List of software by Apple Inc. explained

This list of software by Apple covers software written by Apple Inc., organised by category.

Archiving, backup, restore, and recovery

Current

• Archive Utility – built-in archive file handler^{[1] [2]}
• Time Machine – built-in backup software^{[3] [4]}

Discontinued

• Backup – built-in backup software,^{[5] [6]} discontinued in 2012 with MobileMe^[7]

CD and DVD authoring

Discontinued

• DVD Studio Pro – DVD authoring application,^[8] the final update was in 2009 and was removed from Final Cut Studio in 2011^[9]
• iDVD – a basic DVD-authoring application,^[10] last updated in 2010^[11] and incompatible since MacOS Catalina dropped 32-bit support in 2019^[12] (previously part of the iLife suite)^[13]

Audio-specific software

Current

• GarageBand – an amateur-oriented digital audio workstation^{[14] [15]} (previously part of the iLife suite)
• Logic Pro – a digital audio workstation^[16] (previously part of Logic Studio)
• MainStage – music software for use in live performances^[17]

Discontinued

• Logic Express – a prosumer music production,^{[18] [19]} discontinued in 2011^[20]
• Logic Studio – a music-writing studio package,^[21] discontinued in 2011 in favour of Logic Pro X^[22]
  • Apple Loops Utility – production and organisation of Apple Loops,^[23] last updated in 2009 and has been discontinued, with its features integrated into Logic Pro^[24]
  • Apple Qmaster – app for automated work distribution for audio-visual rendering^[25] and part of both Final Cut Studio^[26] and Logic Studio,^[27] discontinued as a standalone app and integrated into Compressor.^[28] Incompatible since MacOS Catalina dropped 32-bit support in 2019
  • Qadministrator – software to create and manage Qmaster clusters,^[29] incompatible since MacOS Catalina dropped 32-bit support in 2019
  • Soundtrack Pro – a musical composition and editing app and part of both Final Cut Studio and Logic Studio,^[30] discontinued with the release of Logic Pro 9 and Final Cut Pro X

Chat (text, voice, image, and video)

Current

• FaceTime – a videoconferencing between Mac, iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch^{[31] [32]}
• iMessage – an instant messaging service between Mac, and other apple devices^{[33] [34] [35]}
• Messages - an instant messaging software application for apple devices utilising SMS, MMS, iMessage and RCS^{[36] [37]}

Discontinued

• iChat – an instant messaging and videoconferencing application for Macs,^[38] discontinued since OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion in favour of FaceTime and iMessage^[39]

Developer tools, frameworks, and IDEs

Current

• Xcode – IDE made by Apple,^{[40] [41]} available for MacOS^[42]
• Swift Playgrounds – an educational tool and development environment for the Swift programming language^{[43] [44]}

Discontinued

• Apple Media Tool – a multimedia authoring tool and programming environment for the Eiffel-based Apple Media Language (AML) object-oriented programming language^{[45] [46]}
• MacApp – an object oriented application framework for the classic Mac OS
• Macintosh Programmer's Workshop – a software development environment for the Classic Mac OS operating system,^{[47] [48]} discontinued in favour of Project Builder
• Project Builder (PBX) – an IDE for software development,^[49] rebranded for OS X Panther in 2003 and became Xcode^{[50] [51]}

Email clients

Current

• Apple Mail – the bundled email client^{[52] [53]}

Discontinued

• Claris Emailer – classic Mac OS only,^{[54] [55]} no longer supported^{[56] [57]}

Layout and desktop publishing

Current

• Preview (macOS) – basic image and PDF viewer and editor

Discontinued

• iBooks Author – an interactive book creating software for Apple Books, discontinued in 2020 and integrated its features into Pages^[58]

Graphic and photo editors

Current

• Photos – a bundled image editing and management application^[59]
• Photo Booth – an application for taking and editing photos and videos^{[60] [61]}

Discontinued

• Aperture – an image editing and organising application,^[62] discontinued in 2015.^[63]
• iPhoto – a photo editor application,^[64] discontinued in 2015. (previously part of the iLife suite)
• MacDraw – a vector graphic drawing application
• MacPaint – a raster graphics editor

Integrated software technologies

See main article: List of macOS components.

Current

• AVFoundation – a multimedia framework^[65]
• Finder – the native file manager for MacOS^{[66] [67]}
• Terminal – a command line interface for Macs^{[68] [69]}
• XQuartz – a Mac port of the X11 windowing system (formerly known as X11.app)

Former

• HyperCard – a software application and development kit for Apple Macintosh and Apple IIGS computers,^[70] the last update was in 1998 but was officially discontinued in 2004^[71]
• MacTerminal – Telecommunications and terminal emulation application software program.^[72] Ceased development following the 1987 spin-off of Apple's software division into Claris.
• MacX – An display server implementation of the X11 windowing system for Macs^[73] using the A/UX,^[74] System 7, and Mac OS 8 and 9 operating systems. Discontinued in 1998 following the transition to Mac OS X which had native support for X11.
• QuickTime – A multimedia architecture for streaming, encoding and transcoding media.^{[75] [76]} It was deprecated in favour of AVFoundation with OS X Lion.^[77]

Music and podcasts

• iTunes – a media library and player^{[78] [79] [80]}
• Music – a media player application^{[81] [82]}
• Apple Podcasts – a podcast streaming application^[83]

Media center

• Front Row (software)

