See main article: article and List of fake news websites.
The following is a list of websites, separated by country and sub-categorized by region or disinformation campaign, that have both been considered by journalists and researchers as distributing false news - or otherwise participating in disinformation - and have been designated by journalists and researchers as likely being linked to political actors.
The following websites are linked to an Algerian marketing/public relations firm, Ayam Agency. They are related to a network of Facebook pages and accounts removed in 2021 for coordinated inauthentic behavior, which was part of a campaign that Graphika described as "a multi-year cross-platform effort to advance the interests of Algerian President Abdelmadjid Tebboune".
| Name | Domain | Status | Notes | Sources | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All About Algeria | allaboutalgeria.com | [1] | |||
| La Gazette d'Algérie | lagazettedalgerie.com |
| Name | Domain | Status | Notes | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ceticismo Político | ceticismopolitico.org | Associated with MBL. | [10] | |
| Diário Nacional | odiarionacional.com | Imposter news portal site in Brazil that is associated with MBL. | [11] [12] [13] | |
| odiarionacional.org | ||||
| Jornal do País | ||||
| Jornalivre | jornalivre.com | Associated with MBL. Banned from Facebook in 2018 due to what Facebook stated to be coordinated inauthentic behavior, "sowing division and spreading misinformation".[14] Accused of harassing journalists in Brazil who contradict their claims, as well as the electoral prosecutor José Carlos Bonilha. Contained a script used for cryptocurrency mining. | [15] [16] [17] | |
| jornalivre.org |
The following websites are related to a network of Facebook pages and accounts removed in 2021 for coordinated inauthentic behavior. They are linked to a pseudonymous individual that is suspected of being sponsored by the government of Faustin-Archange Touadéra and/or advisors from Russia.
| Name | Domain | Status | Notes | Sources | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Le Potentiel d'Afrique | lepotentieldafrique.net | [22] [23] | |||
| lafrique.info | lafrique.info | ||||
| Alternanceafricaine.org | Alternanceafricaine.org | ||||
| ong-lcdaf.org | ong-lcdaf.org | ||||
| paixetstabilite.org | paixetstabilite.org | ||||
| afriqueengagee.com | afriqueengagee.com | ||||
| afriqueactualite.info | afriqueactualite.info | ||||
| Lepanafricanisme.info | Lepanafricanisme.info | ||||
| miroirdafrique.info | miroirdafrique.info | ||||
| lemondeactualite.info | lemondeactualite.info | ||||
| leuropeafrique.info | leuropeafrique.info | ||||
| loccident.info | loccident.info | ||||
| lavoixdafrique.info | lavoixdafrique.info | ||||
| lanouvelleduconti-nent.info | lanouvelleduconti-nent.info | ||||
| lemondeenvrai.net | lemondeenvrai.net | ||||
| lereveilafricain.info | lereveilafricain.info |
| Name | Domain | Status | Notes | Sources | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| La Voz | lavoz.co | Related to a network of Facebook pages and accounts removed in 2020 for coordinated inauthentic behavior. Linked to Estraterra, a Canadian-based Ecuadorian marketing firm that was co-founded by a former government employee of Rafael Correa's government. | [26] | ||
| Latam Post | latampost.online | Related to a network of Facebook pages and accounts removed in 2020 for coordinated inauthentic behavior. Linked to Estraterra, a Canadian-based Ecuadorian marketing firm that was co-founded by a former government employee of Rafael Correa's government. Published the same content as Semanario La Region. Missing domain registration name. | |||
| Semanario la Región | elsemanario.online | Related to a network of Facebook pages and accounts removed in 2020 for coordinated inauthentic behavior. Linked to Estraterra, a Canadian-based Ecuadorian marketing firm that was co-founded by a former government employee of Rafael Correa's government. Published the same content as Latam Post. Missing domain registration name. |
| Name | Domain | Status | Notes | Sources | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alyamania News | alyamanianews.com | Spreads "anti-Turkish content". Part of a network of website domains shared on Twitter posts from a state-sponsored disinformation campaign from Egypt and the United Arab Emirates. Linked to one or more digital marketing firms based in Egypt: DotDev and/or NewWaves. Related social media posts and accounts were removed and shut down by Facebook and Twitter between 2019-2020 over coordinated inauthentic behavior. | [27] | ||
| freeiranrevolution.com | freeiranrevolution.com | Spreads "anti-[Iranian]-regime content". Part of a network of website domains shared on Twitter posts from a state-sponsored disinformation campaign from Egypt and the United Arab Emirates. Linked to one or more digital marketing firms based in Egypt: DotDev and/or NewWaves. Related social media posts and accounts were removed and shut down by Facebook and Twitter between 2019-2020 over coordinated inauthentic behavior. | |||
| Killed In Turkey | killedinturkey.com | Posted the same content as Turkey Leaks. Copied its content from Biten Hayatlar, including the group's name and logo in its social media posts. Anonymously registered website whose construction appeared to be unfinished. Part of a network of social media posts and accounts that was removed by Facebook in 2021 over coordinated inauthentic behavior. Linked to Egyptian marketing firm Bee Interactive, which Graphika described as "[illustrating] the role commercial marketing firms play in political influence campaigns". | [28] [29] | ||
| Masr Times | masrtimes.com | Part of a network of social media posts and accounts that was removed by Facebook in 2021 over coordinated inauthentic behavior. Linked to Egyptian marketing firm Bee Interactive, which Graphika described as "[illustrating] the role commercial marketing firms play in political influence campaigns". | |||
| Turkey Leaks | turkeyleaks.com | Posted the same content as Killed in Turkey. Part of a network of social media posts and accounts that was removed by Facebook in 2021 over coordinated inauthentic behavior. Linked to Egyptian marketing firm Bee Interactive, which Graphika described as "[illustrating] the role commercial marketing firms play in political influence campaigns". |
| Name | Domain | Status | Notes | Sources | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Contre-Info | contre-info.com | Spread false claim that the French government approved euthanasia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Affiliated with the group French Renewal. | [30] [31] | ||
| coupsfrancs.com | coupsfrancs.com | Described by Graphika as "a conspiracy-minded website". Part of an influence operation attributed to individuals in the French military that battled a Russian-influence operation for the Central African Republic. Both networks were taken down by Facebook in 2020 for coordinated inauthentic behavior. | [32] |
See main article: article and Fake news in India. Indian Chronicles, dubbed by the EU Disinfo Lab, is an influence operation initiated by Srivastava Group starting in 2005 and enabled by Asian News International in order to promote Indian interests and disparage Pakistan and China. The operation created a network of at least 500 fake news websites and had targeted 116 countries. Srivastava Group had co-sponsored a trip of 27 Members of European Parliament to visit Kashmir and meet with Narendra Modi in 2019.
| Name | Domain | Status | Notes | Sources | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP Today | eptoday.com | [34] [35] | |||
| EP Today | eptoday.eu | ||||
| EP Today | eptoday.org | ||||
| EP Today | europeanparliamenttoday.com | ||||
| EU Chronicle | EUChronicle.com | ||||
| EUOutlook | EUOutlook.com | ||||
| EUOutlook | EUOutlook.net | ||||
| EUOutlook | EUOutlook.org | ||||
| EUreports.com | EUreports.com | ||||
| Europeinnews.com | Europeinnews.com | ||||
| EUFreeNews.com | EUFreeNews.com | ||||
| SouthAsiaRevealed.com | SouthAsiaRevealed.com | ||||
| SouthAsiaDiary.com | SouthAsiaDiary.com | ||||
| SANews.ca | SANews.ca | ||||
| PerspectiveSouthAsia.com | PerspectiveSouthAsia.com | ||||
| SouthAsianAffairs.ca | SouthAsianAffairs.ca | ||||
| gilgitnews.net | gilgitnews.net | ||||
| gilgitpost.net | gilgitpost.net | ||||
| gilgittimes.com | gilgittimes.com | ||||
| khalistan.eu | khalistan.eu | ||||
| khalistanfm.net | khalistanfm.net | ||||
| radiokhalistan.net | radiokhalistan.net | ||||
| balochnews.com | balochnews.com | ||||
| balochistantoday.org | balochistantoday.org | ||||
| balochistantoday.net | balochistantoday.net | ||||
| European Union News Network | eunewsagency.com | ||||
| PrNewsDistribution.com | PrNewsDistribution.com | ||||
| Four News Agency | FourNewsAgency.com | ||||
| Times of Geneva | timesofgeneva.com | [36] | |||
| 4 News Agency | 4newsagency.com | ||||
| New Delhi Times | newdelhitimes.com | ||||
| Times of Portugal | timesofportugal.com | [37] | |||
| TimesofabuDhabi.com | TimesofabuDhabi.com | ||||
| Mapplenews.com | Mapplenews.com | ||||
| foreignaffairstoday.com | foreignaffairstoday.com | Spoof of Foreign Affairs. | |||
| 24hourscalgary.com | 24hourscalgary.com | Spoof of 24 Hours, a defunct newspaper group. | |||
| 24hoursedmonton.com | 24hoursedmonton.com | Spoof of 24 Hours, a defunct newspaper group. | |||
| 24hoursottawa.com | 24hoursottawa.com | Spoof of 24 Hours, a defunct newspaper group. | |||
| aberystwythtimes.com | aberystwythtimes.com | Spoof of Aberystwyth Times, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| acadianrecorder.com | acadianrecorder.com | Spoof of Acadian Recorder, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| accionobrera.com | accionobrera.com | Spoof of Acción obrera, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| al-insaniyyah.com | al-insaniyyah.com | Spoof of Al-Insaniyyah, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| al-jamahir.com | al-jamahir.com | Spoof of Al-Jamahir, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| al-mabda.com | al-mabda.com | Spoof of Al-Mabda', a defunct newspaper. | |||
| al-malayin.com | al-malayin.com | Spoof of Al-Malayin, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| al-mukafih.com | al-mukafih.com | Spoof of Al-Mukafih, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| al-qaidah.com | al-qaidah.com | Spoof of Al-Qaidah, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| al-watandaily.com | al-watandaily.com | Spoof of Al-Watan Daily, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| almalayin.com | almalayin.com | Spoof of Al-Malayin, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| almustaqilla.com | almustaqilla.com | Spoof of Al Mustaqilla, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| alqaidah.com | alqaidah.com | Spoof of Al-Qaidah, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| badischesvolksecho.com | badischesvolksecho.com | Spoof of Badisches Volksecho, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| baltimoreeveningherald.com | baltimoreeveningherald.com | Spoof of Baltimore Evening Herald, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| baltimoremorningherald.com | baltimoremorningherald.com | Spoof of Baltimore Morning Herald, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| barladul.com | barladul.com | Spoof of Bârladul, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| birminghamgazette.co.uk | birminghamgazette.co.uk | Spoof of Birmingham Gazette, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| brightonherald.com | brightonherald.com | Spoof of Brighton Herald, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| bucharestbusinessweek.com | bucharestbusinessweek.com | Spoof of Bucharest Business Week, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| buffaloenquirer.com | buffaloenquirer.com | Spoof of The Buffalo Enquirer, a defunct newspaper.[38] | |||
