List of portmanteaus explained

This is a selection of portmanteau words.

Animals

• Hvaldimir, from Norwegian hval (whale) and Russian President Vladimir Putin
• lorikeet, from lory and parakeet^[1]

Hybrids

• cattalo, from cattle and buffalo
• donkra, from donkey and zebra (progeny of donkey stallion and zebra mare) cf. zedonk below
• llamanaco, from llama and guanaco^[2]
• wholphin, from whale and dolphin
• zorse, from zebra and horse (progeny of zebra stallion and horse mare) cf. hebra above

Cats

• leopon, from leopard and lion
• liger, from lion and tiger (progeny of male lion and tigress) cf. tiglon/tigon below
• tigon, from tiger and lion (progeny of male tiger and lioness) cf. liger above

Mixed breeds

Dogs

See main article: List of dog crossbreeds.

• cockapoo, from cocker spaniel and poodle (with influence from cockatoo)
• goldendoodle, from golden retriever and poodle ("doodle" in reference to the Labradoodle)
• Labradoodle, from Labrador retriever and poodle

Fictional

• crocoduck, from crocodile and duck^[3]
• Pajanimals, from pajamas and animals

Art, literature and entertainment

• animanga, from anime and manga
• celebrity, from celebration and personality
• disasterpiece, from disaster and masterpiece^[4]
• mockumentary, from mock and documentary
• newscast, from news and broadcast
• nonebrity, from nonentity and celebrity^[5]
• reprography, from reproduce and photography
• sitcom, from situational comedy
• Spraycation, from vacation and spraypainting coined by the anonymous English Street artist Banksy for the title of his summer 2021 series of works "A Great British Spraycation"^[6]

Fashion and apparel

• crossplay, from crossdressing and cosplay^[7]
• jeggings, from jeans and leggings

Cuisine

• brunch, from breakfast and lunch
• Buffaranch, from Buffalo sauce and ranch dressing^[8]
• Chocodile, from chocolate and crocodile
• cronut, from croissant and donut
• glutose, from glucose and fructose
• gooducken, from goose, duck, and chicken
• Hanch, from hot sauce and ranch dressing^[9]
• Honeyracha, from honey and sriracha^[10]
• Ketchili, from ketchup and sweet chili sauce^[8]
• Kranch, from ketchup and ranch dressing^[11]
• Lymon, from lime and lemon^[12]
• Mayocue, from mayonnaise and barbecue^{[13] [14] [15]}
• Mayomust, from mayonnaise and mustard
• Mayoracha, from mayonnaise and sriracha^[16]
• sconut, from scone and donut
• Tarchup, from tartar sauce and ketchup^[9]
• tofurkey, from tofu and turkey
• turducken, from turkey, duck, and chicken
• Wasabioli, from wasabi and aioli^[9]

Hybrids

• broccoflower, from broccoli and cauliflower
• Brusselkale, from Brussels sprouts and kale
• caulini, from cauliflower and broccolini
• celtuce, from celery and lettuce
• citrange, from citron and orange
• citrangequat, from citrange and kumquat
• citrumelo, from citrus and pommelo
• garlion, from garlic and onion
• Grāpple, from grape and apple
• Kinnow, from 'King' (Citrus nobilis) and 'Willow Leaf' (Citrus × deliciosa)
• lemonquat, from lemon and kumquat
• limequat, from Key lime and kumquat
• mandelo, from mandarin orange and pommelo
• orangequat, from orange and kumquat
• parsnip, from Pastinaca and turnip^[17] (though often confused with parsley root leftover after the leaves and stems have been snipped)
• peacherine, from peach and nectarine
• peacotum, from peach, apricot and plum
• pineberry, from pineapple and strawberry
• pluot, from plum and apricot
• pomato, from potato and tomato
• procimequat, from primitive Hong Kong kumquat and limequat
• sunchoke, from sunflower and artichoke
• tangelo, from tangerine and pomelo
• tomacco, from tomato and tobacco, coined on The Simpsons, "E-i-e-i-(Annoyed Grunt)"
• topepo, from tomato and sweet pepper
• triticale, from Triticum (wheat) and Secale (rye)
• yuzuquat, from yuzu and kumquat