Networking and telecommunications

• Apple Remote Desktop – a remote desktop program^[84]

News aggregators

• Apple News – a news aggregator application^{[85] [86]}

Office and productivity

Current

• FileMaker – a relational database management system^[87]
• Calendar – a bundled calendar app^[88] (known as iCal until 2012)^[89]
• Calculator – a basic calculator application^[90]
• Contacts – a computerized address book^[91] (known as Address Book prior to Mac OS X Mountain Lion)^[92]
• Grapher – a graphing calculator application^[93] bundled with macOS since Mac OS X Tiger^[94]
• iWork – suite:^[95]
  • Pages – word processor application
  • Numbers – spreadsheet application
  • Keynote – presentation application
• Notes – a note-taking app^{[96] [97]}
• Reminders – a task management program^{[98] [99]}

Discontinued

• AppleWorks – An office suite containing word processor, spreadsheet, and presentation applications.^[100] Discontinued in 2007 and replaced by iWork.^[101]
• Claris Resolve - a spreadsheet computer program,^[102] discontinued in 1994 with support ending in 1995^{[103] [104]}
• MacProject- a project management and scheduling business application,^{[105] [106]} later sold to Claris and officially discontinued in 1998^[107]
• MacWrite - word processor application,^[108] later sold to Claris and officially discontinued in 1998

Operating systems

See main article: List of Apple operating systems and Macintosh operating systems.

Current

• Darwin – the BSD-licensed and XNU-based core of macOS^[109]
• iOS – operating System for iPhones^{[110] [111]} (known as iPhoneOS until version 4 in 2010)
• iPadOS – operating System for iPads^{[112] [113]} (called iOS until version 13.1 in 2019)
• macOS – A Darwin-based Operating system for Macintosh computers.^{[114] [115]} Originally named "Mac OS X" until 2012^[116] and then "OS X" until 2016.^[117]
• macOS Server – the server computing variant of macOS
• tvOS – operating System for Apple TV^{[118] [119]} (called Apple TV Software until version 9 in 2015)^[120]
• visionOS – operating System for Apple Vision Pro^[121]
• WatchOS – operating System for Apple Watch^[122]
• XNU – a kernel based on Mach that is used as the core of apple operating systems^{[123] [124] [125]}

Discontinued

• A/UX – a Unix-based operating system for Macintosh computers,^{[126] [127]} discontinued in 1995^[128]
• Apple DOS – a disk operating system (DOS) for Apple II,^{[129] [130]} discontinued in 1983 and succeeded by ProDOS^[131]
• Apple GS/OS – an operating system for Apple IIGS,^[132] it was a core component of System Software (now Classic MacOS) from System 4.0 through System 6.0.1^{[133] [134] [135]}
• Apple Pascal – An operating system based on USCD Pascal created for Apple's implementation of the Pascal programming language.^[136] The final update for it was in 1983 with version 1.1.^[137]
• Apple ProDOS – A disk operating system for Apple IIs,^[138] with 8-bit and 16-bit versions.^[139] Discontinued in 1993, with the 16-bit version succeeded by GS/OS.
• Apple SOS – a disk operating system for Apple III^[140] (discontinued after version 1.3 in 1982)^[141]
• Classic Mac OS – a series of operating systems developed for Macintosh computers, discontinued in 2001 and replaced with OS X
  • System 1 (discontinued in 1984)^[142]
  • System 2, 3 & 4 (discontinued in 1985, 1988, and 1987 respectively)
  • System 5 (final release in 1987, succeeded by System 6 in 1988)^[143]
  • System 6 (succeeded by System 7 in 1991,^[144] and discontinued in 1992)^[145]
  • System 7 (became Mac OS after version 7.6, discontinued in 1997)^[146]
  • Mac OS 8 (discontinued in 1999)
  • Mac OS 9 (discontinued in 2001)^{[147] [148]}
• Lisa OS – An operating system based on Apple SOS developed 3 years prior.^[149] It was discontinued in 1986 alongside the Lisa line of computers,^[150] with System Software being partially based on it.^[151]
• MkLinux – an open-source Linux-based software computer operating system,^{[152] [153]} support dropped by Apple in 2002^{[154] [155]}
• Newton OS – a mobile operating system for the Apple Newton, discontinued in 1997^[156]

Text editors

• TextEdit – text editor and word processor^{[157] [158]}

Utilities

Current

• Activity Monitor – native system monitor for hardware and software with task manager functionality^[159]
• Automator – built-in, utility to automate repetitive tasks^{[160] [161]}
• Stickies – put Post-It Note-like notes on the desktop^[162]

Discontinued

• Dashboard – Built-in macOS widgets,^[163] removed in macOS Catalina.^[164] With macOS Sonoma in 2023, widgets were reintroduced through the Notification Center.^[165]
• Grab – built-in macOS screenshot utility, replaced with another tool in macOS Mojave^[166]
• iSync – syncing software, bundled with Mac OS X up to version 10.6
• Sherlock – File searching (version 2),^{[167] [168]} web services (version 3).^[169] Discontinued with the introduction of Mac OS X Leopard.^[170]

Support for non-Macintosh software

• Boot Camp – A multi-boot utility built into macOS from 10.5^[171] Support dropped in transition from intel macs to Apple silicon.^{[172] [173]}

