List of privatizations by country explained

This list of privatizations provides links to notable and/or major privatizations.

Privatisation by country

Argentina

See also: Railway privatisation in Argentina and Water privatization in Argentina.

• Aerolíneas Argentina (1990) – former national carrier; renationalized in 2009.
• Agua y Energía Eléctrica (1992–95) – national electricity production company; partitioned and sold.
• Buenos Aires Underground (1994) – given under concession but still owned by the State.
• Empresa Nacional de Correos y Telégrafos (ENCoTel, 1997) – given under concession as Correo Argentino. Re-nationalized in 2003.
• ENTel (national telecommunications company, 1990) – partitioned and sold to France Télécom and to Spanish Telefónica.
• Fábrica Militar de Aviones (FMA, 1995) – sold to Lockheed Martin.
• Ferrocarriles Argentinos (1991–95) – railway lines all over the country (partially re-nationalized).
• Gas del Estado (1992) – national gas company partitioned and sold, among others, to the Spanish Gas Natural company Naturgy.
• Obras Sanitarias de la Nación (water company, 1992–93) - given under concession to the French conglomerate Suez, which operated it under the name Aguas Argentinas; re-nationalized in 2006 as Aguas y Saneamientos Argentinos (AySA).
• Segba (1992) - partitioned and given under concession to Edesur, Edenor and Edelap.
• Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales (YPF, 1991–92) – national oil-company sold to the Spanish Repsol. The Argentinian government in 2004 set up a new state oil company (Enarsa) from scratch, which proved of no use. In 2012, the Argentine Government expropriated 51% of the shares of YPF owned by Repsol.

Australia

• Commonwealth Oil Refineries 1952 Under Liberal
• Optus 1985 Under Labor
• Commonwealth Bank of Australia 1991 Under Labor
• Qantas 1993 Under labor
• Commonwealth Serum Laboratories 1994 Under Labor
• Electricity and natural gas supply companies in Victoria 1995 Under Liberal
• Telstra 1997 Under Liberal
• Public transport in Melbourne 1999 Under Liberal
• Electricity Trust of South Australia 1999 Under Liberal
• Sydney Airport 2002 Under Liberal
• Medibank 2014 Under Liberal
• Commonwealth Industrial Gases
• Government Cleaning Service in New South Wales
• Government Insurance Office in New South Wales
• Government Printing Service in New South Wales
• State-owned betting-agencies in most states Under Liberal and Labor
• Many long-distance and urban passenger railway services Under Liberal and Labor
• All freight railway services Under Liberal and Labor
• Most State-owned banks Under Liberal and Labor

Austria

See also: Österreichische Industrieholding.

1980s

• OMV (1987, 1989, 1994, 1996; government retains 31.5%)

1990s

• Simmering-Graz-Pauker (1992–93)
• VOEST-Alpine Eisenbahntechnik (1992–94)
• Austria Mikro Systeme International (1993–94)
• A.S.A. Abfall Service AG (1993)
• VA Technologie (1994, 2003, 2005)
• AT&S (1994)
• Böhler-Uddeholm (1995, 1996, 2003)
• Schoeller-Bleckmann Oilfield Equipment (1995)
• Schoeller-Bleckmann Edelstahlrohr GesmbH (1995)
• Bernhard Steinel Werkzeugmaschinen GmbH (1995)
• VA Stahl AG (1995, 1996, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005)
• Weiler Werkzeugmaschinen (1995)
• GIWOG-Wohnbaugruppe (1996)
• Vamed AG (1996; government retained 13% until 2024)
• VA Bergtechnik (1996)
• AMAG Austria Metall AG (1996)
• Salinen Austria (1997)
• Mobilkom Austria (1997)
• Wiener Boerse (1999)^[1]
• Bank Austria (1997–98)
• Austria Tabak (1997, 1999, 2001)
• Telekom Austria (1998, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006; government retains 28.42%)

2000s

• Österreichische Postsparkasse (2000)
• Vienna International Airport (2000, 2001; regional governments of Vienna and Lower Austria retain 40%)
• Österreichische Staatsdruckerei (2000)
• Dorotheum (2001)
• Strohal Rotations Druck (2002)
• BMG Metall und Recycling (2004)
• VOEST-Alpine Erzberg (2004)
• Österreichische Post (2006; government retains 52.8%)
• Austrian Airlines (2009)

2010s

• (2016)^[2]

2020s

• EuroTeleSites (2023) the radio tower division of A1 Telekom Austria Group^[3]
• Vamed AG (2024; government sold its remaining 13% to Fresenius)^[4]

Bahrain

• Bahrain Telecommunications Co. (Q1 2005, $800 million)

Bolivia

See also: Water privatization in Bolivia.

Brazil

See also: Water privatization in Brazil.

• Banco do Estado do Maranhão S.A
• Banespa
• BB Turismo
• CEDAE
• CELMA
• CSN
• Eletrobras
• Embraer
• Embratel
• Light
• Petrobras Distribuidora
• RFFSA
• Sabesp
• Terminal Pesqueiro de Manaus
• Terminal Pesqueiro de Vitória
• Telebrás
• Usiminas
• Vale do Rio Doce
• VASP

Canada

See also: Crown corporations of Canada.

