List of Ash'aris explained

Ash'aris are those who adhere to Imam Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari in his school of theology. Ashʿarism or Ashʿarī theology[1] (;[2] Arabic: الأشعرية:)[3] is one of the main Sunnī schools of Islamic theology, founded by the Arab Muslim scholar, Shāfiʿī jurist, and scholastic theologian Abū al-Ḥasan al-Ashʿarī in the 9th–10th century.[4] It established an orthodox guideline[5] [6] based on scriptural authority,[7] rationality.[8] [9] [10]

Al-Ashʿarī established a middle way between the doctrines of the Atharī and Muʿtazila schools of Islamic theology, based both on reliance on the sacred scriptures of Islam and theological rationalism concerning the agency and attributes of God. Ashʿarism eventually became the predominant school of theological thought within Sunnī Islam,[11] and is regarded as the single most important school of Islamic theology in the history of Islam.

Two popular sources for Asharism creeds are Maqalat al-Islamiyyin and Ibana'an Usul al-Diyana.[12] Asharism adheres to Theological voluntarism (Divine command theory), thus right and wrong can not be determined intuitively or naturally, since they are not objective realities, but God commands – as revealed in the Quran and the ḥadīth — what is right and wrong.[13] Good is what God commands and is by definition just; evil is what God forbids and is likewise unjust.[14]

Some of the Hanafis follow the Ash'ari school of thought, such as:

