List of ships of the Indian Navy explained

This is a list of ships of the Indian Navy. It covers both the pre-independence Royal Indian Navy[1] and the post-independence Indian Navy.

Current ships

See main article: List of active Indian Navy ships.

Historical ships

Note: Prior to 1950, Indian naval ships carried the prefix HMIS ("His Majesty's Indian Ship") as the Indian Armed Forces were under the British Crown. After the declaration of the Republic of India on 26 January 1950, the prefix became INS ("Indian Naval Ship").

Aircraft carriers

ShipPennantClassCommissionedDecommissionedFateNotes
R114 March 196131 January 1990[2] Converted to IMS-Indian Museum Ship briefly but subsequently scrapped in 2014.Formerly HMS Hercules although never commissioned into the Royal Navy.
R2212 May 19876 March 2017Dismantled on 19 September 2020Formerly .

Submarines

See also: List of submarines of the Indian Navy.

BoatPennantClassCommissionedDecommissionedFateNotes
Nuclear Submarines
INS ChakraS71Charlie class1 September 1987Returned to Soviet Union in January 1991Scrapped in Russia.Leased from the Soviet Union.
INS ChakraS71Akula II class4 April 2012Returned to Russia June 2021Returned to Russia before 10-year lease completed, due to extensive damage suffered in service.[3] [4]
Conventional Submarines
S226 December 196818 October 1989Scrapped but sail fin on display
S238 December 196731 May 1996Scrapped but sail fin on display
S2018 December 196927 September 2001Converted to Museum Ship at Ramakrishna Mission Beach, Visakhapatnam.
S214 September 19691 August 2003
S43Vela class26 December 197430 April 1997
S41Vela class3 November 19737 June 2001
S40Vela class31 August 197325 June 2010
S42Vela class10 August 19749 December 2010To be preserved as a museum in Tamil Nadu.[5]
S63Sindhughosh class24 December 19976 March 2017SunkExploded and sank on 14 August 2013. After being salvaged in June 2014,[6] she was decommissioned in March 2017 and disposed of at sea that June.[7]
INS SindhuvirS58Sindhughosh class26 August 1988March 2020Transferred to Myanmar Navy
INS SindhudhvajS56Sindhughosh class12 June 198716 July 2022Decommissioned

Cruisers

ShipPennantClassCommissionedDecommissionedFateNotes
Cruisers

Originally commissioned as HMIS (His Majesty's Indian Ship) Delhi		C745 July 194830 June 1978ScrappedPurchased from the U.K. Formerly of the Battle of the River Plate fame. Turrets on Display at Devonport Naval Base, Auckland, New Zealand, and at Indian Military Academy, Dehradun, India.
C6029 August 195720 August 1985ScrappedPurchased from the U.K. Formerly .

Destroyers

See main article: List of destroyers of the Indian Navy.

ShipPennantClassCommissionedDecommissionedFateNotes
Destroyers
(ex-Nadezhny)D51Rajput-class destroyer4 May 198021 May 2021Built in the Soviet Union as Nadezhny, but never commissioned into the Soviet Navy.
(ex-Lovkiyy)D53Rajput-class destroyer24 November 19836 May 2019[8] Sunk during TROPEX-21 as a live target.Built in the Soviet Union as Lovkiyy, but never commissioned into the Soviet Navy.
INS RajputD141R class28 July 194930 June 1973[9] scrapped 1979Served as HMS Rotherham in the Royal Navy before being transferred to India.
INS RanjitD209R class4 July 194930 September 1975scrapped 1979Served as HMS Redoubt in the Royal Navy before being transferred to India.
INS RanaD115R class9 September 194930 September 1971scrapped 1979Served as HMS Raider in the Royal Navy before being transferred to India.
INS GodavariD92Hunt class27 April 195331 Aug 1976scrapped 1979leased and then purchased from the Royal Navy. Formerly HMS Bedale. Was operated by Polish Navy during World War II as ORP Ślązak.
INS GomatiD93Hunt class24 April 195331 May 1972scrapped 1975leased and then purchased from the Royal Navy. Formerly HMS Lamerton.
INS GangaD94Hunt class18 June 195331 July 1972scrapped 1975leased and then purchased from the Royal Navy. Formerly HMS Chiddingfold.

