List of prehistoric mammals of Japan explained

This list is of prehistoric mammals known from the fossil record of the Japanese archipelago. For extant mammals from the area, see List of mammals of Japan (which includes the recently extinct species on the IUCN Red List^[1] and its domestic counterpart the Ministry of the Environment Red List^[2]). Other species that have gone extinct in historic times and extant species that have been locally extirpated and no longer form part of the fauna of Japan but are known from the fossil or subfossil record are additionally listed at the bottom of this page.

Mesozoic

Clade	Order	Family	Genus	Species	Horizon	Age
	†"Symmetrodonta"		†Symmetrolestes	†S. parvus Tsubamoto & Rougier, 2004^[3]
			†Hakusanodon	†H. archaeus Rougier et al., 2007^[4]
			†Hakusanobaatar	†H. matsuoi Kusuhashi, 2008^[5]
			†	†T. reini Kusuhashi, 2008
			†	†S. kawaii Kusuhashi & Saegusa, 2013^[6]	Sasayama Group
			†Sorlestes	†S. mifunensis Setoguchi et al., 1999^[7]

Cenozoic

Order	Clade	Family	Genus	Species	Synonyms	Image	Age
				†Coryphodontidae sp.
			†	†Asiocoryphodon sp.
		†	†Trogosus	†Trogosus cf. T. latidens
			†Higotherium	†H. hypsodon Miyata & Tomida, 1998^[8]
			†Gomphotherium	†	Hemimastodon annectens Matsumoto, 1924^[9]
					Bunolophodon yokotii Makiyama, 1938^[10]
			†Sinomastodon	†^[11]	Trilophodon sendaicus Matsumoto, 1924
			†Stegolophodon	†S. pseudolatidens^[12]	Eostegodon pseudolatidens Yabe, 1950^[13]
					Stegolophodon tsudai Shikama & Kirii, 1956^[14]
					Stegolophodon miyokoae Hatai, 1959^[15]
			†Stegodon	†	Stegodon clifti miensis Matsumoto, 1941^[16]
					Stegolophodon shinshuensis Fossil Elephant Research Group, 1979^[17]
					Stegodon bombifrons Itsukaichi Stegodon Research Group, 1980^[18]
					Stegodon cf. elephantoides
				† Aiba, Baba & Matsukawa, 2010^[19]
				†S. aurorae^[20]	Elephas aurorae Matsumoto, 1918^[21]
					Parastegodon? kwantoensis Tokunaga, 1934^[22]
					Parastegodon sugiyamai Tokunaga, 1935^[23]
					Parastegodon akashiensis Takai, 1936^[24]
					Parastegodon infrequens Shikama, 1937^[25]
					Stegodon shodoensis (partim)
				†S. orientalis^[26]	Stegodon orientalis shodoensis Matsumoto, 1924^[27]
			†Palaeoloxodon	†P. naumanni^[28]	Elephas namadicus naumanni Makiyama, 1924^[29]
					Loxodonta (Palaeoloxodon) tokunagai Matsumoto, 1924^[30]
					Elephas indicus buski Matsumoto, 1927^[31]
					Loxodonta (Palaeoloxodon) namadica yabei Matsumoto, 1929^[32]
					Palaeoloxodon yokohamanus Tokunaga, 1934^[33]
					Palaeoloxodon aomoriensis Tokunaga & Takai, 1936^[34]
					Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) namadicus setoensis Makiyama, 1929^[35]
