List of political scandals in the Philippines explained

The following are a list of political scandals in the Philippines.

1960s

DateBranchDepartmentPartyPeople InvolvedSummarySource
March 2, 1962All BranchesDepartment of JusticeMultiple parties

See also: Stonehill scandal.

Harry Stonehill, DOJ Sec. Jose W. Diokno, Pres. Diosdado Macapagal, Ferdinand Marcos, et al.Stonehill controversy – involving American businessman Harry Stonehill with a $50-million business empire in the Philippines;
1968Jabidah massacre – the murder of an estimated 28 to 68 Moro Muslims, who were clandestinely being trained on the island of Corregidor to instigate a rebellion in Sabah, Malaysia.

1970s

DateBranchDepartmentPartyPeople InvolvedSummarySource
1970ExecutiveOffice of the PresidentKilusang Bagong LipunanFerdinand MarcosDovie Beams Tapes Scandal – sex scandal involving Pres. Ferdinand Marcos
1972ExecutiveOffice of the PresidentKilusang Bagong LipunanFerdinand MarcosRolex 12 – controversy involving Pres. Ferdinand Marcos' favoring certain Generals to propagate his terms of office.
1973 - 1982ExecutiveOffice of the PresidentKilusang Bagong LipunanFerdinand MarcosCoco Levy Fund Scam – controversy involving Pres. Ferdinand Marcos and his cronies for conspired to tax coconut farmers.

1980s

DateBranchDepartmentPartyPeople InvolvedSummarySource
1981Imelda MarcosManila Film Center Accident and cover up.
1984 (2012)ExecutiveMinistry of EnergyFerdinand Marcos, Herminio DisiniBataan Nuclear Power Plant bribery and graft case.
1986First LadyKilusang Bagong LipunanImelda MarcosImelda Marcos' shoe collection
ExecutiveOffice of the PresidentKilusang Bagong LipunanFerdinand MarcosMarcos scandals – incidents of alleged corruption linked to Japanese Official Development Assistance to the Philippines during the Marcos' administration.
1986Operation Big Bird, 1986 – the bungled plan of the Philippine Government to retrieve the unexplained wealth of the Marcos family in Swiss banks.

1990s

DateBranchDepartmentPartyPeople InvolvedSummarySource
1993Local GovernmentProvinceAntonio SanchezMayor Antonio Sanchez caseinvolving the then-mayor of Calauan, Laguna in the rape and murder of Eileen Sarmenta, a UP Los Baños student, and the murder of Sarmenta's friend, Allan Gomez.
1995ExecutiveOffice of the PresidentLakas–NUCDFidel RamosPEA Amari Scam – Pres. Fidel V. Ramos was accused of corruption in the controversial deal that involved the acquisition of 158 hectares of reclaimed land on Manila Bay that was to be converted into so-called Freedom Islands.[2]
1998ExecutiveOffice of the PresidentPMPJoseph EstradaSubic Bay Leadership Dispute – Pres. Joseph Estrada's Executive Order No. 1 orders the removal of Richard Gordon as Chairman of the Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority (SBMA), and replaces him with Felicito Payumo.
1998 ExecutiveOffice of the PresidentPMPJoseph EstradaTextbook Scam & Nepotism – Pres. Estrada appoints relatives to government positions, and intervenes in their behalf.
ExecutiveOffice of the PresidentPMPJoseph EstradaHot Cars Scandal – Pres. Estrada assigns seized vehicles by the Bureau of Customs to his Cabinet secretaries and favored political allies.

