List of rulers of Assam explained

The History of Assam is the history of a confluence of people from the east, west, south and the north; the confluence of the Austroasiatic, Tibeto-Burman (Sino-Tibetan), Tai and Indo-Aryan cultures. Although invaded over the centuries, it was never a vassal or a colony to an external power until the third Burmese invasion in 1821 and subsequently the British ingress into Assam in 1824 during the First Anglo-Burmese War.

Later documented rulers, and dynasties who are deemed to have ruled a portion of Assam are included in this list.

File:Major kingdoms of Assam.png|thumb|right|260px|Major kingdoms of Assamrect 50 50 650 120 Kamarupa Kingdomrect 45 240 160 310 Kamata Kingdomrect 165 240 300 310 Bhuyan chieftainsrect 305 240 415 310 Ahom Kingdomrect 425 240 540 310 Chutiya Kingdomrect 550 240 660 310 Kachari Kingdomrect 4 425 80 495 Koch Biharrect 120 425 190 495 Koch Hajorect 125 660 640 760 History of Assam

Ancient Period (c. 1200 BCE – 350 CE)

Sonitpura (Asura) Kingdom

See main article: Asura Kingdom. The kingdom was contemporary of Pragjyotisha Kingdom of Kamarupa.

Nu.Name of Known rulers
1Marichi
2
3
4
5
6
7

Pragjyotisha Kingdom

See main article: Pragjyotisha Kingdom.

Danava dynasty

See main article: Danava dynasty. First legendary line of rulers in Pragjyotisha. The Danava dynasty consisted of Kirata chiefs; the last of whom, Ghatakasura, was killed and replaced by Naraka.

Known Danava rulers of Pragjyotisha are:

Bhauma (Naraka) dynasty

See main article: Bhauma dynasty. Second legendary dynasty of Pragjyotisha.Known Bhauma rulers of Pragjyotisha are:

Davaka Kingdom (c. 100 – 500 CE)

See main article: Davaka. less information is available about this kingdom

Classical Period : Kamarupa dynesties (350 – 1100 CE)

See main article: Kamarupa.

Varman dynasty (350 – 650 CE)

See main article: Varman dynasty.

The dynastic line as given in theDubi copperplate inscription andNidhanpur copperplate inscription are as-

Reign Name succession Queen
1 350–374 CE (unknown)
2 374–398 CE son of Pushyavarman Dattadevi
3 398–422 CE son of Samudravarman Ratnavati
4 422–446 CE son of Balavarman Gandharavati
5 446–470 CE son of Kalyanavarman Yajnavati
6 470–494 CE son of Ganapativarman Suvrata
7 494–518 CE son of Mahendravarman Devavati
8 518–542 CE son of Narayanavarman Vijnayavati
9 542–566 CE son of Bhutivarman Bhogavati
10 566–590 CE son of Chandramukhavarman Nayanadevi
11 590–595 CE son of Sthitavarman Syamadevi
12 595–600 CE son of Susthitavarman (Bachelor)
13 600–650 CE brother of Supratisthitavarman (Bachelor)
14 650–655 CE Unknown[1] (unknown) (unknown)

The grants of Ratnapala give the list of 21 kings from Salastambha to his line.

Mlechchha dynasty (650 – 900 CE)

See main article: Mlechchha dynasty.

Pala dynasty (Kamarupa) (900 – 1100 CE)

See main article: Pala dynasty (Kamarupa).

Medieval Period (c. 1100 – 1800 CE)

Ahom dynasty (1228 – 1838 CE)

See main article: Ahom kingdom and Ahom dynasty.

In the nearly 600-years 39-Swargadeo dynastic history, there are three progenitor kings (all subsequent kings are descendants of these kings). They are Sukaphaa, who established the kingdom; Suhungmung, who made the greatest territorial and political expansion of the kingdom; and Supaatphaa, who established the House of Tungkhugia kings that reigned the kingdom during its political and cultural zenith, as well as the period of decay and end (except for Jogeswar Singha, who was a descendant of Supaatphaa's father Gobar, and who was installed as a puppet king by the Burmese).

The dynastic history and dates that are accepted today are the result of a re-examination of Ahom and other documents by a team of Nora astronomers and experts who were commissioned to do so by Gaurinath Singha (1780–1795).

