The replacing of loanwords in Turkish is part of a policy of Turkification of Atatürk. The Ottoman Turkish language had many loanwords from Arabic and Persian, but also European languages such as French, Greek, and Italian origin—which were officially replaced with their Turkish counterparts suggested by the Turkish Language Association (Turkish: Türk Dil Kurumu, TDK) during the Turkish language reform, as a part of the cultural reforms—in the broader framework of Atatürk's reforms—following the foundation of the Republic of Turkey.
The TDK, established by Atatürk in 1932 to research the Turkish language, also sought to replace foreign loanwords (mainly Arabic) with their Turkish counterparts. The Association succeeded in removing several hundred Arabic words from the language. While most of the words introduced into the language in this process were newly derived from existing Turkish verbal roots, TDK also suggested using old Turkish words which had not been used in the language for centuries; like yanıt, birey, gözgü. Most of these words are widely used today, whereas their predecessors are considered archaic. Some words were used before language reform too but they were used much less than the Persian ones. Some words were taken from rural areas but most of them had different meanings, like ürün. Mongolian also played an important role too, because Mongolian preserved the old Turkic borrowings, such as ulus and çağ.
There are generational differences in vocabulary preference. While those born before the 1940s tend to use the old Arabic-origin words (even the obsolete ones), younger generations commonly use the newer expressions. Some new words have not been widely adopted, in part because they failed to convey the intrinsic meanings of their old equivalents. Many new words have taken up somewhat different meanings, and cannot necessarily be used interchangeably with their old counterpart. Historically, Arabic was the language of the mosque and Persian was the language of education and poetry. A deliberate usage of either (eschewing the usage of a "western" word) often implies a religious subtext or romanticism, respectively. Similarly, the use of European words may be favored to impart a perceived "modern" character. The use of "pure Turkic" words may be employed as an expression of nationalism or as a linguistic "simplification".
The list gives the Ottoman Turkish word, the modern spelling of the word in Turkish (as suggested by TDK), the modern Turkish equivalent, and its meaning in English. Arabs also used the following words as loanwords for their language.
* Old words that are still used in modern Turkish together with their new Turkish counterparts.
** New words that are not as frequently used as the old words.
| Ottoman Turkish word and its transliteration | Modern spelling of the Ottoman Turkish word | Modern Turkish equivalent | Meaning in English | Remarks | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: عفو ايتمك Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: afv etmek* | Turkish: affetmek | Turkish: bağışlamak | to forgive | From the Persian Turkish: bağışla– "to spare."[1] | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اخلاق Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ahlak* | Turkish: ahlak | Turkish: töre | customs, ethics | From the Old Turkic noun töre "customary law." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: عائله Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: aile* | Turkish: aile | Turkish: ocak | family | From the Old Turkic noun ocak "hearth." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: عقبه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: akabe | Turkish: akabe | Turkish: geçit | passage | From the root Turkish: geç– "to pass." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: عقد Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: akd*, Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مقاوله Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mukavele | Turkish: akit, Turkish: mukavele | Turkish: sözleşme, Turkish: anlaşma, Turkish: bağıt | contract | From the Old Turkic söz "word." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: عقل Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: akl, akıl* | Turkish: akıl | Turkish: us | wisdom | From the Old Turkic noun us "intelligence." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: علاقه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: alaka* | Turkish: alaka(lı) | Turkish: ilgi(li) | relevant, related to | From the Old Turkic root Turkish: il– "to tie loosely" and "to touch." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: علامت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: alamet | Turkish: alamet | Turkish: önsezi | premonition | From the adjective Turkish: ön "front." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: عمه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: amme | Turkish: amme | Turkish: sargı | bandage | From the root Turkish: sar– "to wrap." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: عامل Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: amil | Turkish: amil | Turkish: etken | factor | From the root Turkish: et– "to do." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: عملیه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ameliye | Turkish: ameliye | Turkish: işlem | operation, process | From the root Turkish: işle– "to work." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: عامه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: amme | Turkish: amme | Turkish: kamu | public, community | From the Middle Persian adjective "Pahlavi: kamu" "all." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: عمودی Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: amudi | Turkish: amudi | Turkish: dikey | perpendicular; the Arabic survives in the expression amuda kalkmak. | From the root Turkish: dik– "to plant." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: عنعنه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: a'nane | Turkish: anane | Turkish: gelenek, Turkish: görenek | tradition | Created by İsmet İnönü in 1947, from the root Turkish: gel– "to come." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: عنعنوی Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: a'nanevi | Turkish: ananevi | Turkish: geleneksel | customary | Created by İsmet İnönü in 1947, from the root Turkish: gel– "to come." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: عسكر Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: asker* | Turkish: asker | Turkish: sü
| soldier | The Turkish words are used in specific contexts such as Turkish: subay, "army officer" and Turkish: yeniçeri "janissary"). | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: عصر Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: asr* | Turkish: asır | Turkish: yüzyıl | century | A compound formed by Turkish: yüz "one hundred" and Turkish: yıl "year." The replacement does not preserve the distinction between "century" and "hundred years." The distinction is sometimes important: Speaking in 2020, "yedi asır kadar önce" (some seven centuries ago), has a margin of error of some 60 or 70 years and may refer to 1260–1380, whereas "yedi yüzyıl kadar önce" refers to 1320. | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: بارز Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: bariz* | Turkish: bariz | Turkish: kesin, Turkish: belli | obvious, accurate | From the root Turkish: kes– "to cut." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: بسیط Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: basit* | Turkish: basit | Turkish: kolay | easy, simple | From the noun Turkish: kol "arm." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: بعضی Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: bazı* | Turkish: bazı | Turkish: kimi | some (pronoun) | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: بیاض Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: beyaz* | Turkish: beyaz | Turkish: ak | white | The Arabic word and the Turkish word are used in somewhat different contexts: "beyaz" translates as "fair" or "(white) clean" | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: جامعه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: cami'a* | Turkish: camia | Turkish: topluluk | community | From the adjective Turkish: toplu "collective." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: جبراً Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: cebren | Turkish: cebren | Turkish: zorla | forcefully | From the adjective Turkish: zor– "difficult." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: جلسه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: celse | Turkish: celse | Turkish: oturum | (law) hearing, session | From the root Turkish: otur– "to sit." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: جماعت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: cema'at* | Turkish: cemaat | Turkish: kurultay | society | From the Mongolian Mongolian: kurilta "assembly of the nobles." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: جمعیت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: cem'iyet* | Turkish: cemiyet | Turkish: toplum | society | From the adjective Turkish: toplu "collective." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: جنوب Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: cenub | Turkish: cenup | Turkish: güney | south | From the old Turkic Turkish: Gün "sun" or "day," conserved in some Anatolian dialects to mean "sunny place." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: جراحت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: cerahat | Turkish: cerahat | Turkish: irin | pus | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: جریان Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: cereyan* | Turkish: cereyan | Turkish: akım | flow | From the root Turkish: ak– "to flow." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: جواب Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: cevab* | Turkish: cevap | Turkish: yanıt | answer | From the Old Turkic noun yanut. | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: جهاز Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: cihaz* | Turkish: cihaz | Turkish: aygıt | apparatus | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: جواری Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: civarı* | Turkish: civarı | Turkish: dolayları | approximately, around | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: جمله Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: cümle* | Turkish: cümle | Turkish: tümce | sentence | From the noun Turkish: tüm "all, entire." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: دفعه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: def'a*, Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: کره Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: kere* | Turkish: defa, kere | Turkish: kez | times (repetition) | Both Turkish: defa and Turkish: kere are still in popular use. | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: دفینه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: define* | Turkish: define | Turkish: gömü | treasure | From the root Turkish: göm– "to bury." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: دلیل Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: delil* | Turkish: delil | Turkish: kanıt | evidence | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: دور Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: devr* | Turkish: devir | Turkish: çağ | era | Borrowed from Mongolian, which itself is from Old Turkic çak. | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: دوره Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: devre* | Turkish: devre | Turkish: dönem | semester | From the root Turkish: dön– "to turn." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ابعاد Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: eb'ad | Turkish: ebat | Turkish: boyut | dimension, size | From the noun Turkish: boy "length" | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ابدی Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ebedi* | Turkish: ebedî | Turkish: sonsuz | forever | The Turkish word literally means "without-end." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: جد Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: cedd | Turkish: cet | Turkish: ata | ancestry | The Turkish word literally means "father." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اجل Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ecel* | Turkish: ecel | Turkish: ölüm | (predestined time of) death | From the root Turkish: öl– "to die." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اجنبی Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ecnebi | Turkish: ecnebi | Turkish: el, Turkish: yad | stranger, foreigner | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ادبیات Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: edebiyat* | Turkish: edebiyat | Turkish: yazın | literature | From the root Turkish: yaz– "to write." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اهمیت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ehemmiyet | Turkish: ehemmiyet | Turkish: önem | importance | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: البسه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: elbise* | Turkish: elbise | Turkish: giysi | cloth | From the root Turkish: giy– "to wear." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: امر Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: emir* | Turkish: emir | Turkish: buyruk | order, command | From the Old Turkic noun buyruk. | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: امنیت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: emniyet* | Turkish: emniyet | Turkish: güvenlik | security | From the noun Turkish: güven "trust." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اثر Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: eser* | Turkish: eser | Turkish: yapıt | production (music, film) | From the root Turkish: yap– "to make." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اسیر Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: esir* | Turkish: esir | Turkish: tutsak | hostage | From the root Turkish: tut– "to hold." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اطراف Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: etraf* | Turkish: etraf | Turkish: ortalık | surroundings, surrounding area | From the adjective Turkish: orta "middle." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اوراق Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: evrak* | Turkish: evrak | Turkish: belge | paper document | In Arabic, Arabic: evrāk is the plural of Arabic: vārāk; in modern Turkish, Turkish: evrak is used as often a singular, although it should be used as a plural of Turkish: varak. | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: أول Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: evvel* | Turkish: evvel | Turkish: önce | before | Using the adjective Turkish: ön "front" as a prefix. | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: فعال Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: fa'al* | Turkish: faal | Turkish: etkin | active | From the root Turkish: et– "to do." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: فائض Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: faiz* | Turkish: faiz | Turkish: ürem