Ash'ari leaders

Notes and References

  1. Book: Nasr . Seyyed Hossein . Seyyed Hossein Nasr . 2006 . Part 3: Islamic Philosophy in History – Dimensions of the Islamic Intellectual Tradition: Kalām, Philosophy, and Spirituality . https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0ZFkdlCFnYC&pg=PA124 . . New York . . 124–126 . 978-0-7914-6800-5 . 2005023943.
  2. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/a+al+ashari "al-Ashʿari"
  3. Encyclopedia: Javad Anvari . Mohammad . 2015 . al-Ashʿarī . Melvin-Koushki . Matthew . Madelung . Wilferd . Daftary . Farhad . Encyclopaedia Islamica . Leiden and Boston . . 10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0300 . 1875-9823.
  4. Book: Thiele . Jan . 2016 . 2014 . Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period – Between Cordoba and Nīsābūr: The Emergence and Consolidation of Ashʿarism (Fourth–Fifth/Tenth–Eleventh Century) . https://books.google.com/books?id=70wnDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA225 . Schmidtke . Sabine . Sabine Schmidtke . The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology . Oxford and New York . . 225–241 . 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.45 . 978-0-19-969670-3 . 2016935488.
  5. Frank . Richard M. . January–March 1989 . Knowledge and Taqlîd: The Foundations of Religious Belief in Classical Ashʿarism . . 109 . 1 . . 37–62 . 10.2307/604336 . 604336 . 0003-0279 . 12032032.
  6. Book: Glassé . Cyril . 2003 . 1989 . . Ashʿarī . https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&pg=PA61 . California and Maryland . . 3rd Revised . 61–63 . 978-0-7591-0190-6 . 1291928025.
  7. Book: Frank . Richard M. . 2020 . 2007 . Al-Ashʿarī's conception of the nature and role of speculative reasoning in theology . https://books.google.com/books?id=tkX1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76 . Frank . Richard M. . Gutas . Dimitri . Dimitri Gutas . Early Islamic Theology: The Muʿtazilites and al-Ashʿarī . Texts and Studies on the Development and History of Kalām . II . London and New York . . 1st . 136–154 . 10.4324/9781003110385 . 978-0-86078-978-9 . 169898034 . 2006935669.
  8. Book: Hoover . John . 2020 . Early Mamlūk Ashʿarism against Ibn Taymiyya on the Nonliteral Reinterpretation (taʾwīl) of God’s Attributes . https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/3741348 . Shihadeh . Ayman . Thiele . Jan . Philosophical Theology in Islam: Later Ashʿarism East and West . Leiden and Boston . . Islamicate Intellectual History . 5 . 195–230 . 10.1163/9789004426610_009 . 978-90-04-42661-0 . 219026357 . 2212-8662 . 2020008682.
  9. Book: Halverson, Jeffry R.. 2010. Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam: The Muslim Brotherhood, Ash'arism, and Political Sunnism . Palgrave Macmillan . 9781137473578 . limited . 14-15.
  10. Weeks, Douglas. "The Ideology of Al Muhajiroun." Al Muhajiroun. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2020. 103-140.
  11. Book: Henderson, John B. . 1998 . The Making of Orthodoxies . https://books.google.com/books?id=FALN_kpyzEUC&pg=PA55 . The Construction of Orthodoxy and Heresy: Neo-Confucian, Islamic, Jewish, and Early Christian Patterns . New York . . 55–58 . 978-0-7914-3760-5.
  12. Richard McCarthy The theology of al-ash'ari 1953 Appendix IV
  13. Book: Brown. Jonathan A. C.. Jonathan A. C. Brown. Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy. 2014. Oneworld Publications. 978-1-78074-420-9. 4 June 2018. JACBMM2014. 53.
  14. John L. Esposito The Oxford History of Islam Oxford University Press 2000 p. 281
  15. Book: Al-Bayhaqi. Allah's Names and Attributes. Gibril Fouad Haddad. 1999. Islamic Supreme Council of America. 9781930409033. 17–18.
  16. Aaron Spevack, The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of Al-Bajuri, p 55. State University of New York Press, 1 Oct 2014. ISBN 143845371X
  17. Web site: Ahl al-Sunna: The Ash'aris - The Testimony and Proofs of the Scholars. Arabic. almostaneer.com. https://web.archive.org/web/20210128040753/https://almostaneer.com/ebooks/أهل-السنة-الأشاعرة-شهادة-علماء-الأمة-و/أكابر-محدثى-الأمة-وحفاظها-وأكابر-فقها. 28 January 2021.
  18. Web site: Abi al-Hasan al-Ash'ari Center for Doctrinal Studies and Research. Arabic. https://web.archive.org/web/20180120065804/http://www.achaari.ma/Article.aspx?C=5734. 20 January 2018.
  19. Bulliet. Richard. A quantitative approach to medieval Muslim biographical dictionaries. 195–211. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 1970. 13. 1. 10.1163/156852070X00123. The great Ash'ari theological school was flourishing under Abu at-Tayyib as-Su'laki (d. 398), Ibn Furak (d. 406), al-Hakim an-Naisaburi (d. 405) and Abu Ishaq al-Isfara'ini.
  20. Book: Namira Nahouza. Wahhabism and the Rise of the New Salafists: Theology, Power and Sunni Islam. 2018. I.B. Tauris. 9781838609832. 121–122.
  21. Web site: The Ash'ari School. Muhammad ibn 'Alawi al-Maliki. As-Sunnah Foundation of America. https://web.archive.org/web/20210112184122/http://sunnah.org/2008/07/18/the-ashari-school-sayyid-alawi-al-maliki. 12 January 2021. Shaykh al-Islam Ahmad ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani (d. 852/1449; Rahimahullah), the mentor of Hadith scholars and author of the book "Fath al-Bari bi-Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari", which not a single Islamic scholar can dispense with, was Ash'ari. The shaykh of the scholars of Sunni Islam, Imam al-Nawawi (d. 676/1277; Rahimahullah), author of "Sharh Sahih Muslim" and many other famous works, was Ash'ari. The master of Qur'anic exegetes, Imam al-Qurtubi (d. 671/1273; Rahimahullah), author of "al-Jami' li-Ahkam al-Qur'an", was Ash'ari. Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Hajar al-Haytami (d. 974/1567; Rahimahullah), who wrote "al-Zawajir 'an Iqtiraf al-Kaba'ir", was Ash'ari. The Shaykh of Sacred Law and Hadith, the conclusive definitive Zakariyya al-Ansari (d. 926/1520; Rahimahullah), was Ash'ari. Imam Abu Bakr al-Baqillani (d. 403/1013; Rahimahullah), Imam al-'Asqalani; Imam al-Nasafi (d. 710/1310; Rahimahullah); Imam al-Shirbini (d. 977/1570; Rahimahullah); Abu Hayyan al-Tawhidi, author of the Qur'anic commentary "al-Bahr al-Muhit"; Imam Ibn Juzayy (d. 741/1340; Rahimahullah); author of "al-Tashil fi 'Ulum al-Tanzil"; and others – all of these were Imams of the Ash'aris..
  22. Web site: Ahl al-Sunna: The Ash'aris - The Testimony and Proofs of the Scholars. Arabic. almostaneer.com. https://web.archive.org/web/20210128040753/https://almostaneer.com/ebooks/أهل-السنة-الأشاعرة-شهادة-علماء-الأمة-و/أكابر-محدثى-الأمة-وحفاظها-وأكابر-فقها. 28 January 2021.
  23. Book: Louis Massignon. Louis Massignon. Herbert Mason. The Passion of Al-Hallaj, Mystic and Martyr of Islam, Volume 2: The Survival of Al-Hallaj. 2019. Princeton University Press. 9780691657219. 158.
  24. Book: Mohammad Sharif Khan, Mohammad Anwar Saleem. Muslim Philosophy and Philosophers. 1994. Ashish Publishing House - APH Publishing. 9788170246237. 25.

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