The list of Swargadeos of the Ahom Kingdom
Years ReignAhom nameOther names succession End of reign Capital
1228–126840ySukaphaanatural deathCharaideo
1268–128113ySuteuphaason of Sukaphaanatural deathCharaideo
1281–12938ySubinphaason of Suteuphaanatural deathCharaideo
1293–133239ySukhaangphaason of Subinphaanatural deathCharaideo
1332–136432ySukhrangphason of Sukhaangphaanatural deathCharaideo
1364–1369 5yInterregnum[3]
1369–1376 7ySutuphaabrother of Sukhrangphaa[4] assassinated[5] Charaideo
1376–1380 4yInterregnum
1380–1389 9ybrother of Sutuphaaassassinated[6] Charaideo
1389–1397 8yInterregnum
1397–1407 10yBaamuni Konwarson of Tyao Khaamti[7] natural deathCharagua
1407–1422 15y Sujangphaason of Sudangphaanatural death
1422–1439 17y Suphakphaason of Sujangphanatural death
1439–1488 49yson of Suphakphaanatural death
1488–1493 5yson of Susenphaaassassinated[8]
1493–1497 4yson of Suhenphaanatural death
1497–1539 42ySwarganarayan,
Dihingiaa Rojaa I		son of Supimphaaassassinated[9] Bakata
1539–1552 13yGarhgayaan Rojaason of Suhungmung natural deathGarhgaon
1552–1603 51y SukhaamphaaKhuraa Rojaason of Suklenmung natural deathGarhgaon
1603–1641 38yPrataap Singha,
Burhaa Rojaa,
Buddhiswarganarayan		son of Sukhaamphaanatural deathGarhgaon
1641–1644 3ySuramphaaJayaditya Singha,
Bhogaa Rojaa		son of Susenghphaa deposed[10] Garhgaon
1644–1648 4yNoriyaa Rojaabrother of Suramphaadeposed[11] Garhgaon
1648–1663 15y Jayadhwaj Singha,
Bhoganiyaa Rojaa		son of Sutingphaanatural deathGarhgaon/Bakata
1663–1670 7y SupangmungChakradhwaj Singhacousin of Sutamla[12] natural deathBakata/Garhgaon
1670–1672 2ySunyatphaaUdayaditya Singhabrother of Supangmung[13] deposed[14]
1672–1674 2y Ramadhwaj Singhabrother of Sunyatphaapoisoned[15]
1674–1675 21dSuhung[16] Samaguria Rojaa Khamjang Samaguria descendant of Suhungmungdeposed[17]
1675–1675 24d Gobar Rojagreat-grandson of Suhungmung[18] deposed[19]
1675–1677 2y Sujinphaa[20] Arjun Konwar,
Dihingia Rojaa II		grandson of Pratap Singha, son of Namrupian Gohaindeposed, suicide[21]
1677–1679 2y Parvatia Rojaagreat-grandson of Suhungmung[22] deposed, killed[23]
1679–1681 3y Ratnadhwaj Singha,
Loraa Rojaa		Samaguria familydeposed, killed[24]
1681–1696 15y Gadadhar Singhason of Gobar Rojaanatural deathBorkola
1696–1714 18ySukhrungphaaRudra Singhason of Supaatphaanatural deathRangpur
1714–1744 30ySutanphaaSiba Singhason Sukhrungphaanatural death
1744–1751 7y Pramatta Singhabrother of Sutanphaanatural death
1751–176918ySuremphaaRajeswar Singhabrother of Sunenphaanatural death
1769–1780 11yLakshmi Singhabrother of Suremphaanatural death
1780–1795 15yGaurinath Singhason of Sunyeophaanatural deathJorhat
1795–1811 16ygreat-grandson of Lechai, the brother of Rudra Singha[25] natural death, smallpoxJorhat
1811–1818 7y Sudingphaa (1) Chandrakaanta Singhabrother of Suklingphaadeposed[26] Jorhat
1818–1819 1yPurandar Singha (1)descendant of Suremphaadeposed[27] Jorhat
1819–18212y Sudingphaa (2)fled the capital[28]
1821–1822 1y5th descendant of Jambor, the brother of Gadadhar Singha. Jogeswar was brother of Hemo Aideo, and was puppet of Burmese ruler[29] removed[30]
1833–1838 Purandar Singha (2)[31]

Kachari (Dimasa) dynasty (1250 – 1832 CE)

See main article: Kachari Kingdom.