Frigates

See main article: List of frigates of the Indian Navy.

ShipPennantClassCommissionedDecommissionedFateNotes
Frigates
HMIS TamarK262River class1946Dec 1946Constructive Total Loss after running aground off Hainan Islandwas previously HMS Aire prior to Indian service.
HMIS NezaK239River class19461947Returned to the Royal Navy in April 1947. Scrapped 1955.Served as HMS Test in the Royal Navy before transfer to India.
K392River class19451947Transferred to Pakistan and served as PNS Shamsher. Scrapped 1959.Served as HMS Nadder in the Royal Navy before transfer to India.
HMIS DhanushK265River class19451948Transferred to Pakistan and served as PNS Dhanush.Served as HMS Deveron in the Royal Navy before transfer to India.
HMIS Kukri
renamed INS Kukri post republic.		K243River class19461951Converted to survey vessel post republic. Recommissioned as INS Investigator Served as in the Royal Navy before being transferred to India.
HMIS Hooghly
renamed INS Hooghly post republic.		K330River classPurchased 19481950scrappedServed as HMCS Waskesiu for the Royal Canadian Navy during World War II. Converted to a pilot vessel in Indian service, scrapped 1965.

renamed INS Tir post republic.		K256River class3 December 194530 September 1977scrappedServed as HMS Bann in the Royal Navy during World War II. Served as training ship in the Indian Navy.
F149Blackwood Class16 July 1958Sunk in action on 9 December 1971 during Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.
F144Blackwood ClassJuly 19591978Transferred to Coast Guard Service 1978.
F146Blackwood ClassNovember 195918 Aug 1978Transferred to Coast Guard Service 1978.
F140Whitby class26 April 195930 Oct 1985Broken up for scrap 1992
F143Whitby class13 January 196031 Aug 1992Broken up for scrap 1996
F31Leopard class31 March 195830 Jun 1986Ordered HMS Panther, but transferred to India. Broken Up 1986
F37Leopard class24 May 196022 Dec 1992Broken Up 1992
F39Leopard class8 December 196031 December 1991Broken Up 1988
F33Nilgiri class23 June 197231 May 1996Sunk on 24 April 1997, by a Sea Eagle AShM fired from a Sea Harrier Frs Mk.51 of the Indian Navy.
F34Nilgiri class23 November 19746 May 2005
F35Nilgiri class18 February 197624 August 2007
F36Nilgiri class5 May 197720 October 2010
F42Nilgiri class8 July 198114 Jun 2012Collided with a merchant ship while in Mumbai harbour on 30 January 2011; sank after on-board fire. No casualties. Re-floated and decommissioned with full honours in 2012.
F41Nilgiri class16 May 198027 June 2013
F46Leander class22 August 199524 May 2012Sunk as target, 2012.[10] Purchased as a cadet training ship from the Royal Navy. Was previously HMS Andromeda.
F20Godavari class10 December 198323 December 2015Sunk as target, October 2020.[11] [12] [13]
F22Godavari class30 December 198522 March 2018
F21Godavari class16 April 198815 May 2022
Sloops (later reclassified as frigates)
HMIS ElphinstoneAnchusa classMay 1922wrecked on Nicobar Islands 29 January 1925.
HMIS BaluchiPC.55P ClassMay 19221935Sold for scrapping
HMIS PathanPC.69
K26		P Class5 August 1921sunk by Italian submarine Galvani on 23 June 1940.[14] [15] [16] [17]
U67Grimsby class15 March 1935Sunk by Japanese aircraft during Burma Campaign, 6 April 1942
L09
U09 (1940)		Aubrietia Class19211946scrapped
L83
U83 (1940)		Unique Patrol Sloop27 December 19191947scrapped
L79
U79 (1940)		Unique Patrol Sloop20 April 19201947scrapped
U40Black Swan class29 April 19431948Transferred to Pakistan post-partition and served as PNS Jhelum
U52Black Swan class28 June 19431948Transferred to Pakistan post-partition and served as PNS Sind.Sunk the German submarine U-198 while in Indian service during World War II.
L80Hastings class10 October 19301948Transferred to Pakistan post-partition and served as PNS Karsaz until 1960.Was involved in the Royal Indian Navy mutiny.