| interest (monetary) | From the root Turkish: ür– "to produce." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: فقیر Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: fakir* | Turkish: fakir | Turkish: yoksul | poor | From the root Turkish: yok– "to not exist." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: فرض Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: farz* | Turkish: farz | Turkish: varsayım | assumption | From the root Turkish: varsay– "to suppose." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: فائده Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: faide* | Turkish: fayda | Turkish: yarar | benefit, utility | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: فن Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: fenn*, Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: علم Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ilm* | Turkish: fen, ilim | Turkish: bilim | science | From the root Turkish: bil– "to know." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: فیضان Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: feyezan | Turkish: feyezan | Turkish: taşkın | flood | From the root Turkish: taş– "to overflow." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: فرقه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: fırka* | Turkish: fırka | Turkish: topluluk | group | From the adjective Turkish: toplu "collective." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: فرقت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: fırkat | Turkish: fırkat | Turkish: ayrılık | disparity | From the Old Turkic root ayr– "to separate." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: فكر Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: fikr, fikir* | Turkish: fikir | Turkish: görüş | opinion | From the root Turkish: gör– "to see." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: فعل Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: fi'il* | Turkish: fiil | Turkish: eylem | verb | From the root Turkish: ey– "to do." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: غرب Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: garb | Turkish: garp | Turkish: batı | west | From the root Turkish: bat– "to sink." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: غیر Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: gayr | Turkish: gayri | Turkish: olmayan, Turkish: başka, Turkish: dışı | non-, other | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: غذا Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: gıda*, gıza | Turkish: gıda | Turkish: besin | food | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: حادثه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: hadise* | Turkish: hadise | Turkish: olay | event, happening, fact, occurrence | From the root Turkish: ol-, meaning "to be", "to become". | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: حافظه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: hafıza* | Turkish: hafıza | Turkish: bellek | memory | The new word is commonly used in electronics, like computer memory, i.e. Turkish: önbellek for cache | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: خفیف Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: hafif* | Turkish: hafif | Turkish: yeğni | light (in weight) | The Turkish word is rarely used. | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: حفریات Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: hafriyat | Turkish: hafriyat | Turkish: kazı | excavation | From the root Turkish: kaz-, meaning "to dig". | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: حق Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: hakk* | Turkish: hak | Turkish: pay | portion | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: حقیقت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: hakikat* | Turkish: hakikat | Turkish: gerçek | reality | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: حاكم Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: hakim* | Turkish: hâkim | Turkish: yargıç | judge | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: حال Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: hal, Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: وضعیت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: vaz'iyet* | Turkish: hâl, vaziyet | Turkish: durum | situation | From the root Turkish: dur– "to halt." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: خلیطه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: halita | Turkish: halita | Turkish: alaşım | alloy | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: حامل Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: hamile* | Turkish: hamile | Turkish: gebe | pregnant | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: خراب Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: harab* | Turkish: harap | Turkish: yıkık | ruin | From the root Turkish: yık– "to destroy." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: حرارت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: harâret | Turkish: hararet | Turkish: ısı, Turkish: sıcaklık | heat, temperature | The old word can be used in both meanings in Turkish language. | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: حركت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: hareket* | Turkish: hareket | Turkish: devinim | movement, motion | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: حرف Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: harf* | Turkish: harf | Turkish: yazaç, Turkish: imce** | letter | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: حسرة Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: hasra* | Turkish: hasret | Turkish: özlem | longing | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: حساس Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: hassas* | Turkish: hassas | Turkish: duyarlı | sensitive | From the root Turkish: duy– "to feel." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: حشره Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: haşere* | Turkish: haşere | Turkish: böcek | insect | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: خطا Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: hatâ*, Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: قصور Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: kusûr* | Turkish: hata, kusur | Turkish: yanlış | mistake | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: حطب Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: hatb | Turkish: hatab | Turkish: odun | wood | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: hatavat | Turkish: hatavat | Turkish: adımlar | steps | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: خاطره Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: hatıra* | Turkish: hatıra | Turkish: anı | memoir | From the root Turkish: an– "to call to mind." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: حیات Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: hayat*, Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: عمر Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ömr* | Turkish: hayat, ömür | Turkish: yaşam, Turkish: dirim** | life | From the root Turkish: yaşa– "to live." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: حیثیت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: haysiyet | Turkish: haysiyet | Turkish: saygınlık | respectability | From the root Turkish: say– "to count." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: هضم Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: hazm* | Turkish: hazım | Turkish: sindirim | digestion | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: هدیه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: hediye* | Turkish: hediye | Turkish: armağan | gift | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: هيئت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: hey'et* | Turkish: heyet | Turkish: kurul | board (company) | From the root Turkish: kur– "to set up." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: حدت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: hiddet* | Turkish: hiddet | Turkish: kızgınlık, Turkish: öfke | anger | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: حكایه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: hikaye* | Turkish: hikâye | Turkish: öykü | story | Neologism coined by Nurullah Ataç. | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: خلاف Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: hilâf | Turkish: hilaf | Turkish: karşıt | contrary | From the noun Turkish: karşı "opposite." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: حس Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: hiss* | Turkish: his | Turkish: duygu | feeling | From the root Turkish: duy– "to feel." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: خواجه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: hoca* | Turkish: hoca | Turkish: öğretmen | teacher | From the root Turkish: öğret-, meaning "to teach". | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: حدود Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: hudut | Turkish: hudut | Turkish: sınır | border. | Sınır is a Greek borrowing. | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: حقوق Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: hukuk* | Turkish: hukuk | Turkish: tüze | (judiciary) law | From the Old Turkic root tuz– "to command." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: خلاصه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: hulasa | Turkish: hulasa | Turkish: özet | summary | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: خصوص Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: husus* | Turkish: husus | Turkish: konu | subject | Coined in 1935 from the root Turkish: kon– "to be placed." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: حضور Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: huzur* | Turkish: huzur | Turkish: dirlik | comfort | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: حجره Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: hücre* | Turkish: hücre | Turkish: göze | cell | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: هجوم Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: hücum* | Turkish: hücum | Turkish: saldırı | attack | From the root Turkish: saldır– "to attack." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: حرمت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: hürmet* | Turkish: hürmet | Turkish: saygı | respect | From the root Turkish: say– "to count." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ارثیت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ırsiyet | Turkish: ırsiyet | Turkish: kalıtım | heredity | From the root Turkish: kal– "to remain." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اصرار Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ısrar* | Turkish: ısrar | Turkish: üsteleme | insisting | From the adjective Turkish: üst "above." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اصطلاح Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ıstılah | Turkish: ıstılah | Turkish: terim | term | Borrowed from Persian. | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اجتماع Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: içtima | Turkish: içtima | Turkish: kavuşum | new moon (astronomy) | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اجتماعی Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ictimai | Turkish: içtimai | Turkish: toplumsal | communal | From the adjective Turkish: toplu "collective." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اداره Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: idare* | Turkish: idare | Turkish: yönetim | administration | From the root Turkish: yönet– "to give direction ." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ادرار Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: idrar* | Turkish: idrar | Turkish: sidik | urine | The original meaning of the Arabic word is "the action of yielding milk". The Turkish word is derived from an old Turkic verb siymek, meaning "to urinate". | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: افاده Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ifade* | Turkish: ifade | Turkish: anlatım | narration | From the root Turkish: anlat– "to explain." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: افتخار Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: iftihâr* | Turkish: iftihar | Turkish: övünme | pride | From the root Turkish: öv– "to praise." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: احتراس Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ihtiras | Turkish: ihtiras | Turkish: tutku | passion | From the root Turkish: tut– "to hold." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: احتوا Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ihtiva | Turkish: ihtiva etmek | Turkish: içermek | to comprise | From the adjective Turkish: iç "inside." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: احتياج Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ihtiyac* | Turkish: ihtiyaç | Turkish: gereksinme, Turkish: gereksinim | need | Arabic: iħtiyāj is an Arabic verbal-noun form of Arabic: iħtāj, meaning "need" | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اختيار Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ihtiyar* | Turkish: ihtiyar | Turkish: yaşlı | old (age) | From the noun Turkish: yaş "age." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: احتياط Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ihtiyat | Turkish: ihtiyat | Turkish: yedek | backup, spare | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: احتياطلی Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ihtiyatlı* | Turkish: ihtiyatlı | Turkish: uyanık | wide-awake | From the root Turkish: uyan– "to arouse." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اقتباس Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: iktibas | Turkish: iktibas | Turkish: alıntı | copying (in literature; referencing) | From the root Turkish: al– "to take" | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: الهه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ilahe | Turkish: ilahe | Turkish: tanrıça | goddess Tanrı (God) + –ça of Serbo-Croatian | Serbo-Croat supplied the feminine suffix, –ça, which Turkish lacked. | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: علاوه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: 'ilave* | Turkish: ilave | Turkish: ek | addition | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: الهام Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ilham* | Turkish: ilham | Turkish: esin | inspiration | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: عمار Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: 'imar* | Turkish: imar | Turkish: bayındırlık | construction, development | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: امكان Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: imkân* | Turkish: imkân | Turkish: olanak | opportunity, possibility | From the root Turkish: ol– "to exist." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: املا Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: imlâ* | Turkish: imla | Turkish: yazım | orthography | From the root Turkish: yaz– "to write." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: امتداد | Turkish: imtidad | Turkish: uzay | space | From the root Turkish: uza– "to extend." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: امتحان Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: imtihân | Turkish: imtihan | Turkish: sınav, Turkish: yazılı | examination | From the Tatar root Tatar: sına– "to test." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: امتياز Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: imtiyâz* | Turkish: imtiyaz | Turkish: ayrıcalık | privilege | From the adjective Turkish: ayrı "separate." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: انحسار Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: inhisâr | Turkish: inhisar | Turkish: tekel | monopoly | Ömer Asım Aksoy coined from Turkish: tekel "single hand." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: انطباع Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: intiba | Turkish: intiba | Turkish: izlenim | impression | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: انتخاب Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: intihab | Turkish: intihab | Turkish: seçim | election | From the root Turkish: seç– "to choose." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: انتحال Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: intihal | Turkish: intihal | Turkish: aşırma | plagiarism | From the root Turkish: aşır– "to steal." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ابتدائی Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ibtidâ‘î | Turkish: iptidai | Turkish: ilkel | primary; primitive | From the word Turkish: ilk "first." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ارتفاع Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: irtifâʻ* | Turkish: irtifa | Turkish: yükseklik | altitude | The old word is only used in aviation, as in "the altitude of the plane". | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ارثی Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: irsî* | Turkish: irsi | Turkish: kalıtsal, Turkish: kalıtımsal | hereditary | From the root Turkish: kal– "to remain." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اسم Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ism* | Turkish: isim | Turkish: ad | name | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اسكان Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: iskan* | Turkish: iskân | Turkish: konut | abode | From the root Turkish: kon– "to settle." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: استخدام Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: istihdam* | Turkish: istihdam | Turkish: dağıtım | distribution | From the root Turkish: dağıt– "to distribute." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: استحصال Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: istihsal | Turkish: istihsal | Turkish: üretim | production | From the root Turkish: üret– "to produce." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: استقامت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: istikamet* | Turkish: istikamet | Turkish: yön | direction | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: استقلال Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: istiklal* | Turkish: istiklal | Turkish: bağımsızlık | independence, freedom | From the noun Turkish: bağ "tie, bond, impediment." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: استراحت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: istirâhat* | Turkish: istirahat | Turkish: dinlenme | rest | From the root Turkish: dinlen– "to rest." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: استثمار Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: istismar* | Turkish: istismar | Turkish: sömürge | colony | From the root Turkish: sömür– "to exploit." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: استثقال Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: istiskal | Turkish: istiskal | Turkish: aşağılama | abasement | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: استثنا Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: istisna* | Turkish: istisna | Turkish: aykırı | exception | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اشارت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: işaret* | Turkish: işaret | Turkish: gösterge | indicator | From the root Turkish: göster– "to show." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اشتغال Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: iştigal | Turkish: iştigal | Turkish: uğraş, Turkish: uğraşı | occupation | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اشتراك Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: iştirak* | Turkish: iştirak | Turkish: ortaklık | association | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اتمام Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: itmam* | Turkish: itmam | Turkish: tamamlama | completion | From the adjective Turkish: tam "complete, full." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ایضاح Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: izah* | Turkish: izah | Turkish: açıklama | clarification | From the root Turkish: aç– "to open." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ازدواج Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: izdivac | Turkish: izdivaç | Turkish: evlilik | marriage | From the noun Turkish: ev "house." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: قابلیت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: kâbiliyet* | Turkish: kabiliyet | Turkish: yetenek, Turkish: yeti | talent, ability | From the root Turkish: yet– "to reach." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: قادر Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: kader* | Turkish: kader | Turkish: yazgı | fate | From the root Turkish: yaz– "to write." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: قفه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: kafa* | Turkish: kafa | Turkish: baş | head | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: كافی Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: kafi | Turkish: kâfi | Turkish: yeter | enough | From the root Turkish: yet– "to be enough." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: قاعده Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ka'ide | Turkish: kaide | Turkish: taban | floor | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: كائنات Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ka'inat* | Turkish: kâinat | Turkish: evren | universe | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: قلب Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: kalb* | Turkish: kalp | Turkish: yürek | heart | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: قانون Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: kanan* | Turkish: kanun | Turkish: yasa | law | Borrowed from Mongolian. | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: قانون اساسى Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: kanunuesasi | Turkish: kanunuesasi | Turkish: anayasa | constitution (law) | Literally "mother law." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: قافیه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: kâfiye* | Turkish: kafiye | Turkish: uyak | rhyme | From the root Turkish: uy– "to comply, fit." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: كانون اول Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: kanan-ı evvel | Turkish: aralık | December | "Aralık" was adopted during the drafting of the 1945 Constitution because it occurred in the text. With the new name for December it became the subject of jokes on the theme that the transition from December to January—Aralıktan Ocağa—now meant passing through the gap into the fire. | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: كانون ثانی Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: kanan-ı sânî | Turkish: ocak | January | "Ocak," the new name for January preserves the meaning of kânun "hearth." | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: كلمه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: kelime* | Turkish: kelime | Turkish: sözcük, Turkish: söz | word | Invented by Melih Cevdet Anday in 1958. | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: قرمزی Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: kırmızı* | Turkish: kırmızı | Turkish: al
| red | The Arabic and the Turkish words are used in somewhat different contexts. Turkish: kızıl is mostly used for red hair. | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: قسم Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: kısm* | Turkish: kısım | Turkish: bölüm | part | From the root Turkish: böl– "to divide." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: كتاب Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: kitab* | Turkish: kitap | Turkish: betik | book | From the Old Turkic root biti– "to write". Some say it is a loanword from Chinese word Chinese: 筆, meaning "brush" but it lacks evidence | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: كفر Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: küfr* | Turkish: küfür | Turkish: sövme | curse | From the root Turkish: söv– "to swear, curse." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: قوت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: kuvvet* | Turkish: kuvvet | Turkish: güç, Turkish: erk | power, force | In physics, the old word is used for "force" and the new word is used for "power". | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: كلیت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: külliyet | Turkish: külliyet | Turkish: tüm | whole | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: كره Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: küre* | Turkish: küre | Turkish: yuvar | sphere | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: لطیفه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: latife | Turkish: latife | Turkish: şaka | joke | The new word is also of Arabic origin (from the word Arabic: şaḳā (Arabic: شقاء)), meaning "pity, being unfortunate" | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: لسان Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: lisan* | Turkish: lisan | Turkish: dil | language | Turkish: dil means both tongue in the physical sense and language, while "lisan" only means tongue in the language sense. | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: لغات Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: lügat | Turkish: lügat | Turkish: sözlük | dictionary | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: لزوملو Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: lüzumlu* | Turkish: lüzumlu | Turkish: gerekli | necessary | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ﻣﻌﺎﺭﻒ Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ma'arif | Turkish: maarif | Turkish: eğitim | education | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: معاش Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ma'aş* | Turkish: maaş | Turkish: aylık | salary | From the noun Turkish: ay "moon, month" | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: معبد Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ma'bed* | Turkish: mabet | Turkish: tapınak | temple | From the root Turkish: tap– "to worship." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مادی Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: maddi* | Turkish: maddi | Turkish: özdeksel | material, materialistic | The Turkish word is exclusively used in the context of philosophy. | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مفصل Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mafsal | Turkish: mafsal | Turkish: eklem | ligament | The old word is used for "hinge" (non-anatomical). | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مغدور Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mağdur* | Turkish: mağdur | Turkish: kıygın | wronged, injured | The new word is almost never used. | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مغلوبیت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mağlubiyat* | Turkish: mağlubiyet | Turkish: yenilgi | defeat | From the root Turkish: yen– "to defeat." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: محلى Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mahalli | Turkish: mahalli | Turkish: yöresel | regional | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: محفوظ Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mahfuz | Turkish: mahfuz | Turkish: saklı | hidden | From the root Turkish: sakla– "to hide." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مخلوق Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mahluk | Turkish: mahluk | Turkish: yaratık | creature | From the root Turkish: yarat– "to create." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: محصول Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mahsul* | Turkish: mahsul | Turkish: ürün | product | The new word actually meant "weed". | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مخصوص Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mahsûs* | Turkish: mahsus | Turkish: özgü | peculiar | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مقصد Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: maksad*, Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: غایه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: gaye*, Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: هدف Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: hedef* | Turkish: maksat, gaye, hedef | Turkish: amaç, Turkish: erek | goal | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: معقول Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ma'kul* | Turkish: makul | Turkish: uygun, Turkish: elverişli | reasonable | From the root Turkish: uy– "to comply." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: معنه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ma'na* | Turkish: mana | Turkish: anlam | meaning | From the root Turkish: anla– "to comprehend." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: معنوی Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: manevî* | Turkish: manevî | Turkish: tinsel | moral, spiritual | The Turkish word is exclusively used in the context of philosophy. | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مانع Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mani' | Turkish: mani | Turkish: engel | obstacle | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مصرف Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: masraf* | Turkish: masraf | Turkish: gider, Turkish: harcama | cost | From the root Turkish: git– "to go, leave." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مطبعه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: matba'a* | Turkish: matbaa | Turkish: basım evi | printing | From the root Turkish: bas– "to press." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مبدأ Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mebde' | Turkish: mebde | Turkish: başlangıç | beginning | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مجاز Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mecaz, Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: استعاره Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: isti'are | Turkish: mecaz | Turkish: iğretileme, Turkish: eğretileme | metaphor | Arabic word almost only used in literature. | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مجبور Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mecbur* | Turkish: mecbur | Turkish: zorunlu | obligation, obligatory | Both the new and the old words can be used as either a noun or an adjective. | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مجهول Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mechul* | Turkish: meçhul | Turkish: bilinmeyen | unknown | From the root Turkish: bil– "to know." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مدنی Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: medeni* | Turkish: medeni | Turkish: uygar | civil | Borrowed from Uyghur. | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مدنیت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: medeniyet* | Turkish: medeniyet | Turkish: uygarlık | civilization | From the name of the Uyghur Turkish: Uygur, who established an advanced civilization in Eastern Turkestan in the tenth to twelfth centuries. | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مفهوم Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mefhum | Turkish: mefhum | Turkish: kavram | concept | From the root Turkish: kavra– "to grasp, understand." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مکروه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mekrıh | Turkish: mekruh | Turkish: iğrenç | disgusting | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مملكت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: memleket* | Turkish: memleket | Turkish: ülke | country | The old word is used for "one's native region" | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ﻣﻨﺸﺄ Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: menşe' | Turkish: menşe | Turkish: kök | root | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مراسم Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: merasim | Turkish: merasim | Turkish: tören | ceremony | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مساحه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mesaha | Turkish: mesaha | Turkish: yüzölçüm | area, measure of | From the root Turkish: ölç– "to measure." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مرثیه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mersiye | Turkish: mersiye | Turkish: ağıt | elegy | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مسافه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mesafe* | Turkish: mesafe | Turkish: uzaklık | distance | From the root Turkish: uza– "to extend." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مثانه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mesane* | Turkish: mesane | Turkish: sidik kesesi | urinary bladder | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مثلا Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mesela* | Turkish: mesela | Turkish: örneğin | for example | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مسعود Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mes'ud* | Turkish: mesut | Turkish: mutlu, Turkish: sevinçli | happy | Arabic word almost never used alone in daily speech, mostly used together with the new word in the saying "mutlu mesut". | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مسؤولیت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mes'uliyet | Turkish: mesuliyet | Turkish: sorumluluk | responsibility | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مشهور Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: meşhur* | Turkish: meşhur | Turkish: ünlü | famous | From the noun Turkish: ün "fame." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مشروبات Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: meşrubat* | Turkish: meşrubat | Turkish: içecek | beverage | From the root Turkish: iç– "to drink." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: موقع Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mevki' Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مكان Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mekan* | Turkish: mevki, mekân | Turkish: yer, Turkish: konum | location | From the root Turkish: kon– "to settle." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: موضع Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mevzi' | Turkish: mevzi | Turkish: bölge | location | From the root Turkish: böl– "to divide." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: میدان Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: meydan*, Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ساحه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: saha | Turkish: meydan, saha | Turkish: alan | open area, plaza | While the new word is used mainly in mathematics (as in the "area" of a triangle), it is seldom used with the same meaning of the old words except in compound words like Turkish: havaalanı (airport), not Turkish: hava meydanı (older version). | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: میل Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: meyl | Turkish: meyil | Turkish: eğim, eğilim | inclination | From the root Turkish: eğil– "to incline." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مزار Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mezar* | Turkish: mezar | Turkish: gömüt | cemetery | From the root Turkish: göm– "to bury." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: منطقه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mıntıka | Turkish: mıntıka | Turkish: bölge | region | From the root Turkish: böl– "to divide." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ملت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: millet* | Turkish: millet | Turkish: ulus | nation | From the Mongolian noun Mongolian: uluş "confederation of people." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مراث Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: miras* | Turkish: miras | Turkish: kalıt | inheritance | From the root Turkish: kal– "to remain." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مسافر Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: misafir* | Turkish: misafir | Turkish: konuk | guest | From the root Turkish: kon– "to settle." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مثال Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: misal* | Turkish: misal | Turkish: örnek | example | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مسكين Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: miskin* | Turkish: miskin | Turkish: uyuşuk, Turkish: mıymıntı | lazy | From the root Turkish: uyuş– "to numb." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: معامله Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mu'amele* | Turkish: muamele | Turkish: davranış | treatment, behavior | From the root Turkish: davran– "to behave." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: معما Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mu'amma | Turkish: muamma | Turkish: bilmece | puzzle, trivia | From the root Turkish: bil– "to know." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: معاصر Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mu'asır | Turkish: muasır | Turkish: çağdaş, Turkish: güncel | contemporary | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: معاون Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mu'avin* | Turkish: muavin | Turkish: yardımcı | helper | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: معجزه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mu'cize* | Turkish: mucize | Turkish: tansık | miracle | The new word is almost never used. | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مغدی Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mugaddi | Turkish: mugaddi | Turkish: besleyici | nourisher | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مغالطه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mugalata | Turkish: mugalata | Turkish: yanıltmaca | deceptive statement | From the root Turkish: yanılt– "to mislead." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مغنی، مغنیه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: muganni, muganniye | Turkish: muganni, muganniye | Turkish: şarkıcı | singer | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مغایرت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mugayeret | Turkish: mugayeret | Turkish: aykırılık | irregularity | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مغایر Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mugayir | Turkish: mugayir | Turkish: aykırı | irregular | The old word has only remained as a legal term meaning "adverse". | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مخابره Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: muhabere | Turkish: muhabere | Turkish: iletişim, Turkish: iletişme | communication | From the root Turkish: ilet– "to transmit." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مهاجرت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: muhaceret | Turkish: muhaceret | Turkish: göç | emigration | From the root Turkish: göç– "to move." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مهاجم Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: muhacim | Turkish: muhacim | Turkish: saldıran, Turkish: saldırıcı | attacker, offender | From the root Turkish: saldır– "to attack." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مهاجر Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: muhacir | Turkish: muhacir | Turkish: göçmen | immigrant | From the root Turkish: göç– "to move." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: محدب Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: muhaddeb | Turkish: muhaddep | Turkish: dış bükey | convex | From the root Turkish: bük– "to bend." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: محافظه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: muhafaza* | Turkish: muhafaza | Turkish: koruma | conservation | From the root Turkish: koru– "to protect." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: محافظ Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: muhafız | Turkish: muhafız | Turkish: koruyucu | protector | From the root Turkish: koru– "to protect." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: محاكمه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: muhakeme* | Turkish: muhakeme | Turkish: yargılama, Turkish: uslamlama | judgment, argumentation | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: محقق Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: muhakkak* | Turkish: muhakkak | Turkish: kesin(likle) | certain(ly) | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: محقق Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: muhakkik | Turkish: muhakkik | Turkish: soruşturmacı | investigator | From the root Turkish: sor– "to ask." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: محال Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: muhal | Turkish: muhal | Turkish: olanaksız | impossible | From the root Turkish: ol– "to exist." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مخالفت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: muhalefet* | Turkish: muhalefet | Turkish: karşıtlık | opposition | From the adjective Turkish: karşı "opposite." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مخمن Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: muhammen | Turkish: muhammen | Turkish: oranlanan, Turkish: ön görülen | pre-determined | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مخمس Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: muhammes | Turkish: muhammes | Turkish: beşgen | pentagon | From the noun Turkish: beş "five." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: محاربه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: muharebe, Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: حرب Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: harb | Turkish: muharebe, harp | Turkish: savaş | war | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: محارب Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: muharib | Turkish: muharip | Turkish: savaşçı | warrior | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: محرر Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: muharrer | Turkish: muharrer | Turkish: yazılı, Turkish: yazılmış | written | From the root Turkish: yaz– "to write." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: محرك Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: muharrik | Turkish: muharrik | Turkish: kışkırtıcı, Turkish: ayartıcı | provoker | From the root Turkish: kışkırt– "to provoke." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: محاصره Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: muhasara | Turkish: muhasara | Turkish: kuşatma | siege | From the root Turkish: kuşat– "to encircle." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: محاسبه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: muhasebe* | Turkish: muhasebe | Turkish: saymanlık | accounting, bookkeeping | From the root Turkish: say– "to count." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: محاسبجی Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: muhasebeci* | Turkish: muhasebeci | Turkish: sayman | accountant, bookkeeper | From the root Turkish: say– "to count." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: محتمل Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: muhtemel* | Turkish: muhtemel | Turkish: olası | possible | From the root Turkish: ol– "to happen." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: محتویات Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: muhteviyat | Turkish: muhteviyat | Turkish: içindekiler | ingredients | From the adjective Turkish: iç "inside." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مقدس Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mukaddes | Turkish: mukaddes | Turkish: kutsal | sacred | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: منتظم Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: muntazam | Turkish: muntazam | Turkish: düzgün, Turkish: düzenli | tidy | From the root Turkish: düz– "to align." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مربع Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: murabba' | Turkish: murabba | Turkish: kare | square | A loanword from the French French: carré. | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: معتدل Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mu'tedil | Turkish: mutedil | Turkish: ılım(lı) | moderate(ly) | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: موفقیت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: muvaffakıyyet | Turkish: muvaffakiyet | Turkish: başarı | success | From the root Turkish: başar– "to succeed (in)." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مبالغه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mübalaga | Turkish: mübalağa | Turkish: abartı | exaggeration | From the root Turkish: abart– "to exaggerate." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مجادله Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mücadele* | Turkish: mücadele | Turkish: çaba, Turkish: uğraş | endeavor | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مجرد Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mücerrit | Turkish: mücerrit | Turkish: soyut | abstract | From the root Turkish: soy– "to strip." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مدافعه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: müdafa'a | Turkish: müdafaa | Turkish: koruma | sustain, protect, defend | From the root Turkish: koru– "to protect." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مداخله Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: müdahale* | Turkish: müdahale | Turkish: karışma | intervention | From the root Turkish: karış– "to interfere, meddle with." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ملازم Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mülazım | Turkish: mülazım | Turkish: teğmen | lieutenant | From the Old Turkic teğ– "to touch," which Turkish retains as Turkish: değ–. | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مدت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: müddet* | Turkish: müddet | Turkish: süre | duration | From the root Turkish: sür– "to last." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مدركه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: müdrike | Turkish: müdrike | Turkish: entelekt | intellect (in psychology) | A loanword from the French French: intellect | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مؤدب Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mü'eddeb | Turkish: müeddep | Turkish: uslu | well behaved, demure | From the noun Turkish: us "intelligence." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مؤلفات Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mü'elleffat | Turkish: müellefat | Turkish: (yazılı) yapıt | (written) piece | From the root Turkish: yap– "to make." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مؤلف، محرر Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mü'ellif, muharrir | Turkish: müellif, muharrir | Turkish: yazar | writer | From the root Turkish: yaz– "to write." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مؤمن Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mü'emmen | Turkish: müemmen | Turkish: sağlanmış | secured | From the adjective Turkish: sağ "alive." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مؤنث Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mü'ennes | Turkish: müennes | Turkish: dişil | feminine | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مؤسسه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mü'essese | Turkish: müessese | Turkish: kurum | foundation | From the root kur– "to set up." Kurum is recorded in Tarama Sözlüğü (1963-77) as occurring in two dictionaries from the fourteenth and eighteenth century. | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مؤثر Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mü'essir | Turkish: müessir | Turkish: dokunaklı | touching | From the root Turkish: dokun– "to touch." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مؤسس Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mü'essis | Turkish: müessis | Turkish: kurucu | founder | From the root kur– "to set up." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مفكره Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: müfekkire | Turkish: müfekkire | Turkish: düşünce gücü | thought capacity | From the root Turkish: düşün– "to think." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مفرد Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: müfred | Turkish: müfret | Turkish: tekil | singular | From the adjective Turkish: tek "single." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مفلس Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: müflis | Turkish: müflis | Turkish: batkın | one that's gone bankrupt | From the root Turkish: bat– "to sink." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مهم Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mühim* | Turkish: mühim | Turkish: önemli | important | From the noun Turkish: önem "importance." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مؤمن Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mü'min | Turkish: mümin | Turkish: inanan, Turkish: inançlı | believer | From the root Turkish: inan– "to believe." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مناسبت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: münasebet* | Turkish: münasebet | Turkish: ilişki | relation | From the Old Turkic root il– "to tie loosely" and "to touch." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: منتخب Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: müntehib | Turkish: müntehip | Turkish: seçmen | voter | From the root Turkish: seç– "to choose." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مراجعت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: müraca'at | Turkish: müracaat | Turkish: başvuru | application | From the root Turkish: başvur– "to apply." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مركب Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mürekkeb | Turkish: mürekkep | Turkish: birleşmiş, Turkish: birleşik | ink | From the root Turkish: birleş– "to unite." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مرتب Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mürrettib | Turkish: mürettip | Turkish: dizgici | type setter | From the root Turkish: diz– "to align." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مسابقه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: müsabaka | Turkish: müsabaka | Turkish: karşılaşma | match, competition | From the adjective Turkish: karşı "opposite." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مسامحه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: müsamaha | Turkish: müsamaha | Turkish: hoşgörü | tolerance | From the root Turkish: gör– "to see." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مساوی Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: müsavi | Turkish: müsavi | Turkish: eşit | equal | From the noun Turkish: eş "pair." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مسدس Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: müseddes | Turkish: müseddes | Turkish: altıgen | hexagon | From the noun Turkish: altı "six." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مستهجن Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: müstehcen* | Turkish: müstehcen | Turkish: uygunsuz | inappropriate, obscene | From the root Turkish: uy– "to comply." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مستملكه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: müstemleke | Turkish: müstemleke | Turkish: sömürge | colony (exploitee) | From the root Turkish: sömür– "to exploit." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مسوده Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: müsvedde | Turkish: müsvedde | Turkish: taslak | draft | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مشابه، مماثل Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: muşabbih, mümassil | Turkish: müşabih, mümasil | Turkish: benzer | similar | From the root Turkish: benze– "to resemble." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مشابهت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: müşabehet | Turkish: müşabehet | Turkish: benzerlik | similarity | From the root Turkish: benze– "to resemble." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مشخص Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: müşahhas | Turkish: müşahhas | Turkish: somut | concrete (in concept, the opposite of abstract) | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مشكل Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: müşkül | Turkish: müşkül | Turkish: çetin | difficult | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مشرك Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: müşrik | Turkish: müşrik | Turkish: çoktanrıcı | polytheist | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مشتق Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: müştak | Turkish: müştak | Turkish: türev | derivative | Borrowed from Kazakh, where verbs end not in –mek/–mak, but in –v. | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مشتكی Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: müşteki | Turkish: müşteki | Turkish: yakınan, Turkish: sızlanan | one who complains, whiner | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مشتملات Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: müştemilat | Turkish: müştemilat | Turkish: eklenti | attachment, appendage | From the root Turkish: ekle– "to add." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مشترك Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: müşterek | Turkish: müşterek | Turkish: ortak | partner | From the noun Turkish: orta "middle." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مشتری Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: müşteri* | Turkish: müşteri | Turkish: alıcı, Turkish: alımcı | customer | From the root Turkish: al– "to buy." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مطالعه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mütala'a | Turkish: mütalâa | Turkish: düşünce | thought | From the root Turkish: düşün– "to think." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: متارکه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mütareke | Turkish: mütareke | Turkish: antlaşma | armistice | From the noun Turkish: ant "oath." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: متعدد Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: müte'addid | Turkish: müteaddit | Turkish: birçok | a lot, many | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: متعفن Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: müte'affin | Turkish: müteaffin | Turkish: kokuşuk | malodorous | From the root Turkish: kok– "to smell." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: متعهد Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: müte'ahhid* | Turkish: müteahhit | Turkish: üstenci | contractor | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: متعاقب Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: müte'akib | Turkish: müteakip | Turkish: sonra, Turkish: ardından | after, thereafter | From the adjective Turkish: arka "behind." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: متعاليه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: müte'aliye | Turkish: mütealiye | Turkish: deneyüstücülük | transcendentalism | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: متعلق Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: müteallik | Turkish: müteallik | Turkish: ilişkin, Turkish: ilgili | related (to) | From the Old Turkic root il– "to tie loosely" and "to touch." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: متعمم Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: müte'ammim | Turkish: müteammim | Turkish: yaygınlaşmış, Turkish: genelleşmiş | something that has widespread | From the root Turkish: yay– "to radiate." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: متعارفه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: müte'arife | Turkish: mütearife | Turkish: belit | axiom | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: متبقی Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mütebaki | Turkish: mütebaki | Turkish: kalan | remaining | From the root Turkish: kal– "to remain." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: متبدل Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mütebeddil | Turkish: mütebeddil | Turkish: değişen, Turkish: kararsız | one that changes, undecided | From the root Turkish: değiş– "to change." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: متبسم Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mütebessim | Turkish: mütebessim | Turkish: gülümseyen, Turkish: güleç | one that smiles | From the root Turkish: gül– "to laugh." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: متجانس Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mütecanis | Turkish: mütecanis | Turkish: bağdaşık | homogenous | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: متجاوز Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mutecaviz | Turkish: mütecaviz | Turkish: saldırgan | attacker | From the root Turkish: saldır– "to attack." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: متدين Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mutedeyyin | Turkish: mütedeyyin | Turkish: dindar | religious | Borrowed from Persian, where it means "owner of religion." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: متأثر Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: müte'essir | Turkish: müteessir | Turkish: üzüntülü | sad (person) | From the root Turkish: üz– "to aggrieve." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: متفكر Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mütefekkir | Turkish: mütefekkir | Turkish: düşünür | thinker, intellectual | From the root Turkish: düşün– "to think." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: متفرق Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: müteferrik | Turkish: müteferrik | Turkish: dağınık | untidy | From the root Turkish: dağıt– "to distribute." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: متحمل Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mütehammil | Turkish: mütehammil | Turkish: dayanıklı | durable | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: متحرك Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: müteharrik | Turkish: müteharrik | Turkish: devingen, Turkish: oynar | mobile | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: محترم Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: muhterem* | Turkish: muhterem | Turkish: saygıdeğer | honorable | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: متخصص Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mütehassıs | Turkish: mütehassıs | Turkish: uzman | expert | From the Old Turkic noun uz "skilled craftsman" and the intensive suffix "–man" in Turkish: şişman "fat" and Turkish: kocaman "huge." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: متشبث Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: muteşşebbis | Turkish: müteşebbis | Turkish: girişimci | entrepreneur | From the root Turkish: gir– "to enter." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: متواضع Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mütevazı' * | Turkish: mütevazı | Turkish: alçakgönüllü | humble | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: متوفی Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: müteveffa | Turkish: müteveffa | Turkish: ölü, Turkish: ölmüş | dead | From the root Turkish: öl– "to die." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: متفق Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: müttefik* | Turkish: müttefik | Turkish: bağlaşık | ally | From the root Turkish: bağla– "to tie." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مزایده Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: müzayede | Turkish: müzayede | Turkish: açık arttırma | auction | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مزمن Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: müzmin | Turkish: müzmin | Turkish: süreğen | chronic | From the root Turkish: sür– "to last." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: نادر Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: nadir*, Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اندر Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ender* | Turkish: nadir, ender | Turkish: seyrek | rare(ly) | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: نغمه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: nağme | Turkish: nağme | Turkish: ezgi | melody | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ناقص Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: nakıs* | Turkish: nakıs | Turkish: eksi | minus | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: نصیحت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: nasihat* | Turkish: nasihat | Turkish: öğüt | advice, counsel | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: نظیر Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: nazır | Turkish: nazır | Turkish: bakan | minister | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: نفس Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: nefes* | Turkish: nefes | Turkish: soluk | breath | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: نفرة Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: nefrat | Turkish: nefrat | Turkish: doku | hate | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: نسیج Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: nesic | Turkish: nesiç | Turkish: doku | tissue | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: نسل Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: nesl* | Turkish: nesil | Turkish: kuşak | generation | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: نتیجه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: netice* | Turkish: netice | Turkish: sonuç | result | From the combination of old Turkic nouns son "end" and uç "latter." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: نزیف Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: nezif | Turkish: nezif | Turkish: kanama | hemorrhage | From the noun Turkish: kan "blood" | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: نصف Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: nısf | Turkish: nısıf | Turkish: yarı(m) | half | From the root Turkish: yar– "to split." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: نهایت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: nihayet* | Turkish: nihayet | Turkish: son(unda) | final(ly) | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: نكاح Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: nikah* | Turkish: nikâh | Turkish: düğün | wedding | In modern Turkish, Turkish: nikâh is generally used for the wedding ceremony, while Turkish: düğün is used for the wedding reception or party. | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: نسبت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: nisbet* | Turkish: nispet | Turkish: oran | ratio | From the Old Turkic noun oran for "measure," "proportion" or "moderation." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: نطق Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: nutk* | Turkish: nutuk | Turkish: söylev | speech | Borrowed from Kazakh, where verbs end not in –mek/–mak, but in –v. | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: رفاه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: refah* | Turkish: refah | Turkish: gönenç | prosperity | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: رغماً Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ragmen* | Turkish: rağmen | Turkish: karşın | despite, in spite of | From the adjective Turkish: karşı "opposite." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: رئیس Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: re'is | Turkish: reis | Turkish: başkan | president | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: رأی Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: re'y | Turkish: rey | Turkish: oy | vote | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: رجعت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ric'at* | Turkish: ricat | Turkish: çekilme | retreat | From the root Turkish: çek– "to pull." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: روح Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ruh* | Turkish: ruh | Turkish: tin | spirit | The Turkish word is almost never used, except in the context of philosophy. | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: رطوبت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: rutubet* | Turkish: rutubet | Turkish: yaşlık, Turkish: ıslaklık | moisture | From the adjective Turkish: yaş "dank." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: رؤيا Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: rü'ya* | Turkish: rüya | Turkish: düş | dream | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سادهّ Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: sade, Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سائد Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: sa'aid* | Turkish: sade | Turkish: yalın | plain | The Turkish word is rarely used. | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: صفحة Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: safha* | Turkish: safha | Turkish: evre, Turkish: aşama | stage, phase | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: صفرا Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: safra* | Turkish: safra | Turkish: öd | bile | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ساحل Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: sahil* | Turkish: sahil | Turkish: kıyı | coast | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: صاحب Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: sahib* | Turkish: sahip | Turkish: iye | owner | The Turkish word is seldom used; however, it is commonly used in the context of grammar when describing the possessive suffix (Turkish: '''iye'''lik eki) | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سطح Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: sath | Turkish: satıh | Turkish: yüzey | surface | From the noun Turkish: yüz "face." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سیاره Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: seyyare | Turkish: seyyare | Turkish: araba, Turkish: taşıt | car | Turkish: Araba is the outdated expression for "car" in Arabic. The current word in Arabic for car is Arabic: seyyara but in Turkish Turkish: seyyar, means "transportable" or given to travel. | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سبب Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: sebeb* | Turkish: sebep | Turkish: neden | reason | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سفارت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: safarat | Turkish: sefaret | Turkish: büyükelçilik | embassy | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سلامت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: selamet | Turkish: selamet | Turkish: esenlik | health, soundness | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سما Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: sema | Turkish: sema | Turkish: gök | sky | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سنه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: sene* | Turkish: sene | Turkish: yıl | year | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: صحت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: sıhhat | Turkish: sıhhat | Turkish: sağlık | health | From the adjective Turkish: sağ "alive." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سحر Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: sihr* | Turkish: sihir | Turkish: büyü | magic | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: صحبت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: sohbet* | Turkish: sohbet | Turkish: söyleşi | chat | From the root Turkish: söyle– "to say." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سؤال Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: su'al | Turkish: sual | Turkish: soru | question | From the root Turkish: sor– "to ask." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: صلح Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: sulh | Turkish: sulh | Turkish: barış | peace | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: صنع Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: suni' | Turkish: suni | Turkish: yapay | artificial | From the root Turkish: yap– "to make." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سكوت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: sükut | Turkish: sükût | Turkish: sessizlik | silence | From the noun Turkish: ses "voice." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: شاهد Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: şâhid* | Turkish: şahit | Turkish: tanık | witness | From the root Turkish: tanı– "to recognize." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: شاعر Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: şa'ir* | Turkish: şair | Turkish: ozan | poet | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: شعير Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: şe'ir | Turkish: şeir | Turkish: arpa | barley | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: شرق Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: şark | Turkish: şark | Turkish: doğu | east | From the root Turkish: doğ– "to be born." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: شرط Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: şart* | Turkish: şart | Turkish: koşul | condition | Coined in 1947 by Nurullah Ataç. | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: شمال Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: şimal | Turkish: şimal | Turkish: kuzey | north | From the noun Turkish: kuz "side of a mountain out of reach of the sun." Kuzey was also used in some Anatolian dialects, meaning sunless place. | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: شعاع Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: şu'a' | Turkish: şua | Turkish: ışın | ray, gleam | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تعلق Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: taalluk | Turkish: taalluk | Turkish: ilinti | connection, relation | From the Old Turkic root il– "to tie loosely" and "to touch." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: طبقه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: tabaka* | Turkish: tabaka | Turkish: katman | layer | From the noun Turkish: kat "floor." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: طبيعت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: tabi'at* | Turkish: tabiat | Turkish: doğa | nature | From the root Turkish: doğ– "to be born." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: طبیعی Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: tabi'i* | Turkish: tabii | Turkish: doğal | natural | From the root Turkish: doğ– "to be born." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تعبير، افاده Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ta'bîr, ifade* | Turkish: tabir, ifade | Turkish: deyiş | narration | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تابعیت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: tabiiyet | Turkish: tabiiyet | Turkish: uyruk | nationality | The word "milliyet" is more commonly used. | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تحلیل Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: tahlil* | Turkish: tahlil | Turkish: inceleme | (laboratory) test (as in medicine) | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تخمین Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: tahmin* | Turkish: tahmin | Turkish: kestirim | guess, prediction | From the root Turkish: kes– "to cut." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تعقیب Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: taʻkib* | Turkish: takip | Turkish: izlem | follow-up | From the root Turkish: izle– "to watch." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: طلب Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ṭaleb* | Turkish: talep | Turkish: istek | request, demand, wish | From the root Turkish: iste– "to demand, request." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: طلبه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ṭalebe | Turkish: talebe | Turkish: öğrenci | student (plural of Arabic: طالب Arabic: ṭâlib, "seeker" [of knowledge]) | From the Old Turkic root igid– "to feed." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تعمیم Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: tâmîm | Turkish: tâmîm | Turkish: genelge | circular, notice | From the adjective Turkish: genel "general." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تعمير Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: taʻmîr*, Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تعديلات Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: taʻdîlât* | Turkish: tamir, tadilat | Turkish: onarım | repair, renovation | From the root Turkish: onar– "to repair." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: طرف Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: taraf* | Turkish: taraf | Turkish: yan | side | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ترصدات Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: tarassut | Turkish: tarassut | Turkish: gözetleme | observation | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تاريخ Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: tarih* | Turkish: tarih | Turkish: günay | date (in time) | The Arabic word Turkish: tarih also means "history". The Turkish word Turkish: günay (literally meaning "day-month") is rarely used. | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تسلط Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: tasallut | Turkish: tasallut | Turkish: sarkıntılık | (sexual) harassment | From the root Turkish: sark– "to dangle from." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تصور Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: tasavvur | Turkish: tasavvur | Turkish: canlandırma, Turkish: tasarı | imagine | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تصدیق Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: tasdik | Turkish: tasdik | Turkish: onay | approve | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تصحيح Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: tashîh | Turkish: tashih | Turkish: düzeltme | correction | From the adjective Turkish: düz "even, flat." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تصویر Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: tasvir* | Turkish: tasvir | Turkish: betimleme | description | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: طیاره Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: tayyare | Turkish: tayyare | Turkish: uçak | airplane | From the root Turkish: uç– "to fly." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: توصيه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: tavsiye* | Turkish: tavsiye | Turkish: salık | advice | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تعادل Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: te'adül | Turkish: teadül | Turkish: denklik | equivalence | From the adjective Turkish: denk "equal." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تعامل Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: te'amül | Turkish: teamül | Turkish: tepkime, davranış | reaction, behavior | From the root Turkish: davran– "to behave." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تبسم Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: tebessüm | Turkish: tebessüm | Turkish: gülümseme | smile | From the root Turkish: gül– "to laugh." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تبدیل Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: tebdil | Turkish: tebdil | Turkish: değişiklik | change | From the root Turkish: değiş– "to change." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تبريك Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: tebrîk* | Turkish: tebrik | Turkish: kutlama | congratulate | From the root Turkish: kutla– "to celebrate." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تجلى Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: tecelli | Turkish: tecelli | Turkish: belirme | emerge, appear | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تجسم Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: tecessüm | Turkish: tecessüm | Turkish: görünme | appearance, manifestation | From the root Turkish: gör– "to see." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تجربه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: tecrübe* | Turkish: tecrübe | Turkish: deneyim | experience | From the root Turkish: dene– "to attempt." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تجهیزات Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: techizat* | Turkish: teçhizat | Turkish: donanım | equipment | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تداوی Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: tedavi* | Turkish: tedavi | Turkish: sağaltım | therapy | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تدبیر Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: tedbîr* | Turkish: tedbir | Turkish: önlem | precaution | From the root Turkish: önle– "to prevent." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تدریسات Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: tedrіsat | Turkish: tedrisat | Turkish: öğretim | teaching | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تأثر Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: te'essür | Turkish: teessür | Turkish: üzüntü | agony | From the root Turkish: üz– "to aggrieve." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تكامل Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: tekamül | Turkish: tekâmül | Turkish: evrim, Turkish: başkalaşım | maturation, metamorphosis, evolution | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تقاعد Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: tekaʻüd | Turkish: tekaüt | Turkish: emeklilik | retirement | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تكفل Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: tekeffül | Turkish: tekeffül | Turkish: yükümlenme | standing surety | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تكلیف Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: teklif* | Turkish: teklif | Turkish: öneri | proposal | From the root Turkish: öner– "to propose." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تكرار Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: tekrar* | Turkish: tekrar | Turkish: yine | again | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تلاش Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: telaş* | Turkish: telaş | Turkish: tasa, Turkish: kaygı | worry | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تمییز Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: temyiz* | Turkish: temyiz | Turkish: yargıtay | Court of Cassation (in modern Turkey) | Borrowed from Chagatai. | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تناسب Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: tenasüb | Turkish: tenasüp | Turkish: uyum | congruity | From the root Turkish: uy– "to conform." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تنبيه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: tenbih* | Turkish: tembih | Turkish: uyarı | warning | From the root Turkish: uyar– "to warn." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ترقی Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: teraḳḳі | Turkish: terakki | Turkish: ilerleme | progress | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ترجمه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: tercüme* | Turkish: tercüme | Turkish: çeviri | translation | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تردد Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: terreddüd* | Turkish: tereddüt | Turkish: duraksama | hesitancy | From the root Turkish: dur– "to halt, stop." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ترتیب Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: tertib* | Turkish: tertip | Turkish: düzen | order, tidiness | From the root Turkish: düz– "to align." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تأثیر Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: tesir | Turkish: tesir | Turkish: etki | effect | From the root Turkish: et– "to do." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تسلی Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: teselli* | Turkish: teselli | Turkish: avunma | console | From the root Turkish: avun– "to console oneself." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تشخیص Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: teşhis* | Turkish: teşhis | Turkish: tanı | diagnosis | From the root Turkish: tanı– "to recognize." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تشكیلات Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: teşkilat* | Turkish: teşkilat | Turkish: örgüt | organization | From the noun Turkish: örgü "plait." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تشكیل Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: teşkil | Turkish: teşkil etmek | Turkish: oluşturmak | to constitute | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تشرین أول Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: teşrin-i evvel | Turkish: ekim | October | From the root Turkish: ek– "to harvest." | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تشرین ثانی Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: teşrin-i sani | Turkish: kasım | November | |||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تشویق Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: teşvik* | Turkish: teşvik | Turkish: özendirme, Turkish: kışkırtma | (providing) incentive, provocation | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تدقیق Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: tedkit* | Turkish: tetkit | Turkish: araştırma | research | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تولد Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: tevellüd | Turkish: tevellüt | Turkish: doğum | birth | From the root Turkish: doğ– "to be born." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تذكار Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: tezkar | Turkish: tezkâr | Turkish: anılmaya değer | worth-mentioning | From the root Turkish: an– "to call to mind." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تجارت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ticaret* | Turkish: ticaret | Turkish: alımsatım | business | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: عنصر Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: unsur* | Turkish: unsur | Turkish: öğe | constituent, element | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: عنوان Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: unvan* | Turkish: unvan, ünvan | Turkish: san | (professional) title | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اسلوب Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: üslub* | Turkish: üslup | Turkish: biçem | style | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: وعد Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: va'd* | Turkish: vaat | Turkish: söz | promise (noun) | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: واقعه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: vak'a* | Turkish: vaka | Turkish: olay | event | From the root Turkish: ol– "to happen." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: وقور Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: vakur | Turkish: vakur | Turkish: ağır başlı | dignified | The Turkish expression literally means "heavy headed". | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: وصف Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: vasf* | Turkish: vasıf | Turkish: nitelik | feature, quality | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: واسطه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: vasıta | Turkish: vasıta | Turkish: araç | vehicle | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: وسيع Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: vasi' | Turkish: vâsi | Turkish: engin | vast | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: وطن Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: vatan* | Turkish: vatan | Turkish: yurt | homeland | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: وظیفه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: vazife* | Turkish: vazife | Turkish: görev | task, mission | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: و Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ve* | Turkish: ve | Turkish: ile | and | From the Old Turkic root il– "to tie loosely" and "to touch." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: وهم Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: vehm | Turkish: vehim | Turkish: kuruntu | apprehension, fancy | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ولایت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: vilayet* | Turkish: vilayet | Turkish: il | province | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تفسیر Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: tefsir | Turkish: tefsir | Turkish: yorum | interpretation, analysis, comment | ||
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ضبط Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: zabıt* | Turkish: zabıt | Turkish: tutanak | minute of proceeding, trial | From the root Turkish: tut– "to hold." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ضمیر Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: zamir* | Turkish: zamir | Turkish: adıl | pronoun | From the noun Turkish: ad "noun." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: زاویه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: zaviye | Turkish: zaviye | Turkish: açı | angle | From the root Turkish: aç– "to open." | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ذیقیمت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: zі-kıymet) | Turkish: zikıymet | Turkish: değerli | valuable | The word zikıymet is very rarely used but the word "kıymetli" (also meaning valuable) is used commonly. | |
French words started to infiltrate the Turkish language in the time of Franco-Ottoman alliance, and further when administrative reforms (Tanzimat) started taking place in the Ottoman Empire. The extent of French influence was such that the number of French loanwords was close to 5,000.
Most of the French loanwords are still widely used in Turkish today.
* Words that are still used in modern Turkish together with their new Turkish counterparts.
| align=left | Loanword | align=left | Turkish equivalent | align=left | Meaning in English | align=left | Original French spelling |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ajanda * | andaç (replaced with gündem) | agenda | agenda | ||||
| aksesuar * | süs | accessory (decorative) | accessoire | ||||
| aktif * | etkin | active | actif | ||||
| alternatif * | seçenek | alternative (noun) | alternatif | ||||
| analiz * | çözümleme | analysis | analyse | ||||
| asansör | ? | lift | ascenseur | ||||
| asimilasyon, anabolizma * | özümleme | assimilation, anabolism | assimilation, anabolisme | ||||
| astronomi * | gökbilim | astronomy | astronomie | ||||
| avantaj * | üstünlük | advantage | avantage | ||||
| done | veri | data | donnée | ||||
| detay * | ayrıntı | detail | détail | ||||
| direkt * | doğrudan | directly | direct | ||||
| dikte * | yazdırım | dictation | dictée | ||||
| doktrin | öğreti | doctrine | doctrine | ||||
| doküman * | belge | document | document | ||||
| domestik * | evcil | domestic | domestique | ||||
| dominant | baskın | dominant | dominant | ||||
| egzersiz * | alıştırma | exercise | exercice | ||||
| endemik * | salgın | endemic | endémique | ||||
| enerji * | erke | energy | énergie | ||||
| enflamasyon * | yangı | inflammation | inflammation | ||||
| enformatik | bilişim | information technology | informatique | ||||
| enteresan * | ilginç | interesting | intéressant | ||||
| eritrosit | alyuvar | red blood cell | érythrocyte | ||||
| eksper * | bilirkişi | expert | expert | ||||
| faks * | belgeç, belgegeçer | fax | fax | ||||
| faktör * | etken | factor | facteur | ||||
| fenomen * | olgu | phenomenon | phénomène | ||||
| filoloji * | dilbilim | philology | philologie | ||||
| filtre * | süzgeç | filter | filtre | ||||
| fizyoloji * | işlevbilim | physiology | physiologie | ||||
| fonksiyon * | işlev | function | fonction | ||||
| fotokopi * | tıpkıbasım | photocopy | photocopie | ||||
| garanti * | güvence | insurance, assurance | garantie | ||||
| global * | küresel | global | global | ||||
| gramer | dil bilgisi | grammar | grammaire | ||||
| grup * | öbek | group | groupe | ||||
| halüsinasyon * | sanrı | hallucination | hallucination | ||||
| histoloji | doku bilimi | histology | histologie | ||||
| homojen * | bağdaşık | homogenous | homogène | ||||
| hoplamak* | zıplamak | Jump | Oup La | ||||
| illüzyon * | yanılsama | illusion | illusion | ||||
| istatistik * | sayımlama | statistics | statistiques | ||||
| izolasyon * | yalıtım | isolation | isolation | ||||
| kalite * | nitelik | quality | qualité | ||||
| kampüs * | yerleşke | campus | campus | ||||
| kapasite * | sığa, kapsam | capacity | capacité | ||||
| karakter * | kişilik | character, personality | caractère | ||||
| kategori * | ulam | category | catégorie | ||||
| kompleks * | karmaşık | complex | complexe | ||||
| komünikasyon | iletişim | communication | communication | ||||
| konsantrasyon * | derişim | concentration | concentration | ||||
| konsolidasyon * | süreletme | consolidation (economics) | consolidation | ||||
| kontrol * | denetim | control | contrôle | ||||
| korelasyon | bağıntı | correlation | corrélation | ||||
| kramp * | kasınç | (muscle) cramp | crampe | ||||
| kriter * | ölçüt | criteria | critères | ||||
| kronik * | süreğen | chronic(ally) | chronique | ||||
| kuaför * | güzellik salonu/berber | beauty/hair salon, barber | coiffeur | ||||
| külot * | don | underpants | culotte | ||||
| kürdan * | ? | tooth pick | cure-dent | ||||
| lenf * | ak kan | lymph | lymphe | ||||
| liste * | dizelge | list | liste | ||||
| lökosit | akyuvar | white blood cell | leucocyte | ||||
| medya * | basın-yayın | media | média | ||||
| mekanizma * | düzenek | mechanism | mécanisme | ||||
| meridyen * | boylam | longitude | méridien | ||||
| mesaj, posta * | ileti | message | message | ||||
| metamorfoz * | başkalaşım | metamorphosis | métamorphose | ||||
| metot * | yöntem | method | méthode | ||||
| monoton * | tekdüze | monotonous | monotone | ||||
| mobilya * | döşenek | furniture | mobilier | ||||
| moral * | özgüç | moral | morale | ||||
| mutasyon * | değişinim | mutation | mutation | ||||
| normal * | olağan | normal | normal | ||||
| objektif * | nesnel | objective | objectif | ||||
| organizasyon * | düzenleme | organization | organisation | ||||
| orijinal * | özgün | original | original | ||||
| otorite * | yetke | authority | autorité | ||||
| over | yumurtalık | ovary | ovaire | ||||
| paradoks * | çelişki | paradox | paradoxe | ||||
| * | enlem | latitude | parallèle | ||||
| parazit * | asalak | parasite | parasite | ||||
| pasif * | edilgen | passive | passif | ||||
| performans * | başarım | performance | performance | ||||
| plaj * | kumsal | beach | plage | ||||
| plato * | yayla | plateau | plateau | ||||
| popüler, favori * | gözde | popular, favorite | populaire, favori | ||||
| prensip * | ilke | principal | principe | ||||
| prezentasyon | sunum | presentation | présentation | ||||
| primer | birincil | primary | primaire | ||||
| problem * | sorun | problem | problème | ||||
| prodüktör | yapımcı | producer | producteur | ||||
| program * | izlence | program | programme | ||||
| proje * | tasarı | project | projet | ||||
| prosedür * | işlem, işleyiş | procedure | procédure | ||||
| proses | süreç | process | procès | ||||
| provokasyon | kışkırtma | provocation | provocation | ||||
| radyoaktif * | ışın etkin | radioactive | radioactif | ||||
| randıman * | verim | efficiency | rendement | ||||
| rapor * | yazanak | report | rapport | ||||
| rejisör * | yönetmen | director | régisseur | ||||
| resesif | çekinik | recessive | récessif | ||||
| restoran * | aşevi | restaurant | restaurant | ||||
| rezistans | direnç | resistance | résistance | ||||
| sekunder, sekonder | ikincil | secondary | secondaire | ||||
| sekreter * | yazman | secretary | secrétaire | ||||
| sembol * | simge | symbol | symbole | ||||
| semptom * | belirti | symptom | symptôme | ||||
| sendrom * | belirge | syndrome | syndrome | ||||
| sentez * | bireşim | synthesis | synthèse | ||||
| sistem * | dizge | system | système | ||||
| simülasyon * | öğrence | simulation | simulation | ||||
| solüsyon | çözelti | solution | solution | ||||
| spesifik | özellikli | specific | spécifique | ||||
| spesiyal | özel | special | spécial | ||||
| standart * | ölçün | standard | standard | ||||
| statik * | duruk | static | statique | ||||
| statü * | durum | status | statut | ||||
| subjektif * | öznel | subjective | subjectif | ||||
| teori * | kuram | theory | théorie | ||||
| tretuvar | kaldırım | pavement / sidewalk | trottoir | ||||
| tümör * | ur | tumor | tumeur | ||||
| versiyon * | sürüm | version | version | ||||
| viraj * | dönemeç | turn (as in traffic) | virage | ||||
| ultrason * | yansılanım (the act of echoing) | ultrasound | ultrason |
The list gives the Ottoman Turkish word, the modern spelling of the word in Turkish (as suggested by TDK), the modern Turkish equivalent, and its meaning in English.
