List of exonerated death row inmates explained
This list contains names of people who were found guilty of capital crimes and placed on death row but later found to be wrongly convicted. Many of these exonerees' sentences were overturned by acquittal or pardon, but some of those listed were exonerated posthumously.[1] The state listed is that in which the conviction occurred, the year is that of release and the case is that which overturned the conviction.
This list does not include:
- Posthumous pardons for individuals executed before 1950.
- Inmates who were given life sentences when their country, province or state abolished the death penalty.
- People who were threatened with death and never jailed.
- People who were jailed by extralegal groups or courts, for example, as often occurs in cases of sentences of stoning.
Canada
- Steven Truscott was convicted of a schoolmate's murder in 1959 and sentenced at age 14 to death by hanging. His sentence was commuted to life in prison four months later, and he was paroled in 1969. His conviction was overturned in 2007 for "miscarriage of justice."[2] In July 2008, the Ontario government announced it would pay Truscott $6.5 million in compensation for his ordeal.
India
Six men Ankush Maruti Shinde, Rajya Appa Shinde, Ambadas Laxman Shinde, Raju Mhasu Shinde, Bapu Appa Shinde and Suresh Shinde were convicted and sentenced to death penalty in 2009 on charges of rape and murder. On 6 March 2019, the Supreme Court of India acquitted all the six death-row convicts and proclaimed them innocent.[3] [4]
In March 2023, the Supreme Court of India freed Niranaram Chetanram Chaudhary after he spent 28 years, six months and 23 days in custody, and was freed from Nagpur jail. At the time of conviction, Chaudhary was 12 years and six months. As per Indian laws, death sentence or any sentence more than three years cannot be awarded to a juvenile.[5]
Japan
1983
- Sakae Menda was forced to confess to the murders of a Buddhist priest and his wife in 1948 and was convicted on two counts of murder and robbery in 1949. In a 1983 retrial, he was found not guilty of all charges. He died in 2020.[6] [7]
1989
- Masao Akahori was convicted in 1954 at the age of 24 of raping and murdering a schoolgirl. In 1989, he became the fourth death row inmate in Japan to be released.[8] [9]
Taiwan
2012
- Su Chien-ho (蘇建和), Liu Bing-lang (劉秉郎) and Chuang Lin-hsun (莊林勳) were sentenced to death for the 1991 murder of Wu Ming-han and his wife Yeh Ying-lan in Xizhi District, Taipei County, Taiwan. They were acquitted in 2012.[10]
2016
- Cheng Hsing-tse (鄭性澤) was sentenced to death for the 2002 murder of a police officer in Fengyuan, Taichung, Taiwan. He was acquitted in May 2016.[11]
United Kingdom
1966
- Timothy Evans, convicted of the murder of his infant daughter Geraldine in 1950, was hanged on March 9, 1950, and posthumously pardoned in 1966.[12] [13] [14]
1969
- Death penalty for murder abolished.[15] [16]
1973
- Despite abolition in the rest of the UK, separate legal systems meant that death sentences stood in Northern Ireland (and the Isle of Man and Channel Islands, which are outside the UK) but with no likelihood of execution. A Provisional Irish Republican Army member was sentenced to death for murder before abolition was extended across the UK. European Union human-rights protocols signed in 1999 abolished the death penalty in EU nations, but the UK is no longer an EU member.[17]
1998
