List of retired Australian region cyclone names explained

Tropical cyclones are non-frontal, low-pressure systems that develop, within an environment of warm sea surface temperatures and little vertical wind shear aloft. Within the Australian region, names are assigned from three pre-determined lists, to such systems, once they reach or exceed ten–minute sustained wind speeds of 65abbr=onNaNabbr=on, near the center, by either the Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Papua New Guinea's National Weather Service or Indonesia's Badan Meteorologi Klimatologi dan Geofisika. Within the Australian region, tropical cyclones have been officially named since the 1963–64 Australian region cyclone season, though several meteorological papers show that a few tropical cyclones were named before 1964–65.[1] [2] [3] The names of significant tropical cyclones that cause a high amount of damage and/or loss of life are retired from the lists of tropical cyclone names by the World Meteorological Organization's RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee at their bi-annual meeting. Storms named by Port Moresby are automatically retired regardless of their impact due to their infrequent occurrence.

Within the Australian region, there have been a total of 134 tropical cyclone names retired. Among the retired storms are cyclones Gwenda and Inigo, two of the most intense systems ever recorded in the Southern Hemisphere; both attained a barometric pressure of 900 hPa (26.58 inHg). The deadliest cyclone to have its named retired was Cyclone Freddy in 2023, which killed 1,434 people across the Indian Ocean, while the most damaging system to have its name retired was Cyclone Gabrielle in 2023, which left A$ (US$ 2023 USD) in losses.

Background

See main article: article, Tropical cyclone naming, History of tropical cyclone naming and List of historical tropical cyclone names. Within the region the credit for the first usage of personal names for weather systems, is generally given to the Queensland Government Meteorologist Clement Wragge, who named systems between 1887 and 1907.[4] Wragge used names drawn from the letters of the Greek alphabet, Greek and Roman mythology and female names, to describe weather systems including tropical cyclones over Australia, New Zealand and the Antarctic.[4] After the new Australian government had failed to create a federal weather bureau and appoint him director, Wragge started naming cyclones after political figures.[5] This system of naming weather systems subsequently fell into disuse for several years after Wragge retired, before the Australian Bureau of Meteorology started to use female names for tropical cyclones in the region during the 1963–64 cyclone season.[4]

During the International Women's Year of 1975 the Australian Science Minister ordered that tropical cyclones, within the Australian region, should carry both men's and women's names.[4] This was because the minister thought "that both sexes should bear the odium of the devastation caused by cyclones."[4] As a result, male names were added to the lists of names for both basins, ahead of the 1975–76 season.[4] [6]

The practice of retiring significant names was started during 1955 by the United States Weather Bureau in the Northern Atlantic basin, after hurricanes Carol, Edna, and Hazel struck the Northeastern United States and caused a significant amount of damage in the previous year.[7] Initially the names were only designed to be retired for ten years after which they might be reintroduced, however, it was decided at the 1969 Interdepartmental hurricane conference, that any significant hurricane in the future would have its name permanently retired.[7] [8] Several names have been removed from the Pacific naming lists for various other reasons than causing a significant amount of death/destruction, which include being pronounced in a very similar way to other names and political reasons.[9]

Tropical cyclone names retired

1960s

|-| Audrey || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|983hPa || Northern Territory, Queensland || Extensive || ||[10] |-| Flora || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|75kn || bgcolor=#|965hPa || Northern Territory, Queensland || Extensive || ||[11] |-| Dinah || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|90kn || bgcolor=#|945hPa || Queensland || Severe || None ||[12] [13] |-! 3 names !! 7 January 1964 – 31 January 1967 !! !! 90kn !! 945hPa !! !! Severe !! None !! |}