			†Mammuthus	†M. trogontherii^[36] ^[37]	Euelephas protomammonteus Matsumoto, 1924^[38]
					Parelephas protomammonteus proximus Matsumoto, 1926^[39]
					Parelephas protomammonteus typicus Matsumoto, 1926
					Elephas primigenius matsumotoi Dietrich, 1927^[40]
					Parelephas proximus uehataensis Shikama, 1937^[41]
					Archidiskodon paramammonteus shigensis Matsumoto & Ozaki, 1959^[42]
				†M. primigenius^[43]
			†Dusisiren	† Takahashi, Domning & Saito, 1986^[44]
				† Kobayashi, Horikawa & Miyazaki, 1995^[45]
			†Hydrodamalis	†H. spissa Furusawa, 1988^[46]
			†	†A. japonicus Tomida, 2012^[47]
				Ctenodactyloidea sp.
			†Diatomys	†D. shantungensis
			†Steneofiber	†Steneofiber sp.^[48]
			†Youngofiber	†Y. sinensis^[49]	Trogontherium sinensis Young, 1955^[50]
			†Minocastor	†M. godai Mörs, Tomida & Kalthoff, 2016^[51]
			†Euroxenomys	†E. nanus Mörs & Tomida, 2018^[52]
			†Megapeomys	†M. repenningi Tomida, 2011^[53]
			†	†J. yasunoi Kimura et al., 2019^[54]
			Microtus	†M. epiratticepoides Kawamura, 1988^[55]
			Clethrionomys	†C. japonicus Kawamura, 1988
			Cricetulus	Cricetulus sp.
			Niviventer	Niviventer sp.^[56]
			Rattus	†R. miyakoensis Kawaguchi, Kaneko & Hasegawa, 2009^[57]
Primates			†Kanagawapithecus	†	Dolichopithecus (Kanagawapithecus) leptopostorbitalis Iwamoto, Hasegawa & Koizumi, 2005^[58]
				†Sivaladapidae sp.
		†	†	†P. fejfari Oshima, Tomida & Orihara, 2017^[59]
			†Shikamainosorex	† Hasegawa, 1957^[60]
			Anourosorex	†A. japonicus Shikama & Hasegawa, 1958^[61]
			†Pleistomyotis	†P. longihumeralis^[62]
			Myotis	†M. okafujii
				†M. beppuensis
			†Behemotops	†B. katsuiei Inuzuka, 2000^[63]
			†Ashoroa	†A. laticosta Inuzuka, 2000
			†Desmostylus	†D. japonicus Tokunaga & Iwasaki, 1914^[64] ^[65]
			†Paleoparadoxia	†P. tabatai	Cornwallius tabatai Tokunaga, 1939^[66]
				†P. media Inuzuka, 2005^[67]
				Suidae indet.	Palaeochoerus japonicus Takai, 1954^[68]
			†Hyotherium	†H. shanwangense^[69]
			†Entelodon	†E. gobiensis^[70]
				†Dichobunoidea sp.
			†Bothriogenys	†Bothriogenys sp.
			†Bothriodon	†B. sandaensis Tsubamoto et al., 2007^[71]
			†Elomeryx	†E. japonicus^[72]	Brachyodus japonicus Matsumoto, 1925^[73]
			†Sinanodelphis	† Makiyama, 1936^[74]
			†Eodelphinus	†E. kabatensis	Stenella kabatensis Horikawa, 1977^[75]
			†Norisdelphis	† Kimura & Hasegawa, 2020^[76]
			Pseudorca	†P. yokoyamai Matsumoto, 1926^[77]
			Orcinus	†O. paleorca	Orca paleorca Matsumoto, 1937^[78]
			†Kentriodon	† Guo & Kohno, 2021^[79]
				† Ichishima, 1994^[80]
			†Haborodelphis	† Ichishima et al., 2018^[81]
			†Miophocaena	†M. nishinoi Murakami et al., 2012^[82]
			†Archaeophocaena	†A. teshioensis Murakami et al., 2012