United States
As of February 2nd, 2024, the Innocence Database maintained by the Death Penalty Information Center shows 196 exonerations of prisoners on death row in the United States since 1973.[20]
1820s
1820
- Jesse Boorn, Vermont. Convicted 1819.[21]
- Stephen Boorn, Vermont. Convicted 1819.[22]
1850s
1851
- Thomas Berdue, California. Convicted 1851.[23]
1880s
1889
- William Woods, Arkansas. Convicted 1888.[24]
1890s
1895
- Michael Sabol, Pennsylvania. Convicted 1891.[25]
1897
- George Rusnak, Pennsylvania. Convicted 1891.[26]
- William Jackson Marion, Nebraska. Convicted 1887.[27]
1898
- Will Purvis, Mississippi. Convicted 1893.[28]
1900s
1901
- Michael J. Synon, Illinois. Convicted 1900.[29]
1902
- Henry Miller, Arkansas. Convicted 1888.[30]
1905
- Samuel Greason, Pennsylvania. Convicted 1901.[31]
1910s
1911
- David Sherman, Tennessee. Convicted 1907.[32]
- Andrew Toth, Pennsylvania. Convicted 1891.[33]
- Stearns Kendall Abbott, Massachusetts. Convicted 1880.[34]
1913
- J.B. Brown, Florida. Convicted 1901.[35]
1915
- John McElwrath, Tennessee. Convicted 1903.[36]
1917
- Herman Zajicek, Illinois. Convicted 1907.[37]
1918
- Charles Stielow, New York. Convicted 1915.[38]
1920s
1920
- Frank Jordano, Louisiana. Convicted 1919.[39]
- John Pender, Oregon. Convicted 1913.[40]
1928
- George Williams, North Carolina. Convicted 1922.[41]
- Fred Dove, North Carolina. Convicted 1922.[42]
- Frank Dove, North Carolina. Convicted 1922.[43]
1929
- Joseph Weaver, Ohio. Convicted 1927.[44]
1930s
1930
- Gangi Cero, Massachusetts. Convicted 1927.[45]
- Richard Phillips, Virginia. Convicted 1900.[46]
1931
- William Harper, Virginia. Convicted 1931.[47]
1933
- Harry Cashin, New York. Convicted 1931.[48]
- Edward Larkman, New York. Convicted 1926.[49]
1936
- Gus Langley, North Carolina. Convicted 1932.[50]
1937
- Eugene Williams, Alabama. Convicted 1931.[51]
- Willie Roberson, Alabama. Convicted 1931.[52]
- Ozie Powell, Alabama. Convicted 1931.[53]
- Olen Montgomery, Alabama. Convicted 1931.[54]
1938
- Ayliff Draper, Arkansas. Convicted 1935.[55]
- Tom Jones, Kentucky. Convicted 1935.[56]
1939
- Thomas J. Mooney, California. Convicted 1917.[57]
1940s
1940
- George Bilger, Pennsylvania. Convicted 1938.[58]
1942
- Walter Woodward, Florida. Convicted 1933.[59]
- Jack Williamson, Florida. Convicted 1933.[60]
- Charlie Davis, Florida. Convicted 1933.[61]
1943
- William Wellmon, North Carolina. Convicted 1942.[62]
1945
- Charles Bernstein, DC. Convicted 1933.[63]
1946
- Sidney Rudish, New York. Convicted 1943.[64]
- Morris Malinski, New York. Convicted 1943. [65]
1948
- Lemuel Parrott, North Carolina. Convicted 1947.[66]
1949
- Clyde Beale, West Virginia. Convicted 1926.[67]
1950s
1951
- Horace Wilson, New Jersey. Convicted 1948.[68]
- James Thorpe, New Jersey. Convicted 1948.[69]
- John McKenzie, New Jersey. Convicted 1948.[70]
- McKinley Forrest, New Jersey. Convicted 1948.[71]
1952
- Silas Rogers, Virginia. Convicted 1943.[72]
1953
- George Lettrich, Illinois. Convicted 1951.[73]
1956
- Camilo Leyra, New York. Convicted 1950.[74]
1957
- L.D. Harris, South Carolina. Convicted 1947.[75]
- Aaron Turner, Pennsylvania. Convicted 1946.[76]
1958
- Harry Dale Bundy, Ohio. Convicted 1957.[77]
- James Fulton Foster, Georgia. Convicted 1956.[78]
1960s
1961
1962
- Robert Lee Kidd, California. Convicted 1960.[80]
- Isidore Zimmerman, New York. Convicted 1938.[81]
1965
- Theodore Jordan, Oregon. Convicted 1932.[82]
1966