General

• advergame, from advertising and game
• baffound, from baffle and confound
• balloonacy, from balloon and lunacy
• blizzaster, from blizzard and disaster
• boldacious, from bold and audacious
• brainiac, from brain and maniac
• burble, from bubble and gurgle^{[18] [19]}
• cablegram, from cable and telegram
• carbage, from car and garbage
• Chinarello, from China and Pinarello (used to describe a counterfeit Pinarello racing bike)^[20]
• chuggers, from charity and muggers
• complisult, from compliment and insult
• cosplay, from costume and play
• disastrophe, from disaster and catastrophe
• drunkorexia, from drunk and anorexia
• dumbfound, from dumb and confound
• electrocute, from electric and execute
• Farmageddon, from farm and Armageddon, title of book
• flimmer, from flicker and glimmer
• flounder, from flounce and founder or founder and blunder^[21]
• fluff, from flue and puff
• foolosophy, from fool and philosophy
• glamping, from glamour and camping
• glasphalt, from glass and asphalt
• globesity, from global and obesity
• Japanglish, Japanese and English mixed up to humorous effect (cf. Chinglish, Spanglish, Franglais)^{[22] [23]}
• mangina, from man and vagina^[24]
• medevac, medical evacuation^[25]
• motel, from motor and hotel
• Movember, from moustache and November
• needcessity, from need and necessity
• prissy, from prim and fussy (or sissy)
• scribacious, from scribe and loquacious
• sexcellent, from sex and excellent^[26]
• sexting, from sex and texting
• shamateur, from sham and amateur
• shiksappeal, from shiksa and appeal
• simulcasting, from simultaneous broadcasting
• slimsy, from slim and flimsy
• slithy, from slimy and lithe (coined by Lewis Carroll)
• smog, from smoke and fog^[27]
• smothercate, from smother and suffocate^[27]
• Snowmageddon, from snow and Armageddon^[27]
• solemncholy, from solemn and melancholy^[27]
• splatter, from splash and spatter
• squarson, from squire and parson^[27]
• squirl, from squiggle and twirl or whirl^[27]
• stash, from store or stow and cache
• staycation, from stay and vacation^[27]
• telethon, from television and marathon
• transbian, from transgender and lesbian^[28]
• twirl, from twist and whirl
• twunk, from twink and hunk^{[29] [30]}

Internet and computing

• brogrammer, from bro and programmer^[31]
• listicle, from list and article
• machinima, from machine and cinema^[32]
• Pokémon, from pocket and monster
• textonym, from text and synonym^[27]
• vortal, from vertical and portal^[27]
• Microsoft, from microcomputer and software^[33]