2000s

DateBranchDepartmentPartyPeople InvolvedSummarySource
Office of the PresidentPMPJoseph EstradaBW Resources scandal – Pres. Estrada and associates profit from an alleged stock manipulation scheme.
Estrada Midnight Cabinet – Chief of Staff Aprodicio Laquian jests in a press conference that he is the only one sober during the President's "Midnight Cabinet," drinking and gambling sessions in Malacañan Palace.
2000ExecutiveOffice of the PresidentPMPJoseph EstradaJuetengate – Chavit Singson exposé on Pres. Joseph Estrada receiving jueteng payoffs and bribes. This led to the impeachment of Estrada and eventual downfall.
2004ExecutiveOffice of the PresidentLakas–CMDHello Garci scandal – scandal involving Pres. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo on committing electoral fraud during the 2004 National Elections.
2004ExecutiveOffice of the President, Department of AgricultureLakas–CMDFertilizer Fund scam – controversy involving accusations that Agriculture Undersecretary Jocelyn Bolante diverted ₱728 million in fertilizer funds to the 2004 election campaign of President Arroyo.
2008JudicialCourt of AppealsConrado Vasquez, Vicente Roxas, Jose SabioGSIS-Meralco bribery case – controversy involving Court of Appeals Presiding Justice Conrado Vasquez, Justices Vicente Roxas and Jose Sabio, for the allegations of bribery.
2008Philippine National Broadband Network controversy – (also referred to as the NBN/ZTE deal or NBN/ZTE mess) involved allegations of corruption in the awarding of a US$329 million construction contract to Chinese telecommunications firm ZTE for the proposed government-managed National Broadband Network (NBN).
2008ExecutiveDepartment of the Interior and Local GovernmentEliseo de la PazEuro Generals scandal – involves Eliseo de la Paz and several Philippine National Police officials who went to Russia in October 2008 to attend the Interpol conference. De la Paz was detained for carrying a large sum of undeclared money.
2008LegislatureSenateMigz ZubiriPimentel III vs. Zubiri Senate Electoral Protest – Atty. Koko Pimentel filed an election protest at the Senate Electoral Tribunal (SET) against the proclamation of Migz Zubiri as senator in the aftermath of the 2007 Philippine Senate election.
2009ExecutiveOffice of the PresidentLakas–Kampi–CMD2009 National Artist Controversy – controversial proclamation as National Artists of the Philippines of four individuals via the Presidential prerogative of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, when the four have not been nominated by the selection committee, composed of representatives from National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) and the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP).
2009Maguindanao massacre – involves the Ampatuan family and several others for the kidnapping and killing of 58 people in Ampatuan, Maguindanao.