| calcutta-gazette.com | calcutta-gazette.com | Spoof of Calcutta Gazette, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| cambridgeintelligencer.com | cambridgeintelligencer.com | Spoof of Cambridge Intelligencer, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| canadianillustratednews.com | canadianillustratednews.com | Spoof of Canadian Illustrated News, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| ceylondailymirror.com | ceylondailymirror.com | Spoof of Ceylon Daily Mirror, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| comcast-network.com | comcast-network.com | Spoof of Comcast Network, a defunct cable TV network. | |||
| congregationalherald.com | congregationalherald.com | Spoof of Congregational Herald, a defunct newspaper.[39] | |||
| courrierdethiopie.com | courrierdethiopie.com | Spoof of Courrier d'Ethiopie, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| dailycitizen.eu | dailycitizen.eu | Spoof of Daily Citizen, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| derdeutschecorrespondent.com | derdeutschecorrespondent.com | Spoof of Der Deutsche Correspondent, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| derkampf.com | derkampf.com | Spoof of Der Kampf, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| dernord-westen.com | dernord-westen.com | Spoof of Der Nord-Westen, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| dernordstern.com | dernordstern.com | Spoof of Der Nordstern, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| dernordwesten.com | dernordwesten.com | Spoof of Der Nord-Westen, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| derostasiatischelloyd.com | derostasiatischelloyd.com | Spoof of Der Ostasiatische Lloyd, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| detroitsundayjournal.com | detroitsundayjournal.com | Spoof of Detroit Sunday Journal, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| deutscheshanghaizeitung.com | deutscheshanghaizeitung.com | Spoof of Deutsche Shanghai Zeitung, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| diariodemanila.com | diariodemanila.com | Spoof of Diario de Manila, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| die-einigkeit.com | die-einigkeit.com | Spoof of Die Einigkeit, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| dieeinigkeit.com | dieeinigkeit.com | Spoof of Die Einigkeit, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| easternmorningnews.com | easternmorningnews.com | Spoof of Eastern Morning News, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| echodelasambre.com | echodelasambre.com | Spoof of Écho de la Sambre, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| eestiaeg.com | eestiaeg.com | Spoof of Eesti Aeg, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| elbiendelobrero.com | elbiendelobrero.com | Spoof of El Bien del Obrero, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| essexgazette.com | essexgazette.com | Spoof of The Essex Gazette, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| falceemartello.com | falceemartello.com | Spoof of Falce e Martello, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| finnmarkfremtid.com | finnmarkfremtid.com | Spoof of Finnmark Fremtid, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| foxfootychannel.com | foxfootychannel.com | Spoof of Fox Footy Channel, a defunct TV channel. | |||
| frontulplugarilor.com | frontulplugarilor.com | Spoof of Frontul Plugarilor, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| garydailytribune.com | garydailytribune.com | Spoof of Gary Daily Tribune, a defunct newspaper.[40] | |||
| gazetteandsentinel.com | gazetteandsentinel.com | Spoof of Gazette and Sentinel, a defunct newspaper.[41] | |||
| goldcoastmail.com | goldcoastmail.com | Spoof of Gold Coast Mail, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| golostruda.com | golostruda.com | Spoof of Golos Truda, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| greateastlandtelevision.com | greateastlandtelevision.com | Spoof of Great Eastland Television, a defunct TV station network. | |||
| hamevasser.com | hamevasser.com | Spoof of Hamevasser, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| hardangerarbeiderblad.com | hardangerarbeiderblad.com | Spoof of Hardanger Arbeiderblad, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| hartfordcitycourier.com | hartfordcitycourier.com | Spoof of Hartford City Courier, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| hartfordcitydemocrat.com | hartfordcitydemocrat.com | Spoof of Hartford City Democrat, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| hayatechchaab.com | hayatechchaab.com | Spoof of Hayat ech Chaab, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| heiminshimbun.com | heiminshimbun.com | Spoof of Heimin Shimbun, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| huashangdaily.com | huashangdaily.com | Spoof of Hua Shang Daily, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| indianapolisdailyherald.com | indianapolisdailyherald.com | Spoof of Indianapolis Daily Herald, a defunct newspaper.[42] | |||
| israelshtime.com | israelshtime.com | Spoof of Israel Shtime, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| kansascityjournalpost.com | kansascityjournalpost.com | Spoof of Kansas City Journal-Post, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| karjalanmaa.com | karjalanmaa.com | Spoof of Karjalan Maa, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| kentuckyirishamerican.com | kentuckyirishamerican.com | Spoof of Kentucky Irish American, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| khalsa-akhbar-lahore.com | khalsa-akhbar-lahore.com | Spoof of Khalsa Akhbar Lahore, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| khalsaakhbarlahore.com | khalsaakhbarlahore.com | Spoof of Khalsa Akhbar Lahore, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| labanderaroja.com | labanderaroja.com | Spoof of La Bandera Roja, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| ladomenicadelcorriere.com | ladomenicadelcorriere.com | Spoof of La Domenica del Corriere, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| lailustracionfilipina.com | lailustracionfilipina.com | Spoof of La Ilustración Filipina, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| lajeunebelgique.com | lajeunebelgique.com | Spoof of La Jeune Belgique, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| lanouvelleinternationale.com | lanouvelleinternationale.com | Spoof of La Nouvelle Internationale, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| lecanadien.ca | lecanadien.ca | Spoof of Le Canadien, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| lechodukatanga.com | lechodukatanga.com | Spoof of L'Écho du Katanga, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| lecommuniste.com | lecommuniste.com | Spoof of Le Communiste, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| leedstimes.co.uk | leedstimes.co.uk | Spoof of Leeds Times, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| legrutleen.com | legrutleen.com | Spoof of Le Grutléen, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| leninshilzhas.com | leninshilzhas.com | Spoof of Leninshil Zhas, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| lepaysdefrance.com | lepaysdefrance.com | Spoof of Le Pays de France, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| lereveildutadla.com | lereveildutadla.com | Spoof of Le Réveil du Tadla, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| lereveiljuif.com | lereveiljuif.com | Spoof of Le Réveil juif, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| liverpoolcourier.com | liverpoolcourier.com | Spoof of Liverpool Courier, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| manchesterexaminer.com | manchesterexaminer.com | Spoof of Manchester Examiner, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| manchestertimes.co.uk | manchestertimes.co.uk | Spoof of Manchester Times, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| metroeastjournal.com | metroeastjournal.com | Spoof of Metro-East Journal, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| miamivalleychannel.com | miamivalleychannel.com | Spoof of Miami Valley Channel, a defunct cable TV channel. | |||
| minneapoliseveningjournal.com | minneapoliseveningjournal.com | Spoof of Minneapolis Evening Journal, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| mirat-ul-akhbar.com | mirat-ul-akhbar.com | Spoof of Mirat-ul-Akhbar, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| montrealdailynews.com | montrealdailynews.com | Spoof of Montreal Daily News, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| moskovskykorrespondent.com | moskovskykorrespondent.com | Spoof of Moskovsky Korrespondent, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| msnbc.uk | msnbc.uk | Spoof of MSNBC. | |||
| nasisten.com | nasisten.com | Spoof of Nasisten, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| neweveningpost.com | neweveningpost.com | Spoof of New Evening Post, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| newyorkcourierandenquirer.com | newyorkcourierandenquirer.com | Spoof of New York Courier and Enquirer, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| newyorkeveningjournal.com | newyorkeveningjournal.com | Spoof of New York Evening Journal, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| newyorkjournalamerican.com | newyorkjournalamerican.com | Spoof of New York Journal-American, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| newyorkmorningtelegraph.com | newyorkmorningtelegraph.com | Spoof of The Morning Telegraph, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| newyorksundaynews.com | newyorksundaynews.com | Spoof of New York Sunday News, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| niagaranewstv.com | niagaranewstv.com | Spoof of Niagara News TV, a defunct TV channel. | |||
| northchinadailynews.com | northchinadailynews.com | Spoof of North China Daily News, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| northotagotimes.com | northotagotimes.com | Spoof of North Otago Times, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| northwestradio.ca | northwestradio.ca | Spoof of North West Radio, a defunct radio station. | |||
| oransocialiste.com | oransocialiste.com | Spoof of Oran socialiste, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| pekinggazette.com | pekinggazette.com | Spoof of Peking Gazette, a defunct government bulletin. | |||
| philippinesdailyexpress.com | philippinesdailyexpress.com | Spoof of Philippines Daily Express, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| portlandeveningjournal.com | portlandeveningjournal.com | Spoof of The Oregon Journal, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| protitisaigialeias.com | protitisaigialeias.com | Spoof of Proti tis Aigialeias. | |||
| russkoyeznamya.com | russkoyeznamya.com | Spoof of Russkoye Znamya, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| saltlaketelegram.com | saltlaketelegram.com | Spoof of Salt Lake Telegram, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| schweizamsonntag.com | schweizamsonntag.com | Spoof of Schweiz am Sonntag, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| shanghaieveningpostandmercury.com | shanghaieveningpostandmercury.com | Spoof of Shanghai Evening Post & Mercury, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| shanghaijewishchronicle.com | shanghaijewishchronicle.com | Spoof of Shanghai Jewish Chronicle, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| singainesan.com | singainesan.com | Spoof of Singai Nesan, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| socialistweekly.com | socialistweekly.com | Spoof of Socialist Weekly, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| sovietweekly.com | sovietweekly.com | Spoof of Soviet Weekly, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| spoknippet.com | spoknippet.com | Spoof of Spöknippet, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| srilankadeepa.com | srilankadeepa.com | Spoof of Sri Lankadeepa, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| swatantranepali.com | swatantranepali.com | Spoof of Swatantra Nepali, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| sydney-gazette.com | sydney-gazette.com | Spoof of Sydney Gazette, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| theadaircountynews.com | theadaircountynews.com | Spoof of Adair County News, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| theamericanweekly.com | theamericanweekly.com | Spoof of The American Weekly, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| theaustraliancommunist.com | theaustraliancommunist.com | Spoof of The Australian Communist, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| thebangkokrecorder.com | thebangkokrecorder.com | Spoof of The Bangkok Recorder, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| thebaptisttimes.com | thebaptisttimes.com | Spoof of The Baptist Times. | |||