			†Pterophocaena	†P. nishinoi Murakami et al., 2012^[83]
			†Haborophocoena	† Ichishima & Kimura, 2005^[84]
				† Ichishima & Kimura, 2009^[85]
			†Numataphocoena	† Ichishima & Kimura, 2000^[86]
			Berardius	†B. kobayashii Kawatani & Kohno, 2021^[87]
			†Ninjadelphis	† Kimura & Barnes, 2016^[88]
			†Awadelphis	†A. hirayamai Murakami, 2016^[89]
			†Miophyseter	†M. chitaensis Kimura & Hasegawa, 2022^[90]
			†Brygmophyseter	†B. shigensis	Scaldicetus shigensis Hirota & Barnes, 1994^[91]
			†Yamatocetus	†Y. canaliculatus Okazaki, 2012^[92]
			†Idiocetus	†I. tsugarensis Matsumoto, 1926
			†Archaeobalaena	† Tanaka, Furusawa & Kimura, 2020^[93]
			†Taikicetus	†T. inouei Tanaka, Ando & Sawamura, 2018^[94]
			†Isanacetus	† Kimura & Ozawa, 2002^[95]
			†Diorocetus	† Yoshida, Kimura & Hasegawa, 2003^[96]
				† Otsuka & Ota, 2008
			†Parietobalaena	† Otsuka & Ota, 2008
			†Hibacetus	† Otsuka & Ota, 2008^[97]
				†J. shimizui Kimura & Hasegawa, 2010^[98]
			Eschrichtius	†E. akishimaensis Kimura, Hasegawa & Kohno, 2018^[99]
				Cervoidea indet.	Amphitragulus minoensis Matsumoto, 1918^[100]
			†Dicrocerus	†D. tokunagai Matsumoto, 1927^[101] ^[102]
			†Cervavus	†C. oweni hirabayashii Tokunaga, 1926^[103]
			†Metaplatyceros	†M. sequoiae Shikama, 1941
			Axis	†A. japonicus^[104]	Cervus (Axis) japonicus Otsuka, 1967^[105]
					Axis kyushuensis^[106]
			Elaphurus	†E. akashiensis	Cervus akasiensis Shikama, 1941^[107]
				†E. bifurcatus shikamai^[108]	Otsuka, 1968^[109]
				†E. davidianus tamaensis	Elaphurus (Elaphurus) tamaensis Shikama & Hasegawa, 1976^[110]
				†E. davidianus menziesianus	Capreolus (Capreolina) mayai Tokunaga & Takai, 1936^[111]
					Elaphurus mayai^[112]
			Cervus	†C. (Nipponicervus) kazusensis	Cervus (Sika) kazusensis Matsumoto, 1926
					Cervus (Deperetia) trassaerti Shikama, 1941
					Cervus (Deperetia) urbanus Shikama, 1941
					Shikama, 1936^[113]
					Cervus (Deperetia) naorai Shikama, 1936^[114]
					Cervus (Nipponicervus?) takaoi Otsuka & Shikama, 1977^[115]
					Cervus (Deperetia) shimabarensis Otsuka, 1967
				†C. astylodon	Muntiacus astylodon Matsumoto, 1926^[116]
					Cervus (Rucervus) riukiuensis Matsumoto, 1926
				†C. greyi katokiyomasai^[117] ^[118]	Cervus (Rucervus) katokiyomasai Shikama & Hasegawa, 1965^[119]
					Cervus (Sika) natsumei Matsumoto, 1938^[120]
					Cervus (Sika) paleoezoensis Otsuka & Shikama, 1977
				†C. kyushuensis	Cervus (Rusa) kyushuensis Otsuka, 1966^[121]
				†C. akiyoshiensis	Cervus (Nipponicervus) akiyoshiensis Otsuka, 1977^[122]
			†Sinomegaceros	†	Cervus (Sinomegaceros) yabei Shikama, 1938^[123]
					Megaceros kinryuensis Matsumoto & Mori, 1956