1970s

|-| Ada || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|70kn || bgcolor=#|962hPa || Queensland || || ||[14] |-| Dora || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|40kn || bgcolor=#|990hPa || Queensland || Widespread || ||[15] [16] |-| Gertie
Fiona || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|80kn || bgcolor=#|960hPa || Northern Territory, Queensland || || ||[17] [18] [19] [20] |-| Althea || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|70kn || bgcolor=#|965hPa || Queensland || || ||[21] [22] [23] |-| Daisy || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|70kn || bgcolor=#|959hPa || Queensland || || ||[21] [24] |-| Emily || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|85kn || bgcolor=#|945hPa || Queensland || || ||[25] |-| Madge || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|90kn || bgcolor=#|952hPa || Northern Territory, Queensland || || ||[26] |-| Wanda || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|50kn || bgcolor=#|998hPa || Queensland, New South Wales || || ||[21] |-| Tracy || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|95kn || bgcolor=#|950hPa || Northern Territory || || ||[21] [27] |-| Trixie || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|115kn || bgcolor=#|925hPa || Western Australia || || ||[28] |-| Joan || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|115kn || bgcolor=#|915hPa || Western Australia || || ||[29] |-| Beth || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|70kn || bgcolor=#|965hPa || Queensland || || ||[21] |-| Ted || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|100kn || bgcolor=#|950hPa || Queensland || || ||[30] |-| Alby || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|110kn || bgcolor=#|930hPa || Western Australia || || ||[21] [31] |-! 14 names !! 1 January 1970 – 5 April 1978 !! !! 115kn !! 915hPa !! !! $1.62 billion !! 111 !!|}

1980s

|-| Simon || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|90kn || bgcolor=#|950hPa || Queensland, New Zealand || || ||[32] |-| Cliff || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|65kn || bgcolor=#|970hPa || New Caledonia, Queensland, Vanuatu || Unknown || |||-| Daphne || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|50kn || bgcolor=#|986hPa || Western Australia || || |||-| Dominic || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|115kn || bgcolor=#|950hPa || Queensland || || |||-| Elinor || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|90kn || bgcolor=#|935hPa || Queensland || || ||[33] |-| Jane || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|90kn || bgcolor=#|947hPa || Western Australia || || |||-| Kathy || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|120kn || bgcolor=#|920hPa || Cape York Peninsula, Northern Territory || || ||[34] [35] |-| Lance || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|60kn || bgcolor=#|980hPa || Queensland || || ||[36] |-| Nigel || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|80kn || bgcolor=#|955hPa || Vanuatu, Fiji || || |||-| Sandy || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|105kn || bgcolor=#|953hPa || Northern Territory, Western Australia || || ||[37] |-| Margot || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|85kn || bgcolor=#|942hPa || Western Australia || || |||-| Winifred || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|85kn || bgcolor=#|957hPa || Queensland || $ || |||-| Manu || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|70kn || bgcolor=#|970hPa || Papua New Guinea, Queensland || Extensive || ||[38] |-| Connie || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|85kn || bgcolor=#|950hPa || Western Australia || || |||-| Jason || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|60kn || bgcolor=#|975hPa || Northern Territory || || |||-| Elsie || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|100kn || bgcolor=#|940hPa || Western Australia || || |||-| Agi || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|60kn || bgcolor=#|980hPa || Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia || || ||[39] |-| Charlie || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|50kn || bgcolor=#|985hPa || Queensland || || ||[40] |-| Herbie || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|40kn || bgcolor=#|980hPa || Western Australia || $ || ||[41] [42] |-| Ilona || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|80kn || bgcolor=#|960hPa || Western Australia || $ || |||-| Delilah || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|55kn || bgcolor=#|988hPa || New Caledonia, New Zealand || || |||-| Ned || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|100kn || bgcolor=#|941hPa || Western Australia || || ||[43] |-| Aivu || || bgcolor=#||| bgcolor=#|110kn || bgcolor=#|935hPa || Queensland || || ||[44] |-| Orson || || bgcolor=#||| bgcolor=#|130kn || bgcolor=#|905hPa || Western Australia || || ||[45] |-| Pedro || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|60kn || bgcolor=#|982hPa || Cocos Island || || ||[46] |-| Felicity || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|75kn || bgcolor=#|970hPa || Cape York Peninsula || || ||[46] [47] |}