| thebombaychronicle.com | thebombaychronicle.com | Spoof of The Bombay Chronicle, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| theceylonherald.com | theceylonherald.com | Spoof of The Ceylon Herald, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| thecharlottesvilletribune.com | thecharlottesvilletribune.com | Spoof of The Charlottesville Tribune, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| theclevelandgazette.com | theclevelandgazette.com | Spoof of The Cleveland Gazette, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| thecolombojournal.com | thecolombojournal.com | Spoof of The Colombo Journal, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| thedearbornindependent.com | thedearbornindependent.com | Spoof of The Dearborn Independent, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| thedublingazette.com | thedublingazette.com | Spoof of The Dublin Gazette, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| thehoovergazette.com | thehoovergazette.com | Spoof of The Hoover Gazette, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| thejewishtribune.com | thejewishtribune.com | Spoof of The Jewish Tribune, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| thekamloopsdailynews.com | thekamloopsdailynews.com | Spoof of The Kamloops Daily News, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| thekungsheungdailynews.com | thekungsheungdailynews.com | Spoof of The Kung Sheung Daily News, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| theliverpoolherald.com | theliverpoolherald.com | Spoof of The Liverpool Herald, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| theliverpoolnews.com | theliverpoolnews.com | Spoof of The Liverpool News, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| thelouisvilleheraldpost.com | thelouisvilleheraldpost.com | Spoof of Louisville Herald-Post, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| thelouisvilletimes.com | thelouisvilletimes.com | Spoof of The Louisville Times, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| themadrastimes.com | themadrastimes.com | Spoof of The Madras Times, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| themirrorofaustralia.com | themirrorofaustralia.com | Spoof of The Mirror of Australia, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| thenevadajournal.com | thenevadajournal.com | Spoof of The Nevada Journal, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| thenewzealandtablet.com | thenewzealandtablet.com | Spoof of The New Zealand Tablet, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| thenorfolkweeklynews.com | thenorfolkweeklynews.com | Spoof of The Norfolk Weekly News, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| theoregonjournal.com | theoregonjournal.com | Spoof of The Oregon Journal, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| thequebectelegraph.com | thequebectelegraph.com | Spoof of Quebec Chronicle-Telegraph, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| thesandbornherald.com | thesandbornherald.com | Spoof of The Sandborn Herald, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| theseattlestar.com | theseattlestar.com | Spoof of The Seattle Star, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| thetimesofceylon.com | thetimesofceylon.com | Spoof of The Times of Ceylon, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| thetorontomail.com | thetorontomail.com | Spoof of The Toronto Mail, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| thetulsatribune.com | thetulsatribune.com | Spoof of Tulsa Tribune, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| thewellingtonindependent.com | thewellingtonindependent.com | Spoof of The Wellington Independent, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| thewhitesvilleindependentpress.com | thewhitesvilleindependentpress.com | Spoof of The Whitesville Independent Press, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| timesofcyprus.com | timesofcyprus.com | Spoof of Times of Cyprus, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| tokyonichinichishimbun.com | tokyonichinichishimbun.com | Spoof of Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shimbun, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| topekastatejournal.com | topekastatejournal.com | Spoof of The Topeka Capital-Journal. | |||
| torontotelegram.com | torontotelegram.com | Spoof of Toronto Telegram, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| worldeconomicherald.com | worldeconomicherald.com | Spoof of World Economic Herald, a defunct newspaper. | |||
| 24hoursmanitoba.com | 24hoursmanitoba.com | ||||
| 3newsagency.com | 3newsagency.com | ||||
| akhbarulusbua.com | akhbarulusbua.com | ||||
| eveningpost.eu | eveningpost.eu | ||||
| houstoneveningjournal.com | houstoneveningjournal.com | ||||
| houstonmorningchronicle.com | houstonmorningchronicle.com | ||||
| ludhiana-times.com | ludhiana-times.com | ||||
| lyonsherald.com | lyonsherald.com | ||||
| memphismorningnews.com | memphismorningnews.com | ||||
| newyorknationaldemocrat.com | newyorknationaldemocrat.com | ||||
| newyorkpressagency.com | newyorkpressagency.com | ||||
| plymouthtribune.com | plymouthtribune.com | ||||
| quebecherald.com | quebecherald.com | ||||
| rochesterdailyamerican.com | rochesterdailyamerican.com | ||||
| rockportjournal.com | rockportjournal.com | ||||
| rockvilletimes.com | rockvilletimes.com | ||||
| russkyinvalid.com | russkyinvalid.com | ||||
| sindhgazette.com | sindhgazette.com | ||||
| thecanadianspectator.com | thecanadianspectator.com | ||||
| thehazletonnews.com | thehazletonnews.com | ||||
| thelivenews.co.uk | thelivenews.co.uk | ||||
| thesenator.eu | thesenator.eu | ||||
| thestatesman.eu | thestatesman.eu | ||||
| threemediagroup.com | threemediagroup.com | ||||
| threenewsagency.com | threenewsagency.com | ||||
| timesofalaska.com | timesofalaska.com | ||||
| timesofambala.com | timesofambala.com | ||||
| timesofamsterdam.com | timesofamsterdam.com | ||||
| timesofargentina.com | timesofargentina.com | ||||
| timesofaustria.com | timesofaustria.com | ||||
| timesofazadkashmir.com | timesofazadkashmir.com | ||||
| timesofbali.com | timesofbali.com | ||||
| timesofbelgium.com | timesofbelgium.com | ||||
| timesofbern.com | timesofbern.com | ||||
| timesofbhutan.com | timesofbhutan.com | ||||
| timesofbonn.com | timesofbonn.com | ||||
| timesofbulgaria.com | timesofbulgaria.com | ||||
| timesofcanberra.com | timesofcanberra.com | ||||
| timesofcebu.com | timesofcebu.com | ||||
| timesofchiangmai.com | timesofchiangmai.com | ||||
| timesofchile.com | timesofchile.com | ||||
| timesofcostarica.com | timesofcostarica.com | ||||
| timesofcroatia.com | timesofcroatia.com | ||||
| timesofdefence.com | timesofdefence.com | ||||
| timesofeqypt.com | timesofeqypt.com | ||||
| timesofestonia.com | timesofestonia.com | ||||
| timesofgeneva.com | timesofgeneva.com | ||||
| timesofhonduras.com | timesofhonduras.com | ||||
| timesofhungary.com | timesofhungary.com | ||||
| timesofjakarta.com | timesofjakarta.com | ||||
| timesofjeddah.com | timesofjeddah.com | ||||
| timesofkazakhstan.com | timesofkazakhstan.com | ||||
| timesoflatvia.com | timesoflatvia.com | ||||
| timesoflibya.com | timesoflibya.com | ||||
| timesofluxembourg.com | timesofluxembourg.com | ||||
| timesofmacau.com | timesofmacau.com | ||||
| timesofmadinah.com | timesofmadinah.com | ||||
| timesofmadrid.com | timesofmadrid.com | ||||
| timesofmanitoba.com | timesofmanitoba.com | ||||
| timesofmecca.com | timesofmecca.com | ||||
| timesofmedina.com | timesofmedina.com | ||||
| timesofmorocco.com | timesofmorocco.com | ||||
| timesofnaples.com | timesofnaples.com | ||||
| timesofnetherlands.com | timesofnetherlands.com | ||||
| timesofnewbrunswick.com | timesofnewbrunswick.com | ||||
| timesofnorthkorea.com | timesofnorthkorea.com | ||||
| timesofpalau.com | timesofpalau.com | ||||
| timesofperu.com | timesofperu.com | ||||
| timesofpyongyang.com | timesofpyongyang.com | ||||
| timesofriyadh.com | timesofriyadh.com | ||||
| timesofromania.com | timesofromania.com | ||||
| timesofsaotome.com | timesofsaotome.com | ||||
| timesofseattle.com | timesofseattle.com | ||||
| timesofseoul.com | timesofseoul.com | ||||
| timesofsouthchinasea.com | timesofsouthchinasea.com | ||||
| timesofsouthkorea.com | timesofsouthkorea.com | ||||
| timesofspain.com | timesofspain.com | ||||
| timesoftokyo.com | timesoftokyo.com | ||||
| timesofvatican.com | timesofvatican.com | ||||
| timesofvenezuela.com | timesofvenezuela.com | ||||
| weeklylouisianian.com | weeklylouisianian.com | ||||
| thr.threemediagroup.com | thr.threemediagroup.com | ||||
| 24hoursmontreal.com | 24hoursmontreal.com | Spoof of 24 Hours, a defunct newspaper group. | |||
| 24hoursvancouver.com | 24hoursvancouver.com | Spoof of 24 Hours, a defunct newspaper group. | |||
| albanydailydemocrat.com | albanydailydemocrat.com | Spoof of Albany Democrat-Herald. | |||
| baltimoreeveningsun.com | baltimoreeveningsun.com | Spoof of The Baltimore Sun. | |||
| brownsvilletimes.com | brownsvilletimes.com | Spoof of The Times (Brownsville). | |||
| cbs-cable.com | cbs-cable.com | Spoof of CBS Cable. | |||
| dailystatesentinel.com | dailystatesentinel.com | Spoof of The Daily Sentinel (Texas). | |||
| timesoflosangeles.com | timesoflosangeles.com | Spoof of Los Angeles Times. | |||
| timesofmoscow.com | timesofmoscow.com | Spoof of The Moscow Times. | |||
| Big News Network | Bignewsnetwork.net | ||||
| Big News Network | bignewsnetwork.com | ||||
| FijiNews.net | FijiNews.net | ||||
| NorthKoreaTimes.com | NorthKoreaTimes.com | ||||
| VancouverStar.com | VancouverStar.com | ||||
| PhoenixHerald.com | PhoenixHerald.com | ||||
| RussiaHerald.com | RussiaHerald.com | ||||
| CambodianTimes.com | CambodianTimes.com | ||||
| indiasnews.net | indiasnews.net | ||||
| zimbabwenews.net | zimbabwenews.net | ||||
| sierraleonetimes.com | sierraleonetimes.com | ||||
| World News Network | worldnewsnetwork.net | ||||
| Los Angeles Evening Despatch | |||||
| British News Network | |||||
| Washington DC Despatch | |||||
| Wisconsin Journal | |||||
| Sri Lanka Island News | |||||
| Westminister Times | |||||
| Japan Times Today | japantimestoday.com | Spoof of The Japan Times. | |||
| South China Herald | southchinaherald.news | Spoof of the South China Morning Post. | |||
| Wall Street Sentinel | wallstreetsentinel.news | Spoof of The Wall Street Journal. | |||
| New York Despatch | |||||
| Toronto Sun Times | |||||
| UAE Times |
Endless Mayfly, dubbed by Citizen Lab, is an Iran-affiliated disinformation campaign of inauthentic social media accounts and fake news websites that, according to Citizen Lab, "spreads falsehoods and amplifies narratives critical of Saudi Arabia, the United States, and Israel." It is notable for using a technique that Citizen Lab described as "ephemeral disinformation": When an article from the campaign received significant engagement on social media, it was deleted and URLs were linked to the website that the article was falsely portraying.