- Robert Ballard Bailey, West Virginia. Convicted 1950.[83]
1967
- James Giles, Maryland. Convicted 1961.[84]
- John Giles, Maryland. Convicted 1961.[85]
1968
- Joseph Johnson, Maryland. Convicted 1962.[86]
1969
- Paul Kern Imbler, California. Convicted 1961.[87]
1970s
1971
- Lloyd Eldon Miller, Illinois. Convicted 1956.[88]
1973
- Dave Roby Keaton, Florida. Convicted 1971.[89]
1974
- Anthony Carey, North Carolina. Convicted 1973.[90]
1975
- Freddie Pitts and Wilbur Lee, Florida. Convicted 1963 [91]
- Clarence Smith, Jr., New Mexico. Convicted 1974.[92]
- Ronald Keine, New Mexico. Convicted 1974.[93]
- Richard Greer, New Mexico. Convicted 1974.[94]
- Thomas Gladish, New Mexico. Convicted 1974.[95]
- Christopher Spicer, North Carolina. Convicted 1973.[96]
- James Creamer, Georgia. Convicted 1973.[97]
1976
- Clarence Norris, Alabama. Convicted 1931.[98]
1977
1978
- Earl Patrick Charles, Georgia. Convicted 1975.[102]
- Gary Radi, Montana. Convicted 1975.[103]
1979
- Gary Beeman, Ohio. Convicted 1976.[104]
1980s
1980
- Jerry Banks, Georgia. Convicted 1975.[105]
- Larry Hicks, Indiana. Convicted 1978.[106]
1981
- Michael Linder, South Carolina. Convicted 1979.[107]
- Johnny Ross, Louisiana. Convicted 1975.[108]
1982
- Lawyer Johnson, Massachusetts. Convicted 1972.[109]
1986
- Anthony Silah Brown, Florida. Convicted 1983.[110]
- Neil Ferber, Pennsylvania. Convicted 1981.[111]
- Clifford Henry Bowen, Oklahoma. Convicted 1981.[112]
1987
- Joseph Green Brown. Florida. Convicted 1974. He was re-arrested in 2012 and charged with the murder of his wife in North Carolina, for which he was convicted on September 12, 2013.[113] [114]
- Perry Cobb and Darby J. Tillis. Illinois. Convicted 1979. The primary witness in the case, Phyllis Santini, was determined to be an accomplice of the actual killer by the Illinois Supreme Court. The Judge in the case, Thomas J. Maloney, was later convicted of accepting bribes.[115] [116]
- Juan Ramos, Florida. Convicted 1983. Acquitted on retrial in April 1987.[117]
- Robert Wallace, Georgia. Convicted 1980.[118]
- Anthony Ray Peek, Florida. Convicted 1978.[119]
1988
- Larry Troy and Willie Brown, Florida. Convicted 1983.[120]
1989
- Randall Dale Adams, Texas. Convicted 1977. He was exonerated as a result of information uncovered by film-maker Errol Morris and presented in an acclaimed 1988 documentary, The Thin Blue Line. Adams was released and all charges were dropped in December 1988.[121]
- James Joseph Richardson, Florida. Convicted 1968.[122]
1990s
1990
1991
- Gary Nelson, Georgia. Convicted 1980.[125]
- Charles Smith, Indiana. Convicted 1983.[126]
1992
1993
- Walter McMillian, Alabama. Convicted 1988. [128] [129]
- Gregory Wilhoit, Oklahoma. Convicted 1987. Along with Ron Williamson, Wilhoit later became the subject of John Grisham's 2006 non-fiction book .[130] [131]
- Kirk Bloodsworth, Maryland. Convicted 1985.[132]
- Muneer Deeb, Texas. Convicted 1985. [133]
- Larry Hudson, Louisiana. Convicted 1967.[134]
- Federico Macias, Texas. Convicted 1984.[135]
- James Albert Robison, Arizona. Convicted 1977.[136]
1994
- Andrew Golden, Florida. Convicted 1991.[137]
1995
1996
1997
- Ricardo Aldape Guerra, Texas. Convicted 1982.[152]
- Benjamin Harris, Washington. Convicted 1984.[153]
- Christopher McCrimmon, Arizona. Convicted 1993.[154]
- Larry Randal Padgett, Alabama. Convicted 1992.[155]
1998
- Curtis Kyles, Louisiana. Convicted 1984.[156]
1999
- Shareef Cousin, Louisiana. Convicted 1996.