1990s

|-| Tina || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|50kn || bgcolor=#|976hPa || Western Australia || || ||[46] |-| Ivor || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|90kn || bgcolor=#|965hPa || Cape York Peninsula || || ||[48] [49] |-| Joy || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|90kn || bgcolor=#|940hPa || Solomon Islands, Queensland || || ||[50] [51] |-| Fifi || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|60kn || bgcolor=#|975hPa || Western Australia || || |||-| Mark || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|55kn || bgcolor=#|980hPa || Queensland, Northern Territory || || ||[52] |-| Ian || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|105kn || bgcolor=#|930hPa || Western Australia || || ||[53] |-| Nina || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|90kn || bgcolor=#|960hPa || Queensland, Tonga, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Wallis and Futuna || || ||[54] |-| Lena || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|55kn || bgcolor=#|980hPa || || || |||-| Oliver || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|100kn || bgcolor=#|950hPa || Queensland || || ||[55] |-| Roger || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|60kn || bgcolor=#|980hPa || Solomon Islands, New Caledonia || || ||[56] |-| Adel || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|65kn || bgcolor=#|970hPa || Papua New Guinea || || ||[57] |-| Naomi || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|80kn || bgcolor=#|960hPa || Western Australia || || ||[58] |-| Pearl || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|85kn || bgcolor=#|960hPa || None || || ||[59] |-| Quenton || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|80kn || bgcolor=#|955hPa || || || |||-| Theodore || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|115kn|| bgcolor=#|910hPa || Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, New Caledonia || Unknown || 1 |||-| Sharon || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|105kn || bgcolor=#|930hPa || Indonesia, Western Australia || || ||[60] |-| Annette || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|105kn || bgcolor=#|925hPa || Western Australia, South Australia || || ||[61] |-| Bobby || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|105kn || bgcolor=#|925hPa || Northern Territory, Western Australia || || ||[62] |-| Violet || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|85kn || bgcolor=#|960hPa || Lord Howe Island, New South Wales || || ||[63] [64] |-| Warren || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|80kn || bgcolor=#|960hPa || Queensland, Northern Territory || || ||[65] |-| Chloe || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|120kn || bgcolor=#|920hPa || Northern Territory, Western Australia || || |||-| Agnes || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|100kn || bgcolor=#|945hPa || || || ||[66] |-| Frank || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|95kn || bgcolor=#|950hPa || Western Australia || || |||-| Gertie || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|75kn || bgcolor=#|965hPa || Australia || || || [67] |-| Barry || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|100kn || bgcolor=#|950hPa || Queensland || || ||[68] |-| Celeste || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|70kn || bgcolor=#|965hPa || Queensland || || ||[69] |-| Ethel || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|55kn || bgcolor=#|982hPa || Queensland, Northern Territory || || ||[70] |-| Kirsty || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|100kn || bgcolor=#|935hPa || Western Australia || || ||[71] |-| Olivia || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|105kn || bgcolor=#|925hPa || Western Australia, South Australia || || ||[72] |-| Lindsay || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|40kn || bgcolor=#|990hPa || || || |||-| Fergus || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|85kn || bgcolor=#|955hPa || Solomon Islands, New Zealand || || |||-| Rachel || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|70kn || bgcolor=#|965hPa || Northern Territory, Western Australia || || ||[73] |-| Justin || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|80kn || bgcolor=#|955hPa || Papua New Guinea, Queensland || || ||[74] |-| Rhonda || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|95kn || bgcolor=#|935hPa || Cocos Islands, Western Australia || || ||[75] |-| Katrina || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|90kn || bgcolor=#|940hPa || Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Queensland || || ||[76] |-| Sid || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|45kn || bgcolor=#|985hPa || Northern Territory || || ||[77] |-| Thelma || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|120kn || bgcolor=#|920hPa || Northern Territory, Western Australia || || |||-| Rona || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|75kn || bgcolor=#|970hPa || Eastern Australia, New Caledonia || || ||[78] |-| Vance || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|120kn || bgcolor=#|910hPa || Northern Territory, Western Australia || - || |||-| Elaine || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|90kn || bgcolor=#|945hPa || Western Australia || || |||-| Gwenda || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|120kn || bgcolor=#|900hPa || Western Australia || Minimal || |||-| John || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|110kn || bgcolor=#|915hPa || Western Australia || || ||[79] |}