renamed INS Kaveri post republic.		U10Black Swan class26 August 194330 Sep 1977scrapped

renamed INS Sutlej post republic.		U95Black Swan class23 April 19411 Dec 1978scrapped

renamed INS Jamuna post republic.		U21Black Swan class13 May 194131 Dec 1980scrappedHelped sink the in 1944 while in Indian service.

renamed INS Krisna post republic.		U46Black Swan class26 August 194331 Dec 1981scrapped

Corvette

ShipPennantClassCommissionedDecommissionedFateNotes
Corvettes
K348 15 May 1945 1946 returned to Royal Navy and sold to the Thai Navy as HTMS Bangpakong
K274 24 August 1945 1946 returned to Royal Navy and sold to the Thai Navy as HTMS Prasae
K395 1946 Constructive total loss after running aground in 1947.
K306 19 February 1945 1947 returned to Royal Navy and scrapped
J239 20 March 1942 1949 Transferred to Pakistan post-partition

renamed INS Bombay post republic. 		J249 24 April 1942 1960 scrapped Was involved in defence during the attack on Sydney Harbour

renamed INS Bengal post republic. 		J243 8 August 1942 1960 scrapped Sank the Imperial Japanese Navy commerce raider Hōkoku Maru in 1942 while in Indian service.

renamed INS Madras post republic. 		J237 12 May 1942 1960 scrapped
P68 29 June 1972 9 April 1999
P69 30 June 1972 9 April 1999
P73 23 December 1972 13 December 2003
P74 28 December 1973 Lost in a storm 22 August 1990
P75 12 December 1974 16 September 2002
P77 21 November 1968 31 October 1991
P78 23 December 1968 30 November 1992
P79 30 October 1969 30 June 1987 Participated in Operation Trident (1971).
P80 23 December 1969 31 July 1986 Participated in Operation Trident (1971).
P81 23 December 1969 31 December 1988
P83 1986–88
K73 15 January 1978 5 June 1999 Sunk in a Sea Eagle AShM test in June 2000.
K71 25 December 1976 30 September 2002
K72 29 May 1977 24 September 2004
K98 1 March 1997 Sunk in collision on 22 April 2006
INS VeerK40Veer Class26 March 198728 April 2016
INS NipatK42Veer Class5 December 198828 April 2016
INS KhukriP49Khukri Class23 August 198923 December 2021Preserved as museum in Diu, India
INS KirpanP44Khukri Class16 August 198822 July 2023Donated to Vietnam People's Navy
Anti-Submarine Naval Trawler
T254
T264Basset class
T261Basset class
T249Basset class1948 Transferred to Pakistan
T256Basset class
T339Basset class
T315Basset class
T251Basset class
T262Basset class
T253Basset class
T267Basset class
T268Basset class
T322Basset class
T269Basset class
T258Basset class
T255Basset class
T263Basset class
T260Basset class
T332Basset class
T212Basset class1948 Transferred to Pakistan
T250Basset class
T312Basset class