Organizations and companies

• Alstom, from Alsace and Thompson-Houston
• Amtrak, from American and track
• Bapes, from bathing and ape
• Calutron, from California University Cyclotron
• Citizendium, from Citizens' Compendium
• Conservapedia, from conservative and Wikipedia
• Dash (cryptocurrency), from Digital and Cash
• Ecosia, from ecology and Acacia
• Edexcel, from educational and excellence
• Emergen-C, from emergency and vitamin C
• Extell, from excellence and intelligence
• Froogle, from frugal and Google
• Fruitopia, from fruit and utopia
• Fudgsicle, from fudge and popsicle
• Funimation, from fun and animation
• Garmin, from Gary Burrell and Min Kao
• Googleplex, from Google and complex (meaning a complex of buildings)
• Groupon, from group and coupon
• Ideanomics, from idea and economics
• Imagineering, from Imagine (or Imagination) and Engineering
• LATAM, from Lan Airlines and TAM Airlines
• Lenovo, from Legend and "novo" (Latin ablative for "new")
• Medi-Cal, California's name for their Medicaid program, from medical and California
• Medicaid, from medicine/medical and aid
• Medicare, from medicine/medical and care
• Netflix, from internet and flicks (slang for movie)
• Nikon, from Nippon Kōgaku and Ikon
• Pinterest, from pin and interest
• Poo-Pourri, from poo and potpourri
• Popsicle, from lollipop and icicle
• Qualcomm, from Quality and Communications
• RuPay, from rupee and payment
• Rustoleum, from rust and linoleum
• Spotify, from spot and identify
• Teletoon, from television and cartoon
• Toonami, from cartoon and tsunami
• Toshiba, from Shibaura Seisaku-sho and Tokyo Denki
• Travelocity, from travel and velocity
• Triscuit, from electricity and biscuit
• Venezuelanalysis, from Venezuela and analysis
• Verizon, from veritas (Latin for truth) and horizon
• Victorinox, from Victoria (the company founder's mother) and inox (stainless steel)
• Unilever, from Margarine Unie and Lever Brothers
• Wikimedia, from Wikipedia and media
• Wikipedia, from wiki and encyclopedia
• Yelp, from yellow pages and help
• Yosicle, from yogurt and popsicle

Places

See main article: List of geographic portmanteaus.

• AfPak, from Afghanistan and Pakistan
• Afrabia, from Africa and Arabia
• Afro-Eurasia, from Africa, Europe, Asia
• Arlandria, from Arlington, VA and Alexandria, VA
• Australasia, from Australia and Asia
• Autopia, attraction in Disneyland, from automobile and utopia
• Benelux, from Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg
• Birome, from Bickham and Jerome Cartwright, landowners
• BosWash, from Boston and Washington, D.C.
• Brockton, from Brant, Greenock and Walkerton
• Calexico, from California and Mexico
• Calistoga, from California and Saratoga
• Canwood, from Canadian woodlands
• Chambana, from Champaign and Urbana
• Chiberia, from Chicago and Siberia
• Chindia, from China and India
• Chiraq, from Chicago and Iraq
• Chimerica, from China and America
• Clerval, from claire vallée, French for "clear valley"
• Cotai, from Coloane and Taipa
• Czechoslovakia, from Czechia and Slovakia
• Dalworthington Gardens, a city in north Texas, from Dallas, Fort Worth, Arlington
• Delmarva, from Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia
• Delran Township, from the Delaware River and Rancocas Creek
• Donbas, from Donets coal basin
• Eurabia, from Europe and Arabia
• Eurasia, from Europe and Asia
• Fairborn, from Fairfield and Osborn
• Gerbangkertosusila, from Gresik, Bangkalan, Mojokerto, Surabaya, Sidoarjo, Lamongan
• Glenbard, from Glen Ellyn and Lombard
• Harvey Cedars, from harvest and cedars
• Hillcrest, from Country Club Hills and Hazel Crest
• Hollansburg, from Hollaman and Harland, landowners
• Hotlanta, from hot and Atlanta
• Illiana, from Illinois and Indiana
• Indialantic, from Indian River Lagoon and the Atlantic Ocean
• Irrigon, from irrigation and Oregon
• Jabodetabek, from Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, Bekasi
• Jardee, from Jardanup and Deeside
• Kanorado, from Kansas And Colorado
• Kanwaka Township and Kanwaka, from the Kansas and Wakarusa Rivers
• Kentuckiana, from Kentucky and Indiana
• Kormak, from Charles Korpela and Oscar Maki, settlers
• Manchattan, from Manchester and Manhattan^[34]
• Mexicali, from Mexico and California
• Michiana, from Michigan and Indiana
• Navelencia, from navel and Valencia oranges
• NyLon (the concept, not the plastic), from New York City and London
• Nylonkong, from New York City, London, and Hong Kong
• Ohaton, from the Osler, Hammond and Nanton company
• Pennsyltucky, from Pennsylvania and Kentucky
• Poictesme, from the two French towns Poitiers and Angoulême, used in a number of novels by James Branch Cabell
• Sauk Prairie, from Sauk City and Prairie du Sac
• Scarberia, from Scarborough and Siberia
• SeaTac and Sea-Tac Airport, from Seattle and Tacoma
• Senegambia, from Senegal and Gambia
• Stravenue, from street and avenue
• Tamiami, from Tampa and Miami
• Tanzania, from Tanganyika and Zanzibar
• Taxachusetts, from taxation and Massachusetts
• Texarkana, from Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana
• Texoma, from Texas and Oklahoma
• The Tridge, from Tri-Cities and bridge
• Valsetz, from the Valley and Siletz Railroad, now a ghost town
• Vansterdam, from Vancouver and Amsterdam
• WaKeeney, from Warren, Keeney, & Co.
• Willowick, from Willoughby and Wickliffe, OH
• Woolaroc, from woods, lakes and rocks