2000s

|-| Steve || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|60kn || bgcolor=#|975hPa || Northern Australia, Western Australia || || ||[80] |-| Tessi || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|70kn || bgcolor=#|980hPa || Queensland || || |||-| Rosita || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|115kn || bgcolor=#|930hPa || Western Australia || || ||[81] |-| Sam || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|110kn || bgcolor=#|935hPa || North-Western Australia || || ||[82] |-| Abigail || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|65kn || bgcolor=#|970hPa || Northern Territory, Queensland || || |||-| Upia || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|35kn || bgcolor=#|995hPa || Papua New Guinea || || ||[83] |-| Erica || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|115kn || bgcolor=#|915hPa || Queensland, New Caledonia || || |||-| Graham || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|40kn || bgcolor=#|985hPa || Western Australia || || ||[84] |-| Inigo || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|125kn || bgcolor=#|900hPa || Indonesia, Western Australia || || |||-| Epi || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|35kn || bgcolor=#|993hPa || Papua New Guinea || || ||[85] |-| Monty || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|100kn || bgcolor=#|935hPa || Western Australia || || |||-| Fay || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|115kn || bgcolor=#|920hPa || North-Western Australia || || |||-| Harvey || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|75kn || bgcolor=#|967hPa || Northern Territory || || |||-| Ingrid || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|125kn || bgcolor=#|924hPa || Papua New Guinea, Northern Australia || || |||-| Clare || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|75kn || bgcolor=#|960hPa || Western Australia || || ||[86] |-| Larry || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|100kn || bgcolor=#|935hPa || Queensland || || |||-| Glenda || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|110kn || bgcolor=#|910hPa || Western Australia || || |||-| Monica || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|135kn|| bgcolor=#|916hPa || Queensland, Northern Territory || || |||-| George || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|110kn || bgcolor=#|902hPa || North-Western Australia || || 2 |||-| Guba || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|65kn || bgcolor=#|971hPa || Papua New Guinea || || || |-| Helen || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|50kn || bgcolor=#|975hPa || Northern Territory || || ||[87] |-| Durga || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|50kn || bgcolor=#|988hPa || None || || ||[88] |-| Hamish || || bgcolor=#|Category 5 tropical cyclone || bgcolor=#|115kn || bgcolor=#|924hPa || Queensland || || 2 || [89] |-| Laurence || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|110kn || bgcolor=#|925hPa || Western Australia || || ||[90] [91] |}

2010s

|-| Magda || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|70kn || bgcolor=#|975hPa || Western Australia || || ||[92] |-| Tasha || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|40kn || bgcolor=#|993hPa || Queensland || Unknown || 1 ||[93] |-| Carlos || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|65kn || bgcolor=#|969hPa || Northern Territory, Western Australia || || || |-| Heidi || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|80kn || bgcolor=#|960hPa || Western Australia || Minimal || None ||[94] [95] |-| Jasmine || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|105kn || bgcolor=#|937hPa || Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Tonga || || |||-| Lua || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|85kn || bgcolor=#|935hPa || Western Australia || || None || [96] [97] |-| Oswald || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|35kn || bgcolor=#|991hPa || Eastern Australia || || ||[98] |-| Rusty || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|90kn || bgcolor=#|944hPa || Western Australia || || |||-| Christine || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|90kn || bgcolor=#|948hPa || Western Australia || || |||-| Ita || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|115kn || bgcolor=#|922hPa || Solomon Islands, Queensland, Papua New Guinea, New Zealand || || |||-| Lam || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|100kn || bgcolor=#|943hPa || Northern Australia || || |||-| Marcia || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|110kn || bgcolor=#|932hPa || Queensland || || |||-| Olwyn || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|75kn || bgcolor=#|955hPa || Western Australia || || |||-| Quang || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|100kn || bgcolor=#|950hPa || Western Australia || Minimal || |||-| Debbie || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|105kn || bgcolor=#|943hPa || Queensland || || 14 |||-| Marcus || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|125kn || bgcolor=#|905hPa || Northern Territory, Western Australia || || None || [99] |-| Trevor || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|95kn || bgcolor=#|950hPa || Queensland, Northern Territory || > || None |||-| Veronica || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|115kn || bgcolor=#|928hPa || Western Australia || || None || |}

2020s

|-| Damien || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|80kn || bgcolor=#|955hPa || Western Australia || || None || |-| Harold || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|125kn || bgcolor=#|920hPa || Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji, Tonga || || ≥30 |||-| Mangga || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|35kn|| bgcolor=#|995hPa || Western Australia || || |||-| Seroja || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|65kn || bgcolor=#|971hPa || Indonesia, East Timor, Western Australia || || 272 |||-| Seth || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|60kn || bgcolor=#|983hPa || Northern Territory, Queensland || || 4 |||-| Freddy || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|95kn || bgcolor=#|951hPa || Mascarene Islands, Madagascar, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Malawi || || || [100] |-| Gabrielle || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|85kn || bgcolor=#|958hPa || Norfolk Island, New Zealand || || 11 (1) ||[101] |-| Ilsa || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|125kn || bgcolor=#|915hPa || Indonesia, Northern Territory, Western Australia || || 0 (8) ||[102] [103] "|-class="sortbottom|}