| Name | Domain | Status | Notes | Sources | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| addustuor.com | addustuor.com | Spoof of Addustour. | [45] | ||
| xn--aljaeera-4t0d.net | xn--aljaeera-4t0d.net | Spoofing of Al Jazeera. Likely part of an active measures campaign by the Russian government in 2017. Also part of Endless Mayfly, an Iran-affiliated disinformation campaign. | [46] | ||
| al-jazirah.org | al-jazirah.org | Spoof of Al Jazeera. | |||
| al-shargh.com | al-shargh.com | Spoof of Al Sharq. | |||
| al-watan.co | al-watan.co | Spoof of Al-Watan. | |||
| alarabyia.org | alarabyia.org | Spoof of Al Arabiya. | |||
| alettehad.net | alettehad.net | Spoof of Al-Ittihad. | |||
| aliraq-news.com | aliraq-news.com | ||||
| aljlazeera.com | aljlazeera.com | Spoof of Al Jazeera. | |||
| xn--alnaaregypt-cm8e.com | xn--alnaaregypt-cm8e.com | Spoof of Al-Nahar. | |||
| alryiadh.com | alryiadh.com | Spoof of Al Riyadh. | |||
| alwatannewspaper.net | alwatannewspaper.net | Spoof of Al-Watan. | |||
| xn--arab21-6va.com | xn--arab21-6va.com | Spoof of Arabi21. | |||
| theatlatnic.com | theatlatnic.com | Spoofing of The Atlantic. Likely part of an active measures campaign by the Russian government in 2017. Also part of Endless Mayfly, an Iran-affiliated disinformation campaign. | |||
| bbc-Arabic.com | bbc-Arabic.com | Spoof of BBC Arabic. | |||
| belfercenter.net | belfercenter.net | Spoof of Belfer Center. Falsely claims that Avigdor Lieberman was fired by Benjamin Netanyahu in 2018 for being a Russian agent. | |||
| bloomberq.com | bloomberq.com | Spoof of Bloomberg.com. | |||
| braekingisraelnews.com | braekingisraelnews.com | Spoof of Breaking Israel News. | |||
| breakingisraelnews.net | breakingisraelnews.net | Spoof of Breaking Israel News. | |||
| brusslestimes.com | brusslestimes.com | Spoof of The Brussels Times. | |||
| budapestbaecon.com | budapestbaecon.com | Spoof of The Budapest Beacon. | |||
| bundesergierung.de | bundesergierung.de | Spoof of the official Bundesregierung website. | |||
| xn--c-wpma.com | xn--c-wpma.com | Spoof of CNN. | |||
| com-news-world.site | com-news-world.site | Spoof of the BBC. | |||
| com-users.info | com-users.info | ||||
| dawalhaq.com | dawalhaq.com | ||||
| daylisabah.com | daylisabah.com | Spoof of the Daily Sabah. | |||
| democraticcoalition.net | democraticcoalition.net | ||||
| xn--etik-k54a.com | xn--etik-k54a.com | Spoof of Detik. | |||
| elwataannews.com | elwataannews.com | Spoof of El Watan News. | |||
| xn--emaraalyoum-1b9e.com | xn--emaraalyoum-1b9e.com | Spoof of Emarat Al Youm. | |||
| emaratallyoum.com | emaratallyoum.com | Spoof of Emarat Al Youm. | |||
| emaratalyuom.com | emaratalyuom.com | Spoof of Emarat Al Youm. | |||
| foreignpoilcy.com | foreignpoilcy.com | Spoof of Foreign Policy. | |||
| foriegnpolicy.net | foriegnpolicy.net | Spoof of Foreign Policy. | |||
| xn--frace24-mkb.com | xn--frace24-mkb.com | Spoof of France 24. | |||
| theglobeandmail.org | theglobeandmail.org | Spoof of The Globe and Mail. | |||
| thaguardian.com | thaguardian.com | Spoof of The Guardian. | |||
| theguaradian.com | theguaradian.com | Spoof of The Guardian. | |||
| xn--theguardan-4ub.com | xn--theguardan-4ub.com | Spoofing of The Guardian that uses an IDN homograph attack in which the "i" in the "guardian" is replaced by the Turkish character "ı". Contains fabricated quotes from John Scarlett that suggest CIA and MI6 involvement in the Rose Revolution to weaken Russia. Likely part of an active measures campaign by the Russian government in 2017. Also part of Endless Mayfly, an Iran-affiliated disinformation campaign. | |||
| xn--theguardia-dq2e.com | xn--theguardia-dq2e.com | Spoof of The Guardian. | |||
| haaaretz.com | haaaretz.com | Spoof of Haaretz. | |||
| xn--haarez-m17b.com | xn--haarez-m17b.com | Spoofing of Haaretz. Likely part of an active measures campaign by the Russian government in 2017. Also part of Endless Mayfly, an Iran-affiliated disinformation campaign. | |||
| theheraldscotland.com | theheraldscotland.com | Spoof of The Herald Scotland. | |||
| xn--huffngtonpost-69b.com | xn--huffngtonpost-69b.com | Spoof of the Huffington Post that uses an IDN homograph attack, replacing "i" with "ı". | |||
| xn--ndependent-77a.com | xn--ndependent-77a.com | Spoof of The Independent. | |||
| indepnedent.co | indepnedent.co | Typosquatting spoof of The Independent. | |||
| israelhayom.net | israelhayom.net | Spoof of Israel Hayom. | |||
| xn--sraelinarabic-29b.com | xn--sraelinarabic-29b.com | Spoof of Israel in Arabic. | |||
| xn--israelinarabi-ugb.com | xn--israelinarabi-ugb.com | Spoof of Israel in Arabic. | |||
| israellinarabic.com | israellinarabic.com | Spoof of Israel in Arabic. | |||
| israelnationalnews.co | israelnationalnews.co | Spoof of Israel National News. | |||
| israelnationalnews.net | israelnationalnews.net | Spoof of Israel National News. | |||
| jerusaleimonline.com | jerusaleimonline.com | Spoof of Jerusalem Online. | |||
| thejerusalempost.org | thejerusalempost.org | Spoof of The Jerusalem Post. | |||
| lesoir.info | lesoir.info | Spoof of Le Soir. Part of Endless Mayfly, an Iran-affiliated disinformation campaign. Also used to spread a false claim about Emmanuel Macron's campaign being funded by Saudi Arabia during the 2017 French Presidential Election. | [47] | ||
| xn--telocal-xt3c.com | xn--telocal-xt3c.com | Spoof of The Local. | |||
| mesralarabiya.com | mesralarabiya.com | Spoof of MasrAlarabia. | |||
| mintpressnevvs.com | mintpressnevvs.com | Spoof of MintPress News. | |||
| nationalepost.com | nationalepost.com | Spoof of National Post. | |||
| xn--nationmaser-5b9e.com | xn--nationmaser-5b9e.com | Spoof of NationMaster. | |||
| policito.com | policito.com | Spoof of Politico. | |||
| xn--plitico-d5b.com | xn--plitico-d5b.com | Spoof of Politico. | |||
| xn--r-2rm.com | xn--r-2rm.com | Spoof of RT. | |||
| sharjah24.co | sharjah24.co | Spoof of Sharjah24. | |||
| shoruknews.com | shoruknews.com | Spoof of Al-Shorouk. | |||
| speigel.net | speigel.net | Spoof of Der Spiegel. | |||
| timesoffisrael.com | timesoffisrael.com | Spoof of The Times of Israel. | |||
| timesofisraeil.com | timesofisraeil.com | Spoof of The Times of Israel. | |||
| xn--wa-exs.com | xn--wa-exs.com | Spoof of Emirates News Agency. | |||
| waradena.com | waradena.com | Spoof of Waradana. | |||
| washnigtonexaminer.com | washnigtonexaminer.com | Spoof of The Washington Examiner. |
The International Union of Virtual Media is described by the Atlantic Council as "a cluster of ostensibly independent websites that aggressively repackaged and re-broadcast Iranian state media", without citation. The network has been taken down by Facebook, Twitter, and Google for coordinated inauthentic behavior.