- Anthony Porter, Illinois. Convicted 1983.[157]
- Ron Williamson, Oklahoma. Convicted 1988. Along with Gregory R. Wilhoit, Williamson later became the inspiration for and subject of John Grisham's 2006 non-fiction book The Innocent Man: Murder and Injustice in a Small Town.
- Ronald Jones, Illinois. Convicted 1989. Released May 17, 1999.[158] [159]
- Clarence Richard Dexter, Jr., Missouri. Convicted 1991.[160]
- Alfred Rivera, North Carolina. Convicted 1997.[161]
- Steven Smith, Illinois. Convicted 1986.[162]
2000s
2000
- Earl Washington, Jr., Virginia. Convicted 1984.[163]
- Frank Lee Smith, Florida. Convicted 1985. Smith died in prison in January 2000, before being exonerated later that year.[164]
- Eric Clemmons, Missouri. Convicted 1987.[165]
- Hubert Geralds, Jr., Illinois. Convicted 1997.[166]
- Michael Graham, Louisiana. Convicted 1987.[167]
- Joseph Green, Florida. Convicted 1993.[168]
- Oscar Morris, California. Convicted 1983.[169]
- William Nieves, Pennsylvania. Convicted 1994.[170]
2001
- Charles Irvin Fain, Idaho. Convicted 1983.[171]
- Albert Burrell, Louisiana. Convicted 1987.[172]
- Gary Drinkard, Alabama. Convicted 1995.[173]
- Louis Greco, Massachusetts. Convicted 1968. Posthumous exoneration.[174]
- Peter Limone, Massachusetts. Convicted 1968.[175]
- Joaquin Jose Martinez, Florida. Convicted 1997.[176]
- Donald Paradis, Idaho. Convicted 1981.[177]
- Henry Tameleo, Massachusetts. Convicted 1968. Posthumous exoneration.[178]
2002
2003
- Nicholas Yarris, Pennsylvania. Convicted 1982.[185]
- John Thompson, Louisiana. Convicted 1985.[186]
- Joseph Amrine, Missouri. Convicted 1986.[187]
- Madison Hobley, Illinois. Convicted 1990.[188]
- Rudolph Holton, Florida. Convicted 1986.[189]
- Stanley Howard, Illinois. Convicted 1987.[190]
- Timothy Howard, Ohio. Convicted 1977.[191]
- Gary Lamar James, Ohio. Convicted 1977.[192]
- Leroy Orange, Illinois. Convicted 1985.[193]
- Aaron Patterson, Illinois. Convicted 1989.[194]
- Lemuel Prion, Arizona. Convicted 1999.[195]
- Wesley Quick, Alabama. Convicted 1997.[196]
2004
- Alan Gell, North Carolina. Convicted 1995.[197]
- Ernest Willis, Texas. Convicted 1987.[198]
- Ryan Matthews, Louisiana. Convicted 1999.[199]
- Laurence Adams, Massachusetts. Convicted 1974.[200]
- Dan L. Bright, Louisiana. Convicted 1996.[201]
- Patrick Croy, California. Convicted 1979.[202]
- Gordon Steidl, Illinois. Convicted 1987.[203]
2005
- Derrick Jamison, Ohio. Convicted 1985.[204]
- Harold C. Wilson, Pennsylvania. Convicted 1989.[205]
2007
- Curtis McCarty, Oklahoma. Convicted 1986.[206]
- Jonathon Hoffman, North Carolina. Convicted 1996.[207]
- Michael Lee McCormick, Tennessee. Convicted 1987.[208]
2008
- Kennedy Brewer, Mississippi. Convicted 1995.[209]
- Glen Edward Chapman, North Carolina. Convicted 1995.[210]
- Levon "Bo" Jones, North Carolina. Convicted 1993.[211]
- Michael Blair, Texas. Convicted 1994.[212] [213] [214]
2009
- Herman Lindsey, Florida. Convicted 2006.