See also

Notes and References

  1. Book: Terry, James P.. Springer. 2007. 30–31. Tropical cyclones: climatology and impacts in the South Pacific. 3.4. 9780387715421.
  2. Web site: Tropical Cyclone Impacts along the Australian east coast from November to April 1858–2000. Jeff. Callaghan. Australian Severe Weather. 18 August 2004. 25 February 2011.
  3. Web site: Tropical cyclones in Vanuatu: 1847 to 1994. Unattributed. 13 March 2010. Vanuatu Meteorological Service. Pacific Disaster Net. 25 February 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20150405052003/http://www.pacificdisaster.net/pdnadmin/data/original/VUT_TC_1847_1994.pdf. 5 April 2015. dead.
  4. Smith, Ray. What's in a Name?. Weather and Climate. 1990. The Meteorological Society of New Zealand. 10. 1. 24–26. 10.2307/44279572. 44279572. 201717866. 25 August 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141129194207/http://www.metsoc.org.nz/system/files/journals/10/1/1990_101_24-26_rsmith.pdf. 29 November 2014. dead.
  5. Book: Landsea, Christopher W . Dorst, Neal M . 1 June 2014 . Tropical Cyclone Frequently Asked Question . Subject: Tropical Cyclone Names: B1) How are tropical cyclones named? . 25 August 2014 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20141012212537/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/TCFAQ_B.txt . 12 October 2014 . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hurricane Research Division .
  6. News: New York Times. Sex-Shift in Australia: A Cyclone Named 'Alan'. 30 September 1975. Reuters.
  7. Web site: [ftp://ftp.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/pub/dorst/Mahina.pptx They Called the Wind Mahina: The History of Naming Cyclones]. Dorst, Neal. Hurricane Research Division. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Slides 8–72. 23 October 2012.
  8. News: It's time (June) to match for Anna.... The Daily Gleaner. 1 June 1969. Reuters. 2. Kingston, Jamaica.
  9. Book: 21 June 2014. Landsea, Christopher W. Dorst, Neal. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Hurricane Research Division. 20 June 2014. Subject: B3) What storm names have been retired?. Tropical Cyclone Frequently Asked Questions.
  10. Tropical Cyclone Audrey . 5 December 2018. 26 December 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141226005604/http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/nt/Audrey1964.shtml . Australian Bureau of Meteorology . live .
  11. Web site: Tropical Cyclone Flora . Australian Bureau of Meteorology . 8 October 2012 . live. https://web.archive.org/web/20121008125051/http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/nt/Flora.shtml . 6 December 2018 .
  12. Web site: Historical Tropical Cyclone Impacts Along The East Coast . Australian Bureau of Meteorology . Brisbane Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre . 25 December 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121008124628/http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/eastern.shtml . 8 October 2012 . dead .
  13. Queensland Flood Summary 1960 - 1969 . Australian Bureau of Meteorology . 25 December 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120415042123/http://www.bom.gov.au/hydro/flood/qld/fld_history/floodsum_1960.shtml . 15 April 2012 . November 2010 . live .
  14. 25 December 2014 . Report by Director of Meteorology on Cyclone Ada . 28 February 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120228170910/http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/pdf/ada.pdf . live . Gibbs W J . 10 June 1970 . Australian Bureau of Meteorology .
  15. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=1971041S20153}} 1971 Tropical Cyclone Dora (1971041S20153)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. 14 April 2020.
  16. 25 December 2014 . Tropical Cyclone Dora . Australian Bureau of Meteorology . 18 March 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120318212415/http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/dora.shtml . live .
  17. News: Floods hit QLD again. 27 January 2013. The Age. 22 February 1971. 3.
  18. Australian Bureau of Meteorology . 22 March 2012 . live . 18 March 2012 . Tropical Cyclone Gertie . https://web.archive.org/web/20120318212352/http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/gertie71.shtml .
  19. Brisbane Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre . live . Darwin Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre . Tropical Cyclone Fiona . 22 March 2012 . 18 March 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120318210439/http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/fiona71.shtml . Australian Bureau of Meteorology .
  20. Web site: Australian Bureau of Meteorology . 22 March 2012 . Tropical Cyclone Fiona . https://web.archive.org/web/20121008191652/http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/nt/Fiona.shtml . 8 October 2012 . dead .