| Name | Domain | Status | Notes | Sources | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| iuvm.org | iuvm.org | Seized by the United States federal government in 2020. | [48] [49] | ||
| IUVMApp | [50] | ||||
| IUVM Archive | iuvmarchive.com | [51] | |||
| iuvmdaily.com | iuvmdaily.com | ||||
| iuvmonline.com | iuvmonline.com | ||||
| IUVM Pixel | iuvmpixel.com | ||||
| IUVM Press | iuvmpress.com | Seized by the United States federal government in 2020. | |||
| IUVM TV | iuvmtv.com | Seized by the United States federal government in 2020. |
Storm-2035, dubbed by Microsoft Threat Analysis Center in August 2024, is attributed by Microsoft researchers to "an Iranian network" and described by them as a collection of fake news websites that has been active since at least 2020 and has targeted both conservative and liberal audiences in the United States. At least some of their content has been alleged by Microsoft to be created by generative artificial intelligence models to repost content from United States-based news outlets without attribution. Such outlets include The Guardian, The Week, Newsweek, and the Los Angeles Times. An investigation from OpenAI found that the network used ChatGPT to generate articles and social media comments.[52] A network of social media accounts that promoted one of the sites was taken down in 2022 by Twitter for coordinated inauthentic behavior.
| Name | Domain | Status | Notes | Sources | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afro Majority | afromajority.com | [53] [54] | |||
| EvenPolitics | evenpolitics.com | [55] [56] [57] | |||
| Nio Thinker | niothinker.com | [58] | |||
| Not Our War | |||||
| Savannah Time | savannahtime.com | ||||
| Teorator | teorator.com | ||||
| Westland Sun | westlandsun.com |
| Name | Domain | Status | Notes | Sources | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AWDNews | awdnews.com | Defunct | Khawaja Muhammad Asif, the Minister of Defence of Pakistan, warned Israel of nuclear retaliation on Twitter after a false story claiming that Avigdor Lieberman, the Israeli Ministry of Defense, said "If Pakistan send ground troops into Syria on any pretext, we will destroy this country with a nuclear attack."[59] [60] Seized by the United States federal government in 2020. | [61] [62] [63] | |
| The British Left | britishleft.com | Masquerades as a United Kingdom-based news outlet. | [64] | ||
| Critics Chronicle | criticschronicle.com | Masquerades as a United Kingdom-based news outlet. | |||
| Instituto Manquehue | institutomanquehue.org | Masquerades as a Latin America-based NGO. | |||
| Liberty Front Press | libertyfrontpress.com | Masquerades as a United States-based news outlet. | |||
| Real Progressive Front | rpfront.com | Masquerades as a United States-based news outlet and NGO. | |||
| US Journal | usjournal.net | Masquerades as a United States-based news outlet. |
Starting in October 2023, the Israeli government via the Ministry of Diaspora Affairs supported what the New York Times and Haaretz described as an "influence campaign" that primarily targeted Black lawmakers in the Democratic Party, as well as young left-leaning residents of the United States and Canada. The ministry hired Stoic, an Israeli political marketing firm, to conduct the operation, dubbed Zeno Zeno by OpenAI.[65] Social media accounts and pages linked to the campaign were taken down by Meta in 2024 for coordinated inauthentic behavior, including the use of profile pictures created by generative adversarial networks and possibly hijacked accounts. Many social media posts from the campaign were created by ChatGPT.
| Name | Domain | Status | Notes | Sources | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arab Slave Trade | arabslavetrade.wiki | Copied from Wikipedia. Targeted Black Americans to spread the message of Arab involvement in the slave trade in Africa. | [66] [67] | ||
| The Good Samaritan | the-good-samaritan.com | Per Haaretz, a site that "mapped and ranked American universities according to the amount of alleged antisemitic incidents on their campuses and whether it was safe for Jews to study there." Promoted by Non-Agenda. | |||
| The Moral Alliance | moral-alliance.com | Described by FakeReporter as a "fictitious online [platform]". Redirected to The Good Samaritan website. | [68] [69] [70] | ||
| moralalliance.co | |||||
| Non-Agenda | nonagenda.com | Described by FakeReporter as a "fictitious online [platform]". | [71] | ||
| Serenity Now! | serenitynow.today | Posed as an anarchist website. | |||
| The Human Fellowship | thehumanfellowship.co | Linked to The Moral Alliance. | |||
| Unfold Magazine | ufnews.io | Described by FakeReporter as a "fictitious online [platform]". | |||
| United Citizens for Canada | uc4canada.com | Targeting a Canadian audience, published content widely described as Islamophobic. |
| Name | Domain | Status | Notes | Sources | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ByoBlu | byoblu.com | Spread false claims about contact tracing applications used during the COVID-19 pandemic. Founded by former communication lead of the Five Star Movement.Published deceptive information circulated on Twitter, spreading disinformation in the context of the 2019 European elections. | [72] [73] | ||
| Il Primato Nazionale | ilprimatonazionale.it | Spread false information about Italian government policy with respect to immigrants and COVID-19. Linked to CasaPound. | [74] [75] | ||
| La Cosa | la-cosa.it | Setup by the Five Star Movement. | [76] | ||
| La Fucina | lafucina.it | Setup by the Five Star Movement.Falsely claimed that Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 was shot down by a Ukrainian pilot. | [77] | ||
| TzeTze | tzetze.it | Setup by the Five Star Movement. |
| Name | Domain | Status | Notes | Sources | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| elpoderdelsaber.com | elpoderdelsaber.com | Associated with Ernesto Cordero Arroyo, Heriberto Félix Guerra, and Juan Ignacio Zavala of the National Action Party. Published death hoax about Carmen Aristegui. | [78] | ||
| elviejosabio.com | elviejosabio.com | Associated with Ernesto Cordero Arroyo, Heriberto Félix Guerra, and Juan Ignacio Zavala of the National Action Party. | |||
| sevenaldia.com | sevenaldia.com | Associated with Ernesto Cordero Arroyo, Heriberto Félix Guerra, and Juan Ignacio Zavala of the National Action Party. | |||
| telodijeyo.com | telodijeyo.com | Associated with Ernesto Cordero Arroyo, Heriberto Félix Guerra, and Juan Ignacio Zavala of the National Action Party. |
| Name | Domain | Status | Notes | Sources | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aso Villa News | asovillanews.xyz | Owned by activist of the Indigenous People of Biafra movement. | [80] | ||
| Exclusive103 | exclusive103.com | Per Africa Check and DUBAWA. Owned by activist of the Indigenous People of Biafra movement. | [81] [82] [83] | ||
| I News | imocitytv.com | Owned by activist of the Indigenous People of Biafra movement. |
Shanghai Haixun Technology Co., Ltd (上海海讯社科技有限公司), a Chinese public relations firm, is linked to an influence campaign (titled "HaiEnergy" by Mandiant) to promote positive energy, which Mandiant defines as "messages positively portraying the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), the Chinese Government, and its policies." Mandiant alleged that the firm had possibly staged protests in Washington D.C. in 2022 involving religious freedom and the Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act.
