List of republics explained

This is a list of republics. For antiquity (or later in the case of societies that did not refer to modern terminology to qualify their form of government) the assessment of whether a state organisation is a republic is based on retrospective analysis by historians and political theorists. For more recent systems of government, worldwide organisations with a broad political acceptance (such as the United Nations), can provide information on whether or not a sovereign state is referred to as a republic.

List by period

Antiquity

width=120pxStateDates of existence (BCE) Notes
Mahajanapadas[1] c. 7th/6th century – c. 345Sixteen kingdoms or oligarchic republics that existed in ancient India from the sixth to fourth centuries BCE, during the second urbanisation period.
Licchavikasc. 7th/6th century – c. 468The leading confederate tribe of the Vajjika League Mahajanapada; the city of Vesālī was the republic's capital.
Vaidehasc. 7th/6th century – c. 468One of the confederate tribes of the Vajjika League Mahajanapada; the city of Mithilā was the republic's capital.
Nāyasc. 7th/6th century – c. 468One of the confederate tribes of the Vajjika League Mahajanapada; the city of Kuṇḍagāma was the republic's capital.
Mallakasc. 7th/6th century – c. 468One of the confederate tribes of the Vajjika League Mahajanapada; the Mallakas were divided into two republics with the cities of Kusinārā and Pāvā as their respective capitals.
Sakyasc. 7th/6th century – c. 5th century
Koliyasc. 7th/6th century – c. 5th century
Moriyasc. 7th/6th century – c. 5th century
Bulayasc. 7th/6th century – c. 5th century
Bhaggasc. 7th/6th century – c. 5th/4th century
Kālāmasc. 7th/6th century – c. 5th/4th century
Roman Republic509–27
Classical Athens508–322Various Greek city-states under Classical Athenian influence; these loyalties and governments changed frequently (see synoecisms), and in some instances were even under the influence of Sparta without succumbing to oligarchy.
Ancient Carthage480–146In 308 BC, an attempted coup to restore the monarch to full power failed, which led to Carthage retaining its republican government.[2]

Middle Ages

Maritime republics

A maritime republic was a thalassocratic city-state during the Middle Ages in which the merchant class had considerable power.

Free imperial cities

A free imperial city was a self-ruling city member of the Holy Roman Empire that was represented in the Imperial Diet.

Early modernity

Sister republics

A sister republic was a client state of France established by French armies or by local revolutionaries and assisted by the French First Republic during the French Revolutionary Wars.

Modernity

19th century

Africa

North America

South America

Asia

Europe

Oceania

20th century

Africa

America

Asia

Europe

Oceania

21st century and later

List by type

In modern usage, a republican system of government is loosely applied to any state which claims this designation.[8] For example, the Dominican Republic under Rafael Trujillo is considered a republic, as is the Republic of Iraq under Saddam Hussein.

Arab republics

Confederal republics

Confederal republics are associations of sovereign states, usually having power over critical common issues such as defense and foreign policy:

Crowned republics

A crowned republic, is a form of constitutional monarchy where the monarch's role is commonly seen as largely ceremonial and where all the royal prerogatives are prescribed by custom and law in such a way that the monarch has limited discretion over governmental and constitutional issues.

Democratic republics

See main article: Democratic republic. Democratic republics are usually socialist states, although not all of them are necessarily socialist.

Federal republics

See main article: Federal republic. Federal republics are federal states in which the administrative divisions (states or provinces) theoretically retain a degree of autonomy which is constitutionally protected, and cannot be revoked unilaterally by the national government. Federal republics are not unitary states.

Islamic republics

Republics governed in accordance with Islamic law:

People's republics

See main article: People's republic. People's republics are said to be governed by the people. The name is most often (but not always) used by communist states.

Current people's republics

Former people's republics

Socialist republics

These are republics that use the word "socialist" in their official name.

Unitary republics

Unitary republics are unitary states which are governed constitutionally as one single unit, with a single constitutionally created legislature. Unitary states are not federations or confederations.

Republics of Russia

See also: Republics of Russia.

Disputed separatist republics

See also

Sources

Notes and References

  1. Vikas Nain, "Second Urbanization in the Chronology of Indian History", International Journal of Academic Research and Development 3 (2) (March 2018), pp. 538–542 esp. 539.
  2. [Andrew Lintott]
  3. Web site: Brief history of Novgorod . 26 December 2007 . waytorussia.net.
  4. Book: Plantet . Eugène . Correspondance des deys d'Alger avec la Cour de France, 1579-1833 . 1889 . F. Alcan . Paris . 90–92 . fr.
  5. [Carrington, Dorothy]
  6. Book: Van de Water, Frederic Franklyn . The Reluctant Republic: Vermont 1724–1791 . 1974 . The Countryman Press . 0-914378-02-3 .
  7. Henry St. Amant Bradsher, Afghanistan and the Soviet Union, Duke University Press, 1983.
  8. http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50203498?single=1&query_type=word&queryword=republic&first=1&max_to_show=10 Republic
  9. Book: Wells, H. G. . A Short History of the World . 2005-12-01 . Cosimo, Inc. . 9781596055858.
  10. Book: The American Political Science Review . Willoughby . Westel Woodbury . Fairlie . John Archibald . Ogg . Frederic Austin . 1918 . American Political Science Association..
  11. Book: Patmore, Glenn . Choosing the Republic . 2009 . University of New South Wales Press . 9781742230153.
  12. Web site: Ελλάς (Πολίτευμα) . 1934 . anemi.lib.uoc.gr . Pyrsos Publishing . Athens . 239 . Greek . Greece (Form of Government) . 2018-08-31 . Through the Constitution of 1864, constitutional monarchy, or, as it had been described, "crowned democracy", or "democratic monarchy", was consolidated as the form of government in Greece..
  13. Web site: Σύνταγμα της Ελλάδος . 1952 . hellenicparliament.gr . . Athens . 6 . Greek . Constitution of Greece . 2018-08-31 . Article 21: The Form of Government of Greece is that of a Crowned Republic. All powers stem from the Nation and are exercised in accordance with the Constitution..
  14. Book: Abi-Mershed . Osama . Apostles of Modernity: Saint-Simonians and the Civilizing Mission in Algeria . 10 May 2010 . Stanford University Press . 978-0-8047-7472-7 . 45 .
  15. Web site: The Formation of the Brazilian Republic in 1889 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161110105628/http://faculty.fullerton.edu/nfitch/history110b/brarep.html . 2016-11-10 . 19 May 2008.
  16. Web site: Mexico . 2007-12-21 . 2007 . . Central Intelligence Agency.
  17. Web site: Nepal declared republican state – Gorkhapatra Sansthan – State Owned Newspaper . dead . https://archive.today/20070726190528/http://www.gorkhapatra.org.np/content.php?nid=33139 . 2007-07-26 .
  18. [Supreme Soviet of Russia|Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR]
  19. http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-02.htm Article 1 of the Russian Constitution
  20. Web site: United States . 2007-12-21 . 2007 . . Central Intelligence Agency.
  21. Web site: Korea, North . 2007-12-21 . 2007 . . Central Intelligence Agency.
  22. Web site: Algeria . 2007-12-21 . 2007 . . .
  23. Web site: Laos . 2007-12-21 . 2007 . . Central Intelligence Agency.
  24. Web site: Bangladesh . 2007-12-21 . 2007 . . Central Intelligence Agency.
  25. Web site: China . 2007-12-21 . 2007 . . Central Intelligence Agency.

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