2010s

DateBranchDepartmentPartyPeople InvolvedSummarySource
2010ExecutiveOffice of the PresidentLiberalBenigno Aquino IIIManila hostage crisis – former president Benigno Aquino III's first term was marred by violence when eight Hong Kong tourists were killed by a disgruntled former police officer Rolando Mendoza, after a bungled hostage rescue attempt by the Manila Police District. The incident also strained ties between the Philippines and Hong Kong.[3]
2011ExecutiveDepartment of National DefenceAngelo Reyes2011 Armed Forces of the Philippines corruption scandal – involving former AFP Chief of Staff Gen. Angelo Reyes and several other retired military officials.[4] [5]
2013LegislatureSenatePMP2013 Senate of the Philippines funds controversy – involving former Senate President Juan Ponce Enrile and several other senator for allegedly use of the operating expenses of senators, known as the Maintenance and Other Operating Expenses (MOOE).[6]
Janet Lim-Napoles, Senators Juan Ponce Enrile, Jinggoy Estrada, Ramon Revilla Jr., and Lower House representativesPriority Development Assistance Fund scam – involving businesswoman Janet Lim-Napoles and other politicians.[7]
2014Executive. LegislatureOffice of the President, Senate, House RepresentativesLiberalBenigno Aquino III, Florencio Abad, Renato CoronaDisbursement Acceleration Program controversy – involving former president Benigno Aquino III and Budget and Management Secretary Florencio Abad to bribe senators and congressmen to impeach and oust Renato Corona in 2012.[8] [9]
2014ExecutiveOffice of the Vice PresidentPDP–LabanJejomar BinayJejomar Binay's alleged corruption scandal – involving former Vice President Jejomar Binay and several others for the alleged overpriced contract for the multi-billion-peso Makati City Parking building II.[10]
2015ExecutiveOffice of the President, Department of the Interior and Local GovernmentLiberalBenigno Aquino III, Alan Purisima, Getulio NapeñasMamasapano clash – involving former president Benigno Aquino III, former Philippine National Police chief Alan Purisima and former Special Action Force head Getulio Napeñas for the deaths of 44 police personnel in a clash in Mamasapano, Maguindanao, which was dubbed as the biggest loss of government elite force in history.[11]
2015ExecutiveDepartment of TransportationNinoy Aquino International Airport bullet planting scandal – involving the employees of Office for Transportation Security for accosted and fined for possessing bullet ammunition to the passengers.[12]
2016ExecutiveDepartment of JusticeLiberalLeila de LimaNew Bilibid Prison drug trafficking scandal – involving former Justice Secretary, now Senator Leila de Lima and several other government officials linked to illegal drug trade at the New Bilibid Prison.[13]
2016ExecutiveDepartment of JusticeAl Argosino, Michael Robles2016 Bureau of Immigration bribery scandal – involving former immigration deputy commissioners Al Argosino and Michael Robles for extorting and receiving ₱50 million from business tycoon Jack Lam, in exchange for the release of his Chinese casino employees, who were arrested for being illegal aliens.[14]
2017ExecutiveDepartment of the Interior and Local GovernmentManila Police District secret jail cell scandal – involving officers of the Manila Police District for the discovery of the so-called 'hidden jail', measuring five-feet wide, behind the bookshelf, which contained about 12 prisoners and it was poorly ventilated, except for an exhaust fan in a raid led by the members of the Commission on Human Rights in Tondo, Manila.[15]
2017ExecutiveDepartment of the Interior and Local GovernmentNacionalistaImee MarcosIlocos Norte tobacco excise tax funds controversy – involving alleged misuse of Ilocos Norte's Tobacco Excise Tax funds by former Governor, now Senator Imee Marcos, partner Mark Chua, and six Ilocos Norte local government officials.[16]
2017ExecutiveDepartment of FinanceNicanor Faeldon2017 Bureau of Customs drug smuggling scandal – involving former Customs Commissioner Nicanor Faeldon and other officials for smuggling of the ₱6.4 billion worth of methamphetamine, locally known as shabu which was seized in two warehouses in Valenzuela, Metro Manila.
2017Andres D. BautistaAndres Bautista's alleged corruption scandal – involving former Commission on Elections chairman Andres D. Bautista after his estranged wife, Patricia, accused him of amassing unexplained wealth.[17]
2017ExecutiveOffice of the President, CabinetBenigno Aquino III, Janette Garin, Florencio AbadDengvaxia controversy – involving former president Benigno Aquino III, Health Secretary Janette Garin and Budget and Management Secretary Florencio Abad for the launching of the mass vaccination campaign in 2016, that led to the reports of several children dying from various complications allegedly attributed to the dengue vaccine.[18]
2018ExecutiveCabinetPDP–LabanWanda Tulfo TeoDOTPTV tourism advertisement controversy – involving former Tourism Secretary Wanda Tulfo Teo and Teo's brothers Ben and Erwin Tulfo for the ₱60 million worth of advertisements that the Tourism Department had placed with state-run television and aired over a public service program produced by Bitag Media Unlimited.
2018ExecutiveDepartment of TourismCesar MontanoBuhay Carinderia scandal – involving former Tourism Promotions Board (TPB) chief operation officer Cesar Montano for the ₱80 million project that will feature Filipino street food and local eateries.[19]
2018ExecutiveDepartment of Finance, Department of National DefenseIsidro Lapeña2018 Bureau of Customs drug smuggling scandal – involving former Customs Commissioner Isidro Lapeña and other officials for smuggling of the ₱11 billion worth of methamphetamine, locally known as shabu which was discovered inside the magnetic lifters in a warehouse in General Mariano Alvarez, Cavite.[20]
2019ExecutiveDepartment of JusticeNicanor Faeldon, Antonio SanchezGood Conduct Time Allowance controversy – involving former Bureau of Corrections Director General Nicanor Faeldon and several other government officials for the suppose release of former Calauan, Laguna Mayor Antonio Sanchez, the prime suspect in the rape and murder of Eileen Sarmenta and her friend Allan Gomez on June 28–29, 1993, and the release of Josman Aznar, Ariel Balansag, Alberto Caño and James Anthony Uy, the 4 suspects in the rape and murder of sisters Marijoy and Jacqueline Chiong on July 16–17, 1997.[21] [22]
2019ExecutiveDepartment of the Interior and Local GovernmentOscar AlbayaldePNP Ninja cops controversy – involving former Philippine National Police chief Gen. Oscar Albayalde and several other officers for an allegedly anomalous anti-drug operation in Mexico, Pampanga on November 29, 2013.[23] [24]