• Teleglobe (1987) – an international telco carrier
• Air Canada (1988)
• Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan (1989)
• Telus (1991), formerly Alberta Government Telephones
• Petro-Canada (1991)
• Nova Scotia Power (1992)
• Canadian National Railway (1995)
• Saskatchewan Wheat Pool (1996)
• Manitoba Telecom Services or MTS (1996)
• Highway 407 (1999) – leased to private operators
• Ontario Hydro (1999) – only partially privatized with Hydro One and Ontario Power Generation, a publicly owned company and crown corporation respectively
• Uranium industry in Saskatchewan

Chile

• CAP S.A.
• Chilectra
• Colbún S.A.
• CTC
• Enaex
• Empremar
• Endesa
• Entel
• Esval
• IANSA
• Lan Airlines
• Pension Funds (AFP)
• Soquimich

Czechoslovakia

• Virtually everything after the Velvet Revolution in 1989; see voucher privatization for details.

Egypt

• The Shebin spinning and weaving factory in Menoufia in the Nile Delta was on strike against/locked out by its new non-Egyptian owners in the wake of the 2011 revolution. Workers and maybe the military now in control of the state were favoring re-nationalization, according to one report. "[L] iberal economic policy is tarred with [the old regime's] corruption," said Michael Wahid Hanna, in Cairo for the U.S.-based Century Foundation.^[5] Indorama, the new Indonesian/Thai^[6] owner of Shebin,^[7] was not quoted in the report. Looking further back to 2000, "well considered public spinners" Shebin El Kom and STIA, were then considered to have a "redundant labor problem ... [but] would otherwise be attractive privatization buying or leasing opportunities for private investors."^[8] In 2011, STIA, also known as El Nasr Wool & Selected Textiles, of Alexandria, remained "one of the largest public sector textiles companies."^[9]

Finland

• Finnair
• Sonera (former Telecom Finland)

France

1980s

• Compagnie Générale d'Electricité became Alcatel (1987)
• Havas (1987)
• IN Groupe (1993)
• Matra (1988)
• Paribas – privatized in 1987 and merged with BNP to form BNP Paribas
• Saint-Gobain – created in 1665 by minister of Finance Jean-Baptiste Colbert; privatized in 1986
• Société Générale privatized in 1987
• Suez – privatized and merged with the stated-owned Gaz de France (GDF) in 2008 to form GDF Suez
• TF1 – first TV channel of France, privatized in 1987

1990s

• France Télécom (1998)
• Arcelor (1995)
• Assurances Générales de France (1996)
• Groupe Bull (1997)
• CNP Assurances (1998)
• Compagnie générale transatlantique (1996) – merged with CMA to form CMA-CGM
• Crédit Industriel et Commercial (1998)
• Crédit local de France (1991)
• Le Crédit Lyonnais (1999)
• Elf Aquitaine – privatized in 1994; absorbed by Total
• Eramet (1999)
• Gan (1998)
• Pechiney (1995)
• Renault (1996) – the French state still have 15.01% of the shareholding
• SEITA (1995) – now Altadis
• Total
• Union des Assurances de Paris (1994)

2000s

• Aéroports de Paris – the French State remains the major shareholder: 52%
• Air France – opening shareholding open in 1999. Merged with KLM and merged to form: Air France-KLM (as 2004, the French State remain 44%). As of 2012, the French State remains 15.8%.^[10]
• Credit Lyonnais (a bank ;– privatized in 2001)
• Électricité de France (EDF) (in December 2005 France sold 30% of EDF)
• French Highway Concession
  • A'lienor – sold to Eiffage (65%) and Société des Autoroutes du Nord et de l'Est de la France (35%)
  • Alis – sold to Société des Autoroutes du Nord et de l'Est de la France
  • Société des Autoroutes de Paris Normandie – sold to Vinci
  • Société des Autoroutes du Nord et de l'Est de la France – sold to Abertis (52,5%); the rest is owned by other investors
  • Autoroutes Paris-Rhin-Rhône – sold to Eiffage
  • Autoroutes du Sud de la France – sold to Vinci
  • Arcour – sold to Vinci
  • Atlandes – sold to Colas Group (subsidiaries of Bouygues) and other investors
  • Cofiroute – sold to Vinci
• Gaz de France (GDF) – Prime minister Dominique de Villepin announced a merger between GDF and Suez; since the state owns 80% of GDF, a privatization of GDF would require the passing of a new law; the state would control only 34% of the capital of the new group: see commentary.
• Orange S.A. (formerly France Télécom) (the French State has owned under 50% of Orange since September 2004) – the French State remains (including ERAP): 26,94%
• Pages Jaunes (Yellow Pages) (in 2004 France sold 32% of Pages Jaunes for €1.25 billion)
• Snecma (in 2004 France sold 35% of Snecma for €1.45 billion)
• Société nationale industrielle aérospatiale (2000) – merged with DASA and CASA to form the European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company
• Thomson Multimédia
  • Thomson Multimédia – now Technicolor
  • Thomson-CSF – now Thales Group; the French State remains 27%
• SNCM (Société Nationale Maritime Corse Méditerranée) – ferry-company; privatized at the end of 2005; the French State remains 25% in SNCM

2010s

• Française des Jeux (FDJ) – in 2019 the French State sold off around 50% of its shares retaining 20%^{[11] [12]}

Germany

See also: Treuhandanstalt.

• Deutsche Bundespost became in January 1995:
  • Deutsche Post – the state owns 16.45% through the KfW.^[13]
  • Deutsche Telekom – the state still owns 27.8%, partly direct and partly through the KfW.^[14]
  • Deutsche Postbank – in 2004 the state floated a minority stake for €2.5 billion
• Deutsche Bundesbahn became Deutsche Bahn in 1994, although it is 100% state owned.
• UFA underwent privatization in 1921

Ghana

See also: Water privatisation in Ghana.

Guinea

See also: Water privatization in Guinea.

Greece

See also: Hellenic Republic Asset Development Fund.