| Name | Domain | Status | Notes | Sources | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 24 News | 24usnews.com | [85] | |||
| Aisa Korea | aisakorea.com | ||||
| All City Times | allcitytimes.com | ||||
| Anna Times | annatimes.com | ||||
| Austria Weekly | austriaweekly.com | ||||
| Charm Daily | charmdaily.com | ||||
| Czech Weekly | czechweekly.com | ||||
| Director Times | directortimes.com | ||||
| Donga Daily | dongadaily.com | ||||
| Egypt Daily | egyptdaily.org | ||||
| Elec Daily | elecdaily.com | ||||
| Espana Daily | espanadaily.com | ||||
| Eur Times | eutimes.fr | ||||
| Exactly News | exactlynews.com | ||||
| E.MP | finance.austriaweekly.com | ||||
| Finance.TZ | finance.thaibizdaily.com | ||||
| Finland Weekly | finlandweekly.com | ||||
| Focus on Russia | automobile.trademarksdaily.com | ||||
| 財富台灣 | caifutw.com | ||||
| FT Voice | finance.thewarsawvoice.com | ||||
| Hani Daily | hanidaily.com | ||||
| Hanna Press | hannapress.com | ||||
| Health Latest Job News | health.latestjobnews.in | ||||
| 香港日報 | hkdaily.net | ||||
| 香港週報 | weeklyhongkong.com | ||||
| Huabei Daily | vn.huabeidaily.com | ||||
| Hurriyet Business | hurriyetbusiness.com | ||||
| Inspect News | inspectnews.com | ||||
| Jakarta Globe | jakartaglobe.org | ||||
| Joins Da | markets.joinsdaily.com | ||||
| The Korea Times | thekoreatimes.org | ||||
| KR Economy | kreconomy.com | ||||
| KR Pop Star | krpopstar.com | ||||
| Latest Job News | latestjobnews.in | ||||
| Lehua Times | lehuatimes.com | ||||
| Lori Times | loritimes.com | ||||
| Mecha Times | mechatimes.com | ||||
| Moscow TV | moscowtv.vip | ||||
| Nanyang Daily | nanyangdaily.com | ||||
| Nets Bay | netsbay.com | ||||
| New Delhi News | newdelhinews.club | ||||
| New York City Morning Post | nycmorning.com | ||||
| NGR Daily | nigeriacom.com | ||||
| NZL Daily | newzealandgazette.com | ||||
| Portugal Daily | portugaldaily.com | ||||
| Qatar Daily | qatardaily.org | ||||
| RAND Daily | randdaily.com | ||||
| RU Business | rubusiness.club | ||||
| RU Industrial | ruindustrial.com | ||||
| Russian Daily | russiadaily.org | ||||
| Russian Daily | therussiadaily.com | ||||
| Sain Times | saintimes.com | ||||
| Saudi Weekly | saudiweekly.com | ||||
| Seoul Daily | seouldaily.org | ||||
| Startup India Magazine | startupindiamagazine.com | ||||
| Swiss Weekly | swissweekly.com | ||||
| Swiss Zeitung | swisszeitung.com | ||||
| 台灣焦點 | hotintaiwan.com | ||||
| TH Truth | thtruth.com | ||||
| The Thailands | thethailands.com | ||||
| TMK Daily | trademarksdaily.com | ||||
| Toyo Times | toyotimes.com | ||||
| Unsee News | unseenews.com | ||||
| The Warsaw Voice | thewarsawvoice.com | ||||
| Yarl Times | yarltimes.com | ||||
| Yasu Daily | yasudaily.com | ||||
| Times Newswire | timesnewswire.com | Linked to both HaiEnergy and PAPERWALL influence operations. | [86] [87] [88] | ||
| World Newswire | wdwire.com | Used by Haixun and owned by another marketing firm based in China, Shenzhen Bowen Media Information Technology Co., Ltd. | |||
| The Arizona Republic | finance.azcentral.com | ||||
| Pittsburgh Post-Gazette | markets.post-gazette.com | ||||
| Starkville Daily News | business.starkvilledailynews.com | ||||
| The Kane Republican | business.kanerepublican.com | ||||
| Sweetwater Reporter | business.sweetwaterreporter.com | ||||
| The Daily Press | business.smdailypress.com | ||||
| Poteau Daily News | business.poteaudailynews.com | ||||
| The Call | business.woonsocketcall.com | ||||
| Mammoth Times | business.mammothtimes.com | ||||
| The Evening Leader | business.theeveningleader.com | ||||
| The Post and Mail | business.thepostandmail.com | ||||
| My Mother Lode | money.mymotherlode.com | ||||
| The Inyo Register | business.inyoregister.com | ||||
| The Punxsutawney Spirit | business.punxsutawneyspirit.com | ||||
| Borger New-Herald | business.borgernewsherald.com | ||||
| The Times | business.pawtuckettimes.com | ||||
| Statesman Examiner | business.statesmanexaminer.com | ||||
| Decatur Daily Democrat | business.decaturdailydemocrat.com | ||||
| The Pilot News | business.thepilotnews.com | ||||
| The Newport Daily Express | business.newportvermontdailyexpress.com | ||||
| Malvern Daily Record | business.malvern-online.com | ||||
| Southern Rhode Island Newspapers | business.ricentral.com | ||||
| Wapakoneta Daily News | business.wapakdailynews.com | ||||
| Times Record | business.times-online.com | ||||
| The Guymon Daily Herald | business.guymondailyherald.com | ||||
| Daily Times Leader | business.dailytimesleader.com | ||||
| The Ridgway Record | business.ridgwayrecord.com | ||||
| Big Spring Herald | business.bigspringherald.com | ||||
| The Observer News Enterprise | business.observernewsonline.com | ||||
| The Saline Courier | business.bentoncourier.com | ||||
| The Buffalo News | markets.buffalonews.com | ||||
| The Community Post | business.minstercommunitypost.com |
Shenzhen Haimaiyunxiang Media Co., Ltd., a Chinese public relations firm, is linked to an influence campaign (titled "PAPERWALL" by Citizen Lab) to "[disseminate] pro-Beijing disinformation and ad hominem attacks". Citizen Lab concludes that their analysis "[confirms] the increasingly important role private firms play in the realm of digital influence operations and the propensity of the Chinese government to make use of them."
| Name | Domain | Status | Notes | Sources | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| usa-aa.com | usa-aa.com | ||||
| doloreshoy.co | doloreshoy.co | ||||
| splinsider.com | splinsider.com | ||||
| garagumsowda.com | garagumsowda.com | ||||
| laplatapost.com | laplatapost.com | ||||
| lujanexpresar.com | lujanexpresar.com | ||||
| wienbuzz.com | wienbuzz.com | ||||
| boicpost.com | boicpost.com | ||||
| brasilindustry.com | brasilindustry.com | ||||
| brmingpao.com | brmingpao.com | ||||
| financeiropost.com | financeiropost.com | ||||
| goiasmine.com | goiasmine.com | ||||
| pauloexpressar.com | pauloexpressar.com | ||||
| pernambucostar.com | pernambucostar.com | ||||
| rioninepage.com | rioninepage.com | ||||
| swisshubnews.com | swisshubnews.com | ||||
| sanrafaelscoop.com | sanrafaelscoop.com | ||||
| martapost.com | martapost.com | ||||
| bohemiadaily.com | bohemiadaily.com | ||||
| frankfurtsta.com | frankfurtsta.com | ||||
| munichnp.com | munichnp.com | ||||
| dkindustry.co | dkindustry.co | ||||
| lguazu.com | lguazu.com | ||||
| andregaceta.com | andregaceta.com | ||||
| cordovapress.org | cordovapress.org | ||||
| Sevilla Times | sevillatimes.com | ||||
| tarragonapost.com | tarragonapost.com | ||||
| guellherald.com | guellherald.com | ||||
| suomiexpress.com | suomiexpress.com | ||||
| frnewsfeed.com | frnewsfeed.com | ||||
| froneplus.com | froneplus.com | ||||
| friendlyparis.com | friendlyparis.com | ||||
| alpsbiz.com | alpsbiz.com | ||||
| economyfr.com | economyfr.com | ||||
| eiffelpost.com | eiffelpost.com | ||||
| fftribune.com | fftribune.com | ||||
| louispress.org | louispress.org | ||||
| provencedaily.com | provencedaily.com | ||||
| rmtcityfr.com | rmtcityfr.com | ||||
| doyletimes.com | doyletimes.com | ||||
| Napoli Money | napolimoney.com | [89] | |||
| Italia Finanziarie | italiafinanziarie.com | ||||
| Milano Moda Weekly | milanomodaweekly.com | ||||
| Roma Journal | romajournal.org | ||||
| Torino Human | torinohuman.com | ||||
| Venezia Post | veneziapost.com | ||||
| dy-press.com | dy-press.com | ||||
| Fujiyama Times | fujiyamatimes.com | ||||
| fukuitoday.com | fukuitoday.com | ||||
| fukuoka-ken.com | fukuoka-ken.com | ||||
| ginzadaily.com | ginzadaily.com | ||||
| hokkaidotr.com | hokkaidotr.com | ||||
| kanagawa-ken.com | kanagawa-ken.com | ||||
| meiji-mura.com | meiji-mura.com | ||||
| nihondaily.com | nihondaily.com | ||||
| nikkonews.com | nikkonews.com | ||||
| saitama-ken.com | saitama-ken.com | ||||
| sendaishimbun.com | sendaishimbun.com | ||||
| tokushima-ken.com | tokushima-ken.com | ||||
| tokyobuilder.com | tokyobuilder.com | ||||
| yamatocore.com | yamatocore.com | ||||
| bucheontech.com | bucheontech.com | ||||
| busanonline.com | busanonline.com | ||||
| cctimes.org | cctimes.org | ||||
| chungjutravel.com | chungjutravel.com | ||||
| chungnamonline.com | chungnamonline.com | ||||
| daegujournal.com | daegujournal.com | ||||
| daejeontraffic.com | daejeontraffic.com | ||||
| gangwonculture.com | gangwonculture.com | ||||
| gwangjuedu.com | gwangjuedu.com | ||||
| gyeonggidaily.com | gyeonggidaily.com | ||||
| gyeongpe.com | gyeongpe.com | ||||
| incheonfocus.com | incheonfocus.com | ||||
| jejutr.com | jejutr.com | ||||
| jeontoday.com | jeontoday.com | ||||
| krectimes.com | krectimes.com | ||||
| seoulpr.com | seoulpr.com | ||||
| ulsanindustry.com | ulsanindustry.com | ||||
| gauljournal.com | gauljournal.com | ||||
| olmecpress.com | olmecpress.com | ||||
| teotihuacaneco.com | teotihuacaneco.com | ||||
| xochimilcolife.com | xochimilcolife.com | ||||
| greaterdutch.com | greaterdutch.com | ||||
| nlpress.org | nlpress.org | ||||
| vikingun.org | vikingun.org | ||||
| bydgoszczdaily.com | bydgoszczdaily.com | ||||
| wawelexpress.com | wawelexpress.com | ||||
| ptnavigat.com | ptnavigat.com | ||||
| baleadimineata.com | baleadimineata.com | ||||
| rogazette.com | rogazette.com | ||||
| aksaydaily.com | aksaydaily.com | ||||
| ekaterintech.com | ekaterintech.com | ||||
| findmoscow.com | findmoscow.com | ||||
| gorodbusiness.com | gorodbusiness.com | ||||
| kazanculture.com | kazanculture.com | ||||
| rostovlife.com | rostovlife.com | ||||
| samaraindustry.com | samaraindustry.com | ||||
| stptb.org | stptb.org | ||||
| tulunet.com | tulunet.com | ||||
| volgogradpost.com | volgogradpost.com | ||||
| balasaguntimes.com | balasaguntimes.com | ||||
| ismoili.com | ismoili.com | ||||
| buranadaily.com | buranadaily.com | ||||
| wakhan.org | wakhan.org | ||||
| luddpress.com | luddpress.com | ||||
| kopetbiz.com | kopetbiz.com | ||||
| balasagunherald.com | balasagunherald.com | ||||
| taurustimes.com | taurustimes.com | ||||
| anadoluha.com | anadoluha.com | ||||
| araratdaily.com | araratdaily.com | ||||
| cappadociapost.org | cappadociapost.org | ||||
| bmhtoday.com | bmhtoday.com | ||||
| benmorning.com | benmorning.com | ||||
| britishft.com | britishft.com | ||||
| conanfinance.com | conanfinance.com | ||||
| deiniolnews.com | deiniolnews.com | ||||
| euleader.org | euleader.org | ||||
| glasgowtr.com | glasgowtr.com | ||||
| londonclup.com | londonclup.com | ||||
| ulstergrowth.com | ulstergrowth.com | ||||
| vtnay.org | vtnay.org | ||||
| wdpp.org | wdpp.org | ||||
| updatenews.info | updatenews.info |
Glassbridge, dubbed by Google Threat Intelligence Group, is an information operation that ties together three marketing firms based in China (Shanghai Haixun Technology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen Haimai Yunxiang Media, and Shenzhen Bowen Media, plus a unspecified fourth company) to a network of over 1,000 impostor news websites that support the Chinese government and target audiences in at least 30 countries, including the Chinese diaspora. Some content posted on these sites overlaps with the Spamouflage disinformation operation.
| Name | Domain | Status | Notes | Sources | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boston Journal | Not to be confused with the Boston Journal, a 19th-20th century newspaper from the United States. | ||||
| Conversa Do Brasil | |||||
| Deutsches Journal |
Fake news sites have become rampant for Philippine audiences, especially being shared on social media.[93] Politicians have started filing laws to combat fake news[94] [95] and three Senate hearings have been held on the topic.[96] [97] [98]
The Catholic Church in the Philippines has also released a missive speaking out against it.[99]
Vera Files research at the end of 2017 and 2018 show that the most shared fake news in the Philippines appeared to benefit 2 people the most: Former President Rodrigo Duterte (as well as his allies) and President Bongbong Marcos, with the most viral news driven by shares on networks of Facebook pages.[100] Most Philippine audience Facebook pages and groups spreading online disinformation also bear "Duterte", "Marcos" or "News" in their names and are pro-Duterte.[101] Online disinformation in the Philippines is overwhelmingly political as well, with most attacking groups or individuals critical of the Duterte administration.[102] Many Philippine-audience fake news websites also appear to be controlled by the same operators as they share common Google AdSense and Google Analytics IDs.