Megaceros (Sinomegaceros) ordosianus minor Kamei, 1958^[124]
Giraffa (Orasius?) nipponica Matsumoto, 1926^[125]
Capreolus			† Otuka, 1941^[126]	Capreolus miyakoensis Hasegawa, Otsuka & Nohara, 1973^[127]
		Bubalus	Bubalus sp.
		Bison	†	Leptobison hanaizumiensis Matsumoto & Mori, 1956^[128]
			†B. priscus
		Capricornis	†C. (?) nikitini^[129]	Naemorhedus nikitini Shikama, 1949
			†Hyopsodus	†Hyopsodus sp.
				†Brontotheriidae sp.
			†Anchitherium	†Anchitherium aff. A. gobiense^[130]	Anchitherium hypohippoides Matsumoto, 1921
			†	†Isectolophus sp.
				†Schizotheriinae sp.^[131]
			†Plesiocolopirus	†P. grangeri^[132]	Desmatotherium grangeri Tokunaga, 1933^[133]
				†	Colodon kushiroensis Tomida, 1983^[134]
			†Plesiotapirus	†	Palaeotapirus yagii Matsumoto, 1921^[135]
		†	†Hyrachyus	cf. †Hyrachyus sp.
			†Zaisanamynodon	†Zaisanamynodon cf. Z. protheroi
				cf. †Z. borisovi
			†	†A. watanabei	†Amynodon (?) watanabei Tokunaga, 1926^[136]
			†Brachypotherium	†B. pugnator	Teleoceras (Brachypotherium) pugnator Matsumoto, 1921
					Chilotherium pugnator
					Teleoceras (?) kaniensis Tokunaga, 1926
					Teleoceras (?) tokiensis Tokunaga, 1926
			†Plesiaceratherium	†Plesiaceratherium sp.^[137]
			†Stephanorhinus	†S. kirchbergensis^[138]	Dicerorhinus nipponicus [ja] Shikama, 1967^[139]
					Rhinoceros shindoi Tokunaga, 1931^[140]
				†Miacidae sp.
			Panthera	†P. youngi^[141]	Felis youngi
			Felis	†F. microtus
			†Ysengrinia	†Ysengrinia sp.^[142]
			Canis	†C. falconeri^[143]
			Cuon	Cuon sp.^[144]
			Nyctereutes	†N. viverrinus nipponicus Shikama, 1949
			†Parailurus	†Parailurus sp.^[145]
			Meles	†M. mukasianakuma Shikama, 1949
				†M. leucurus kuzuuensis Shikama, 1949
			Martes	† Shikama, 1949^[146]
			†Enhydrictis	†E. (Oriensictis) nipponica	Lutra nipponica Naora, 1968^[147]
					Oriensictis nipponica^[148]
			Mustela	†M. constricta^[149]
				†M. kuzuuensis	Putorius kuzuuensis Shikama, 1949
	Pinnipedia^[150]		†Allodesmus		† Tonomori et al., 2018^[151]
				† Kohno, 1996^[152]
				†A. sinanoensis	Eumetopias sinanoensis Nagao, 1941^[153]
					Megagomphos sinanoensis
					Allodesmus megallos Hirota, 1995^[154]
					Allodesmus sadoensis Hirota, 1995
				†Allodesmus sp.^[155]
			†Thalassoleon	†T. inouei Kohno, 1992^[156]
			†Oriensarctos	†	Eumetopias watasei Matsumoto, 1925^[157]
			Callorhinus	†C. gilmorei^[158]
				Otariidae sp.	Horikawa, 1981^[159]
			†Prototaria	†P. planicephala Kohno, 1994^[160]
				†P. primigena Takeyama & Ozawa, 1984^[161]
			†Pseudotaria	† Kohno, 2006^[162]
			†Archaeodobenus	†A. akamatsui Tanaka & Kohno, 2015^[163]
			†Protodobenus	† Horikawa, 1995^[164]
			Odobenus	† Tomida, 1989^[165]