Minesweepers

ShipPennantClassCommissionedDecommissionedFateNotes
Ocean Going Minesweeper
unique shipbefore 1939before 1947
unique shipbefore 1939before 1947
J155Bangor Class23 December 19421948Transferred to Pakistan as PNS Chittagong.
J182Bangor Class28 October 19421948Transferred to Pakistan as PNS Baluchistan.
J245Bangor Class21 October 19431948Transferred to Pakistan as PNS Dacca.
J55Bangor Class19451948Transferred to Pakistan as PNS Peshawar.
J129Bangor Class30 March 19451948Sold in 1949 as the mercantile Kennery.
J200Bangor Class14 March 19421949Scrapped
J190Bangor Class12 August 19421949Scrapped
J199Bangor Class27 October 19421949Scrapped
J164Bangor Class30 November 19421949Scrapped
J247Bangor Class27 February 19441949Scrapped
J197Bangor Class30 April 19421961Scrapped
J228Bangor Class12 June 194231 Jul 1972Scrapped
J180Bangor Class5 February 19431963Scrapped
M61Pondicherry class2 February 19785 October 2007
M62Pondicherry class19 December 19782007
M63Pondicherry class27 April 197922 September 2009
M64Pondicherry class27 April 197926 December 2009
M66Pondicherry class10 June 198022 May 2012
M65Pondicherry class10 June 198013 March 2015
M67Pondicherry class14 July 19869 May 2017
M68Pondicherry class17 December 198723 March 2018
M69Pondicherry class29 October 198723 March 2018
M70Pondicherry class23 December 19869 May 2017
M72Pondicherry class8 October 198823 March 2018
M71Pondicherry class19 December 198813 April 2019Last ship of this class to be decommissioned.
Coastal Minesweeper
INS CuddaloreM90Ton class195630 June 1979ex-Royal Navy
INS CannanoreM91Ton class195631 Mar 1981ex-Royal Navy
INS KarwarM92Ton class195631 Mar 1981ex-Royal Navy
INS KakinadaM93Ton class195630 June 1979ex-Royal Navy
INS MulkiM87Mahé Class10 May 198416 May 2003
INS MagdalaM88Mahé Class10 May 198431 Oct 2001
INS MalvanM84Mahé Class16 May 19833 Jan 2003
INS MangrolM85Mahé Class16 May 19837 Apr 2004
INS MahéM83Mahé Class16 May 198315 May 2006
INS MalpeM86Mahé Class10 May 19844 Dec 2006
Inshore Minesweeper
INS BasseinM2707Ham class14 June 1955[18] 1994ex-Royal Navy
INS BimlipatanM2705Ham class14 June 19551994ex-Royal Navy

Fast Attack Craft

ShipPennantClassCommissionedDecommissionedFateNotes
Missile Boat
K82 2 April 1971 31 December 1982 Sunk PNS Muhafiz during Operation Trident (1971).
K88 20 February 1971 31 December 1986
K86 26 April 1971 29 February 1988 Destroyed the ammunition ship MV Venus Challenger, and the destroyer PNS Shah Jahan and the Karachi oil tanks during Operation Trident (1971).
K89 29 January 1971 31 July 1989 Sunk the PNS Khaibar during Operation Trident (1971).
K85 20 January 1971 15 January 1990 Sunk the merchant MV Gulf Star, MV Harmattan, and badly damaged the Pakistani Fleet Tanker, which was later scrapped, during Operation Python in 1971.
K87 19 March 1971 31 December 1990
K83 16 February 1971 31 March 1991
K84 27 March 1971 30 June 1992
K92 17 February 1976 17 May 1996
K97 17 October 1977 17 May 1996
K90 17 February 1976 29 December 1999
K93 17 February 1976 29 December 1999
K91 17 February 1976 8 June 2001
K94 4 November 1976 5 May 2005 Preserved at Karwar, Karnataka
K95 4 November 1976 5 May 2005
K96 9 February 1977 5 May 2005

