List of quantum processors explained

This list contains quantum processors, also known as quantum processing units (QPUs). Some devices listed below have only been announced at press conferences so far, with no actual demonstrations or scientific publications characterizing the performance.

Quantum processors are difficult to compare due to the different architectures and approaches. Due to this, published qubit numbers do not reflect the performance levels of the processor. This is instead achieved through benchmarking metrics such as quantum volume, randomized benchmarking or circuit layer operations per second (CLOPS).^[1]

Circuit-based quantum processors

These QPUs are based on the quantum circuit and quantum logic gate-based model of computing.

Manufacturer	Name/codenamedesignation	Architecture	Layout	data-sort-type=number	Fidelity (%) !	Qubits (physical)	data-sort-type="isoDate"	Release date !	data-sort-type=number	Quantum volume
Alpine Quantum Technologies	PINE System^[2]	Trapped ion			24^[3]		128^[4]
Atom Computing	Phoenix	Neutral atoms in optical lattices			100^[5]
Atom Computing	N/A	Neutral atoms in optical lattices			1180^[6]	October 2023
	N/A		N/A	99.5	20
	N/A		7×7 lattice	99.7^[7]	49^[8]	data-sort-value="2017-09-01"	Q4 2017 (planned)
Google	Bristlecone		6×12 lattice	99 (readout) 99.9 (1 qubit) 99.4 (2 qubits)	72^[9] ^[10]
Google			9×6 lattice	N/A	53 effective (54 total)
	IBM Q 5 Tenerife		bow tie	99.897 (average gate) 98.64 (readout)	5
IBM	IBM Q 5 Yorktown	Superconducting	bow tie	99.545 (average gate) 94.2 (readout)	5
IBM	IBM Q 14 Melbourne	Superconducting	N/A	99.735 (average gate) 97.13 (readout)	14
IBM	IBM Q 16 Rüschlikon	Superconducting	2×8 lattice	99.779 (average gate) 94.24 (readout)	16^[11]	(Retired: 26 September 2018)^[12]
IBM	IBM Q 17		N/A	N/A	17
IBM	IBM Q 20 Tokyo		5×4 lattice	99.812 (average gate) 93.21 (readout)	20^[13]
IBM	IBM Q 20 Austin	Superconducting	5×4 lattice	N/A	20	data-sort-value="2018-07-04"	(Retired: 4 July 2018)
IBM	IBM Q 50 prototype	Superconducting transmon	N/A	N/A	50
IBM	IBM Q 53		N/A	N/A	53
IBM	IBM Eagle	Superconducting	N/A	N/A	127^[14]
IBM	IBM Osprey^[15]	Superconducting	N/A	N/A	433
IBM	IBM Condor^[16]	Superconducting	N/A	N/A	1121	December 2023
IBM	IBM Heron	Superconducting	N/A	N/A	133	December 2023
IBM	IBM Armonk^[17]	Superconducting	Single Qubit	N/A	1
IBM	IBM Ourense	Superconducting	T	N/A	5
IBM	IBM Vigo	Superconducting	T	N/A	5
IBM	IBM London	Superconducting	T	N/A	5
IBM	IBM Burlington	Superconducting	T	N/A	5
IBM	IBM Essex	Superconducting	T	N/A	5
IBM	IBM Athens^[18]	Superconducting		N/A	5		32^[19]
IBM	IBM Belem	Superconducting	Falcon r4T	N/A	5		16
IBM	IBM Bogotá	Superconducting	Falcon r4L	N/A	5		32
IBM	IBM Casablanca	Superconducting	Falcon r4H	N/A	7	data-sort-value="2022-03"	(Retired – March 2022)	32
IBM	IBM Dublin	Superconducting		N/A	27		64
IBM	IBM Guadalupe	Superconducting	Falcon r4P	N/A	16		32
IBM	IBM Kolkata	Superconducting		N/A	27		128
IBM	IBM Lima	Superconducting	Falcon r4T	N/A	5		8
IBM	IBM Manhattan	Superconducting		N/A	65		32
IBM	IBM Montreal	Superconducting	Falcon r4	N/A	27		128
IBM	IBM Mumbai	Superconducting	Falcon r5.1	N/A	27		128
IBM	IBM Paris	Superconducting		N/A	27		32
IBM	IBM Quito	Superconducting	Falcon r4T	N/A	5		16
IBM	IBM Rome	Superconducting		N/A	5		32
IBM	IBM Santiago	Superconducting		N/A	5		32
IBM	IBM Sydney	Superconducting	Falcon r4	N/A	27		32
IBM	IBM Toronto	Superconducting	Falcon r4	N/A	27		32
	17-Qubit Superconducting Test Chip		40-pin cross gap	N/A	17^[20] ^[21]
	Tangle Lake		108-pin cross gap	N/A	49^[22]
Intel	Tunnel Falls	Semiconductor spin qubits			12^[23]
IonQ	Harmony	Trapped ion	All-to-All		11^[24]		8
IonQ	Aria	Trapped ion	All-to-All		25
IonQ	Forte	Trapped ion	32x1 chain^[25] All-to-All	99.98 (1 qubit) 98.5–99.3 (2 qubit)	32
IQM	-		Star	99.91 (1 qubit) 99.14 (2 qubits)	5^[26]	^[27]	N/A
IQM	-		Square lattice	99.91 (1 qubit median) 99.944 (1 qubit max) 98.25 (2 qubits median) 99.1 (2 qubits max)	20	^[28]	16^[29]