Politics

• agitprop, from agitation and propaganda
• beurgeois, from beur and bourgeois
• Cocacolonization, from Coca-Cola and colonization^[27]
• copaganda, from cop and propaganda
• democrazy, from democracy and crazy^[35]
• Demoncrat, from demon and Democrat
• Eracism, from erase and racism
• feminazi, from feminist and Nazi
• Gerrymander, from Elbridge Gerry and salamander^{[36] [27]}
• kayaktivism, from kayaks and activism
• Merkozy, from Angela Merkel and Nicolas Sarkozy
• Obamacare, from Barack Obama and healthcare
• Obamney, from Barack Obama and Mitt Romney
• precariat, from precarious and proletariat
• Putler, from Vladimir Putin and Adolf Hitler^[37]
• Rashism, from Russia and fascism
• Republicant, from Republican and can't
• Ruthanasia, from Ruth Richardson and euthanasia
• squirearchy, from squire and hierarchy^[27]
• Trumponomics, from Donald Trump and economics (see Reaganomics)
• Trumpster diving, from Donald Trump and dumpster diving
• Trumpster fire, from Donald Trump and dumpster fire
• warphans from war and orphans
• wikiality, from Wikipedia and reality
• Zupta, from Jacob Zuma and Gupta

Economics

• Abenomics, from Shinzō Abe and economics
• Bidenomics, from Joe Biden and economics
• Clintonomics, from Bill Clinton and economics
• Freakonomics, from freak and economics
• Moneygeddon, from money and Armageddon (permanent scare of financial crises)^[27]
• precariat, from precarious and proletariat
• Reaganomics, from Ronald Reagan and economics
• Rogernomics, from Roger Douglas and economics
• Rubinomics, from Robert Rubin and economics
• shrinkflation, from shrink and inflation
• stagflation, from stagnation and inflation^[27]
• tipflation, from tipping and inflation
• tokenomics, from token and economics
• Trussonomics, from Liz Truss and economics
• Volfefe index, from volatility and covfefe
• Orbanomics, from Viktor Orbán and economics

Movements

• agrihood, from agriculture and neighborhood
• Berniecrat, from Bernie Sanders and Democrat
• Blexit, from black and exit
• Brexit, from Britain and exit (with regards to leaving the EU)
• Chrislam, from Christianity and Islam
• Czexit, from Czech Republic and exit
• Danexit, from Dane and exit
• Dixiecrat, from Dixie and Democrat
• Fixit, from Finland and exit (with regards to leaving the EU)
• Frexit, from France and exit
• Grexit, from Greece and exit
• Huxit, from Hungary and exit
• Lexit, from left and Brexit
• Nexit, from Netherlands and exit
• Qultists, from QAnon and cultists
• regrexit, from regret and Brexit
• Roexit, from Romania and exit
• Texit, from Texas and exit
• thinspiration, from thin and inspiration
• Trumpanzees, from Donald Trump and chimpanzees