Amphibious Warfare Ships

ShipPennantClassCommissionedDecommissionedFateNotes
Landing Ship Tank
L3011Landing ship, tank194931 March 1976Former British tank landing ship HMS Avenger.Also took active part in 1971 Indo-Pakistan war Eastern Theater.
L20Magar class15 July 19876 May 2023[19] Participated in relief efforts for the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.
Landing Ship Medium
L12Polnocny class196630 Sep 1987Originally L3022, Polish Built - Polnocny A
L13Polnocny class196630 Dec 1985Originally L3033, Polish Built - Polnocny A
L14Kumbhir class21 December 197411 January 2008Polish Built - Polnocny D
L15Kumbhir class15 August 19758 May 1999Polish Built - Polnocny D
L16Kumbhir class24 December 1975June 1997Polish Built - Polnocny D
L17Kumbhir class27 January 197615 July 2011Polish Built - Polnocny D
INS CheetahL18Kumbhir classFebruary 198512 January 2024[20] Polish Built - Polnocny D
INS MahishL19Kumbhir class4 June 198511 November 2016[21] Polish Built - Polnocny D
INS GuldarL21Kumbhir classDecember 1985112 January 2024[22] Polish Built - Polnocny D
INS KumbhirL22Kumbhir classNovember 198612 January 2024[23] Polish Built - Polnocny D
Landing Ship Infantry
merchant requisitioned as Landing ship, infantry194314 April 1944 destroyed in Bombay Explosion (1944)
Landing Craft Tank (re-designated Landing Craft Utility)
[24] [25] L31LCU Mk.119781 Feb 1999Ordered in 1974[26]
L326 November 1981May 2011[27]
L33LCU Mk.21 December 1980mid April 2014[28] Ordered in 1975
L3428 January 1980May 2011
L35
L36LCU Mk.39 February 2018[29] Ordered in 1982
L37
L3830 March 2019[30] [31]
L39

Auxiliaries

ShipPennantClassCommissionedDecommissionedFateNotes
Troopship
[32] [33] Unique ship18861945scrapped in 1945Later depot ship at Basra, Bombay and Karachi
Tanker

Renamed INS Chilka post republic. 		Unique ship19481976scrapped in 1977
Unique ship29 January 195431 December 1967scrapped c.1975Italian-built tanker purchased new in 1953[34]
A50Deepak class20 November 196730 April 1996
A57Deepak class31 December 197521 July 2007
Submarine Tender
INS AmbaA54Modified Ugra class28 December 1968July 2006scrapped
Survey Ships
[35] Unique ship19321951
Modified River class195130 September 1974scrappedformer purchased in 1946 and renamed HMIS Kukri. Modified and converted to Survey Ship in 1950.
Unique ship196415 Jan 1990
J31Makar Class [36] [37] 31 January 19844 April 2005
J32Makar Class31 March 198431 March 2007
J33Makar Class23 June 198424 April 2005expended as a target for BrahMos test.[38]
J34Makar Class31 October 19841 February 1999
J19Sandhayak-class survey ships4 October 198319 December 2014 [39]
J1814 March 19814 June 2021[40]
Torpedo Recovery Vessel
INS A-71A71Astravahini-class15 September 198225 March 2005
INS A-72A72Astravahini-class23 February 19836 Nov 2014sunk in an accident on 6 Nov 2014
INS A-73A73Astravahini-class5 November 198416 July 2015

Patrol Ships

ShipPennantClassCommissionedDecommissionedFateNotes
Offshore Patrol Vessel
requisitioned armed merchant ship [43] 19401945returned to merchant service.
[44] requisitioned armed merchant ship19401947sold and became M/V Hellenic Bulbul.
requisitioned armed merchant ship1940
requisitioned armed merchant ship1940
requisitioned armed merchant ship1940Sunk by friendly fire by [45] [46] [47]
[48] auxiliary patrol vessel
[49] auxiliary patrol vessel
P54Sukanya class8 October 19912000Sold to Sri Lanka in 2000 and in service as the flagship of Sri Lanka Navy, SLNS Sayura
Patrol Vessel
T64Trinkat class4 March 200223 February 2005Transferred to Seychelles Coast Guard, as SCG PS Topaz
T54Seaward defence boatSeptember 198220 January 2006Sunk to be made into an artificial reef
T62Trinkat class17 March 200116 April 2006Transferred to Maldivian Coast Guard, as CGS Huravee
T57Seaward defence boat24 August 2006
T55Seaward defence boat2008–2009
T56Seaward defence boat2008–2009
T59Seaward defence boat7 September 2009
T60Seaward defence boat7 September 2009
T58Seaward defence boat20 July 2010
INS TarasaT63Trinkat class24 August 20017 November 2014Transferred to Seychelles Coast Guard as PS Constant