- Nathson Fields, Illinois. Convicted 1986.[215]
- Paul House, Tennessee. Convicted 1986.[216] [217]
- Daniel Wade Moore, Alabama. Convicted 2002.[218]
- Ronald Kitchen, Illinois. Convicted 1988.[219]
- Michael Toney, Texas. Convicted 1999. Toney later died in a car accident on October 3, 2009, just one month and a day after his exoneration.[220]
- Yancy Douglas, Oklahoma. Convicted 1995.[221]
- Paris Powell, Oklahoma. Convicted 1997.[222]
- Robert Springsteen, Texas. Convicted 2001.[223]
2010s
2010
2011
2012
- Damon Thibodeaux, Louisiana. Convicted 1997.[227]
- Michael Keenan, Ohio. Convicted 1988.[228]
- Seth Penalver, Florida. Convicted 1994.[229]
- Joe D'Ambrosio, Ohio. Convicted 1989.[230]
- Dale Johnston, Ohio. Convicted 1984.
[231] [232]
2013
- Reginald Griffin, Missouri. Convicted 1983.[233]
2014
2015
2017[246]
- Isaiah McCoy, Delaware. Convicted 2010.[247]
- Rodricus Crawford, Louisiana. Convicted 2013.[248]
- Ralph Wright, Florida. Convicted 2014.[249]
- Rickey Newman, Arkansas. Convicted 2002.[250]
- Gabriel Solache, Illinois. Convicted 2000.
- Robert Miller, Oklahoma. Convicted 1988.[251]
2018[252]
- Vicente Benavides, California. Convicted 1993.[253]
- Clemente Aguirre-Jarquin, Florida. Convicted 2006.[254]
2019
2020s
2020
- Robert Duboise, Florida. Convicted 1985.[260]
- Curtis Flowers, Mississippi. Convicted 1997.[261]
- Kareem Johnson, Pennsylvania. Convicted 2007.[262]
- Roderick Johnson, Pennsylvania. Convicted 1997.[263]
- Walter Ogrod, Pennsylvania. Convicted 1996.[264]
2021
- Sherwood Brown, Mississippi. Convicted 1995.[265]
- Eddie Lee Howard, Jr., Mississippi. Convicted 1994.[266]
- Barry Williams, California. Convicted 1986.[267]
2023
See also
External links
Notes and References
- http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/innocence-list-those-freed-death-row?scid=6&did=110 "Innocence: List of Those Freed from Death Row"
- News: Canada's wrongful convictions . . 6 August 2009.
- Web site: Supreme Court Acquits Six People on Death Row Who Spent 16 Years in Jail . 2024-02-01 . The Wire.
- News: 2019-03-06 . 6 awarded death by SC in 2009, acquitted in 2019 . 2024-02-01 . The Times of India . 0971-8257.
- News: 2023-04-12 . Rajasthan: An error that sent Indian teen to death row for 25 years . 2024-02-01 . en-GB.
- Web site: Hernon. Matthew. The Life of Sakae Menda, the Man who Spent 34 Years in Prison for Crime He Didn't Commit. 11 December 2020 .
- McNeill, David; Mason, C.M. (August 4, 2007). "One who has lived to tell the tale" . The Japan Times.
- Furukawa, Yukina (January 19, 2019) "Former death row inmate expresses concerns about ex-boxer's retrial" Mainichi Shimbun.