Historical extinctions and local extirpations

Order	Clade	Family	Genus	Species	Synonyms	Image	Age
			†Hydrodamalis	†H. gigas
			Microtus	M. oeconomus^[166]
				M. fortis
			Myopus	M. schisticolor
			Cervus	C. unicolor^[167]
			Alces	A. alces^[168]
			Moschus	M. moschiferus
			Bos	†B. primigenius
			Panthera	P. pardus
				P. tigris
			Lynx	L. lynx^[169]

Fossil species synonymized with extant or recently extinct species

Order	Clade	Family	Genus	Species	Synonyms	Image	Age
			Sus	S. scrofa^[170]	Sus nipponicus Matsumoto, 1915^[171]
					Sus cf. lydekkeri
				E. caballus^[172]	Equus nipponicus Shikama & Onuki, 1962^[173]
			Ursus	U. arctos^[174]	Ursus tanakai Shikama, 1949
	Pinnipedia		Zalophus	Z. californianus^[175]	Eumetopias (?) kishidai Shikama, 1953^[176]
				†Z. japonicus	Zalophus kimitsensis Matsumoto, 1939^[177]

See also

• List of prehistoric birds of Japan
• Land bridges of Japan

Notes and References

1. Web site: IUCN Red List>Advanced Search>Taxonomy: Mammalia — Red List Category: Extinct — Land Regions: Japan . . 28 June 2022.
2. Web site: https://ikilog.biodic.go.jp/rdbdata/files/redlist2020/redlist2020_honyurui.csv . ja:レッドリスト 哺乳類 . Red List: Mammals . ja . . 27 March 2020 . 28 June 2022.
3. New Early Cretaceous spalacotheriid "symmetrodont" mammal from Japan . Tsubamoto Takahisa . Rougier, Guillermo W. . Isaji Shinji . 2 . . 0567-7920 . 2004 . 49 . 3 . 329–346.
4. An Early Cretaceous mammal from the Kuwajima Formation (Tetori Group), Japan, and a reassessment of triconodont phylogeny . Rougier, Guillermo W. . Isaji Shinji . Manabe, M. . . 2007 . 76 . 2 . 73–115 . 10.2992/0097-4463(2007)76[73:AECMFT]2.0.CO;2. 85626914 .
5. Early Cretaceous multituberculate mammals from the Kuwajima Formation (Tetori Group), central Japan . Kusuhashi Nao . . 0567-7920 . 2008 . 53 . 3 . 379–390. 10.4202/app.2008.0302 . 56378037 .
6. A new Early Cretaceous eutherian mammal from the Sasayama Group, Hyogo, Japan . Kusuhashi Nao . Tsutsumi Yukiyasu . Saegusa Haruo . Horie Kenji . 3 . Proceedings of the Royal Society B . 0962-8452 . 2013 . 280 . 1759 . 20130142 . 10.1098/rspb.2013.0142. 23536594 . 3619506 .
7. An early Late Cretaceous mammal from Japan, with reconsideration of the evolution of tribosphenic molars . Setoguchi Takeshi . Tsubamoto Takehisa . Hanamura Hajime . Hachiya Kiichiro . 2 . . 1342-8144 . 1999 . 3 . 1 . 18–28 . 10.2517/prpsj.3.18. 31 January 2024 .
8. A new tillodont from the early Middle Eocene of Japan and its implication to the subfamily Trogosinae (Tillodontia: Mammalia) . Miyata Kazunori . . Paleontological Research . 1998 . 2 . 1 . 53–66 . 10.2517/prpsj.2.53. 31 January 2024 .
9. ja:日本産マストヾンの二新種(略報) . Preliminary notes on two new species of fossil mastodon from Japan . ja . . Journal of the Geological Society of Tokyo . 0016-7630 . 1924 . 31 . 375 . 395–414 . 10.5575/geosoc.31.375_395. free .
10. Japonic Proboscidea . Makiyama Jirō .

    ja:槇山次郎

    . Memoirs of the College of Science, Kyoto Imperial University. Series B . 0368-8895 . 1938 . 14 . 1 . 1–59 . 2433/257870.
11. ja:「日本の長鼻類化石」とそれ以後 . On Japanese Proboscidean Fossils and views of the studies after that . ja,en . Kamei Tadao .

    ja:亀井節夫

    . Earth Science (Chikyū Kagaku) . 2000 . 54 . 4 . 211–230 . 10.15080/agcjchikyukagaku.54.4_211.
12. Dwarf Stegolophodon from the Miocene of Japan: Passengers on sinking boats . Saegusa Haruo . . 2008 . 182 . 1 . 49–62 . 10.1016/j.quaint.2007.08.001. 2008QuInt.182...49S .
13. Three Alleged Occurrences of Stegolophodon latidens (Clift) in Japan . . Proceedings of the Japan Academy . 0021-4280 . 1950 . 26 . 9 . 61–65 . 10.2183/pjab1945.26.9_61. free .
14. ja:富山県八尾層群産の中新世Stegolophodon . A Miocene Stegolophodon from Yatuo Group in Toyama Prefecture . en,ja . . Kirii Yoshihiro . 304. A Miocene stegolophodon from Yatuo Group in Toyama Prefecture . Transactions and Proceedings of the Paleontological Society of Japan. New Series. 0031-0204 . 1956 . 24 . 24 . 285–289 . 10.14825/prpsj1951.1956.24_285.
15. Discovery of a Miocene elephant molar from the Sennan District, Miyagi Prefecture, northeast Japan . Hatai Kotora .