  21. Web site: Historical Disaster Statistics . 2013 . Insurance Council of Australia . 27 January 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121206212911/http://www.insurancecouncil.com.au/industry-statistics-data/disaster-statistics/historical-disaster-statistics . 6 December 2012 . dead .
  22. Report by Director of Meteorology on Cyclone Althea . Australian Bureau of Meteorology . 31 July 1972 . live . 22 March 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120320213644/http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/pdf/althea.pdf . Brisbane Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre . 20 March 2012 . 27 .
  23. Web site: Government of Australia. 2011. 24 February 2011. Event —Townsville, Qld: Cyclone (incl Storm Surge & Tornadoes). https://web.archive.org/web/20110706121421/http://www.disasters.ema.gov.au/Browse%20Details/DisasterEventDetails.aspx?DisasterEventID=684. 6 July 2011. dead.
  24. Tropical Cyclone Daisy . Australian Bureau of Meteorology . 22 March 2012 . live . 18 March 2012 . Brisbane Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre . https://web.archive.org/web/20120318211157/http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/daisy.shtml .
  25. Web site: Tropical Cyclone Emily. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 2010. 27 November 2010.
  26. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 2010. 27 November 2010. Tropical Cyclone Madge.
  27. Courtney, Joseph B. Shepherd, Ian J. 26 October 2010. The benefit of hindsight: re-examining the maximum winds during tropical cyclone Tracy. Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Journal. 159–168. 60. 3. 10.22499/2.6003.004. 25 February 2011. free.
  28. Tropical Cyclone Trixie. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Courtney, Joe B. 23 September 2012. 13 August 2009.
  29. Web site: 1979. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 27 November 2010. Cyclone Joan December 1975.
  30. Web site: Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 2010. 27 November 2010. Tropical Cyclone Ted.
  31. Web site: Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 1979. 27 November 2010. Severe Tropical Cyclone Alby.
  32. Web site: Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 2010. 11 December 2011. Severe Tropical Cyclone Simon.
  33. Web site: Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 22 March 2012. Severe Tropical Cyclone Elinor.
  34. Web site: Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 24 February 2011. 2011. Severe Tropical Cyclone Kathy.
  35. Web site: Government of Australia. 2010. 25 February 2011. Event — Gulf of Carpentaria, Qld & NT: Cyclone (incl storm surge). dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110706121429/http://www.disasters.ema.gov.au/Browse%20Details/DisasterEventDetails.aspx?DisasterEventID=1842. 6 July 2011.
  36. Web site: Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 2012. 17 September 2012. Tropical Cyclone Lance.
  37. Web site: Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 2010. 17 September 2012. Severe Tropical Cyclone Sandy.
  38. Web site: Tropical Cyclone Manu. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 27 December 2014.
  39. Web site: Tropical Cyclone Agi. Unattributed. 2010. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 12 March 2011.
  40. Web site: Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 2010. 17 September 2012. Tropical Cyclone Charlie.
  41. Web site: Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 2010. 25 February 2011. Tropical Cyclone Herbie.
  42. News: Sydney Morning Herald. 23 May 1988. Oil Slick Spreads From Shipwreck.
  43. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 2014. 11 March 2014. Tropical Cyclone Ned.
  44. Web site: Report on Severe Tropical Cyclone Aivu. 1990. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Tropical Cyclone Warning Center Brisbane. 6–27. 12 March 2011.
  45. Web site: Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 1992. 25 February 2011. Severe Tropical Cyclone Orson.
  46. Ready, Steve. The South Pacific and Southeast Indian Ocean tropical cyclone season 1989–90. Woodcock, Frank. 2 June 1992. 40. 111–121. 25 December 2014. Australian Meteorological Magazine.
  47. Singh, Arveen K. Mariners Weather Log. 34. 3. Summer 1990. Tropical depression in Coral Sea (former T.C. Felicity), 18 – 20 December 1989. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Oceanographic Data Service. 48. DeAngellis, Richard M. 2027/uiug.30112104094245.
  48. Web site: Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 2012. 18 September 2012. Severe Tropical Cyclone Ivor.
  49. News: C. Thurlow. QNP. Courier-Mail. 30 March 1990. Cyclone Ivor Damage Likely to Reach $15M. Queensland, Australia. (Accessed through LexisNexis)
  50. News: Associated Press. 12 January 1991. Death Toll Rises to Six, Losses In Hundreds of Millions. Rockhampton, Australia. (Accessed through LexisNexis)
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