See also

Indian navy related
Indian military related

Sources

Notes and References

  1. Web site: genesis . Official Cite . 29 October 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110111202914/http://indiannavy.nic.in/genesis.htm . 11 January 2011 .
  2. Hiranandani G.M, Transition to Eminence - The Indian Navy 1976 – 90; pub Lancer New Delhi 2005,
  3. Web site: Explosion forced Indian Navy to return nuclear submarine to Russia. 2021-06-09 . .
  4. Web site: Navy's Only Nuclear Attack Submarine Returns To Russia Before Lease Expires. 2021-06-09. NDTV.com.
  5. News: Sea Dredging Mooted to Take Sub to Mamallapuram Shores. https://web.archive.org/web/20140826133831/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Sea-Dredging-Mooted-to-Take-Sub-to-Mamallapuram-Shores/2014/08/06/article2366522.ece. dead. 26 August 2014. 23 August 2014. The New Indian Express. 6 August 2014.
  6. News: Manish K Pathak. INS Sindhurakshak finally brought to surface. 20 June 2014. DNA. 7 June 2014.
  7. News: Rajput. Rashmi. Navy sinks 'graveyard' INS Sindhurakshak. 15 October 2017. The Indian Express. 5 September 2017.
  8. Web site: INS Ranjit Sails into Sunset Culminating 36 years of Glorious Era. PIB. 6 May 2019.
  9. Hiranandani G.M, Transition to Triumph - The Indian Navy 1965 – 75; pub Lancer Publishers LLC 2010,
  10. News: INS Krishna to make its last voyage. The Hindu. 16 January 2012. The Hindu Times. 3 May 2024.
  11. Web site: In Naval Exercises At Arabian Sea, Missile Sinks Old Ship. 23 October 2020. 3 May 2024.
  12. Web site: Indian Navy sinks old ship with missile during exercise at Arabian Sea. 23 October 2020. 3 May 2024.
  13. Web site: The anti-ship missile (AShM) launched by Indian Navy Missile Corvette #INSPrabal, homes on with deadly accuracy at max range, sinking target ship: Indian Navy. 23 October 2020. 3 May 2024.
  14. Rohwer & Hummelchen, p.23
  15. Book: Collins, D.J.E. . The Royal Indian Navy, 1939–1945, Official History of the Indian Armed Forces In the Second World War . Combined Inter-Services Historical Section (India & Pakistan) . 1964 .
  16. Web site: House of commons debate - Indian, Burman, and Colonial War Effort.. House of Commons of the United Kingdom. 20 November 1940.
  17. Web site: Fighting the U-boats = Indian Naval forces . Uboat.net .
  18. Singh, Satyindra, Blueprint to Blue Water - The Indian Navy 1951–1965 ; pub Lancer New Delhi 1992,
  19. Web site: INS Magar to end roar on Saturday after 36 glorious years. The Hindu Businessline. Dalip. Singh. 2023-05-01.
  20. Web site: INS CHEETAH, GULDAR AND KUMBHIR DECOMMISSIONED AFTER 40 YEARS OF GLORIOUS SERVICE. 2024-01-13. 2024-01-17.
  21. Web site: INS Mahish Decommissioning Ceremony. 2016-11-11. Andaman Sheekha. 2016-12-05.
  22. Web site: INS CHEETAH, GULDAR AND KUMBHIR DECOMMISSIONED AFTER 40 YEARS OF GLORIOUS SERVICE. 2024-01-13. 2024-01-17.
  23. Web site: INS CHEETAH, GULDAR AND KUMBHIR DECOMMISSIONED AFTER 40 YEARS OF GLORIOUS SERVICE. 2024-01-13. 2024-01-17.