According to media scholar Jonathan Corpus Ong, Duterte's presidential campaign is regarded as the patient zero in the current era of disinformation, having preceded widespread global coverage of the Cambridge Analytica scandal and Russian trolls.[103] Fake news is so established and severe in the Philippines that Facebook's Global Politics and Government Outreach Director Katie Harbath also calls it "patient zero"[104] in the global misinformation epidemic, having happened before Brexit, the Donald Trump nomination and the 2016 United States elections.[105]
Mission is a content farm that has repeatedly published false information and republished or rephrased stories from other outlets, especially the China Times. It is connected to Lin Cheng-kuo (林正國), a former assistant for Wang Ping-chung (王炳忠), a spokesperson for the New Party. The network uses "link wheeling" to manipulate search engine rankings by Google and Bing, and repeatedly switched domain names to get ahead of bans by Facebook (including the use of beeper.live, a content farm in Malaysia). Mission has promoted content from The Reacher (觸極者), a site also run by Lin, and both sites in turn promoted a China-Taiwan exchange program jointly managed by the Taiwan Affairs Office, several state-run media outlets in China (China Media Group, iTaiwan News Network (海峽飛虹中文網), Huaxia.net (華夏經緯網), Sichuan Daily New Media Centre (四川日報新媒體中心)), and a private media company based in Taiwan.
| Name | Domain | Status | Notes | Sources | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mission (密訊) | Mission.tw | ||||
| Mission (密訊) | pplomo.com | [106] [107] | |||
| Mission (密訊) | mission-tw.com | ||||
| Mission (密訊) | missiback.com | ||||
| Mission (密訊) | mission-hosti.com | ||||
| Mission (密訊) | tiksomo.com | ||||
| Mission (密訊) | gufunnews.com | ||||
| Mission (密訊) | new.mission-tw.com | ||||
| Mission (密訊) | gaochuji.com | ||||
| Mission (密訊) | mission-new.com | ||||
| Mission (密訊) | tiksomo.com | ||||
| Mission (密訊) | falotat.com | ||||
| Mission (密訊) | osometalk.com | ||||
| Mission (密訊) | itaiwan.mission-tw.com |
See main article: article and List of political disinformation website campaigns in Russia.
See also: Doppelganger (disinformation campaign).
A network of websites, dubbed the Radical Economic Transformation media network by the African Network of Centers for Investigative Reporting[108] and described by journalists as "disinformation" and "propaganda", promoted the concept of white monopoly capital and repeatedly and anonymously attacked Cyril Ramaphosa, journalists, opposition politicians and other critics of the Gupta family, Jacob Zuma and their associates. The sites were registered by CNET Infosystem, an Indian reputation management firm that is linked to the Gupta family, who had close ties with Zuma. As of 2017, they received nearly all of their web traffic from users in India, and were linked to pro-Gupta and pro-Zuma Twitter accounts whose posts were retweeted by bot accounts. This network of websites and social media assets also included media outlets owned by the Gupta family: ANN7 and The New Age. The overall social media strategy was analyzed by Bell Pottinger, who was contracted by the Gupta family. The New York Times noted that, due to the disinformation campaign, "racial tensions [in South Africa] rose to levels that had not been felt since apartheid" and asserted that the campaign significantly damaged the cause of advancing economic equality for Black South Africans.
| Name | Domain | Status | Notes | Sources | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| dodgysaministers.com | dodgysaministers.com | [109] | |||
| fakeguptaleaks.com | fakeguptaleaks.com | ||||
| publicopinion.co.za | publicopinion.co.za | ||||
| southafricabuzz.co.za | southafricabuzz.co.za | ||||
| whitemonopoly.com | whitemonopoly.com | ||||
| whitemonopolyafrica.com | whitemonopolyafrica.com | ||||
| whitemonopolycapital.com | whitemonopolycapital.com | ||||
| WMC Leaks | wmcleaks.com | Per Africa Check, an IFCN signatory. | [110] [111] [112] | ||
| WMC Scams | wmcscams.com | ||||
| wmc-scams.com | wmc-scams.com |
| Name | Domain | Status | Notes | Sources | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nya Dagbladet | nyadagbladet.se | Identified by researchers at the Oxford Internet Institute as a source of "junk news". Reportedly linked to Nationaldemokraterna. Accused of spreading anti-vaccine misinformation, Holocaust denial, and the white genocide conspiracy theory. Promoted a document falsely alleged to be from the RAND Corporation. | [113] [114] | ||
| Nyheter Idag | nyheteridag.se | Identified by researchers at the Oxford Internet Institute as a source of "junk news". Closely associated with the Sweden Democrats. Founded by Chang Frick, who is described as "a former Sweden Democrat official"[115] and has also worked for RT. Connected to Kent Ekeroth and Jeppe Juhl. Owned by Ilan Sadé. | [116] [117] | ||
| Samnytt | samnytt.se | Identified by researchers at the Oxford Internet Institute as a source of "junk news". Works with AdStyle, which uses ads with fictitious celebrity endorsements. Closely associated with the Sweden Democrats, receiving donations from Kent Ekeroth. A writer for the site who used to work for the Sweden Democrats was denied parliamentary press accreditation after Swedish security police concluded that he was associated with Russian intelligence. | [118] [119] |
Between 2020 and 2021, a network of Twitter accounts was used by "[Tanzanian-]government aligned individuals" supportive of the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) party to harass activists, journalists, and Tanzanian opposition politicians. The campaign was possibly "partially outsourced to a Russian-speaking country", and involved false copyright campaigns: Twitter content that criticized the CCM party was added to blog sites (listed below) and back dated, and then the original content was reported to Twitter under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. This network was suspended by Twitter in 2021 for coordinated inauthentic behavior.
| Name | Domain | Status | Notes | Sources | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AfricaTopNews | africatopnews.blogspot.com | [120] | |||
| Covid Tanzania | covidtanzania.wordpress.com | ||||
| NewsTzOlivia | newstzolivia.wordpress.com |
An influence operation, dubbed Operation Carthage by the Digital Forensics Research Lab, was conducted in an attempt to influence the 2019 Tunisian presidential election. The operation was conducted by UReputation, a Tunisian public relations firm linked to Lotfi Bel Hadj. The campaign had also attempted to influence politics in Comoros (2019 Comorian presidential election), Côte D'Ivoire (2020 Ivorian presidential election), and Togo (2020 Togolese presidential election). The company also had assets in Chad, Congo-Brazzaville, Gambia, Guinea, Mali, Madagascar, Niger, and Senegal. Related social media accounts and pages were taken down by Facebook in 2020 for coordinated inauthentic behavior.
| Name | Domain | Status | Notes | Sources | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Actu France | Actu-France.com | Has blank "About Page". | [121] | ||
| Afrika News | afrika-news.com | Journalists listed have accounts that are suspended by Twitter, and otherwise have no identifiable digital footprint. Supportive of Faure Gnassingbé. | |||
| Afrikan Post | afrikanpost.fr | Has similar website design as Revue de l'Afrique and Afrika News. Journalists listed have no identifiable digital footprint. Copies content from other news websites. | |||
| Eco Mag | eco-mag.com | Journalists listed have accounts that are suspended by Twitter, and otherwise have no identifiable digital footprint. | |||
| Fake News Checking | fakenewschecking.com | Connected to UReputation. Presented itself as a fact-checking outlet. | |||
| Le Muslim Post | lemuslimpost.com | Funded by Lotfi Bel Hadj. | |||
| Maghreb Info | Maghreb-Info.com | Has similar website design as Revue de l’Afrique and Afrika News. Journalists listed have accounts that are suspended by Twitter, and otherwise have no identifiable digital footprint. Supportive of Nabil Karoui. | |||
| Revue de L'Afrique | revue-afrique.com | Journalists listed have accounts that are suspended by Twitter, and otherwise have no identifiable digital footprint. Supportive of Faure Gnassingbé. |
| Name | Domain | Status | Notes | Sources | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Begemot.com | Begemot.com | Linked to Andrii Derkach, Petro Zhuravel, and political consultants tied to Volodymyr Groysman and Oleh Kulinich. Part of a network that was taken down by Facebook in 2021 for coordinated inauthentic behavior. | |||
| Begemot.media | Begemot.media | Linked to Andrii Derkach, Petro Zhuravel, and political consultants tied to Volodymyr Groysman and Oleh Kulinich. Part of a network that was taken down by Facebook in 2021 for coordinated inauthentic behavior. | |||
| Begemot.news | Begemot.news | Linked to Andrii Derkach, Petro Zhuravel, and political consultants tied to Volodymyr Groysman and Oleh Kulinich. Part of a network that was taken down by Facebook in 2021 for coordinated inauthentic behavior. | |||
| thickpolicy.media | thickpolicy.media | Linked to Andrii Derkach, Petro Zhuravel, and political consultants tied to Volodymyr Groysman and Oleh Kulinich. Part of a network that was taken down by Facebook in 2021 for coordinated inauthentic behavior. |
The following websites are part of a network that has been alleged to have links to NewsFront, Borotba, and individuals in Russian-occupied Luhansk. Related social media accounts were taken down by Facebook in 2021 for coordinated inauthentic behavior.