Sciences

• abzyme, from antibody and enzyme
• alkyd, from alkyl (alcohol) and id (acid or anhydride)
• ampacity, from ampere and capacity
• aquaponics, from aquaculture and hydroponics
• atomaniac, from atom and maniac
• biomarker, from biological and marker
• bionics, from biology and electronics
• botox, from botulinum and toxin^[38]
• brinicle, from brine and icicle
• caplet, from capsule and tablet^[39]
• carborundum, from carbon and corundum
• cermet, from ceramic and metal
• chemokine, from chemotactic and cytokine
• clopen set, from closed-open set
• contrail, from condensation and trail
• cryptochrome, from cryptogam and chromatic^[40]
• cultivar, from cultivated and variety
• cyborg, from cybernetic and organism
• diabesity, from diabetes and obesity
• digipeater, from digital and repeater
• electret, from electricity and magnet^[27]
• endorphin, from endogenous and morphine
• fogponics, from fog and aeroponics
• genome, from gene and chromosome^{[41] [42]}
• geofact, from geological and artifact
• gleeking, from sublingual gland and leaking
• glocalization, from globalization and local^[27]
• glymphatic system, from glial and lymphatic
• grism, from grating and prism
• guesstimate, from guess and estimate
• Henipavirus, from Hendra virus and Nipah virus
• hermaphrodite, from Hermes and Aphrodite
• lavacicle, from lava and icicle
• lidar, from light and radar
• mafic, from magnesium and ferric
• melatonin, from melanin and serotonin
• memristor, from memory and transistor
• mesohigh, from mesoscale and high-pressure area
• mesolow, from mesoscale and low-pressure area
• mesonet, from mesoscale and network
• Nastronaut, from NASA and astronaut
• nutraceutical, from nutrition and pharmaceutical
• parsec, from parallax and arcsecond
• pellistor, from pellet and resistor
• permaculture, from permanent and agriculture or culture
• petrochemical, from petroleum and chemical
• posistor, from positive and thermistor
• positron, from positive and electron
• prion, from protein and infection
• proteome, from proteins and genome
• pulsar, from pulsating and quasar
• purine, from pure and urine
• quoats, from quality and oats
• radome, from radar and dome
• redox, from reduction and oxidation
• resorcin, from resin and orcin
• rusticle, from rust and icicle
• sedge, from saw-like and edge
• Snuppy, from SNU and puppy
• spintronic, from spin and electronics
• sporabola, from spore and parabola
• stiction, from static and friction
• surfactant, from surface active agent
• synzyme, from synthetic and enzyme
• telematics, from telecommunications and informatics
• thermistor, from thermal and resistor
• tripledemic, from triple and pandemic
• trivection, from triple and convection
• twindemic, from twin and pandemic
• urinalysis, from urine and analysis
• vitamer, from vitamin and isomer
• vitamin, from vita and amine
• warfarin, from WARF (Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation) and coumarin
• wavicle, from wave and particle

Sports and fitness

• athleisure, from athletic and leisure
• boxercise, from boxing and exercise
• dancercise, from dancing and exercise
• Deaflympics, from deaf and Olympics
• exercycle, from exercise and bicycle
• flymph, from fly (fishing) and nymph
• gun fu, from gun and kung fu
• gymcel, from gym and incel
• Gymkata, from gymnastics and karate
• Gymkhana, from gymnasium and Jama'at Khana
• heelies, from heel and wheelie
• heliskiing, from helicopter and skiing
• Jazzercise, from jazz and exercise
• Mobot, from Mo (Farah) and robot
• Motocross, from motorcycle and cross country
• Monzanapolis, from Monza and Indianapolis
• Paralympics, from parallel (originally paraplegic) and Olympics
• parasailing, from parachute and sailing
• plogging, from “plocka” (Swedish “pick up”) and jogging
• Prancercise, from prance and exercise
• scorigami, from score and origami^[43]
• SerAndy, from Serena Williams and Sir Andy Murray^[44]
• slurve, from slider and curve (baseball pitches)
• snuba, from snorkel and scuba
• squipper, from survival, equipment, and fitter
• TaeBo, from Taekwondo and boxing
• twi-night, from twilight and night
• wallyball, from wall and volleyball