M Squared Lasers	Maxwell	Neutral atoms in optical lattices		99.5 (3-qubit gate), 99.1 (4-qubit gate)^[30]	200^[31]
Oxford Quantum Circuits	Lucy^[32]	Superconducting			8
Oxford Quantum Circuits	OQC Toshiko^[33]	Superconducting			32
Quandela	Ascella	Photonics	N/A	99.6 (1 qubit) 93.8 (2 qubits) 86.0 (3 qubits)	6^[34]	^[35]
QuTech at TU Delft	Spin-2	Semiconductor spin qubits		99 (average gate) 85 (readout)^[36]	2
QuTech at TU Delft	-	Semiconductor spin qubits			6^[37]
QuTech at TU Delft	Starmon-5	Superconducting	X configuration	97 (readout)^[38]	5
Quantinuum	H2^[39]	Trapped ion	Racetrack, All-to-All	99.997 (1 qubit) 99.8 (2 qubit)	56^[40] (earlier 32)		65,536^[41]
Quantinuum	H1-1^[42]	Trapped ion	15×15 (Circuit Size)	99.996 (1 qubit) 99.914 (2 qubit)	20		1,048,576^[43]
Quantinuum	H1-2	Trapped ion	All-to-All	99.996 (1 qubit) 99.7 (2 qubit)	12		4096^[44]
Quantware	Soprano^[45]	Superconducting		99.9 (single-qubit gates)	5
Quantware	Contralto^[46]	Superconducting		99.9 (single-qubit gates)	25	^[47]
Quantware	Tenor^[48]	Superconducting			64
Rigetti	Agave	Superconducting	N/A	96 (Single-qubit gates)87 (Two-qubit gates)	8	^[49]
Rigetti	Acorn	Superconducting transmon	N/A	98.63 (Single-qubit gates)87.5 (Two-qubit gates)	19^[50]
Rigetti	Aspen-1	Superconducting	N/A	93.23 (Single-qubit gates)90.84 (Two-qubit gates)	16
Rigetti	Aspen-4	Superconducting		99.88 (Single-qubit gates)94.42 (Two-qubit gates)	13
Rigetti	Aspen-7	Superconducting		99.23 (Single-qubit gates)95.2 (Two-qubit gates)	28
Rigetti	Aspen-8	Superconducting		99.22 (Single-qubit gates)94.34 (Two-qubit gates)	31
Rigetti	Aspen-9	Superconducting		99.39 (Single-qubit gates)94.28 (Two-qubit gates)	32
Rigetti	Aspen-10	Superconducting		99.37 (Single-qubit gates)94.66 (Two-qubit gates)	32
Rigetti	Aspen-11	Superconducting	Octagonal^[51]	99.8 (Single-qubit gates) 92.7 (Two-qubit gates CZ) 91.0 (Two-qubit gates XY)	40
Rigetti	Aspen-M-1	Superconducting transmon	Octagonal	99.8 (Single-qubit gates) 93.7 (Two-qubit gates CZ) 94.6 (Two-qubit gates XY)	80		8
Rigetti	Aspen-M-2	Superconducting transmon		99.8 (Single-qubit gates) 91.3 (Two-qubit gates CZ) 90.0 (Two-qubit gates XY)	80
Rigetti	Aspen-M-3	Superconducting transmon	N/A	99.9 (Single-qubit gates) 94.7 (Two-qubit gates CZ) 95.1 (Two-qubit gates XY)	80^[52]
Rigetti	Ankaa-2	Superconducting transmon	N/A	98 (Two-qubit gates)	84^[53]
RIKEN	RIKEN^[54]	Superconducting	N/A	N/A	53 effective (64 total)^[55] ^[56]		N/A
SaxonQ	Princess	Nitrogen-vacancy center			4^[57]
SpinQ	Triangulum	Nuclear magnetic resonance			3^[58]
			N/A	N/A	76^[59] ^[60]
USTC	Zuchongzhi	Superconducting	N/A	N/A	62^[61]
USTC	Zuchongzhi 2.1	Superconducting	lattice^[62]	99.86 (Single-qubit gates) 99.41 (Two-qubit gates) 95.48 (Readout)	66^[63]
Xanadu	Borealis^[64]	Photonics (Continuous-variable)	N/A	N/A	216
Xanadu	X8 ^[65]	Photonics (Continuous-variable)	N/A	N/A	8
Xanadu	X12	Photonics (Continuous-variable)	N/A	N/A	12
Xanadu	X24	Photonics (Continuous-variable)	N/A	N/A	24
CAS	Xiaohong^[66]	Superconducting	N/A	N/A	504

Annealing quantum processors

These QPUs are based on quantum annealing, not to be confused with digital annealing.^[67]

Manufacturer	Name/Codename/Designation	Architecture	Layout	Fidelity (%)	Qubits	Release date
	D-Wave One (Rainier)	Superconducting		N/A	128
	D-Wave Two	Superconducting		N/A	512
D-Wave	D-Wave 2X	Superconducting	C12 = Chimera(12,12,4) = 12×12 K4,4	N/A	1152
D-Wave	D-Wave 2000Q	Superconducting	C16 = Chimera(16,16,4) = 16×16 K4,4	N/A	2048
D-Wave	D-Wave Advantage	Superconducting	Pegasus P16^[69]	N/A	5760
D-Wave	D-Wave Advantage 2^[70] ^[71] ^[72] ^[73]	Superconducting	Zephyr Z15^[74]	N/A	7000+	Late 2024 either 2025	Note: Quantum annealers are intended for use in specific technical applications. --->

Analog quantum processors

These QPUs are based on analog Hamiltonian simulation.

See also

• Quantum programming
• Timeline of quantum computing and communication

Notes and References

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