    ja:畑井小虎

    . Saito Ho-on Kai Museum Research Bulletin . 1959 . 28 . 1–4.
16. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/10835388 . ja:陸中國東磐井郡松川村及其他本邦産ステゴドン及パラステゴドンに就て . On Japanese stegodonts and parastegodonts . ja,en . . Dōbutsugaku zasshi . 0044-5118 . 1941 . 53 . 8 . 385–396.
17. New species of Stegolophodon found from the Shigarami formation, northern part of Nagano prefecture, central Japan . Fossil Elephant Research Group . Earth Science (Chikyū Kagaku) . 0366-6611 . 1979 . 33 . 1 . 11–25 . 10.15080/agcjchikyukagaku.33.1_11.
18. [On Stegodons fossils from Itsukaichi, Nishitama-gun, Tokyo] . ja . Itsukaichi Stegodon Research Group . Bunkazaki No Hogo . 1980 . 12 . 76–91.
19. A new species of Stegodon (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from the Kazusa Group (lower Pleistocene), Hachioji City, Tokyo, Japan and its evolutionary morphodynamics . Aiba, H. . Baba, K. . Matsukawa, M. . . 2010 . 53 . 3 . 471–490 . 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00953.x. 2010Palgy..53..471A . 128161878 .
20. http://id.nii.ac.jp/1504/00000253/ . ja:日本列島産"Parastegodon"属の分類学的再検討 . Systematic revision of the genus "Parastegodon" from the Japanese Islands (Mammalia: Proboscidea) . en,ja . Taruno Hiroyuki . . 1991 . 45 . 5–16.
21. On a New Archetypal Fossil Elephant from Mt. Tomuro, Kaga . . Science Reports of the Tohoku Imperial University. 2nd Series, Geology . 1918 . 3 . 2 . 51–56 . 0082-464X . 10097/30161.
22. ja:横濱市及び神奈川縣柿生村發見の象齒化石に就て . On Fossil Elephant Teeth Found in Yokohama City and Kakio Village, Kanagawa Prefecture . ja . . Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi) . 1934 . 46 . 8 . 363–371 . 10.5026/jgeography.46.363. free .
23. A New Fossil Elephant Found in Shikoku, Japan . . Proceedings of the Imperial Academy . 1935 . 11 . 10 . 432–434 . 10.2183/pjab1912.11.432. 128053908 . free .
24. On a New Fossil Elephant from Okubo-mura, Akashi-gun, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan . Takai Fuyuji . Proceedings of the Imperial Academy . 1936 . 12 . 1 . 19–21 . 10.2183/pjab1912.12.19. free .
25. Parastegodon infrequens sp. nov. from the Akashi district . . Japanese Journal of Geology and Geography . 1937 . 14 . 3–4 . 127–131.
26. ja:トウヨウゾウ・ナウマンゾウの日本列島への移入時期と陸橋形成 . Immigration times of the two proboscidean species, Stegodon orientalis and Palaeoloxodon naumanni, into the Japanese Islands and the formation of land bridge . ja,en . Konishi Shōgo . Yoshikawa Shūsaku . Earth Science (Chikyū Kagaku) . 0366-6611 . 1999 . 53 . 2 . 125–134 . 10.15080/agcjchikyukagaku.53.2_125.
27. ja:日本産ステゴドンの種類(略報) . Species of Stegodon From Japan . ja . . Journal of the Geological Society of Japan . 1924 . 31 . 373 . 323–340 . 10.5575/geosoc.31.373_323. free .
28. ja:日本を代表するゾウ化石 ナウマンゾウ(ふぉっしる) . The Elephant Fossils that Represent Japan: Naumann's Elephant (Palaeoloxodon naumanni) . ja . Kondō Yōichi . Fossils . 0022-9202 . 2006 . 79 . 81–87 . 10.14825/kaseki.79.0_81.
29. Notes on a fossil elephant from Sahamma, Tôtômi . Makiyama Jirō .

    ja:槇山次郎

    . Memoirs of the College of Science, Kyoto Imperial University. Series B . 0368-8895 . 1924 . 1 . 2 . 255–264 . 2433/257670.
30. ja:日本産化石象の種類(略報) . Preliminary note on fossil elephants in Japan . ja . . Journal of the Geological Society of Japan . 0016-7630 . 1924 . 31 . 371 . 255–272 . 10.5575/geosoc.31.371_255. free .
31. On a New Fossil Race of the Asiatic Elephant in Japan . . Science Reports of the Tohoku Imperial University. 2nd Series, Geology . 0082-464X . 1927 . 3 . 57–58 . 10097/30203.
32. On Loxodonta (Palaeoloxodon) namadica Falconer & Cautley in Japan . . Science Reports of the Tohoku Imperial University. 2nd Series, Geology . 0082-464X . 1929 . 13 . 1 . 1–5 . 10097/30215.
33. ja:横濱市及び神奈川縣柿生村發見の象齒化石に就て . Fossil elephant teeth found at Yokohama and Kakio, Kanagawa Prefecture . ja . . Takai Fujuji . Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi) . 1934 . 46 . 8 . 363–371 . 10.5026/jgeography.46.363. free .
34. ja:青森縣七戸町附近の地質と出土の象化石 . Geology in the Vicinity of Shichinohe, Aomori Prefecture, and an Excavated Fossil Elephant . ja . . Takai Fujuji . Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi) . 1936 . 48 . 2 . 67–70 . 10.5026/jgeography.48.67. free .
35. ja:化石動物の學名と國際動物命名規則(つヾき) . Scientific Names of Fossils and the International Rules of zoological Nomencalature (2) . ja . Makiyama Jirō .