• DESFA – On 20 December 2018, a consortium formed by Snam (60%), Enagás (20%) and Fluxys (20%) completed the acquisition of a 66% stake in DESFA for an amount of €535 million.
• Hellenic Petroleum – Starting from the 1990s, the Greek Government gradually sold its shares in the company, and currently owns only 35.5% of the shares.
• Hellenic Vehicle Industry (ELVO) – In December 2020, 79% of the shares were acquired by an Israeli consortium formed by Plasan and SK Group. The Hellenic state continues to retains 21% of the shares.
• Olympic Airways – at first, then Olympic Airlines; the Hellenic State attempted to privatise the ailing airlines five times, more or less, from 2004 onwards. The company was folded and re-created in 2009, and privatized in 2012, under the supervision of the EU and IMF, as it was part of the debt-restructuring process of 2012.
• OPAP (Lottery and Betting Monopoly) – privatization completed in 2013, when the last remaining government-owned stock was sold^[15]
• OTE (Οργανισμός Τηλεπικοινωνιών Ελλάδος / Hellenic Telecommunications Company) – became partly privatised in the 1990s, when its only shareholder at the time, the Hellenic State, reduced its share of the company to 36%. Since May 2018, Deutsche Telekom owns 45% of the shares, and the Hellenic State has retained 5%.
• Piraeus Port Authority – In April 2016, HRADF sold 51% of Piraeus Port Authority to the COSCO Group.
• Public Power Corporation – In 2001, PPC carried out a share flotation on the Athens Stock Exchange and consequently was no longer wholly owned by the government, although it was still controlled by it with a 51.12% stake until 2021. The company was privatised in November 2021, when the Greek government decreased its shareholding to 34.12% and transferred it to the Greek sovereign wealth fund, the Hellenic Corporation of Assets and Participations (HCAP).
• Thessaloniki Port Authority – In March 2018, an international consortium acquired 67% of the shares, with the Hellenic State retaining 7.27%.
• TrainOSE – It was acquired in September 2017 by the Italian railway company, Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane.

Hong Kong

• Hong Kong Mail Service
• Link REIT
• MTR Corporation

Honduras

See also: Water privatization in Honduras.

Iceland

See main article: List of privatisations in Iceland.

• Búnaðarbanki Íslands hf – privatized in 1999–2003
• Landsbanki Íslands hf – privatized in 1999–2003
• Landssími Íslands hf – privatized in 2005
• Skýrr hf – privatized in 1997–1998

India

• Air India – sold to Tata Group in 2020
• Bharat Aluminium Company – sold to Vedanta Limited in 2000
• CMC Limited – sold to Tata Consultancy Services in 2001
• Lagan Engineering – in 2001
• Hindustan Zinc Limited – sold to Vedanta Limited in 2001^[16]
• Maruti Udyog Limited
• Modern Food Industries – sold to Hindustan Unilever in 2000
• Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited – sold to Tata Group in 2008
• Jessop & Company – sold to Ruia Group in 2003
• Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Limited – sold to Reliance Industries
• Hindustan Petroleum - sold to Oil and Natural Gas Corporation in 2017
• IDBI Bank - 51% majority sold to LIC in 2019
• Following Airports:
  • Jaipur International Airport – owned and operated by public–private consortium led by Adani Group
  • Cochin International Airport
  • Mangalore International Airport – owned and operated by public–private consortium led by Adani Group
  • Thiruvananthapuram International Airport – owned and operated by public–private consortium led by Adani Group
  • Indira Gandhi International Airport - Delhi – owned and operated by public–private consortium led by GMR Group
  • Chaudhary Charan Singh Airport - Lucknow – owned and operated by public–private consortium led by Adani Group
  • Rajiv Gandhi International Airport - Hyderabad – owned and operated by public–private consortium led by GMR Group
  • Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport - Mumbai – owned and operated by public–private consortium led by Adani Group
  • Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport - Ahmedabad – owned and operated by public–private consortium led by Adani Group
  • Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport - Guwahati – owned and operated by public–private consortium led by Adani Group

Indonesia

See also: Water privatization in Jakarta.

• Aneka Gas Industri (partially sold to Messer Group and PT Tira Austenite in 1996, fully sold to Samator Gas in 2004)
• Indosat (sold to Temasek Holdings in 2002–2003)

Iran

See also: Privatization in Iran.

Iraq

• (planned) most industries except oil, at the behest of the United States-sponsored government

Ireland

• ACCBank – sold to Rabobank
• Aer Lingus – floated on the stock market
• British and Irish Steampacket Company Limited – sold to Irish Continental Group
• Cablelink – sold to NTL Ireland; formerly held 50/50 by Telecom Éireann and Raidió Teilifís Éireann, both state-owned at the time
• ICC Bank – sold to Bank of Scotland
• Irish Life – sold to Irish Permanent
• Irish National Petroleum Corporation – all assets sold to ConocoPhillips, still exists in law
• Irish Steel – transferred ownership to Ispat, firm bankrupt, no longer exists
• Irish Sugar – floated on stock market as Greencore; state retains one share for veto purposes
• Nítrigin Éireann – sold to its other shareholder in Irish Fertiliser Industries, Richardsons, final firm called IFI, no longer exists
• Telecom Éireann – floated on the stock market
• TSB Bank – bought by Irish Life and Permanent from the Government of Ireland in 2001

Israel

See also: Privatization in Israel.