2020s

DateBranchDepartmentPartyPeople InvolvedSummarySource
2020ExecutiveDepartment of Justice"Pastillias Bribery" scandal – involved several officials of the Bureau of Immigration in the scheme in which mass numbers of Chinese nationals were escorted through the immigration process in exchange for tens of thousands of pesos for each applicant, which totaled to an estimated ₱40 billion.[25]
2020LegislaturePDP–LabanKoko PimentelHome quarantine breaching scandal – Senator Koko Pimentel breached COVID-19 home quarantine restrictions after testing positive to the virus by accompanying his pregnant wife to Makati Medical Centre. This forced a number of medical and hospital staff, who believed to have had contact with the senator, to quarantine.[26]
2020ExecutiveDepartment of Labor and EmploymentPDP–LabanMocha Uson, Hans Leo CacdacBatangas mass gathering controversy – Overseas Workers Welfare Administration (OWWA) Deputy Administrator Mocha Uson violated the ban on mass gatherings when she organised a meeting with the quarantined 322 Overseas Filipino Workers (OFW) in Lian, Batangas on April 25, 2020. OWWA Administrator Hans Leo Cacdac suggested that there won't be any investigations happening on the alleged violation of the deputy administrator whilst the crisis is still occurring.[27] [28]
2020Legislature, ExecutiveDepartment of Justice, House of Representatives, Department of Information and Communications TechnologyNacionalistaJose Calida, Gamaliel Cordoba, Alan Peter Cayetano, Rodrigo DuterteABS-CBN franchise renewal controversy – involving Solicitor General Jose Calida, officials of the National Telecommunications Commission and several other personalities for issuing a cease and desist order and the denial of franchise against ABS-CBN that effectively ceasing broadcast operations on May 5 and July 10, 2020.[29]
2020ExecutiveDepartment of the Interior and Local GovernmentDebold Sinas, Rodrigo DuterteMañanita party controversy – Metro Manila police chief Major General Debold Sinas and 18 other subordinates were charged for not following quarantine rules under the Republic Act No. 11332 (Mandatory Reporting of Notifiable Diseases and Health Events of Public Concern Act) on May 8, 2020. Despite photos of the gathering posted on the official page of the National Capital Region Police Office (NCRPO) on Facebook, Debold Sinas claimed that they followed social distancing measures. Debold Sinas, a presidential appointee, was then later defended by President Rodrigo Duterte saying that police chief will keep his position until further orders.[30] [31]
2020ExecutivePhilippine Health Insurance CorporationRicardo C. Morales, Atty. Thorsson Montes KeithPhilHealth corruption scandal – involving former president and CEO Ricardo C. Morales and several other officials for the alleged corruption and anomalies within the agency based on the testimonies of former anti-fraud legal officer Atty. Thorsson Montes Keith on July 24, 2020.[32]
2020LegislatureHouse of RepresentativesAlan Peter Cayetano, Lord Allan Velasco2020 Philippine House of Representatives leadership crisis – 186 majority members of the House of Representatives elect Lord Allan Jay Velasco as Speaker of the House of Representatives, unseating incumbent Alan Peter Cayetano amidst the political dispute over the Speakership outside the Session Hall of the Batasang Pambansa Complex on October 12, 2020.[33]
2021Executive, LegislaturePDP–LabanAlfonso Cusi, Manny Pacquiao, Koko Pimentel Rodrigo Duterte,2021 PDP–Laban dispute – involving Energy Secretary Alfonso Cusi and several other personalities for the ousting of its party president, Sen. Manny Pacquiao and its executive vice chairman, Sen. Koko Pimentel on July 17, 2021. This dispute has led to the creation of two factions (Pimentel faction and Cusi faction).[34]
2021ExecutiveDepartment of HealthFrancisco Duque III, Michael Yang, Lloyd Christopher Lao, Warren Rex Liong, Linconn Ong, Mohit Dargani, Krizle Grace MagoPharmally scandal – involving Health Secretary Francisco Duque III and several other officials including Michael Yang, Lloyd Christopher Lao, Linconn Ong and Krizle Grace Mago for the alleged overpriced purchase of face masks, face shields and other medical equipment to the government in August 2021.[35]