    ja:槇山次郞

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56. Small mammalian remains from the late Holocene deposits on Ishigaki and Yonaguni Islands, Southwestern Japan . Nishioka, Y. . Nakagawa, R. . 1 . . 2016 . 55 . 55 . e5 . e5 . 10.6620/ZS.2016.55-05. 31966150 . 6511827 .
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62. Studies on Middle Pleistocene Bats including Pleistomyotis gen. et sp. nov. and Two New Extinct Myotis Species from the Akiyoshi-dai Plateau . Yoon, Myung Hee . Kuramoto Tadashi . Uchida Teru Aki . Bulletin of the Akiyoshi-dai Museum of Natural History . 1984 . 19 . 15–26.
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73. ja:佐世保伊萬里炭田と其地質時代 . The Sasebo Imari Coal Mine and its geologic age . . Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi) . 1925 . 37 . 10 . 557–567 . 10.5026/jgeography.37.557. free .
74. Sinanodelphis izumidaensis, a new Miocene dolphin of Japan . Makiyama Jirō .

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81. First monodontid cetacean (Odontoceti, Delphinoidea) from the early Pliocene of the north-western Pacific Ocean . Ichishima Hiroto . Furusawa Hitoshi . 1 . . 2019 . 5 . 2 . 323–342 . 10.1002/spp2.1244. 2019PPal....5..323I . 134689324 .
82. Two new extinct basal phocoenids (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Delphinoidea), from the upper Miocene Koetoi Formation of Japan and their phylogenetic significance . Murakami Mizuki . Shimada Chieko . 1 . . 2012 . 32 . 5 . 1172–1185 . 10.1080/02724634.2012.694337. 2012JVPal..32.1172M . 84268028 .
83. A new basal porpoise, Pterophocaena nishinoi (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Delphinoidea), from the upper Miocene of Japan and its phylogenetic relationships . Murakami Mizuki . Shimada Chieko . 1 . . 2012 . 32 . 5 . 655–664 . 10.1080/02724634.2012.677299 . 23251307. 2012JVPal..32.1157M . 86825231 .
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87. The oldest fossil record of the extant genus Berardius (Odontoceti, Ziphiidae) from the Middle to Late Miocene boundary of the western North Pacific . Kawatani Ayako . Kohno Naoki . . 2054-5703 . 2021 . 8 . 3 . 201152 . 201152 . 10.1098/rsos.201152. 33959310 . 8074928 . 2021RSOS....801152K .
88. New Miocene fossil Allodelphinidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Platanistoidea) from the North Pacific Ocean . Kimura Toshiyuki 木村敏之 . Barnes, Lawrence G. . . 1342-4092 . 2016 . 20 . 1–58.
89. A new extinct inioid (Cetacea, Odontoceti) from the Upper Miocene Senhata Formation, Chiba, central Japan: the first record of Inioidea from the North Pacific Ocean . Paleontological Research . 1342-8144 . 2016 . 20 . 3 . 207–225 . 10.2517/2015PR031. Murakami . Mizuki . 132209924 .
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93. A new member of fossil balaenid (Mysticeti, Cetacea) from the early Pliocene of Hokkaido, Japan . Tanaka Yoshihiro . Furusawa Hitoshi . Kimura Masaichi . . 2054-5703 . 2020 . 7 . 4 . 192182 . 192182 . 10.1098/rsos.192182. 32431893 . 7211833 . 2020RSOS....792182T .
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113. ja:本邦産化石鹿の一新種ニホンムカシジカ(Cervus(cfr., Anoglochis) Praenipponicus sp. nov.)に就いて . On a New Species of Fossil Deer (Cervus (cfr. Anoglochis) praenipponicus sp. nov.) from Japan . ja . . Journal of the Geological Society of Japan . 1936 . 43 . 510 . 168–176 . 10.5575/geosoc.43.168. free .
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