaRoss Sea[10] 75th parallel south

Plants

ItemPlaceLatitude/longitude
Flowering plants (in greenhouses)Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica[11]
Grass and flowering plants (naturally occurring)Terra Firma Islands, Antarctica[12]
Trees (Nothofagus betuloides, naturally occurring)Hornos Island, Chile[13]
Conifers (Pilgerodendron uviferum, naturally occurring)Tierra del Fuego, Chile[14] [15]
Palms (nīkau (Rhopalostylis sapida), naturally occurring)Chatham Islands, New Zealand[16]

Agriculture

ItemPlaceLatitude/longitude
Cattle farmEstancia Moat, Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina[17]
Cherry orchardLos Antiguos, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina[18]
Potato farmCentro Experimental Kampenaike, Magallanes Region, Chile[19]
Rice fieldSan Nicolás, Ñuble Region, Chile[20] [21]
VineyardChile Chico, Aysén Region, Chile[22]

Education

ItemPlaceLatitude/longitude
International Baccalaureate schoolJohn McGlashan College, Dunedin, New Zealand[23]
UniversityNational University of Tierra del Fuego, Ushuaia, Argentina[24]
KindergartenPuerto Williams,[25] Chile
Secondary schoolPuerto Williams, Chile[26]
Primary schoolEscuela Nº 38 "Presidente Raúl Ricardo Alfonsín", Esperanza Base, Antarctica[27]

Science and technology

ItemPlaceLatitude/longitude
Astronomical observatorySouth Pole Telescope, Antarctica
Permanent scientific
research station
Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica
PlanetariumTūhura Otago Museum, Dunedin, New Zealand[28]
Nuclear power plantAtucha I, Argentina[29]
Atucha II, Argentina

Transportation

ItemPlaceLatitude/longitude
Airfield (permanent, no scheduled flights)Jack F. Paulus Skiway at Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica
Seaport/HarbourWinter Quarters Bay, McMurdo Station, Antarctica[31]
Narrow gauge railwayDumont d'Urville Station, Antarctica[32] [33] The record was previously held by a 1963 installed line at the British Antarctic Survey base at Signy Island.
Airport (permanent, with scheduled flights)Guardiamarina Zañartu Airport, Puerto Williams, Chile-54.9333°N -104°W
International airportUshuaia – Malvinas Argentinas International Airport, Ushuaia, Argentina
Traffic lightHipólito Yrigoyen/Constitución Fueguina, Ushuaia, Argentina
Suspension bridgeBodie Creek Suspension Bridge, Falkland Islands[34]
RailwaySouthern Fuegian Railway (Ferrocarril Austral Fueguino) from Ushuaia to the Tierra del Fuego National Park in Argentina[35]
Railway stationRolleston railway station, New Zealand
Electrified railwayWellington station, Wellington, New Zealand
Metro stationPlaza de los Virreyes - Eva Perón in Buenos Aires, Argentina[36]
Underground railway stationFlagstaff railway station, Melbourne, Australia-37.8122°N 144.9561°W
Tramway systemChristchurch Heritage Tram, Christchurch, New Zealand-43.5353°N 172.6411°W (southernmost point of route)
Tramway system (as part of mass transit, excluding heritage routes)Melbourne, Australia-37.9144°N 145.0167°W (southernmost point of route)
TrolleybusValparaíso, Chile

Recreation

Sport

ItemPlaceLatitude/longitude
Bowling clubStewart Island Bowling Club, Oban, New Zealand[37] -46.8992°N 168.1287°W
Ski resortCerro Castor, Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina[38] -54.7167°N -68°W
Golf clubUshuaia Golf Club, Ushuaia, Argentina[39] -54.8312°N 68.4173°W

Religious buildings

ItemPlaceLatitude/longitude
Church (ice-made)Chapel of Our Lady of the Snows, Belgrano II Base, Antarctica[40] [41]
Church (regular)Trinity Church, Antarctica (Russian Orthodox Church), King George Island, Antarctica
Mormon churchPuerto Williams, Chile[42]
CathedralEl Sagrado Corazón, Diocese of Punta Arenas, Punta Arenas, Chile[43]
Hindu templeCentro Cultural y Templo Hindu, Punta Arenas, Chile[44]
MosqueSouthland Muslim Association, Invercargill, New Zealand[45]
SynagogueDunedin Synagogue, Dunedin, New Zealand[46] [47]
Buddhist stupathe Enlightenment Stupa at Portobello, Dunedin, New Zealand[48]
Sikh GurdwaraNew Zealand Sikh Society (Wellington), Lower Hutt, New Zealand[49]

Shops and service facilities

ItemPlaceLatitude/longitude
Tourist officePuerto Williams,[50] Chile
RestaurantLodge Lakutaia,[51] Puerto Williams, Chile-54.9368°N -67.613°W
CinemaJubany Base, Antarctic Peninsula-62.2333°N -98°W
Public post officePort Lockroy, Goudier Island, Antarctica[52]
BarFaraday Bar,[53] Vernadsky Research Base, Antarctica-65.2457°N -64.2574°W
Automated teller machineMcMurdo Station, Antarctica[54]