• Bezeq
• El Al
• Bank Hapoalim
• Bank Leumi (partial)
• Israel Chemicals
• Israel Discount Bank (partial)
• RAFAEL Armament Development Authority (partial)
• Zim Integrated Shipping Services

Italy

• INA Assitalia
• ITA Airways
• Enel S.p.A. (1999 32% €16.6 billion, 2003 6.6% €2.2 billion, 2004 20% €7.5 billion)^[17]
• Eni
• IRI (among which are Autostrade s.p.a., Credito Italiano)
• Telecom Italia
• Terna (Enel sold 43.5% for €1.48 billion in June 2004)^[18]

Japan

• Japan Airlines
• Japan Highway Public Corporation (only converted into three regional joint-stock companies which are all remaining wholly state-owned)
• Japan Post (half-privatized; the state must by law own one-third)
• Japan Railways Group (formerly Japanese National Railways)
• Japan Tobacco (the state must by law own one-third)
• New Tokyo International Airport Authority (Narita Airport) (only converted into joint-stock company which remains wholly state-owned)
• Nippon Express
• Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (the state must by law own one-third)

Jordan

• Aramex International (Q1 2005, 75% for $150–200 million)
• Jordan Telecom
• Queen Alia International Airport

South Korea

• Korea Electric Power (KEPCO; half-privatized)
• Korea Telecom
• KOGAS
• KT&G (Korea Tobacco & Ginseng)
• POSCO (Pohang Iron & Steel)

Kuwait

• Kuwait Finance House (November 2004, 25% of the company for $1 billion)

Malaysia

• Johor Water Corporation
• Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad – national railway company
• Malaysia Airlines
• Malaysia Airports Holdings
• Pasir Gudang Local Authority
• Pos Malaysia – national postal services
• Senai International Airport
• Telekom Malaysia
• Tenaga National Berhad – national electricity-generation and distribution

Mexico

1,150 public companies, including banks, railroads, the telephone company, mines, roads, TV stations, ports, airports, airlines, sugar mills, and retirement funds.

Morocco

See also: Privatization in Morocco and Water privatization in Morocco.

Netherlands

• PTT, the mail and telecom company

New Zealand

See also: State-Owned Enterprises of New Zealand, Rogernomics and Rail privatisation in New Zealand.

• Air New Zealand – privatized in 1989, subsequently rescued by the Government of New Zealand in 2001
• Auckland Airport
• Bank of New Zealand – semi-privatized in 1987; rescued by the Crown in 1990; sold off in 1992
• Electricity Corporation of New Zealand (ECNZ) – part of which became privatized as Contact Energy in the period 1995–1998
• Government Print
• Ministry of Works and Development
• Natural Gas Corporation (NGC), ultimately absorbed into Vector Limited
• New Zealand Steel – privatized from 1987, now part of BlueScope
• The Post Office Savings Bank (POSB) – bought by the ANZ Bank in 1989
• Telecom New Zealand – privatized in 1990
• New Zealand Rail Limited – privatized in 1993, became Tranz Rail Limited in 1995; the government subsequently repurchased the track lease
• various council-controlled organisations formerly owned by territorial authorities: see also Local Authority Trading Enterprises (LATEs)

Norway

• Arcus (sold to Sucra in 2001)
• Christiania Bank og Kreditkasse (sold to Nordea in 2000)
• DnB NOR (floated on the stock market in 1995, government retains 34%)
• Finnmark Fylkesrederi og Ruteselskap (sold to Veolia Transport Norge in 2003)
• Fredrikstad Energi (49% sold to Fortum)
• Kongsberg Gruppen (floated on the stock market in 1993, government retains 50%)
• Norsk Medisinaldepot (sold to Celesio in 2001)
• NSB Gods (now CargoNet, partially sold to Green Cargo in 2002, NSB retains 55%)
• Oslo Energi (parts merged with Hafslund)
• Postbanken (merged with DnB NOR in 1999)
• Statkorn (floated on the stock market as Cermaq in 2000, government retains 44%)
• Statoil (floated on the stock market in 2001, government retains 71%)
• Telenor (floated on the stock market in 2000, government retains 54%)
• TrønderBilene (66% sold to Fosen Trafikklag in 1999)
• Østfold Energi (parts sold to Fortum in 2001)
• Årdal og Sunndal Verk (merged with Norsk Hydro in 1986)

Pakistan

See main article: Privatisation in Pakistan.

• National Refinery Limited (acquired by Attock Group of Companies in July 2005)
• Pakistan Telecom sold out to Eitisalat in 2006.

Peru

• AeroPeru – Peruvian Air Transport Enterprise (sold to Aeroméxico in 1993, closed in 1999)
• ENATRU – National Urban Transport Enterprise (sold to the employees)
• Empresa Regional de Servicio Público de Electricidad del Sur Medio – ELECTRODUNAS (Sold to HICA)
• SIDERPERU (Sold to Sider Corporation S.A)
• PESCAPERU – Fishing National Enterprise
• MINEROPERU – Peruvian National Mining Company
• Tintaya (sold to Magma Copper Corporation)
• Ilo Mining (sold to Southern Peru Copper Corporation, and since 2018 is part of Grupo Mexico)
• Centromin – Mining of Central Peru
• Hierro Peru (Sold to Shougang Group)
• National Company of Gas – SOL GAS (sold to Repsol)
• EDEGEL (sold to Endesa in 1996, since 2016 is part of Enel)
• ENAFER (Parts of Peru Rail, Fetransa and FCCA)
• CPT – ENTEL (Sold to Telefonica in 1994)
• EDELNOR (sold to Endesa in 1994, since 2016 is part of Enel)
• EDELSUR (sold to Sempra Energy in 1994, since 2019 is part of CTG)
• Banco Continental del Peru (Sold to BBV and since 1999 part of BBVA)
• Inter bank (Part of Banco Internacional del Peru)

Philippines

See also: Water privatization in Metro Manila.