  24. Web site: Surface Ships - Landing Craft Utility . Indian Navy . www.indiannavy.nic.in . 13 July 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140714195623/http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/naval-fleet/ships?page=0%2C7 . 14 July 2014.
  25. Web site: Mark 3 Landing Craft . Bharat Rakshak . 13 July 2014.
  26. Web site: Transition to Guardianship, The Indian Navy 1991–2000. 2019-11-16.
  27. Web site: Indian Naval Landing Craft Utility (INLCU) L-32 and L-34 of Andaman and Nicobar Command were decommissioned. 2011-05-16.
  28. Web site: IN LCU L 33 to be Decommissioned After Glorious Service to the Nation. 2014-01-31.
  29. Web site: Indian Naval Landing Craft Utility, IN LCU 36 & IN LCU 37 were decommissioned this evening at Port Blair after completing more than 30 years of glorious service to the nation. LCU 36 was 1st of LCU MK-III class landing craft utility vessels built at GSL followed by LCU 37, 38 &39pic.twitter.com/othoW7XP6x. SpokespersonNavy. 9 February 2018. @indiannavy. en. 2018-02-09.
  30. Web site: Indian Navy, Official Facebook Page. https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/324159234605610/867697416918453 . 2022-02-26 . limited. . 2019-03-30.
  31. Web site: Naval Landing Craft Decommissioned. 2019-03-30.
  32. Book: Winfield. Rif. Lyon. David. The Sail & Steam Navy List : All the ships of the Royal Navy 1815 - 1889. limited. 2004. Chatham. London. 1-86176-032-9. 283.
  33. Web site: Dalhousie. The Clyde Built Ships. Caledonian Maritime Research Trust. 17 January 2017.
  34. Web site: Shakti. Miramar (subscription required). R B Haworth. 17 January 2017. Wellington, NZ.
  35. Web site: The Naval Hydrographic Department, CHAPTER 24 . THE NAVAL HYDROGRAPHIC DEPARTMENT, Indian Navy.
  36. Web site: Makar Class . .
  37. Web site: J33 Makar Class. Global Security.
  38. Web site: BRAHMOS missile proves its mettle once again :: BrahMos.com. brahmos.com. 4 August 2016. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20160919084859/http://www.brahmos.com/newscenter.php?newsid=123. 19 September 2016.
  39. Web site: Survey Ship Decommissioned. https://web.archive.org/web/20141228181849/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Survey-ship-Decommissioned/2014/12/20/article2580482.ece . dead . 28 December 2014 .
  40. Web site: INS Sandhayak to be Decommissioned on 04 Jun 21. PIB. 2021-06-03.
  41. Web site: HyperWar: The Royal Indian Navy (Chapter 4). ibiblio.org. 4 August 2016.
  42. Blueprint to Bluewater, the Indian Navy, 1951–65, P27, Satyindra Singh
  43. Web site: [Goanet] SS Ramdas ]. 2 August 2006.
  44. In the Wake, E C Streatfeild-James
  45. Web site: Allied Warships - HMIS Prabhavati.
  46. Neil MacCart, Town Class Cruisers, Maritime Books, 2012,, p. 153
  47. Book: Collins, J.T.E.. The Royal Indian Navy, 1939–1945. Official History of the Indian Armed Forces In the Second World War. 1964. Combined Inter-Services Historical Section (India & Pakistan). New Delhi.,p96
  48. Web site: Royal Indian Naval Reserve (RINR) Officers 1939–1945 .
  49. Web site: ADMIRALTY WAR DIARIES of WORLD WAR 2 EAST INDIES FLEET - January to March 1942. . Admiralty.

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