Video

Current

• Apple TV app – a media player software program^{[174] [175]}
• DVD Player – DVD player software built into macOS^[176]
• Final Cut Pro – video-editing software^{[177] [178]} (formerly part of Final Cut Studio)
• iMovie – basic video editing application (previously part of iLife suite)
• QuickTime Player

Discontinued

• Final Cut Express – A video editing suite,^[179] a prosumer version of Final Cut Pro.^[180] Discontinued in 2011 in favour of Final Cut Pro X.
• Final Cut Studio – audio-video editing suite:
  • Cinema Tools
  • Compressor
  • LiveType
  • Motion 2
• QuickTime Pro – Video editor and encoder.^[181] Support was dropped in 2018 when 32-bit support was dropped.^{[182] [183]}

Stores

• App Store – an app marketplace for iOS and iPadOS apps^{[184] [185]}
• Mac App Store – an app marketplace for macOS apps^[186]

Others

• Apple Intelligence – an artificial intelligence suite integrated into Siri in iOS 18^{[187] [188]}
• Safari – a graphical web browser^{[189] [190]} based on WebKit^[191]
• Apple Books – an e-book reading and store application^[192] (previously known as iBooks until iOS 12 and macOS Mojave)^[193]
• Find My – an asset tracking app and service utilising Bluetooth and UWB^{[194] [195] [196]}
• Font Book – a font manager^{[197] [198]}
• Launchpad – an application launcher^{[199] [200]}
• Apple Maps – a web mapping app and service^{[201] [202]}
• Siri – a virtual assistant^{[203] [204]}
• Apple Devices – a managing software for Microsoft Windows^[205]

Discontinued

• AppleLink/eWorld – Client software to access Apple's online service for its dealers, third-party developers, and users. The service was discontinued in 1997.^{[206] [207]}
• iWeb – a HTML editor for creating websites and blogs,^[208] discontinued in 2012 alongside MobileMe^[209] (previously part of the iLife suite)