- Hirano, Keiji (November 6, 2014) "Freed death row prisoner brings new life to group fighting capital punishment". The Japan Times.
- News: Hsichih Trio acquitted as 20-year murder case finally closed. Want Chinese Times. 31 August 2012.
- News: Cheng Hsing-tse freed from death row. Taipei Times. 4 May 2016.
- Mary Westlake v Criminal Cases Review Commission . EWHC . Admin . 2004 . 2779 . 17 November 2004 . auto . 22 September 2009 . . It includes a segment from the Hansard transcript of Jenkins's decision to recommend a pardon in the House of Commons.
- News: Hanged man's pardon 'inadequate'. 16 November 2004. BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. 6 September 2010.
- Web site: Shakespeare. Andrew-Paul. 2019-01-23. Timothy Evans: An Innocent Man Hanged for Murder he did not Commit. 2022-02-15. Medium. en.
- https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1969/dec/16/murder-abolition-of-death-penalty#S5CV0793P0_19691216_HOC_518 "MURDER (ABOLITION OF DEATH PENALTY)"
- https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1969/dec/18/murder-abolition-of-death-penalty-act#S5LV0306P0_19691218_HOL_47 "MURDER (ABOLITION OF DEATH PENALTY) ACT 1965"
- (10 October 2016) International Day against Death penalty European Commission, Memo 06/390, Press release, Retrieved 22 March 2015
- News: Open verdict on hanged man's son . BBC News. 22 October 2003 .
- Web site: Court of Appeal judgment [1998] EWCA Crim 2516 (30 July 1998) |publisher=Bailii.org |access-date=2017-06-28].
- Web site: Innocence Database.
- Web site: Jesse Boorn.
- Web site: Stephen Boorn.
- Web site: Thomas Berdue.
- Web site: William Woods.
- Web site: Michael Sabol.
- Web site: George Rusnak.
- Web site: William Jackson Marion.
- Web site: Will Purvis.
- Web site: Michael J. Synon.
- Web site: Henry Miller.
- Web site: Samuel Greason.
- Web site: David Sherman.
- Web site: Andrew Toth.
- Web site: Stearns Kendall Abbott.
- Web site: J.B. Brown.
- Web site: John McElwrath.
- Web site: Herman Zajicek.
- Web site: Charles Stielow.
- Web site: Frank Jordano.
- Web site: John Pender.
- Web site: George Williams.
- Web site: Fred Dove.
- Web site: Frank Dove.
- Web site: Joseph Weaver.
- Web site: Gangi Cero.
- Web site: Richard Phillips.
- Web site: William Harper.
- Web site: Harry Cashin.
- Web site: Edward Larkman.
- Web site: Gus Langley.
- Web site: Eugene Williams.
- Web site: Willie Roberson.
- Web site: Ozie Powell.
- Web site: Olen Montgomery.
- Web site: Ayliff Draper.
- Web site: Tom Jones.
- Web site: Thomas J. Mooney.
- Web site: George Bilger.
- Web site: Walter Woodward.
- Web site: Jack Williamson.
- Web site: Charlie Davis.
- Web site: William Wellmon.
- Web site: Charles Bernstein.
- Web site: Sidney Rudish.
- Web site: Morris Malinski.
- Web site: Lemuel Parrott.
- Web site: Clyde Beale.
- Web site: Horace Wilson.
- Web site: James Thorpe.
- Web site: John McKenzie.
- Web site: McKinley Forrest.
- Web site: Silas Rogers.
- Web site: George Lettrich.
- Web site: Camilo Leyra.
- Web site: L.D. Harris.
- Web site: Aaron Turner.
- Web site: Harry Dale Bundy.
- Web site: James Fulton Foster.
- News: Kennedy . Dolores . Warren K. Billings . 1 May 2024 . National Registry of Exonerations Pre 1989 . University of Michigan Law School.
- Web site: Robert Lee Kidd.
- Web site: Isidore Zimmerman.