See also

• List of acronyms
• List of lishes
• Syllabic abbreviation

External links

• Wiktionary - English blends

Notes and References

1. Web site: lorikeet . Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary . 8 February 2024 . en.
2. Lescrauwaet Vandenabiile . Anne-Cathèrine Marie Marc . Primera cruza interespecífica de Llama (Lama glama) y Guanaco (Lama guanicoe) como opción innovadora en la ganadería productiva de la Región de Magallanes, Chile . Observatorio para la Innovación Silvoagropecuaria y la Cadena Agroalimentaria . 1 Oct 1997 . 18 Nov 2021 .
3. Book: Keywords for Children's Literature, Second Edition. Philip Nel. Lissa Paul. Nina Christensen. New York University Press. 2021-01-12. 9781479885435. 10.18574/nyu/9781479885435.001.0001. 100. 250103127 .
4. News: 11 Portmanteaus To Use In Your Day To Day. en. BuzzFeed. October 24, 2013. July 20, 2021.
5. Ian MacKenzie. Lexical innovation: cromulently embiggening a language. Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses. 27. 2011-11-15. 10.14198/raei.2014.27.06. 91–105. free. 10045/46815. free.
6. News: Banksy-style pieces appear in Gorleston, Great Yarmouth and Lowestoft. BBC News. 2021-08-07. 2021-08-09.
7. Web site: Baker-Whitelaw. Gavia. January 16, 2017. What is crossplay?. July 20, 2021. The Daily Dot. Complex Media, Inc..
8. Web site: Pomranz. Mike. 2021-03-29. Buffaranch and Sweet Ketchili Are Heinz's Latest Condiment Mashups to Hit U.S. Shelves. 2021-11-13. Food & Wine. en.
9. Web site: Pomranz. Mike. 2021-03-19. Heinz Unveils 'Tarchup,' 'Wasabioli,' and 'Hanch' in Canada. 2021-11-13. Food & Wine. en.
10. Web site: Salaky. Kristin. 2020-01-08. Exclusive: HoneyRacha Is The Heinz Condiment Mash-Up We've Been Waiting For. 2021-11-13. Delish.com. en.
11. News: Heinz Launches 'Kranch'. Martin. Rachel. 5 April 2019. NPR. 2019-04-07. en-US.
12. Web site: Subliminal ads with a twist of lymon. Bing. Jonathan. June 12, 2006. Variety. en. July 15, 2019. July 15, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190715172544/https://variety.com/2006/scene/columns/subliminal-ads-with-a-twist-of-lymon-1200337893/. live.
13. News: Where's the best place to hit the Heinz? 7 fun facts as ketchup maker turns 150 this year. Meyer. Zlati. 26 March 2019. USA Today. 2019-03-30. en-US.
14. News: America Spits In Face Of Sauce Gods By Inventing "Mayocue" & "Mayomust". Tyeson. Cam. 3 June 2019. Pedestrian TV. 2019-03-30. en-US.
15. News: Heinz turns 150: Some fun facts about the iconic ketchup maker. Meyer. Zlati. 26 March 2019. Chicago Sun-Times. 2019-03-30. en-US.
16. Web site: Morillo. Alexis. 2020-02-25. Heinz Is Reportedly Releasing A Mayoracha Sauce This Year That Combines Mayonnaise And Sriracha In One Handy Bottle. 2021-11-13. Delish.com. en.
17. Encyclopedia: parsnip . Lexico Dictionaries (Powered by Oxford) . 2019-11-06 . 2019-11-06 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191106212227/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/parsnip . dead .
18. Carroll, Lewis (2009) Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass "Explanatory notes"; Editor: Hunt, Peter. OUP Oxford. p. 283. References the Oxford English Dictionary (1530).
19. Lewis Carroll, Letter to Maud Standen, December 1877
20. Web site: When is a Pinarello not a Pinarello? When it is a Chinarello Bicycle Business BikeBiz . www.bikebiz.com . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160421092955/http://www.bikebiz.com/news/read/when-is-a-pinarello-not-a-pinarello-when-it-is-a-chinarello/019438 . 2016-04-21.