Notes and References

1. News: Nelson . Tom . 2 December 2020 . Using the Mac's Hidden Archive Utility to Control Compression . 24 October 2024 . Lifewire.
2. News: Orr . Andrew . 6 October 2022 . Flaw in macOS Archive Utility let attackers bypass Gatekeeper . 24 October 2024 . Apple Insider.
3. News: Whitney . Lance . 27 March 2023 . Keep Your Files: How to Back Up Your Mac With Time Machine . 24 October 2024 . PC Mag.
4. News: Leventhal . Adam H. . 27 June 2016 . ZFS: The other new Apple file system that almost was—until it wasn't . 24 October 2024 . Ars Technica . At that same WWDC, Apple announced Time Machine, a product that would record file system versions through time for backup and recovery..
5. Web site: Story . Derrick . 23 September 2005 . How to Set Up Backup 3 and Save Your Data . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160303194245/http://www.macdevcenter.com/pub/a/mac/2005/09/23/backup3.html?page=1 . 3 March 2016 . 27 October 2024 . O'Reilly macdevcenter.
6. News: Loyola . Roman . 18 February 2011 . How to back up using MobileMe's Backup utility . 27 October 2024 . Macworld.
7. Bonnington . Christina . 2 July 2012 . Apple Finally Shutters Long-Suffering MobileMe — It's All iCloud Now . 27 October 2024 . Wired.
8. News: Caolo . Dave . 2 February 2006 . DVD Studio Pro 4 updated . 25 October 2024 . Engadget.
9. News: Pogue . David . 22 June 2011 . Apple's Final Cut Is Dead. Long Live Final Cut. . 25 October 2024 . New York Times.
10. Web site: Continued Development of the Classic Mac OS . 24 October 2024 . oreilly.com.
11. News: Caldwell . Serenity . 20 October 2010 . Apple releases iLife '11 . 25 October 2024 . Macworld.
12. News: Cunningham . Andrew . 7 October 2019 . macOS 10.15 Catalina: The Ars Technica review . 25 October 2024 . Ars Technica.
13. Web site: 7 March 2012 . Apple Completes iLife for iOS With Introduction of iPhoto & Major Updates to iMovie & GarageBand . 27 October 2024 . Apple.com.
14. News: Davitt . John . 9 March 2004 . Software that credits learning . 24 October 2024 . The Guardian.
15. 17 February 2004 . IPod Mini Shrinks, Goes Pink . 24 October 2024 . Wired.
16. News: Marino . Andrew . 23 May 2023 . Logic Pro for the iPad is very fun with very few compromises . 26 October 2024 . The Verge.
17. Web site: MainStage User Guide . 27 October 2024 . Apple Support.
18. Web site: Apple Logic Express 9 - Features . 25 October 2024 . Apple.com.
19. Book: Logic Express 9 User Manual . Apple . 2009.
20. News: Foresman . Chris . 9 December 2011 . Logic Pro comes to Mac App Store, Logic Express dropped in the shuffle . 25 October 2024 . Ars Technica.
21. Web site: Apple - Logic Studio - What Is . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20111207193454/https://www.apple.com/logicstudio/what-is/ . 7 December 2011 . 26 October 2024 . Apple.com.
22. News: Haslam . Karen . 11 June 2018 . Which apps don't work in MacOS High Sierra? . 26 October 2024 . Macworld.
23. Web site: Apple - Logic Studio - Production Utilities . 25 October 2024 . Apple.com.
24. Web site: Apple Loops in Logic Pro for Mac . 25 October 2024 . Apple Support.
25. Web site: 2007 . Apple Qmaster 3 User Manual . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20071129021344/http://support.apple.com/manuals/en/AppleQmaster_3_User_Manual.pdf . 29 November 2007 . 27 October 2024 . Apple Support.
26. Web site: Final Cut Studio 2 - Technical Specifications . 27 October 2024 . Apple Support.
27. News: Berka . Justin . 19 September 2008 . Update package released for Compressor, Apple Qmaster . 27 October 2024 . Ars Technica.
28. Web site: 14 June 2019 . Qmaster . 27 October 2024 . U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs.
29. Web site: 2012 . Apple Qadministrator 4 User Manual . 27 October 2024 . Apple Help.
30. Web site: Apple - Logic Studio - Soundtrack Pro 3 . 27 October 2024 . Apple.com.
31. News: Frommer . Dan . 8 June 2010 . Why iPhone's video calling will succeed . 24 October 2024 . NBC News.
32. Web site: Make and receive phone calls on Mac or iPad . 24 October 2024 . Apple Support.
33. News: Usigan . Ysolt . 11 October 2011 . Apple to launch iMessage on Wednesday, forget texting . 24 October 2024 . CBS News.
34. Web site: Messages Support . 24 October 2024 . Apple Support.
35. Web site: Use iMessage apps on your iPhone and iPad . 24 October 2024 . Apple Support.
36. Web site: Set up Messages on iPhone . 25 October 2024 . Apple Support.
37. News: Johnson . Allison . 10 June 2024 . Apple is bringing RCS to the iPhone in iOS 18 . 25 October 2024 . The Verge.
38. Manjoo . Farhad . 14 May 2002 . Apple 'Bundle' Creates a Rumble . 24 October 2024 . Wired.
39. News: Patel . Nilay . 16 February 2012 . Apple OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion preview: Notification Center, iMessage, AirPlay and more . 24 October 2024 . The Verge.
40. Web site: Xcode . 24 October 2024 . Apple Developer.
41. News: Axon . Samuel . 25 July 2023 . How developers will test their apps before Vision Pro launches . 24 October 2024 . Ars Technica.
42. Web site: Xcode on the Mac App Store . 24 October 2024 . Mac App Store.
43. Web site: Swift Playgrounds . 24 October 2024 . Apple.
44. News: McAleer . Ryan . 17 October 2024 . Video: First look inside Apple's new Belfast store, its first on the island of Ireland since 2008 . 24 October 2024 . Irish News.