- Web site: Theodore Jordan.
- Web site: Robert Ballard Bailey.
- Web site: James Giles.
- Web site: John Giles.
- Web site: Joseph Johnson.
- Web site: Paul Kern Imbler.
- Web site: Lloyd Eldon Miller.
- Web site: Dave Roby Keaton.
- Web site: Anthony Carey.
- Web site: sanderson04. 2016-01-22. Freddie Lee Pitts (1937-2020). 2022-02-15. witnesstoinnocence. en.
- Web site: Clarence Smith, Jr..
- Web site: Ronald Keine.
- Web site: Richard Greer.
- Web site: Thomas Gladish.
- Web site: Christopher Spicer.
- Web site: James Creamer.
- Web site: Clarence Norris.
- Web site: Tibbs, Delbert Lee. 2001. Studs Terkel: Will The Circle Be Unbroken, Center on Wrongful Convictions. 2014-03-13. Northwestern University School of Law.
- Web site: Exoneree, Center on Wrongful Convictions: Northwestern Pritzker School of Law. 2022-02-15. www.law.northwestern.edu. en.
- Web site: Delbert Tibbs.
- Web site: Earl Patrick Charles.
- Web site: Gary Radi.
- Web site: Gary Beeman.
- Web site: Jerry Banks.
- Web site: Larry Hicks.
- Web site: Michael Linder.
- Web site: Johnny Ross.
- Web site: Lawyer Johnson.
- Web site: Anthony Silah Brown.
- Web site: Neil Ferber.
- Web site: Clifford Henry Bowen.
- http://www.foxnews.com/us/2012/09/17/former-death-row-inmate-now-charged-in-wife-killing/ "Former death row inmate now charged in wife's killing"
- Web site: Joseph "Shabaka" Green Brown. National Registry of Exonerations, University of California-Irvine.
- http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-darby-tillis-obit-met-20141113-story.html
- Web site: Exoneree, Center on Wrongful Convictions: Northwestern Pritzker School of Law. 2022-02-15. www.law.northwestern.edu. en.
- Web site: Juan Ramos.
- Web site: Robert Wallace.
- Web site: Anthony Ray Peek.
- Web site: Larry Troy.
- Web site: Exoneree, Center on Wrongful Convictions: Northwestern Pritzker School of Law. 2022-02-15. www.law.northwestern.edu. en.
- Web site: James Joseph Richardson.
- Web site: Clarence Brandley.
- Web site: Dale Johnston.
- Web site: Gary Nelson.
- Web site: Charles Smith.
- Web site: Jay C. Smith.
- https://www.law.umich.edu/special/exoneration/Pages/casedetail.aspx?caseid=3461 Walter McMillian
- Web site: Walter McMillian. 2022-02-15. Equal Justice Initiative. en-US.
- [Grisham, John]
- Web site: Gregory Wilhoit.
- Web site: Kirk Bloodsworth.
- Web site: Muneer Deeb.
- Web site: Larry Hudson.
- Web site: Federico Macias.
- Web site: James Albert Robison.
- Web site: Andrew Golden.
- http://newsgroups.derkeiler.com/Archive/Alt/alt.true-crime/2007-03/msg01216.html "Bones linked to jailed hit man"
- Web site: Robert Cruz.
- Web site: Rolando Cruz. 30 April 2020. Innocence Project.
- Web site: Alejandro Hernandez. 30 April 2020. Innocence Project.
- Web site: Sabrina Butler.
- Web site: Adolph Munson.
- Web site: Verneal Jimerson. 30 April 2020. Innocence Project.
- Web site: Dennis Williams. 30 April 2020. Innocence Project.
- Web site: Exoneree, Center on Wrongful Convictions: Northwestern Pritzker School of Law. 2022-02-15. www.law.northwestern.edu. en.
- Web site: Joseph Burrows.
- Web site: David Grannis.
- Web site: Troy Lee Jones.
- Web site: Carl Lawson.