| Name | Domain | Status | Notes | Sources | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| capitalnews.us | capitalnews.us | [122] | |||
| Le Tarde Republicana | Tarde-republicana.es | [123] | |||
| esrepublica.es | esrepublica.es | ||||
| tribuno-popolare.it | tribuno-popolare.it | ||||
| bagimsizbasin.info.tr | bagimsizbasin.info.tr | ||||
| Szeged Hírek | szegedhir.eu | ||||
| incident24-7.ru | incident24-7.ru | ||||
| massmedia24.com | massmedia24.com | ||||
| 9may.org | 9may.org | ||||
| hadashot-erev.info | hadashot-erev.info | ||||
| Pravdorub | pravdorub.md | ||||
| Echo of Moldova | eho.md | ||||
| Echo of Moldova | ehomd.info | ||||
| Kyrgyzstan Echo | ehokg.org | Journalists listed have no identifiable digital footprint. | |||
| Kyrgyzstan Echo | ehokg.info | Journalists listed have no identifiable digital footprint. | |||
| Kazakhstan Echo | ehonews.kz | Journalists listed have no identifiable digital footprint. | |||
| 24-7 News | 24-7news.eu | Copied content from Euronews, NewsFront and The Epoch Times. Promoted a claim accusing Ukraine of environmental pollution, which Graphika described as a "trope of Russian propaganda, Ukraine as a nuclear disaster". | |||
| britisherald.org.uk | britisherald.org.uk | Promoted a claim accusing Ukraine of environmental pollution, which Graphika described as a "trope of Russian propaganda, Ukraine as a nuclear disaster". | |||
| European group of action 'Ecology and peace' | ecoandpeace.eu | ||||
| Abendlich Hamburg | abend-hamburg.de | Defunct | |||
| The Capital News | capital-news.org.uk | Accused by Graphika of information laundering. | |||
| summurynews.com | summurynews.com | Alleged by Die Welt and netzpolitik.org to be a "sister" site for NewsFront. | |||
| central.Asia-news.com | central.Asia-news.com | ||||
| Courrier Parisien | parisien-courrier.fr | ||||
| Infoprof | infoprof.su |
| Name | Domain | Status | Notes | Sources | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| iraqonlinenews.com | iraqonlinenews.com | According to the Stanford Internet Observatory, linked to digital marketing firms DotDev (based in Egypt and the United Arab Emirates) and Smatt (based in Saudi Arabia). Related social media posts and accounts were removed and shut down by Facebook and Twitter between 2019-2020 over coordinated inauthentic behavior. Part of a network of website domains shared on Twitter posts from a state-sponsored disinformation campaign from Egypt and the United Arab Emirates. | [124] | ||
| Somalianow | somalianow.com | According to Digital Forensics Research Lab, linked to Newave, a public relations and marketing firm based in the United Arab Emirates. According to the Stanford Internet Observatory, linked to digital marketing firms DotDev (based in Egypt and the United Arab Emirates) and Smatt (based in Saudi Arabia). Related social media posts and accounts were removed and shut down by Facebook and Twitter between 2019-2020 over coordinated inauthentic behavior. Part of a network of website domains shared on Twitter posts from a state-sponsored disinformation campaign from Egypt and the United Arab Emirates. | [125] | ||
| mauritanialive.com | mauritanialive.com | According to the Stanford Internet Observatory, linked to digital marketing firms DotDev (based in Egypt and the United Arab Emirates) and Smatt (based in Saudi Arabia). Related social media posts and accounts were removed and shut down by Facebook and Twitter between 2019-2020 over coordinated inauthentic behavior. Part of a network of website domains shared on Twitter posts from a state-sponsored disinformation campaign from Egypt and the United Arab Emirates. Includes an Emirati flag in its banner, which, according to the Stanford Internet Observatory, suggests a connection to the United Arab Emirates. | |||
| Palastine Alyoum | palestinealyoum.com | According to the Stanford Internet Observatory, linked to digital marketing firms DotDev (based in Egypt and the United Arab Emirates) and Smatt (based in Saudi Arabia). Related social media posts and accounts were removed and shut down by Facebook and Twitter between 2019-2020 over coordinated inauthentic behavior. Part of a network of website domains shared on Twitter posts from a state-sponsored disinformation campaign from Egypt and the United Arab Emirates. | |||
| moroccosnews.com | moroccosnews.com | According to the Stanford Internet Observatory, linked to digital marketing firms DotDev (based in Egypt and the United Arab Emirates) and Smatt (based in Saudi Arabia). Related social media posts and accounts were removed and shut down by Facebook and Twitter between 2019-2020 over coordinated inauthentic behavior. Part of a network of website domains shared on Twitter posts from a state-sponsored disinformation campaign from Egypt and the United Arab Emirates. | |||
| Algeria Today | algeriatodays.com | According to the Stanford Internet Observatory, linked to digital marketing firms DotDev (based in Egypt and the United Arab Emirates) and Smatt (based in Saudi Arabia). Related social media posts and accounts were removed and shut down by Facebook and Twitter between 2019-2020 over coordinated inauthentic behavior. Part of a network of website domains shared on Twitter posts from a state-sponsored disinformation campaign from Egypt and the United Arab Emirates. |
| Name | Domain | Status | Notes | Sources | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| News-watch | news-watch.co.uk | Associated with Leave.EU, whose website is noted by DeSmog to solicit donations for News-watch. Publishes climate change denialism. | [126] | ||
| Unity News Network | unitynewsnetwork.co.uk | Accused by the Global Disinformation Index of publishing climate change disinformation. Run by a youth leader of Ukip. Described by The Guardian as a "conspiracy theory website" in an article noting their role in the 2024 United Kingdom riots.[127] | [128] [129] |
See also: Pink-slime journalism. Prominent networks of sites by political campaigns in the United States include Courier, Local Report (connected to The American Independent), Metric Media (run by Brian Timpone), and Star News Digital Media (co-founded by Tea Party-affiliated activists.)[130] [131] [132] [133] [134] [135] [136]
Qiqi News Network is a content farm based in Malaysia, owned by Yee Kok Wai (余國威) and Evan Lee, that has been accused by researchers of publishing disinformation that favored the Chinese Communist Party prior to the 2020 Taiwanese general election, often spread over Line.[137] [138] It spread a false story that COVID-19 originated in the United States. The network was noted in a joint report by Graphika, Institute for the Future and the International Republican Institute to "[push] a worldview closely aligned with the CCP, frequently [use] mainland Chinese phrasings, and [recycle] articles from other news outlets, often Chinese state-owned media." Several stories and website domains promoted by the network have been alleged, by Twitter and Audrey Tang of Taiwan's Ministry of Digital Affairs to be linked directly to the government of the People's Republic of China. At least one member of the Chinese Unification Promotion Party, Chang Dong-nan (張東南), joined Yee's Facebook group, Global Chinese Alliance (全球華人聯盟), in 2014.
| Name | Domain | Status | Notes | Sources | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Qiqi News Network | qiqi.today | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | cnba.live | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | kikis.xyz | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | orgs.pub | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | orgs.one | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | qiqi77.online | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | i77.today | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | Mybezza.live | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | orgs.host | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | orgs.press | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | twgreatdaily.live | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | reurl.cc | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | defense.rocks | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | kikiz.xyz | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | ititi.pro | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | iqiqi.pro | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | ikiki.xyz | ||||
| Qiqi News Network (KanWatch) | kanwatch.best | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | kanwatch.com | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | kanwatch.site | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | kanwatch.club | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | kanwatch.live | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | qiqis.net | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | iqiqis.com | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | kanwatch.me | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | yxfashao.com | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | ptttube.com | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | allqiqi.com | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | qiqis.org | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | newqiqi.com | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | My-love.org | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | kanwatch.fun | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | ilovestory.net | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | lifehow.cc | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | qiqu.world | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | vivi81.com | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | 7qiqi7.com | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | iyiyi.online | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | ixixi.pro | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | ipipi.me | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | klkq.site | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | qiqis.xyz | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | 7qi.site | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | littlepet.cc | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | funnytuu.com | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | gamefan.cc | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | dragontechs.live | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | kanwatch.press | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | qiqi.world | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | lifeknowledge.com | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | skh.world | ||||
| Qiqi News Network | ipipi.co | ||||
| Jintian Toutiao (今天頭條) | |||||
| beeper.live | beeper.live | ||||
| Qiqu News (奇趣網) | |||||
| Global Chinese Weather Union (全球華人風雲聯盟) | globalcafyun.orgs.one | ||||
| Global Chinese Taiwan Union (全球華人台灣聯盟) | globalct.orgs.one | ||||
| Huiqi Worldview (慧琪世界觀) | |||||
| Qiqi Military (琦琦看軍事) | |||||
| Qiqi Life (琪琪看生活) | |||||
| Qiqi News (琦琦看新聞) | |||||
| Ghost Island Mad News (鬼島狂新聞) | taiwan-madnews.com | [139] | |||
| Ghost Island Mad News (鬼島狂新聞) | ghostislandmadnews.com |
Operation Red Card, dubbed by Graphika, is part of a network that was taken down by Facebook in 2020 for coordinated inauthentic behavior. It was attributed by Facebook to aRep Global, a digital marketing firm in India. The campaign was asserted by Graphika to be "a case of online influence for hire, conducted at the behest of a geopolitical actor with concerns in the [Persian Gulf]."[140]
| Name | Domain | Status | Notes | Sources | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ask The Truth | AskTruth24.com | ||||
| Manchester Weekly | manchesterweeklyuk.wordpress.com | ||||
| Mirror Herald | mirrorherald.com | ||||
| Raven Tribune | raventribune.com | [141] | |||
| True News Source | truenewssource.com |