45. Web site: 19 February 2012 . Archived - Apple Media Tool 2.0: Description . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140429234929/http://support.apple.com/kb/TA34936 . 29 April 2014 . 27 October 2024 . Apple Support.
46. Web site: 5 July 2010 . On Apple Multimedia – An Interview with Dan Crow (part one) . 27 October 2024 . storiesofapple.net.
47. News: Poole . Lon . April 1989 . Developer Developments . 25 October 2024 . MacWorld . 93 . Internet Archive . 0741-8647.
48. Meym . Richard J. . PaIrish . Jeff W. . May 1988 . The Macintosh Programmer's Workshop . 25 October 2024 . IEEE Software . . 59–66 . 5 . 3 . 10.1109/52.2025.
49. News: Siracusa . John . 24 May 2000 . Mac OS X DP4 . 25 October 2024 . Ars Technica.
50. News: 13 September 2010 . OS X's ten most innovative features . 25 October 2024 . Macworld.
51. Book: Dippery, Michael . Professional Swift . 2 June 2015 . John Wiley & Sons . 9781119016779 . 36.
52. Pot . Justin . 7 May 2022 . Apple Mail Now Blocks Email Tracking. Here's What It Means for You . 24 October 2024 . Wired.
53. News: Statt . Nick . 22 April 2020 . Apple's default Mail app for the iPhone has a severe security flaw, researchers claim . 24 October 2024 . The Verge.
54. News: Engst . Adam . 31 July 1995 . Claris Emailer Ships . 24 October 2024 . TidBITS.
55. Linzmayer . Owen W. . January 1996 . Mail smarter: Claris Emailer . Home Office Computing . Boulder . 14 . 1 . 32 . 0899-7373.
56. Web site: Claris Emailer . 24 October 2024 . mac.org.
57. News: 2 September 2009 . Claris Emailer: Really dead this time? . 24 October 2024 . CNET.
58. News: Cohen . Michael E. . 11 June 2020 . Apple to End Support for iBooks Author . 26 October 2024 . TidBITS.
59. News: Etherington . Darrell . 8 April 2015 . Photos For OS X Review . 25 October 2024 . TechCrunch.
60. Web site: Photo Booth User Guide . 26 October 2024 . Apple Support.
61. News: Friedman . Lex . 19 December 2011 . Photo Booth power user features . 26 October 2024 . Macworld.
62. News: Girard . Dave . 18 May 2010 . Aperture 3: The Ars Review . 24 October 2024 . Ars Technica.
63. News: Carlson . Jeff . 17 July 2015 . Apple dumps iPhoto and Aperture, but you don't have to . 24 October 2024 . The Seattle Times.
64. News: Joseph . Cliff . 1 December 2014 . iPhoto versus Photoshop Elements 13 comparison . 24 October 2024 . Macworld.
65. Web site: AV Foundation . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20151016090728/https://developer.apple.com/av-foundation/ . 16 October 2015 . 26 October 2024 . Apple Developer.
66. News: 18 January 1988 . Alsop II . Stewart . Apple's Finder: Maturity in UI . 24 October 2024 . P.C. Letter . PCW Communications . 4–5 . 4 . 2.
67. News: 26 August 2009 . 11 major new Snow Leopard features . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20211029171616/https://www.macworld.com/article/199787/snow-leopard-changes.html . 29 October 2021 . 24 October 2024 . Mac World.
68. Web site: Apple - OS X Mountain Lion - See everything OS X can do . https://web.archive.org/web/20130510222144/http://www.apple.com/osx/apps/all.html#terminal . 10 May 2013 . 26 October 2024 . Apple.com.
69. Web site: What is Terminal on Mac? . 26 October 2024 . Apple Support.
70. Kahney . Leander . 14 August 2002 . HyperCard Forgotten, but Not Gone . https://web.archive.org/web/20100206164413/http://www.wired.com/gadgets/mac/commentary/cultofmac/2002/08/54365 . 6 February 2010 . 25 October 2024 . Wired.
71. Web site: Gonzalez-Fernandez . Pedro . 29 July 2021 . All Hyped Up for HyperCard: Further Adventures with an Apple Legacy Format . 25 October 2024 . Library of Congress Blogs.
72. Book: PATHWORKS™ for Macintosh®: MacTerminal® User's Guide . Apple Computer . 1990.
73. Book: MacX User's Guide . Apple Computer . 1995 . 114–117, 128 . Glossary.
74. Web site: 1990 . X Window System for A/UX . 25 October 2024 . typewritten.org . Apple Computer.
75. Book: Ferncase, Richard K. . QuickTime for Filmmakers . Taylor & Francis . 2003 . 978-0-240-80496-5 . 1–2 . QuickTime: An Introduction . 10.4324/9780080497938.
76. Book: Monroe, Tim . QuickTime Toolkit Volume One: Basic Movie Playback and Media Types . 9 July 2004 . Morgan Kaufmann . 978-0-08-054017-7 . xv.
77. Web site: Technical Note TN2300: Transitioning QTKit Code to AV Foundation . 26 October 2024 . Apple Developer.
78. Web site: iTunes . 24 October 2024 . Apple.com.
79. News: Cheng . Jacqui . 23 November 2012 . iTunes through the ages . 24 October 2024 . Ars Technica.
80. News: McElhearn . Kirk . 8 January 2016 . iTunes: A look at Apple's media app and its influence on an industry . 24 October 2024 . Mac World.
81. Web site: Apple Music . 24 October 2024 . Apple.com.
82. News: Chen . Brian X. . Nicas . Jack . 3 June 2019 . Apple's WWDC Highlights: the Death of iTunes and $6,000 Macs . 24 October 2024 . New York Times.
83. News: Ingraham . Nathan . 26 June 2012 . Apple releases dedicated Podcasts app for iPhone and iPad . 26 October 2024 . The Verge.
84. Web site: Apple Remote Desktop . 24 October 2024 . Mac App Store.
85. Web site: Apple News . 24 October 2024 . Apple.com.
86. Goode . Lauren . 25 March 2019 . Apple Launches Apple News+ Paid Subscription Service . 24 October 2024 . Wired.
87. News: Heller . Martin . 21 August 2017 . FileMaker Pro: Simple app dev, easy cloud deployment . 24 October 2024 . InfoWorld.
88. Web site: Calendar . 24 October 2024 . Apple App Store.