2022ExecutiveDepartment of AgricultureBongbong Marcos, Vic Rodriguez, Hermenegildo Serafica, Roland Beltran, Aurelio Gerardo Valderrama, Jr., and Leocadio Sebastian2022–2023 Philippine sugar crisis – involving president Bongbong Marcos, former executive secretary Vic Rodriguez and several other officials from the Sugar Regulatory Administration and the Department of Agriculture for the release of Sugar Order No. 4, which directed the importation of 300,000 MT of sugar to the Philippines in August 2022.[36]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Mar 22, 2017 . Surplus War Property Scandal History . . June 3, 2022.
  2. Web site: Coronel . Sheila . Tordesillas . Ellen . March 18, 1998 . The grandmother of all scams .
  3. News: Kirk . Donald . Why the Philippines bus hostage crisis isn't over for President Aquino . 14 June 2021 . . 23 September 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100926015126/https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2010/0923/Why-th . 26 September 2010.
  4. News: Dizon . David . Death of a general: Who was Angelo Reyes? . 14 June 2021 . ABS-CBN News. 8 February 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170501044447/http://news.abs-cbn.com:80/nation/02/08/11/death-general-who-was-angelo-reyes . 1 May 2017 . en.
  5. News: Dimacali . TJ . Reyes' last statement: 'I walked into corruption' . 14 June 2021 . GMA News. 12 February 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210506175726/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/212869/reyes-last-statement-i-walked-into-corruption/story/ . 6 May 2021 . en.
  6. News: Labog-Javellana . Juliet . Enrile gave 18 senators P1.6M each for Christmas . 14 June 2021 . Philippine Daily Inquirer. 9 January 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130116193830/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/337461/enrile-gave-18-senators-p1-6m-each-for-christmas . 16 January 2013 . en.
  7. News: Sabillo . Kristine Angeli . Santos . Matikas . Napoles, 37 others face plunder, graft raps . 14 June 2021 . Philippine Daily Inquirer. 16 September 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130918215802/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/488567/napoles-3-senators-face-plunder-raps-over-pork-barrel-scam . 18 September 2013 . en.
  8. News: SC declares 'acts' in DAP unconstitutional . 14 June 2021 . ABS-CBN News. 1 July 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160712210938if_/http://news.abs-cbn.com/nation/07/01/14/sc-declares-dap-unconstitutional . 12 July 2016 . en.
  9. News: Aquino cleared, Abad charged over DAP—Ombudsman . 14 June 2021 . CNN Philippines. 7 March 2017 . en.
  10. News: Burgonio . T. J. . Senators to inspect 'overpriced,' 'green' Makati parking building . 14 June 2021 . Philippine Daily Inquirer. 23 August 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140824193917/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/632018/senators-to-inspect-overpriced-green-makati-parking-building . 24 August 2014 . en.
  11. News: Santos . Eimor . Mamasapano charges vs. Aquino's police officials junked . 14 June 2021 . CNN Philippines. 21 January 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200121122642/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/1/21/purisima-napeñas-aquino-mamasapano-.html . 21 January 2020 . dead . en.
  12. News: Torphy . Patrick . Manila airport security accused of planting bullets in passenger bags . 14 June 2021 . . 4 November 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170527225810/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Global-News/2015/1104/Manila-airport-security-accused-of-planting-bullets-in-passenger-bags . 27 May 2017.
  13. News: Corrales . Nestor . Duterte: De Lima 'allowed' illegal drug trade inside Bilibid . 14 June 2021 . Philippine Daily Inquirer. 20 September 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210614084100/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/817310/duterte-de-lim . 14 June 2021 . en.
  14. News: Buan. Lian. Argosino accused as 'main plunderer' in immigration bribery scandal. 2020-06-24. Rappler. en.
  15. News: Lalu . Gabriel Pabico . Charges vs cops involved in 2017 'secret jail' dropped due to lack of evidence . 14 June 2021 . Philippine Daily Inquirer. 27 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210427103447/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1424437/charges-vs-cops-involved-in-2017-secret-jail-dropped-due-to-lack-of-evidence . 27 April 2021 . en.
  16. News: Ilas . Joyce . House panel eyes plunder raps vs. Imee Marcos . 14 June 2021 . CNN Philippines. 9 October 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190506140909/http://nine.cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/10/09/House-panel-eyes-plunder-raps-vs.-Imee-Marcos.html . 6 May 2019 . dead . en.