• Manila Hotel – was acquired by the Insular Government through the Manila Railroad Company in 1919, re-privatized in 1995.^[19]
• Metro Manila Transit Corporation – split into four private companies in the 1990s.^[20]
• National Sugar Trading Corporation (NASUTRA) – Former state monopoly, split in 1986 into its various predecessors.^[21]
• Philippine National Bank – 1989–2005^[22]
• Radio Philippines Network – 80% privatized since 2014.^[23]

Poland

See also: Balcerowicz Plan.

• Telekomunikacja Polska S.A.

Portugal

• ANA – Aeroportos de Portugal (Portuguese airports)
• CIMPOR
• CTT – Portuguese post
• EDP – Energia de Portugal
• Fidelidade – the insurance part of the CGD public bank
• Galp Energia – national petroleum company
• Portugal Telecom – national telecommunications company
• REN – Rede Eléctrica Nacional
• TAP – airline

Qatar

• Qatargas (now QatarEnergy LNG) – liquefied natural gas company (Q1 2005, 50% for $600 million)

Romania

• Rompetrol – petroleum company (1993 & 1998)
• Ursus Breweries – beer brewer and distributor (1996)
• Romcim (now Lafarge Romania) – industrial materials company (1997)
• Casial Hunedoara (now HeidelbergCement Romania) – industrial materials company (1997)
• Romtelecom (now Telekom Romania) – telecommunications company (1998 & 2003)
• BRD – Groupe Société Générale – bank (1999)
• Automobile Dacia – car manufacturer (1999)
• Astra Rail Industries – rail vehicle manufacturer (1999 & 2000)
• Petromidia Refinery – oil refinery (2000)
• Sidex (now ArcelorMittal Galați) – steelworks (2001)
• Alro – aluminium company (2002)
• Petrom – petroleum company (2004)
• Banca Comercială Română – bank (2003 & 2006)
• Electrica – electricity distributor (2006, 2008 & 2014)
• Automobile Craiova (now Ford Romania) – car manufacturer (2007)

Russia

See also: Privatization in Russia.

A wide-scale privatization program was launched in 1992–1994, using a voucher privatization scheme; from 1995, a monetary scheme was used.

• Gazprom (1994)
• LUKoil (1995)
• Mechel (1995)
• MMC Norilsk Nickel (1995)
• Novolipetsk Steel (1995)
• Surgutneftegaz (1995)
• YUKOS (1995)

Saudi Arabia

• Al-Bilad Bank (2008, 50%)
• Bank Al-Inma (2008, 70%)
• Government Hotels (2005, 100% of King Abdullah International Convention Centre in Jeddah and Ritz Carlton in Riyadh)
• Maaden (2008, 50%)
• National Commercial Bank (2014, 25%)
• Riyad Bank (2008, 58%)
• SABIC (1984, 30%)
• Saudi Arabian Airlines (2006, split into 10 business units, 5 of which were privatized)
• Saudi Electric Company (2000, 26%)
• Saudi Ports (1997, 27 management contracts were given out to various ports around the Kingdom)
• Saudi Real Estate Company (2003, 50%)
• Saudi Telecom Company (2002, 30%)

Singapore

• Port of Singapore Authority (1997)
• Post Office Savings Bank (bought by DBS Bank in 1998 and rebranded as POSBank)
• Singapore Broadcasting Corporation (1994, as the Television Corporation of Singapore; later renamed MediaCorp in 2001) – owned by the government through government-owned investment firms
• Singapore Post – owned by the government through government-owned investment firms
• Singapore Power – owned by the government through government-owned investment firms
• Singapore Telecommunications (1992) – owned by the government through government-owned investment firms

Slovakia

See also: Privatization in Slovakia.

South Africa

See also: Water privatisation in South Africa.

• Iscor – Now known as ArcelorMittal South Africa, the company was privatised in 1989.
• Telkom – Gradually privatised starting with the IPO in 2003. The government currently holds 39%, and is planning on selling its entire stake.

Spain

• Aceralia
• Argentaria
• ENDESA (1988–1998)
• Gas Natural
• Iberia Airlines (2001)
• Indra
• Red Electrica de España
• Repsol (1989–1997)
• Retevision
• SEAT (1986)
• Tabacalera

Sweden

1980s

• ASEA-ATOM (1981) -
• Luxor AB (1984)
• SSAB (1986–1994)
• UV Shipping (1988)

1990s

• AssiDomän
• Celsius
• Cementa
• Enator
• Företagskapital
• Industrikredit AB
• Lantbrukskredit AB
• Nordbanken (partial)
• OK Petroleum
• Pharmacia
• Pharmacia & Upjohn
• SAKAB
• SAQ Kontrol
• SBL Vaccin
• SEMKO
• SSAB (wholly privatised in 1994)
• Stadshypotek AB
• Svalöf Weibull AB
• Svensk Fastighetsvärdering
• Svenska Statens Språkresor AB
• Swedish Real Estate Valuation Corp
• VPC AB

2000s

• Celsius AB
• Grängesbergs Gruvor
• Kurortsverksamhet
• Nordbanken
• OMX – stock exchange – shares sold to Borse Dubai for 2.1 billion SEK.^[24]
• SAKAB
• SGAB
• Svenska Lagerhus
• Svenska
• Vin & Sprit – sold to Pernod Ricard for 5.626 billion euro^[25]

2010s

• Nordea (19.5% owned by Swedish government)^[26]

Planned privatisations

• Apoteket (partial, 2009)^[27]
• SBAB
• SAS (50% owned by Swedish, Danish, Norwegian governments)^[28]
• Telia Sonera^[29] (37.3% owned by the Swedish government)

^[30]

Tanzania

See also: Water privatization in Dar es Salaam.