89. News: Arthur . Charles . 10 July 2012 . Apple's OS X 'Mountain Lion' goes GM, merging desktop and mobile more closely . 24 October 2024 . The Guardian.
90. Web site: Use the basic calculator on iPhone . 26 October 2024 . Apple Support.
91. Web site: Contacts User Guide . 26 October 2024 . Apple Support.
92. News: Siracusa . John . 25 July 2012 . OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion: the Ars Technica review . 26 October 2024 . Ars Technica.
93. Web site: Grapher User Guide . 26 October 2024 . Apple Support.
94. News: Siracusa . John . 28 Apr 2005 . Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger . 26 October 2024 . Ars Technica.
95. Web site: iWork . 24 October 2024 . Apple.com.
96. Web site: Use Notes on your iPhone, iPad and iPod touch . 26 October 2024 . Apple Support.
97. News: Nield . David . 4 May 2024 . How to make the most of Apple Notes . 26 October 2024 . The Verge.
98. Web site: Use Reminders on your iPhone, iPad or iPod touch . 26 October 2024 . Apple Support.
99. News: Smith . Dave . 17 July 2019 . How to get the most out of Reminders, Apple's best application that can make your life so much easier . 26 October 2024 . Business Insider.
100. News: Keizer . Gregg . 15 August 2007 . Apple lays AppleWorks to rest . 24 October 2024 . Computerworld.
101. News: Jade . Charles . 15 August 2007 . RIP AppleWorks . 24 October 2024 . Ars Technica.
102. News: Coale . Kristi . 20 May 1991 . Claris unveils Its First Spreadsheet . 24 October 2024 . InfoWorld . InfoWorld Media Group . 44 . 13 . 21 . 0199-6649.
103. News: 3 March 1994 . APPLE KILL CLARIS RESOLVE FOR THE MAC . 24 October 2024 . Tech Monitor.
104. News: Engst . Adam . 7 March 1994 . Claris Resolve . 24 October 2024 . TidBITS.
105. Web site: 24 December 2023 . MacProject . 24 October 2024 . Macintosh Repository.
106. Web site: 29 February 1984 . Computers, March 1984 . 24 October 2024 . Magill.ie.
107. News: Walsh . Jeff . 24 November 1997 . Claris puts old Mac applications out to pasture . InfoWorld . InfoWorld Media Group . 35 . Internet Archive . 19 . 47.
108. News: Cartwright . Dave . 14 March 2016 . Computer says: Stop using MacWrite II, human! . 24 October 2024 . The Register.
109. Finley . Klint . 8 August 2013 . Apple's Operating System Guru Goes Back to His Roots . 24 October 2024 . Wired.
110. News: 16 September 2013 . iOS: A visual history . 24 October 2024 . The Verge.
111. News: Patel . Nilay . 7 June 2010 . iPhone OS 4 renamed iOS 4, launching June 21 with 1500 new features . 24 October 2024 . Engadget.
112. Web site: iPadOS 18 . 24 October 2024 . Apple.com.
113. News: Gibbs . Samuel . 3 June 2019 . WWDC 2019: Apple unveils new iOS, iPad OS, macOS and Mac Pro . 24 October 2024 . The Guardian.
114. Web site: macOS Sequoia . 24 October 2024 . Apple.com.
115. News: Siracusa . John . 15 October 2001 . Mac OS X 10.1 . 24 October 2024 . Ars Technica.
116. News: Leswing . Kif . 13 June 2016 . Apple just renamed one of its oldest and most important products . 24 October 2024 . Business Insider.
117. Glaser . April . 13 June 2016 . Apple's Mac OS X Is Dead. Long Live MacOS . 24 October 2024 . Wired.
118. Web site: Dormehl . Luke . 3 September 2015 . From hobby to hero: The history of Apple TV . 24 October 2024 . Cult of Mac.
119. News: Holt . Kris . 11 December 2024 . Apple tvOS 17.2 has a redesigned TV experience and no iTunes Movies or TV Shows apps . 24 October 2024 . Engadget.
120. Web site: tvOS 9 . 24 October 2024 . OSDeviceSupport.com . Originally the operating system for Apple TVs was named Apple TV Software. Apple rebranded it to tvOS starting with tvOS 9..
121. News: Wiggers . Kyle . 5 June 2023 . What makes the Apple Vision Pro's visionOS such an ambitious leap . 24 October 2024 . TechCrunch.
122. Web site: Apple Watch OS 1.0.1 . 24 October 2024 . Apple Support.
123. Web site: Porting UNIX/Linux Applications to OS X . 26 October 2024 . Apple Developer.
124. 17 May 2006 . Pundit's Lamentations on Closing OS X Kernel Misguided . 26 October 2024 . Wired.
125. Book: Singh, Amit . Mac OS X Internals: A Systems Approach . June 2006 . Addison-Wesley Professional . 9780132702263 . The xnu Kernel.
126. News: Flynn . Lourie . 7 March 1988 . Universities High on A/UX But Want More . 24 October 2024 . InfoWorld . InfoWorld Media Group . 31 . 10 . 10 . 0199-6649.
127. News: Ryan . Alan J. . 15 August 1988 . Apple keen on Unix future . 24 October 2024 . Computerworld . IDG Enterprise . 6 . 22 . 33 . 0010-4841.
128. Web site: Larson . Tim . A/UX FAQs, updated for 21st century . 24 October 2024 . christtrekker.users.sourceforge.net.
129. News: Gallagher . Sean . 15 July 2015 . I pulled an Apple II Plus out of my parents' attic. Now what? . 24 October 2024 . Ars Technica.
130. Web site: Apple II DOS 3.3 BASICS . 24 October 2024 . Centre for Computing History.
131. Web site: Apple II DOS 3.3 . 24 October 2024 . Centre for Computing History.
132. Book: Little, Gary B. . Exploring Apple GS/OS and ProDOS 8 . Addison-Wesley Publishing Company . 1988 . 978-0201150087 . vii, 1, 10.
133. ll GS/OS 6.0.1: How It Differs from 6.0 (6/93) . 28 June 1993 . CD . Apple Computer . Tech Info Library . 27 October 2024.
134. Book: Apple IIGS Gs/OS Reference: For Gs/OS System Software Version 5.0 and Later . Addison-Wesley . Apple Computer . 1991 . 9780201550207.