- Web site: Roberto Miranda.
- Web site: Ricardo Aldape Guerra.
- Web site: Benjamin Harris.
- Web site: Christopher McCrimmon.
- Web site: Larry Randal Padgett.
- Web site: Curtis Kyles.
- Book: Cohen, Stanley. The Wrong Men: America's Epidemic of Wrongful Death Row Convictions. Carroll & Graf Publishers. 2003. 978-0-7867-1258-8. 41.
- Web site: Ronald Jones. 30 April 2020. Innocence Project.
- Web site: Ronald Jones.
- Web site: Clarence Richard Dexter, Jr..
- Web site: Alfred Rivera.
- Web site: Steven Smith.
- Web site: Earl Washington. 2022-02-15. Innocence Project. en-US.
- Web site: Frank Lee Smith. 30 April 2020. Innocence Project.
- Web site: Eric Clemmons.
- Web site: Hubert Geralds, Jr..
- Web site: Michael Graham.
- Web site: Joseph Green.
- Web site: Oscar Morris.
- Web site: William Nieves.
- Web site: Charles Irvin Fain. 30 April 2020. Innocence Project.
- Web site: Albert Burrell.
- Web site: Gary Drinkard.
- Web site: Louis Greco.
- Web site: Peter Limone.
- Web site: Joaquin Jose Martinez.
- Web site: Donald Paradis.
- Web site: Henry Tameleo.
- Chachere, Vickie: "Florida Death Row Inmate To Be Released After 17 Years", Associated Press, Jan 3, 2002
- http://www.innocenceproject.org/Content/Ray_Krone.php "Know the Cases: Browse Profiles: Ray Krone"
- Web site: Today Ray Krone Celebrates 17 Years of Freedom. 2022-02-15. Innocence Project. en-US.
- Web site: Thomas Kimbell.
- Web site: Andre Minnitt.
- Web site: Larry Osborne.
- Pennsylvania v. Yarris, No 690-OF1982, Court of Common Pleas, Delaware County, September 3, 2003. Order vacating conviction.
- Web site: Gross. Alexandra. 10 July 2014. JOHN THOMPSON. 16 December 2015. The National Registry of Exonerations.
- Web site: Joseph Amrine.
- Web site: Madison Hobley.
- Web site: Rudolph Holton.
- Web site: Stanley Howard.
- Web site: Timothy Howard.
- Web site: Gary Lamar James.
- Web site: Leroy Orange.
- Web site: Aaron Patterson.
- Web site: Lemuel Prion.
- Web site: Wesley Quick.
- News: Joseph Neff. 2004-12-19. N.C. Prosecutors Stifled Evidence. A1. The News & Observer.
- Web site: Balleza. Maureen. October 8, 2004. After 17 years on death row, Texas inmate walks free. March 11, 2017. The New York Times.
- Web site: Ryan Matthews. 30 April 2020. Innocence Project.
- Web site: Laurence Adams.
- Web site: Dan L. Bright.
- Web site: Patrick Croy.
- Web site: Gordon Steidl.
- Web site: Derrick Jamison.
- Web site: Harold C. Wilson.
- Web site: Curtis McCarty. 30 April 2020. Innocence Project.
- Web site: Jonathon Hoffman.
- Web site: Michael Lee McCormick.
- Web site: Kennedy Brewer. 29 April 2020. Innocence Project.
- http://www.wral.com/news/local/story/2669008/ "Death Row Inmate Freed After 15 Years"
- Linehan, Julie (September 3, 2013). "In justice system, back to business as usual" . The News & Observer.
- Merchant, Nomaan (November 13, 2012). "Michael Blair, Texas Man Who Admitted Rape, Wrongly Imprisoned For Murder, Seeks Compensation". The Huffington Post.
- Jennings, Diane (August 23, 2013). "Texas Supreme Court denies admitted child rapist Michael Blair compensation for wrongful conviction in Ashley Estell murder" . The Dallas Morning News.
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