Turkey

(Listing Scope >US $10 M.)^[31]

1980s

• Ankara Çimento
• Ansan-Meda
• Balikesi̇r Çimento
• Pinarhi̇sar Çimento
• Söke Çimento

1990s

• Adiyaman Çimento
• Anadolubank
• Aşkale Çimento
• Bartin Çimento
• Bozüyük Seramik
• Çİnkur
• Çorum Çimento
• Denİzbank
• Denİzlİ Çimento
• Elaziğ Çimento
• Erganİ Çimento
• Etİbank
• Fİlyos
• Gazİantep Çimento
• Güneş Sigorta Spor Kulübü
• Havaş
• Ipragaz
• İskenderun Çimento
• Kars Çimento
• Konya Krom Man.A.Ş.
• Kümaş
• Kurtalan Çimento
• Ladİk Çimento
• Lalapaşa Çimento
• Metaş
• Petlas
• Ray Sigorta
• Şanliurfa Çimento
• Sİvas Çimento
• Sümerbank
• Trabzon Çimento
• Türk Kablo
• Tofaş S.K.
• Van Çimento Sanayii
• Yarimca Porselen T.A.Ş.

2000s

• Adapazarı Sugar Fac.
• Asİl Çelİk
• Ataköy Hotel
• Ataköy Marina
• Ataköy Tourism
• Başak Insurance
• Başak Retirement Fund
• Bet Kütahya Şeker
• Bursagaz
• Çayelİ Bakir İşl.A.Ş.
• Cyprus Turkish Airlines
• Denİz Naklİyati T.A.Ş.
• Esgaz
• Eti Aluminium
• Etİ Bakir
• Etİ Elektrometalurji
• Etİ Gümüş A.Ş.
• Etİ Krom A.Ş.
• Güven Sİgorta
• Dİv-Han
• Taksan
• Türk Telekom

Ukraine

• Kryvorizhstal

United Arab Emirates

• Damas Jewelry (November 2004, 55% of the company for $224 million)

United Kingdom

See also: Privatisation of London bus services and Water privatisation in England and Wales.

1970s

• British Petroleum (1977, 1979, 1981, 1987)
• International Computers Limited (1979)
• Lunn Poly (1971)
• Rolls-Royce Motors (1973)
• State Management Scheme (1973)
• Thomas Cook (1972)

1980s

• Amersham International (1982)
• Associated British Ports (1983, 1984)
• British Aerospace (1981, 1985)
• British Airports Authority (1987)
• British Airways (1987)
• British Airways Helicopters (1986)
• British Gas (1986)
• British Leyland
  • Alvis (1981)
  • Coventry Climax (1982)
  • Danish Automobile Building (1987)
  • ISTEL (1987)
  • Jaguar (1984)
  • Leyland Bus (1987)
  • Leyland Tractors (1982)
  • Leyland Trucks (1987)
  • Rover Group (1988)
  • Unipart (1987)
• British Rail Engineering Limited (1989)
• British Shipbuilders (1985–1989, shipbuilder companies sold individually)
• British Steel (1988)
• British Sugar (1981)
• British Telecom (1984, 1991, 1993)
• British Transport Hotels (1983)
• Britoil (1982, 1985)
• Cable and Wireless (1981, 1983, 1985)
• Council houses (1980–present, over two million sold to their tenants) – see main article Right to buy scheme
• Enterprise Oil (1984)
• Fairey (1980)
• Ferranti (1982)
• Harland and Wolff (1989)
• Inmos (1984)
• Johnson Matthey Bankers (1986)
• Municipal bus companies (1988–present, bus companies sold individually) – see main article Bus deregulation in Great Britain
• National Bus Company (1986–1988, bus companies sold individually)
• National Express (1988)
• National Freight Corporation (1982)
• Passenger transport executive bus companies (1988–1994, bus companies sold individually)
• Rolls-Royce (1987)
• Royal Ordnance (1987)
• Sealink (1984)
• Travellers Fare (1988)
• Trustee Savings Bank (1985)
• Vale of Rheidol Railway (1989)
• Water companies – see main article Water privatisation in England and Wales
  • Anglian Water (1989)
  • North West Water (1989)
  • Northumbrian Water (1989)
  • Severn Trent (1989)
  • South West Water (1989)
  • Southern Water (1989)
  • Thames Water (1989)
  • Welsh Water (1989)
  • Wessex Water (1989)
  • Yorkshire Water (1989)