135. Book: Programmer's Reference for System 6.0.1 . Byte Works . 1993 . Westerfield . Mike . 37–38 . GS/OS Changes.
136. Book: Apple II - Apple Pascal - Operating System Reference Manual . Apple Computer . 1980 . 2, 248. https://web.archive.org/web/20150430033749/http://apple2info.net/images/2/24/Apple2Pascal_Operating_System_Ref.pdf . 2015-04-30 .
137. Book: Apple III - Pascal - 1.1 Update . Apple Computer . 1–3.
138. Book: Campbell, John . Inside Apple's ProDOS . Reston Publishing . 1984 . 978-0835930789 . 28 . The ProDOS program . The PRO DOS program is just what the name implies. It is a set of machine-language routines that provide the interface to any disk drive manufactured by Apple Computer, Inc. for the Apple II computers.
139. Web site: 7 July 2001 . DOS 3.3, ProDOS & Beyond . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080917065143/http://apple2history.org/history/ah15.html#SOS . 17 September 2008 . 24 October 2024 . apple2history.org.
140. Web site: Apple III Documentation: Apple III SOS Reference Manual Volume 1 - How SOS Works . 24 October 2024 . Internet Archive.
141. Web site: 2001 . Apple /// Sophisticated Operating System (SOS) Version 1.3 Source Code Listing . 24 October 2024 . apple2.org.za . Apple Computer . 4 . This source listing is for version 1.3 of SOS, the last released SOS. Note that Apple had (to my knowledge) 3 SOS releases: 1.0, 1.1, 1.3 (version 1.2 appeares to have not been released to the public). Version 1.3's release date is February 1982..
142. Web site: The Early Mac OS . 24 October 2024 . applemuseum.bott.org.
143. Web site: 19 February 2012 . Archived - Macintosh: System Software Version History . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140310055815/http://support.apple.com/kb/ta31885 . 10 March 2014 . 24 October 2024 . Apple Support.
144. Web site: Apple Macintosh System 7.0.1 . 24 October 2024 . Internet Archive.
145. Web site: 19 February 2012 . System 6.0.8L: ReadMe File . 24 October 2024 . Internet Archive . Apple Computer.
146. Web site: Mac OS System 7.6 . 24 October 2024 . Centre for Computer History.
147. Web site: 5 December 2001 . Mac OS 9.2.2: Document and Software . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060421074349/http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=75186 . 21 April 2006 . 24 October 2024 . Apple.com.
148. News: Haslam . Karen . 9 August 2024 . macOS versions: A complete list of every macOS and Mac OS X release . 24 October 2024 . Mac World.
149. News: Reimer . Jeremy . 19 January 2023 . Revisiting Apple's ill-fated Lisa computer, 40 years on . 27 October 2024 . Ars Technica.
150. Craig . David T. . July–September 1994 . The Lisa Computer: A Retrospective . live . The Analytical Engine . 19 . https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_applelisadticlesCraigTheLisaComputeraRetrospective_2497227 . 14 January 2023 . 27 October 2024.
151. Book: Miller . Frederic P. . History of Mac OS: System 6, System 7, Mac OS 8, Mac OS 9, History of Mac OS X, A/UX, Apple DOS, Apple GS/OS, Apple Lisa, Apple ProDOS, Apple SOS, Apple Computer, Inc.v.Microsoft Corporation . Vandome . Agnes F. . McBrewster . John . 4 January 2010 . Alpha Press . 978-613-0-27541-9 . The original Mac OS was partially based on the Lisa OS, previously released by Apple for the Lisa computer in 1983.
152. Web site: 1998 . Mklinux: Linux for the Power Macintosh . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/19990423202143/http://www.mklinux.apple.com/ . 23 April 1999 . 24 October 2024 . mklinux.apple.com.
153. Book: Mortin, Rich . MkLinux: microkernel Linux for the Power Macintosh . March 1997 . Prime Time Freeware . 978-1-881957-24-9 . 3rd . 717806070 . Internet Archive.
154. Web site: 27 January 2021 . MkLinux . 24 October 2024 . ArchiveOS.
155. Web site: Knight . Daniel . Apple's NeXT Direction . 24 October 2024 . lowendmac.com.
156. News: Reimer . Jeremy . 1 June 2022 . Remembering Apple's Newton, 30 years on . 24 October 2024 . Ars Technica.
157. Web site: TextEdit User Guide . 26 October 2024 . Apple Support.
158. News: Fleishman . Glenn . 7 February 2016 . Reasons to love TextEdit, a secret powerhouse of rich text . 26 October 2024 . Macworld.
159. Web site: Using Activity Monitor to read System Memory and determine how much RAM is being used (OS X Mountain Lion and earlier) . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140913102332/http://support.apple.com/kb/HT1342 . 13 September 2014 . 27 October 2024 . Apple Support.
160. Book: Waldie, Ben . Automator for Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard: Visual QuickStart Guide . 27 Dec 2007 . Pearson Education . 9780132712347.
161. Book: Waldie, Ben . Mac OS X Technology Guide to Automator . Spiderworks . 2005 . 9780974434469.
162. Web site: Stickies User Guide . 27 October 2024 . Apple Support.
163. News: Casserly . Martyn . 21 August 202 . How to use widgets on the Mac . 27 October 2024 . Macworld.
164. News: Statt . Nick . 4 June 2019 . Apple will permanently remove Dashboard in macOS Catalina . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210116231757/https://www.theverge.com/2019/6/4/18652971/apple-macos-catalina-dashboard-widgets-removed-feature/ . 16 January 2021 . 27 October 2024 . The Verge.
165. News: Porter . Jon . 5 June 2023 . Apple announces macOS Sonoma with game mode and support for desktop widgets . 27 October 2024 . The Verge.