The Kings of Kachar! Capital! King! Date of Accession! Reign in Progress! End of reign
DimapurLa-wang-pa[32] 1406
Manipha
Ladapha
Viravijay Narayana (or Khorapha)1520?1526
Khuntara15261531
Detsung/Dersung15311536
Interregnum?
MaibongNirbhay Narayan1558?1559
Durlabh Narayan
Megha Narayan156815781583?
Yasho Narayan (Satrudaman)1583?1601
Indrapratap Narayan16011610
Nar Narayan
Bhimdarpa Narayan1618?
Indraballabh Narayan16281644?
Birdarpa Narayan1644?1681
Garurdhwaj Narayan(Thaosen Clan)16811695
Makardhwaj Narayan(Thaosen Clan)1695
Udayaditya(Thaosen Clan)
Tamradhwaj Narayan(Thaosen Clan/Sengphong)17061708
Suradarpa Narayan (Thaosen clan/Sengphong)1708
Harischandra Narayan -1 (Thaosen Sengphong)1721
Kirtichandra Narayan(Hasnusa Sengphong)1736
Sandikhari Narayan alias Ram Chandra)1736
KhaspurHarischandra-2 (Hasnusa Sengphong)1771
Lakshmichandra Narayan1772
Krishnachandra Narayan17901813
Govindachandra Narayan18141819
Chaurajit Singh (from Manipur)18191823
Gambhir Singh (from Manipur)18231824
Govindachandra Narayan18241830
British Annexation1832

Kamata dynasty (1228/1257 – 1365 CE)

See main article: Kamata Kingdom.

Chutia (Sadiya) dynasty (1350 – 1523 CE)

See main article: Chutia Kingdom.

Known rulers of the Chutia kingdom are:

Baro-Bhuyan rulers of Assam (1365 – 1440 CE)

See main article: Baro-Bhuyan.

Khen dynasty (1440 – 1498 CE)

See main article: Khen dynasty.

Koch dynasty (1515 – 1949 CE)

See main article: Koch dynasty.

Rulers of undivided Koch kingdom (1515 – 1586)

Rulers of Koch Bihar (1586 – 1949)

Rulers of Koch Hajo (1581 – 1616 CE)

Rulers of Darrang

Rulers of Beltola

See also: History of Beltola.

Rulers of Bijni

The Bijni rulers reigned between the Sankosh and the Manas rivers, the region immediately to the east of Koch Bihar.

Rulers of Khaspur

The independent rule of the Khaspur rulers ended in 1745 when it merged with the Kachari kingdom.[34] The rulers of the Koch kingdom at Khaspur are:

Modern Period (c. 1800 – 1947 CE)

British Colonial Assam (1826 – 1947 CE)

See main article: Colonial Assam.

See also: Assam Province. Chronology of British Colonial regin on Assam:

  1. Bengal Presidency (1826–1873 CE)
  2. Chief Commissioner's Province (1874–1905 CE)
  3. Eastern Bengal and Assam under Lt. Governor (1906–1912 CE)
  4. Assam Legislative Council (1912–1920 CE)
  5. Dyarchy (1921 – 1937 CE)
  6. Assam Legislative Assembly (1937–1947 CE)[35] [36]