  17. News: Uy . Jocelyn R. . Santos . Tina G. . Nonato . Vince F. . House impeaches Comelec chief after he said he was resigning . 14 June 2021 . Philippine Daily Inquirer. 11 October 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180221061511/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/937198/house-votes-to-impeach-bautista . 21 February 2018 . en.
  18. News: Yap . D. J. . Dengvaxia: Solons push criminal raps vs Aquino, Abad, Garin . 14 June 2021 . Philippine Daily Inquirer. 7 February 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190207132118/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1082543/dengvaxia-solons-push-criminal-raps-vs-aquino-abad-garin . 7 February 2019 . en.
  19. News: Rey. Aika. 'Buhay Carinderia' gets P80M in a month under Cesar Montano. 2020-06-24. Rappler. en.
  20. News: Pazzibugan. Dona Z.. 2019-01-25. Graft raps pushed vs Lapeña for failing to stop P11-B 'shabu' smuggling. 2020-06-24. Philippine Daily Inquirer. en.
  21. News: Esguerra . Darryl John . Duterte to Faeldon: You're fired . 14 June 2021 . Philippine Daily Inquirer. 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190924165111/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1160901/duterte-to-faeldon-youre-fired . 24 September 2019 . en.
  22. News: Ramos . Marlon . Duterte has spoken: No freedom for rapist-murderer Sanchez . 14 June 2021 . Philippine Daily Inquirer. 25 August 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190913221422/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1157368/duterte-has-spoken-no-freedom-for-rapist-murderer-sanchez . 13 September 2019 . en.
  23. News: Pazzibugan . Dona Z. . 'DOJ charges Albayalde, 12 'ninja cops' with graft . 14 June 2021 . Philippine Daily Inquirer. 17 January 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200117053511/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1214299/doj-charges-albayalde-12-ninja-cops-with-graft . 17 January 2020 . en.
  24. News: Parrocha . Azer . Ninja cops reduced to 4: Duterte . 14 June 2021 . Philippine News Agency. 12 February 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200215100822/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1093696 . 15 February 2020 . en.
  25. Web site: Duterte relieves Immigration officials, staff tagged in 'pastillas' bribery scheme. https://web.archive.org/web/20200221155145/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/2/20/Bureau-of-Immigration-Chinese-pastillas-bribery-scheme-.html. dead. February 21, 2020. 2020-06-23. cnn. en.
  26. News: Torres-Tupas. Tetch. 2020-04-01. NBI to probe Koko Pimentel for breaching quarantine protocols. 2020-06-24. Philippine Daily Inquirer. en.
  27. News: Hallare. Katrina. 2020-04-28. Mocha justifies gathering with OFWs in Batangas amid enhanced quarantine. 2020-06-28. Philippine Daily Inquirer. en.
  28. News: OWWA defends 'well-intentioned' Mocha Uson; will probe her Batangas visit 'after quarantine'. 2020-06-28. Manila Bulletin. en-US.
  29. Web site: 2020-05-06. Philippines Orders Leading TV Network ABS-CBN to Shut Down Time. 2020-06-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20200506152129/https://time.com/5832266/philippines-tv-network-shutdown/ . 2020-05-06 .
  30. Web site: Sinas, 18 Metro Manila cops charged for birthday feast. https://web.archive.org/web/20200521172125/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/5/15/Sinas-Metro-Manila-police-charged-birthday-feast.html. dead. May 21, 2020. 2020-06-28. cnn. en.
  31. News: Gotinga. J. C.. Duterte sides with Sinas: 'He stays until further orders'. 2020-06-28. Rappler. en.
  32. News: Santos. Eimor. July 24, 2020. PhilHealth under probe, denies widespread corruption alleged by resigned officer. https://web.archive.org/web/20200724162847/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/7/24/philhealth-corruption-allegations-palace-probe.html. dead. July 24, 2020. July 24, 2020. CNN Philippines. en.
  33. News: Philippine Congress enters crisis over leadership standoff . Channel News Asia. October 12, 2020 . October 12, 2020.
  34. News: TIMELINE: PDP-Laban's infightings, legal battles among factions . Rappler. July 10, 2021 . October 20, 2021.
  35. News: What is Pharmally Pharmaceuticals? Who controls it? . ABS CBN News. August 31, 2021 . October 20, 2021.
  36. News: Marcos junks proposal to import 300,000 MT of sugar . https://web.archive.org/web/20220810114813/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2022/8/10/Marcos-rejects-sugar-importation.html . dead . August 10, 2022 . CNN Philippines . August 10, 2022 . August 11, 2022.