1990s

• AEA Technology (1996)
• Agricultural Development and Advisory Service (1997)
• Belfast International Airport (1994)
• Birmingham Airport (1993 – 51%)
• Bournemouth Airport (1995)
• Bristol Airport (1997, 2001)
• British Coal (1994)
• British Energy (1996)
• British Rail – see main article Privatisation of British Rail
  • 3 rolling stock companies:
    • Angel Trains (1996)
    • Eversholt Leasing (1996)
    • Porterbrook (1996)
  • 6 design office units (1995–1997, sold individually)
  • 6 freight operating companies
    • Freightliner (1995)
    • Loadhaul (1996)
    • Mainline Freight (1996)
    • Rail Express Systems (1996)
    • Railfreight Distribution (1997)
    • Transrail Freight (1996)
  • 6 track renewal units (1995–1997, sold individually)
  • 7 infrastructure maintenance units (1995–1997, sold individually)
  • 25 train operating companies (1996, operations contracted out as franchises)
  • British Rail Research (1996)
  • British Rail Telecommunications (1995)
  • European Passenger Services (1996)
  • Railtrack (1996) (18 October 2002 went into voluntary liquidation), now in public ownership as Network Rail
  • Red Star Parcels (1995)
  • Union Railways (1996)
• British Technology Group (1992)
• Building Research Establishment (1997)
• Cardiff Airport (1995)
• Central Electricity Generating Board
  • National Grid (1990)
  • National Power (1991, 1995)
  • Powergen (1991, 1995)
• Chessington Computer Centre (1996)
• Dairy Crest (1996)
• East Midlands Airport (1993)
• Girobank (1990)
• Humberside Airport (1999 – 82%)
• Kingston Communications (1999, 2007)
• Laboratory of the Government Chemist (1996)
• Liverpool Airport (1990, 2001)
• London Buses (1994, bus companies sold individually) – see main article Privatisation of London bus services
• London Luton Airport (1997)
• London Southend Airport (1993)
• Mersey Docks and Harbour Company (1998)
• National Engineering Laboratory (1995)
• National Savings Bank (1999, back office functions contracted out)
• National Transcommunications Limited (1990)
• Natural Resources Institute (1996)
• Northern Ireland Electricity (1993)
• Property Services Agency (1994)
• Regional electricity companies
  • East Midlands Electricity (1990)
  • Eastern Electricity (1990)
  • London Electricity (1990)
  • MANWEB (1990)
  • Midlands Electricity (1990)
  • Northern Electric (1990)
  • NORWEB (1990)
  • SEEBOARD (1990)
  • Southern Electric (1990)
  • SWALEC (1990)
  • SWEB Energy (1990)
  • Yorkshire Electricity (1990)
• Scottish Bus Group (1991, bus companies sold individually)
• Scottish Hydro-Electric (1991)
• Scottish Power (1991)
• Severn Bridge (1992)
• The Stationery Office (1996)
• Student Loans (1998, 1999, 2013, mortgage–style loans)
• Transport Research Laboratory (1996)
• Trust Ports
  • Clyde (1992)
  • Dundee (1995)
  • Forth (1992)
  • Ipswich (1997)
  • Medway (1992)
  • Tees and Hartlepool (1992)
  • Tilbury (1992)

2000s

• Actis (2004, 2012)
• BBC Books (2006 – 85%)
• BBC Broadcast (2005)
• BBC Costumes and Wigs (2008)
• BBC Outside Broadcasts (2008)
• BBC Technology (2004)
• British Nuclear Fuels Limited
  • AWE Management Limited (2008)
  • BNG America (2007)
  • BNG Project Services (2008)
  • Reactor Sites Management Company (2007)
  • Westinghouse Electric Company (2006)
• East Thames Buses (2009)
• Leeds Bradford International Airport (2007)
• National Air Traffic Services (2001 – 51%)
• Newcastle Airport (2001 – 49%)
• Partnerships UK (2000, 2011)
• Qinetiq (2002, 2006, 2008)
• South Eastern Trains (2006)
• Teesside International Airport (2003 – 75%)
• UKAEA Limited (2009)

2010s

• BBC Audiobooks (2010, 2014)
• BBC Magazines (2011)
• Behavioural Insights Team (2014, 2021)
• Bio Products Laboratory (2013, 2016)
• Constructionline (2015)
• Defence Support Group (2015)
• Dr Foster Intelligence (2015)
• East Coast Trains (2015)
• Eurostar International Limited (2015 – 40%)
• Fire Service College (2013)
• Food and Environment Research Agency (2015 – 75%)
• Government Pipelines and Storage System (2015)
• High Speed 1 (2010; sale of concession to operate for 30 years)
• Lloyds Banking Group (2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017)
• Manchester Airports Group (2013 – 35%)
• Marchwood Military Port (2016; sale of concession to operate for 35 years)
• NEC Group (2015)
• Northern Rock (2012)
• Northern Rock (Asset Management) (2016)
• Remploy (2012, 2013, 2015, factory businesses sold individually)
• Royal Bank of Scotland Group (2015, 2018)
• Royal Mail (2013, 2015)
• Student Loans (2017, 2018, income–contingent loans)
• The Tote (2011)
• UK Green Investment Bank (2017)
• Working Links (2016)

2020s

• Bradford & Bingley (2021)
• NatWest Group (2021, 2022, 2023, 2024)
• NRAM Limited (2021)
• Wave Hub (2021)

Privatisations by share offer, 1981–91 From Nigel Lawson, The View from No. 11 (Bantam, 1992).

Date	Company	% of equity initially sold	Proceeds £m
Feb 1981	British Aerospace	51.6	150
Oct 1981	Cable & Wireless	50	224
Feb 1982	Amersham International	100	71
Nov 1982	Britoil	51	549
Feb 1983	Associated British Ports	51.5	22
June 1984	Enterprise Oil	100	392
July 1984	Jaguar	99	294
Nov 1984	British Telecom	50.2	3,916
Dec 1986	British Gas	97	5,434
Feb 1987	British Airways	100	900
May 1987	Rolls-Royce	100	1,363
July 1987	British Airports Authority	100	1,281
Dec 1988	British Steel	100	2,500
Dec 1989	Regional Water Companies	100	5,110
Dec 1990	Electricity Distribution Companies	100	5,092
Mar 1991	National Power and PowerGen	60	2,230
May 1991	Scottish Power and Scottish Hydro Electric	100	2,880

United States

See also: Privatization in the United States.