Republic of India

List of governors of Assam
List of chief ministers of Assam

See also

Sources

Notes and References

  1. "Though there exists no direct evidence, there are indirect evidence of a king who ruled for a short period after Bhaskaravarman, but was ousted by Salasthamba.".
  2. Pralambha, read from the Tezpur plates, can be corrected to Salambha, in light of the Parbatiya plates
  3. Gogoi records that Sukhrangphaa died without leaving a son and the two ministers administered the kingdom without a king for five years . Gait and others do not record this, though Baruah does
  4. Sutuphaa was the younger brother of Sukhrangphaa, who was settled in a village called Lahanjing. He was invited by the Burhagohain and Borgohain to become the king and he set up his seat at Chapagurinagar
  5. Sukhramphaa was assassinated by the king of the Chutiya kingdom on a barge ride on Suffry river .
  6. Sukhangphaa and his chief queen were deposed and executed by the ministers for their autocratic rule .
  7. Sudangphaa Bamuni Konwar was born to the second queen of Tyao Khamti in a Brahmin household of Habung .
  8. Suhenphaa was speared to death in his palace by a Tai-Turung chief in revenge for being accused of theft .
  9. Suhungmung was assassinated by a palace staff in a plot engineered by his son, Suklenmung .
  10. Suramphaa was deposed by the ministers when he insisted on burying alive a son of each minister in the tomb of his dead step-son . He was later murdered on the instructions of his nephew, the son of his brother and succeeding Swargadeo.
  11. Sutingphaa was a sickly king (Noriaya Raja), who participated in an intrigue by his chief queen to install a prince unpopular with the ministers. He was deposed and later murdered on the instructions of his son and successor king Sutamla .
  12. Supangmung was grandson of Suleng (Deo Raja), the second son of Suhungmung .
  13. The Maju Gohain, the brother of Chakradhwaj Singha, became the king.
  14. Udayaaditya Sinha's palace was stormed by his brother (and successor king) with a thousand-strong contingent of men led by Lasham Debera, and the king was executed the next day. Udayaaditya's religious fanaticism under the influence of a godman had made him unpopular, and the three great gohains implicitly supported this group . This event started a very unstable nine-year period of weak kings, dominated by Debera Borbarua, Atan Burhagohain and Laluk-sola Borphukan in succession. This period ended with the accession of Gadadhar Singha.
  15. Ramadhwaj Sinha was poisoned on the instructions of Debera Borbarua when he tried to assert his authority .
  16. Book: Deyell, John S.. Ahom Language Coins of Assam.
  17. The Samaguria raja was deposed by Debera Borbarua, the de facto ruler, and later executed, along with his queen and her brother .
  18. Gobar Rojaa was the son of Saranga, the son of Suten, the son of Suhungmung Dihingiya Roja.
  19. Gobar Raja was deposed and executed by the Saraighatias (the commanders of Saraighat/Guwahati), led by Atan Burhagohain . Their target was the de facto ruler, Debera Borbarua, who was also executed.
  20. After Ramdhwaj Singha, Chamaguriya Khamjang Konwar alias Shujinpha ruled only 20 days from 10 April 1674 (e.i. Lakni Kat plao (or 26th year) of 18th Taosinga Circle) and on 30 April he was killed. There after Tungkhongiya Gobar Raja rose only 12 ruled. Both were killed by the powerful minister Debera Baruah. After Gobar Raja two more princes rose only for another 12 days who are not recorded in chronicles. The title of Suhung is suitable for Dihingia Arjun Konwar, who minted coins and ruled more than six months and the minted year 1675 is his rising year (e.i. Lakni khut ni (or 27th year) of 18th Taosinga Circle) -- (Phukan, J.N. (1987). Reattribution of the Coins of Suhung)
  21. Dihingia Arjun Konwar tried to assert control by moving against the de facto ruler, Atan Burhagohain, but was routed in a skirmish. Sujinphaa was blinded and held captive when he committed suicide by striking his head against a stone .
  22. Sudoiphaa was the grandson of Suhungmung's third son, Suteng .
  23. Sudoiphaa was deposed by Laluk-sola Borphukan, who styled himself as the Burhaphukan, and later executed. Atan Burhagohain, the powerful minister, had been executed earlier .
  24. Sulikphaa Lora Roja was deposed and then executed by Gadadhar Singha .
  25. Kamaleswar Singha was installed as the king by Purnananda Burhagohain when he was still an infant. He was the son of Kadam Dighala, the son of Ayusut, the son of Lechai, the second son of Gadadhar Singha. Kadam Dighala, who could not become the king because of physical blemishes, was an important influence during the reign .
  26. Chandrakanta Singha was deposed by Ruchinath Burhagohain, mutilated and confined as a prisoner near Jorhat . The Burhagohain choose Brajanath, a descendant of Suremphaa Pramatta Singha, as the king and coins were struck in the new king's name, but it was discovered that he had mutilations on his person and his son, Purandar Singha, was instated instead .
  27. Purandar Singha's forces under Jaganath Dhekial Phukan defeated the forces led by the Burmese general Kee-Woomingee (Kiamingi or Alumingi Borgohain) on 15 February 1819, but due to a strategic mistake Jorhat fell into Burmese hands. Kiamingi brought back Chandrakanta Singha and installed him the king .
  28. Chandrakanta Singha fled to Guwahati when the army of Bagyidaw king of Burma, led by Mingimaha Tilwa, approached Jorhat .
  29. Jogeshwar Singha was the brother of Hemo Aideu, one of the queens of Bagyidaw. He was installed as the king by Mingimaha Tilwa .
  30. Jogeshwar Singha was removed from all pretense of power and Mingimaha Tilwa was declared the "Raja of Assam" toward the end of June 1822 .
  31. Purandar Singha was set up by the East India Company as the tributary Raja of Upper Assam .
  32. Web site: Entry Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu. 2021-10-08. epress.nus.edu.sg.
  33. Web site: Princess Daisy of Pless: The Happy Years. An exhibition at Castle Pless. www.rvondeh.dircon.co.uk.
  34. "The Khaspur state originated with Chilarai's invasion in 1562 AD and remained in existence till 1745 when it merged with the Dimasa state of Maibong."
  35. http://www.slideshare.net/umain30/genesis-of-nellie-massacre-and-assam-agitation Genesis of nellie massacre and assam agitation
  36. Web site: Assam riots: Of ghost towns and relief camps, 4 lakh people displaced. 5 August 2016.

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