International brand names

ItemPlaceLatitude/longitude
Mercedes-Benz retailerMario Bonetto Rodados y Servicios, Ushuaia, Argentina
Toyota retailerCelentano Motors, Ushuaia, Argentina
Volkswagen retailerUshuaia, Argentina
Mobil petrol stationInvercargill, New Zealand-46.4294°N 168.3617°W [55]
Tesla retailerWigram, Christchurch, New Zealand [56]
H&MChristchurch Central, Christchurch, New Zealand-43.5333°N 172.6378°W [57]
Shell petrol stationBlackmans Bay, Tasmania, Australia-43°N 147.3203°W [58]
AldiWonthaggi, Victoria, Australia
Rosebud, Victoria, Australia-38.3569°N 144.9011°W [59]
ECCOMoorabbin, Melbourne, Australia-37.9708°N 145.0892°W [60]
IKEASpringvale, Melbourne, Australia-37.9267°N 145.1433°W
ZaraChadstone Shopping Centre, Malvern East, Melbourne, Australia-37.8846°N 145.0832°W

Franchised food brands

ItemPlaceLatitude/longitude
Hard Rock CaféUshuaia, Argentina-54.8068°N -68.3063°W
Domino's PizzaPunta Arenas, Chile-53.1388°N -70.8899°W
Pizza HutInvercargill, New Zealand-46.4278°N 168.3613°W
SubwayInvercargill, New Zealand-46.4279°N 168.3617°W
McDonald'sInvercargill, New Zealand[61] -46.4209°N 168.3615°W
KFCInvercargill, New Zealand-46.4188°N 168.3616°W
Burger KingInvercargill, New Zealand[62] -46.4133°N 168.3618°W
StarbucksInvercargill, New Zealand[63] -46.412°N 168.3491°W
Wendy'sDunedin, New Zealand[64] -45.894°N 170.5038°W
Taco BellDunedin North, Dunedin, New Zealand
Denny'sChristchurch Central, Christchurch, New Zealand
Baskin-RobbinsCamberwell, Melbourne, Australia-37.8304°N 145.0567°W

Gardens/parks, zoos and aquaria

ItemPlaceLatitude/longitude
National parkCabo de Hornos National Park, Tierra del Fuego, Chile
Penguin reserveMagdalena Island Penguin Reserve, Magdalena Island, Magallanes Region, Chile[65]
AviaryQueens Park Aviary, Invercargill, New Zealand
Botanical gardenJardín Botánico de Ushuaia, Ushuaia, Argentina[66]

Other

ItemPlaceLatitude/longitude
UNESCO world heritage site (natural)French Austral Land and Seas (southernmost Point)
UNESCO world heritage site (cultural)Cueva de las Manos, Argentina[67]
Skyscraper (>100 m) Majestic Centre, Wellington, New Zealand
Opera houseOamaru Opera House, Oamaru, New Zealand
High-rise buildingCue Building,[68] Invercargill, New Zealand
MineInvierno mine, Riesco Island, Chile[69]
BreweryCerveza Artesanal Beagle, Ushuaia, Argentina[70]
LighthouseMonumental Cabo de Hornos, Hornos Island, Chile
Bell towerTokomairiro Presbyterian Church, Milton, New Zealand
Place of birth of a humanEsperanza Base, Antarctica (Emilio Marcos Palma in 1978 and seven others) [71]
CemeteryBuromskiy Island, Antarctica[72]

See also

References

Notes and References

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  2. Web site: Skuas - Wildlife of Antarctica - Antarctic Connection. https://web.archive.org/web/20060211065548/http://www.antarcticconnection.com/antarctic/wildlife/birds/skuas.shtml. dead. February 11, 2006.
  3. Web site: Amphibians 101 - Gates Of The Arctic National Park & Preserve (U.S. National Park Service). Mailing Address: 101 Dunkel St Suite 110. Fairbanks. AK 99701 Phone: 907459-3730 Contact. Us. www.nps.gov. 2020-03-23. 2021-03-01. https://web.archive.org/web/20210301052808/https://www.nps.gov/gaar/learn/nature/wood-frog-page-5.htm. live.
  4. Web site: Antarctica: Marine Mammals. www.marinebio.net. 2020-03-23. 2020-03-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20200323225019/http://www.marinebio.net/marinescience/04benthon/AAmammals.htm. live.
  5. Perfluoroalkyl substances detected in the world's southernmost marine mammal, the Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii). Heli. Routti. Bjørn A.. Krafft. Dorte. Herzke. Regina. Eisert. Olav. Oftedal. February 1, 2015. Environmental Pollution. 197. 62–67. 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.11.026. 25497307.
  6. Birney, Elmer C.; Monjeau, J. Adrian; Phillips, Carleton J. Sikes, Robert S.; Kim, Iksoo. 1996. Lestodelphys halli: new information on a poorly known Argentine marsupial. Mastozoología Neotropical 3:171-181.
  7. Historical account and current ecological knowledge of the southernmost lizard in the world, Liolaemus magellanicus (Squamata: Liolaemidae) . . Jaksic . Fabian M. . 7 . 95 . 10.1186/s40693-022-00112-y . 2022. 252717680 . free .
  8. Web site: Stress tolerance in a polyextremophile: The southernmost insect | Request PDF.
  9. A dipteran from south of the Antarctic Circle: Belgica antarctica (Chironomidae) with a description of its larva. Michael B.. Usher. Marion. Edwards. September 1, 1984. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 23. 1. 19–31. academic.oup.com. 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1984.tb00803.x. March 23, 2020. March 8, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210308013358/https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article/23/1/19/2666295. live.
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  13. News: Welch. Craig. The tree at the bottom of the world—and the wind-blasted trek to find it. National Geographic. July 2020. July 13, 2020. July 14, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200714155713/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/07/journey-to-the-worlds-southernmost-tree/. dead.
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