• Conrail
• Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae)
• Railway Express Agency
• Student Loan Marketing Association (SLM Corporation) (Sallie Mae)

See also

• Nationalization
  • List of nationalizations by country
• Privatization

Further reading

• Book: Parker, David . The Official History of Privatisation Vol. I: The Formative Years, 1970–1987 . Routledge . 2009 . 978-0-415-46916-6.
• Book: Parker, David . The Official History of Privatisation, Vol. II: Popular Capitalism, 1987–97 . Routledge . 2012 . 978-0-415-69221-2.
• Kim . Kunmin . Panchanatham . N. . Reform and Privatization of State-Owned Enterprises in India . 16 December 2019 . Asian Development Bank . 26 August 2021 . Working paper . PDF . en.
• News: Suyi . Kim . India is making the right moves with its mega privatization plan . mint . 21 April 2021 . 26 August 2021 . en.

External links

• Sample Firms Privatized Through Public Share Offerings, 1961-August 2000 – Appendix to Juliet D'Souza, William L. Megginson (1999), "The Financial and Operating Performance of Privatized Firms during the 1990s", Journal of Finance August 1999
• Institute of Mergers, Acquisitions and Alliances (IMAA) M&A – Academic research institute on mergers & acquisitions, including privatization

Notes and References

1. Web site: UNTERNEHMENS INVEST AG Unternehmensprofil auf wienerborse.at.
2. Web site: ORF-Funkhaus geht an Baugruppe Rhomberg. 14 June 2016.
3. Web site: A1 Telekom Austria's radio towers division debuts below reference price - MarketScreener . 22 September 2023 .
4. Web site: ÖBAG und B&C-Gruppe verkaufen Anteile an Vamed AG an Fresenius . 4 June 2024.
5. Amos, Deborah, "In Egypt, Revolution Moves Into The Factories", NPR, 20 April 2011. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
6. http://www.indorama.com/our_group/index.htm "The Indorama Group"
7. http://www.indorama.com/companies/indo_shebin/profile.htm "Indorama Shebin Textiles Co. S.A.E"
8. http://www.abtassociates.com/reports/ES-IA15.pdf "The impact of privatization and policy reforem on the cotton spinning industry in Egypt"
9. http://www.stiaco.com/home.htm STIA Home
10. Web site: Air France - KLM : Capital structure and equity threshold declarations – Shares . 2 June 2012 . 1 June 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120601061501/http://www.airfranceklm-finance.com/en/Shares/Capital-structure-and-equity-threshold-declarations . dead .
11. Web site: European Commission launches investigation into FDJ monopoly . 27 July 2021 .
12. News: France gambles on privatization drive with lottery stake sale . Reuters . 7 November 2019 .
13. Web site: Deutsche Post DHL Group Aktionärsstruktur . www.dpdhl.com . de . 17 February 2024.
14. News: Staat verkauft Telekom-Aktien - Geld soll in Bahn fließen . AG . Deutsche Telekom . de . 4 June 2024.
15. News: Greece completes privatization of gambling monopoly OPAP . Reuters . 12 August 2013.
16. Web site: Winners and losers of HZL privatisation. https://archive.today/20130103165120/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-02-20/india-business/27263364_1_public-sector-privatisation-labour-unions . dead . 3 January 2013 . .
17. http://pepei.pennnet.com/News/Display_News_Story.cfm?Section=WireNews&Category=HOME&NewsID=109120
18. Web site: Enel Raises Eu1.48 Billion . 20 December 2004 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20050430100132/http://investmentsmagazine.com/ManageArticle.asp?C=20&A=7578 . 30 April 2005.
19. News: Unpaid Manila Hotel loans soar to P17B. Philippine Daily Inquirer. 2009-05-06. 2013-09-30.
20. Transportation History Of The Philippines. March 7, 2022.
21. Web site: Sugar Industry History. Sugar Regulatory Administration . May 31, 2013.
22. Web site: POST-REHAB INCOME SURGES; ASSET QUALITY FORTIFIED. PNB Press Release. 2023-06-09.
23. News: Cabangon-Chua group set to take over RPN-9 . August 21, 2014 . August 21, 2014.
24. News: Regeringen har sålt hela OMX-innehavet . 2 May 2008 . Dagens Industri . 15 February 2008.
25. News: Pernod wins auction for Vin & Sprit . 31 March 2008 . The Local . 31 March 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080404034300/http://www.thelocal.se/10800/20080331/ . 4 April 2008.
26. News: Sweden sells remaining stake in Nordea for $3.4 billion . 7 November 2017 . reuters . 25 September 2013.
27. http://www.dn.se/DNet/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=1042&a=735532&rss=554 Regeringen överens om att sälja apotek
28. http://www.scandinavian.net/EC/Appl/Home/FrontDoor/0,3479,LNG%253Dsv%2526SO%253D3F835E583CA54419_8E54125940D43A6B%2526MKT%253DSE,00.html Scandinavian Airlines
29. http://www.privataaffarer.se/newsText.asp?src=pa&a=20780 Privata Affärer – Staten fick 18 miljarder för aktierna i Teliasonera
30. Munkhammar, J. "Försäljning av statliga bolag under tre decennier", Timbro, 2007, Web site: Archived copy . 25 January 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20071020020110/http://www.timbro.se/bokhandel/pdf/000022.pdf . 20 October 2007.
31. Privatization in Turkey, Republic Of Turkey Prime Ministry Privatization Administration, 2010, http://www.oib.gov.tr/program/uygulamalar/privatization_in_turkey.htm