166. News: Cunningham . Andrew . 24 September 2018 . macOS 10.14 Mojave: The Ars Technica review . 27 October 2024 . Ars Technica.
167. News: Allyn . Bobby . 17 June 2024 . Apple just made your app obsolete? You've been 'Sherlocked' . 26 October 2024 . NPR.
168. Web site: 2003 . Apple - Products - Sherlock . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20101129083317/http://apple.com/lae/sherlock/ . 29 November 2010 . 26 October 2024 . Apple.com.
169. Web site: 2002 . Apple - Mac OS X - Feature - Sherlock 3 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20020803105917/http://www.apple.com/macosx/jaguar/sherlock.html . 3 August 2002 . 26 October 2024 . Apple.com.
170. News: Rawlinson . Nik . 26 February 2015 . 10 Apple apps that didn't make it . 26 October 2024 . Macworld.
171. Web site: Boot Camp Assistant User Guide . 26 October 2024 . Apple Support.
172. News: Loyola . Roman . 18 February 2023 . RIP Boot Camp: Microsoft endorses Parallels for Windows on M1 and M2 Macs . 26 October 2024 . Macworld.
173. Web site: Davenport . Corbin . 3 April 2024 . Apple Should Bring Back Boot Camp, Here's Why . 26 October 2024 . How-To Geek.
174. Web site: TV App . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20171007164042/https://www.apple.com/tv-app/ . 7 October 2017 . 26 October 2024 . Apple.
175. News: Vincent . James . 27 October 2016 . Apple announces a TV app to put all your content in one place . 26 October 2024 . The Verge.
176. Web site: DVD Player User Guide . 26 October 2024 . Apple Support.
177. Web site: Final Cut Pro . 24 October 2024 . Apple.com.
178. News: Pavic . Vjeran . 23 June 2024 . The new Final Cut Pro hooked me on iPad video editing . 24 October 2024 . The Verge.
179. Book: Final Cut Express 4 User Manual . Apple . 2007.
180. News: Foresman . Chris . 22 June 2011 . Final Cut Express, Server going away as Apple improves Final Cut Pro X . 26 October 2024 . Ars Technica.
181. Web site: QuickTime Pro 7 - Technical Specifications . 27 October 2024 . Apple Support.
182. News: Moren . Dan . 24 May 2018 . macOS 10.14: Improvements that Apple's Mac operating system could use . 27 October 2024 . Macworld.
183. News: Snell . Jason . 17 April 2018 . QuickTime Player 7: Goodbye to Apple's brushed-metal dinosaur .
184. Web site: App Store . 27 October 2024 . Apple.com.
185. News: 22 August 2024 . Apple to let iPhone users in Europe delete its App Store . 27 October 2024 . RTÉ News.
186. Web site: App Store User Guide for Mac . 2024-10-27 . Apple Support . en.
187. News: Heater . Brian . 25 October 2024 . What is Apple Intelligence, when is it coming and who will get it? . 26 October 2024 . TechCrunch.
188. News: Chen . Brian X. . 2 October 2024 . Apple's A.I. Is Landing Soon on iPhones. Here's What It's Like. . 26 October 2024 . New York Times.
189. Web site: Safari . 26 October 2024 . Apple.com.
190. News: C. . Andi . 7 January 2023 . Safari's 20th Anniversary: Apple's 'Fastest Web Browser' Made for the Macbook Over the Years . 26 October 2024 . Tech Times.
191. News: Pierce . David . 25 January 2024 . Apple is finally allowing full versions of Chrome and Firefox to run on the iPhone . 26 October 2024 . The Verge.
192. Web site: Read and organise your books in the Apple Books app . 26 October 2024 . Apple Support.
193. News: Gartenberg . Chaim . 4 June 2018 . iBooks gets a redesign and new Apple Books branding in iOS 12 . 26 October 2024 . The Verge.
194. Web site: Find My Support . 26 October 2024 . Apple Support.
195. Barrett . Brian . 12 September 2019 . The Biggest iPhone News Is a Tiny New Chip Inside It . 26 October 2024 . Wired.
196. Greenberg . Andy . 5 June 2019 . The Clever Cryptography Behind Apple's 'Find My' Feature . 26 October 2024 . Wired.
197. Web site: Font Book User Guide for Mac . 2024-10-27 . Apple Support . en.
198. Book: Miser, Brad . Apple Mac OSX Leopard in Depth . Que Publishing . 2008 . 978-0-273-72158-1 . 214–225.
199. Web site: Launchpad . 27 October 2024 . Apple Support.
200. News: Siracusa . John . 20 July 2011 . Mac OS X 10.7 Lion: the Ars Technica review . 27 October 2024 . Ars Technica.
201. Web site: Maps User Guide . 26 October 2024 . Apple Support.
202. News: Michael . Simon . 24 July 2024 . Apple takes direct aim at Google with surprising launch of Apple Maps on the web . 26 October 2024 . Macworld.
203. Web site: Siri . 26 October 2024 . Apple.com.
204. News: McMahon . Liv . 11 June 2024 . Kleinman . Zoe . Apple brings ChatGPT to iPhones in AI overhaul . 26 October 2024 . BBC News.
205. Web site: Warren . Tom . 2024-02-08 . Apple moves away from iTunes on PC with new Windows apps . 2024-10-29 . The Verge . en.
206. News: Nichols . Shaun . 20 June 2014 . 20 years on: eWorld, Apple's spectacular online 'portal' failure . 27 October 2024 . The Register.
207. Web site: 29 April 2014 . eWorld: Apple's Overpriced, Poorly Marketed Online Service . 27 October 2024 . Low End Mac.
208. Web site: Apple iWeb User Manual . 27 October 2024 . ManyManuals . 1,3 . Apple.
209. News: Kessler . Topher . 12 September 2011 . 'iWeb to Wordpress' converter offers potential for iWeb bloggers . 27 October 2024 . Cnet . While Apple will still be supporting its personal Web hosting service until June 30, 2012, the service will eventually be shut down. In addition, Apple's iWeb program has been discontinued, so while it still works, it too will sooner or later need to be replaced..