Most of the original Persian words are still widely used in modern Turkish. In fact, there are over 1,500 Persian words in Turkish. However, for many of the Persian words (unlike Arabic words), there is no TDK-prescribed equivalent. TDK did not put as much effort into replacing Persian words as it did for Arabic words, largely because the Persian words were better assimilated into the language. Arabic language and culture is general perceived by Turks to be more "foreign" than Persian language and culture, which had a native presence in Anatolia since the time of the Achaemenids, and was patronised for millennia afterwards by other dynasties with a presence in Anatolia such as the Sasanians, Seleucids, Seljuks, Sultanate of Rum, and lastly, the Ottomans, amongst others.
* New words that are not as frequently used as the old words.
| Ottoman Turkish word and its transliteration | Modern spelling of the Ottoman Turkish word | Modern Turkish equivalent | Meaning in English | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: آموزندە Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: amuzende* | Turkish: amuzende | Turkish: okutman | lector | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: بدبين Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: bedbin* | Turkish: bedbin | Turkish: bitki | plant | From the root bit– "to grow." |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: برابر Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: beraber* | Turkish: beraber | Turkish: birlikte | together | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: بوسه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: buse* | Turkish: buse | Turkish: öpücük | kiss | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: جنگ Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: cenk* | Turkish: cenk | Turkish: savaş | war | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: چاره Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: çare* | Turkish: çare | Turkish: çözüm | solution | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: چهره Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: çehre* | Turkish: çehre | Turkish: yüz | face | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: چنبر Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: çember* | Turkish: çember | Turkish: yuvarlak | circle | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: چشيت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: çeşit* | Turkish: çeşit | Turkish: tür | kind, variety | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: چهار یک Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: çeyrek* | Turkish: çeyrek | Turkish: dörtte bir | quarter | Both the Persian and the Turkish expressions literally mean one in four. |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: درد Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: dert* | Turkish: dert | Turkish: ağrı | pain | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: دمار Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: demar* | Turkish: demar | Turkish: ölüm | death | From the root Turkish: öl– "to die." |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: دیگر Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: diğer* | Turkish: diğer | Turkish: öbür, öteki | other | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: دشمن Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: düşman* | Turkish: düşman | Turkish: yağı | enemy | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: دوز Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: düz* | Turkish: düz | Turkish: yatay | horizontal | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: انديشه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: endişe* | Turkish: endişe | Turkish: kaygı | worry | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: فروخت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: füruht* | Turkish: füruht | Turkish: satış | sale | From the root Turkish: sat– "to sell." |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: گوشت Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: gûşt* | Turkish: guşt | Turkish: et | meat | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: گزيده Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: güzide* | Turkish: güzide | Turkish: seçkin | élite | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: خسته Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: hasta* | Turkish: hasta | Turkish: sayrı | patient, sick | The original Persian word actually means tired |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: همیشه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: hemîşe* | Turkish: hemîşe | Turkish: her zaman | always | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: هنوز Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: henüz* | Turkish: henüz | Turkish: daha | yet | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: قورناز Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: kurnaz* | Turkish: kurnaz | Turkish: açıkgözlü | cunning | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: مهتاب Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: mehtap* | Turkish: mehtap | Turkish: ay ışığı | moonlight | |
Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: محافظه كار
| Turkish: muhafazakar | Turkish: tutucu | conservative | From the root Turkish: tut– "to hold." |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: موشكيل-پسند Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: müşkülpesent* | Turkish: müşkülpesent | Turkish: titiz | fussy | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: نان عزيز Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: nân-ı aziz* | Turkish: nân-ı aziz | Turkish: ekmek | bread | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: نيكبين Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: nikbin* | Turkish: nikbin | Turkish: iyimser | optimist | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: پاپوش Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: pabuç* | Turkish: pabuç | Turkish: ayakkabı | shoe | Both the Persian and the Turkish words literally mean foot cover. |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: پ۪يشْدَارْ Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: pişdar* | Turkish: pişdar | Turkish: öncü | vanguard | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سرخوش Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: sarhoş* | Turkish: sarhoş | Turkish: esrik | drunk | |
Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ساخته
| Turkish: sahte | Turkish: düzmece | fake | From the root Turkish: düz– "to align." |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سر Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ser* | Turkish: ser | Turkish: baş | head | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سربست Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: serbest* | Turkish: serbest | Turkish: erkin | free, footloose | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سرسری Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: serseri* | Turkish: serseri | Turkish: başıboş | rascal | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سياه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: siyah* | Turkish: siyah | Turkish: kara | black | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: بهار Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: sonbahar* | Turkish: sonbahar | Turkish: güz | fall (season) | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: سطور Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: sütur* | Turkish: sütur | Turkish: binek | ride | From the root Turkish: bin– "to ride." |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: شخص Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: şahıs* | Turkish: şahıs | Turkish: birey | individual | From the root biregü [< bir+egü "from someone." |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: شایان Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: şayan* | Turkish: şayan | Turkish: değerli | valuable | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: شهر Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: şehir* | Turkish: şehir | Turkish: kent | city | The word kent is of Sogdian origin. |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تازه Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: taze* | Turkish: taze | Turkish: yeni | new | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: تنبل Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: tembel* | Turkish: tembel | Turkish: haylaz | lazy | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ویران Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: viran* | Turkish: viran | Turkish: yıkık | ruin | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: اميد Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ümit* | Turkish: ümit | Turkish: umut | hope | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یاور Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: yaver* | Turkish: yaver | Turkish: yardımcı | helper | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: يَكْنَسَقْ Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: yeknesak* | Turkish: yeknesak | Turkish: tekdüze | monotonous | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: یکپاره Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: yekpare* | Turkish: yekpare | Turkish: bütün | whole | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: زهر Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: zehir* | Turkish: zehir | Turkish: ağı | poison, toxin | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: زنگین Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: zengin* | Turkish: zengin | Turkish: varlıklı | rich | |
| Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: زور Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: zor* | Turkish: zor | Turkish: çetin | difficult | |
| align=left | Loanword | align=left | Turkish equivalent | align=left | Meaning in English | align=left | Origin language | align=left | Original spelling | align=left | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| angarya * | yüklenti ** | drudgery, forced labor | Greek | αγγαρεία (angareia) | The Turkish word is still unused. | ||||||
| endoskopi * | iç görüm ** ("inside seeing") | endoscopy | Greek (via English) | The Turkish word is less common. | |||||||
| fetüs * | dölüt | fetus | Latin | fetus, foetus | The Turkish word is used occasionally. | ||||||
| genetik * | kalıtım (bilimi) ("the science of heredity") | genetics | German | Genetik | Both the loanword and the Turkish word are used. | ||||||
| hegemonya * | boyunduruk | hegemony | Greek | ηγεμονία (igemonia) | The Turkish word is more commonly used. | ||||||
| İnternet * | Genel Ağ ** | Internet | English | The Turkish word is still unused. | |||||||
| konsonant | ünsüz | consonant | German[2] | Konsonant | The loanword is now unused. | ||||||
| kundura * | ayakkabı | shoe | Italian | condura | The Turkish word is more commonly used. | ||||||
| otoban * | otoyol | highway | German | Autobahn | Both the loanword and the Turkish word are used. | ||||||
| vokal | ünlü | vowel | German[3] | Vokal | The loanword is now unused. | ||||||
| pezevenk * | dümbük ** | pimp | Armenian | բոզավագ (bozavag) | The Turkish word is less common. |