21. Encyclopedia: flounder . Lexico Dictionaries (Powered by Oxford) . 2020-01-16 . 2019-06-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190623040841/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/flounder . dead .
22. Web site: "Japanglish". Living Language Expert Forums. Sakura. 4 November 2017. en.
23. Web site: Mace. Lennie. JAPANGLISH ジャパングリッシュ dictionary & MORE. Japanglish. 4 November 2017. en.
24. Web site: Men's Rights Activists are cave dwelling idiots | British GQ . 2016-07-27 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171020055230/http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/mens-rights-activists-meninism-mra-feminism . 2017-10-20 . dead .
25. Web site: Medevac. 9 July 2024 . Merriam-Webster.
26. Book: Maciej Widawski. African American Slang A Linguistic Description. Cambridge University Press. March 2015. 9781139696562. 10.1017/CBO9781139696562. Forms. 53.
27. Book: Globalistics and Globalization Studies: Global Transformations and Global Future. Olga Kornienko, Grinin L, Ilyin I, Herrmann P, Korotayev A. 220–225. 978-5-7057-5026-9. 2016. Volgograd. Uchitel Publishing House. Social and Economic Background of Blending. https://www.socionauki.ru/upload/socionauki.ru/book/files/globalistics_and_globalization_studies_5_en/220-225.pdf.
28. Blain . Virginia . January 2004 . Queer Empathy: or, Reading/Writing the Queer in Victorian Poetry . Literature Compass . 1 . 1 . . 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2004.00059.x.
29. Web site: 2019-12-06 . "TWUNK": Here's What This Word Really Means . 2022-05-12 . en-US . Linguaholic.com.
30. Web site: L. Maki . Justin . 2017 . Gay Subculture Identification: Training Counselors to Work With Gay Men . 2022-05-12 . www.counseling.org.
31. News: MacMillan. Douglas. The Rise of the 'Brogrammer'. https://web.archive.org/web/20120304081438/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-03-01/the-rise-of-the-brogrammer. dead. March 4, 2012. 8 January 2014. Bloomberg Businessweek. 1 March 2012.
32. Lowood . Henry . McPherson . Tara . 30 November 2007 . Digital Youth, Innovation, and the Unexpected . Found technology: Players as Innovators in the making of machinima . MIT Press . 9780262633598 . 956324397 . 10.1162/dmal.9780262633598.165 . 183 . 2024-03-20 . 20.500.12657/26087 . free.
33. Web site: Johanns . Kate . 2018-01-05 . The Origin of the Name "Microsoft" . 2024-04-04 . Smarter MSP . en-US.
34. Web site: Wainwright. Oliver. 2019-10-21. Welcome to Manc-hattan: how the city sold its soul for luxury skyscrapers . 2023-07-17. The Guardian. en.
35. Book: Barrett, Grant . The Oxford Dictionary of American Political Slang . registration . 2006 . Oxford University Press . 91 . 9780195304473.
36. Web site: Gerrymandering: How drawing jagged lines can impact an election - Christina Greer . https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/YcUDBgYodIE . 2021-12-22 . live. . TED-Ed. 25 October 2012 .
37. Web site: The war in Ukraine has reintroduced these words and phrases into our vocabulary . NPR . 21 March 2022 . Chappell . Bill .
38. Web site: Jones . Meghan . 27 May 2022 . 18 Portmanteau Words You Never Thought Of . . Pleasantville NY . 21 December 2023.
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