List of multiplanetary systems explained

From the total of stars known to have exoplanets (as of), there are a total of known multiplanetary systems,[1] or stars with at least two confirmed planets, beyond the Solar System. This list includes systems with at least three confirmed planets or two confirmed planets where additional candidates have been proposed. The stars with the most confirmed planets are the Sun (the Solar System's star) and Kepler-90, with 8 confirmed planets each, followed by TRAPPIST-1 with 7 planets.

The multiplanetary systems are listed below according to the star's distance from Earth. Proxima Centauri, the closest star to the Solar System, has three planets (b, c and d). The nearest system with four or more confirmed planets is Gliese 876, with four known. The farthest confirmed multiplanetary system is OGLE-2012-BLG-0026L, at 13300ly away.[2]

The table below contains information about the coordinates, spectral and physical properties, and the number of confirmed (unconfirmed) planets for systems with at least 2 planets and 1 not confirmed. The two most important stellar properties are mass and metallicity because they determine how these planetary systems form. Systems with higher mass and metallicity tend to have more planets and more massive planets. However, although low metallicity stars tend to have fewer massive planets, particularly hot-Jupiters, they also tend to have a larger number of close-in planets, orbiting at less than 1 AU.[3]

Multiplanetary systems

Stars orbited by both planets and brown dwarfs

Stars orbited by objects on both sides of the 13 Jupiter mass dividing line.

Notes and References

  1. Encyclopedia: Interactive Extra-solar Planets Catalog . Schneider . Jean . 6 December 2016 . . 2016-12-06 . 2016-12-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161209220644/http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/ . live .
  2. Web site: Jean-Philippe . Beaulieu . D. P. . Bennett . Virginie . Batista . A. . Fukui . January 2016 . Revisiting the microlensing event OGLE 2012-BLG-0026: A solar mass star with two cold giant planets . researchgate.net.
  3. Brewer . John M. . Wang . Songhu . Fischer . Debra A. . Foreman-Mackey . Daniel . Compact multi-planet systems are more common around metal poor hosts. The Astrophysical Journal . 867 . L3 . 1810.10009 . 10.3847/2041-8213/aae710 . 2018-10-24 . 1 . 2018ApJ...867L...3B . 67832557 . free .
  4. 1 . Mugrauer . M. . Seifahrt . A. . Neuhäuser . R. . Mazeh . T. . HD 3651 B: the first directly imaged brown dwarf companion of an exoplanet host star . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters . 373 . 1 . L31–L35 . 2006 . 10.1111/j.1745-3933.2006.00237.x . free . abstract . astro-ph/0608484 . 2006MNRAS.373L..31M . 15608344 .
  5. Two New Planets in Eccentric Orbits . Marcy . Geoffrey W. . Butler . R. Paul . Vogt . Steven S. . Fischer . Debra . Liu . Michael C. . 1 . The Astrophysical Journal . 520 . 1 . 239–247 . 1999 . astro-ph/9904275 . 1999ApJ...520..239M . 10.1086/307451 . 16827678 .
  6. Two Substellar Companions Orbiting HD 168443 . Marcy . Geoffrey W. . Butler . R. Paul . Vogt . Steven S. . Liu . Michael C. . Laughlin . Gregory . Apps . Kevin . Graham . J. R. . Lloyd . J. . Luhman . Kevin L. . Ray . Jayawardhana . 1 . The Astrophysical Journal . 555 . 1 . 418–425 . 2001 . 2001ApJ...555..418M . 10.1086/321445 . free .
  7. Web site: Astronomers Announce First Clear Evidence of a Brown Dwarf. Space Telescope Science Institute news release STScI-1995-48. November 29, 1995. 24 September 2013. 9 July 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080709002411/http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/newsdesk/archive/releases/1995/48/. live.
  8. Encyclopedia: Planet GJ 229 A b . 1995 . . 7 September 2022.
  9. Encyclopedia: Planet GJ 229 A c. 1995 . Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. 7 September 2022.
  10. News: Scholz . Ralf-Dieter . McCaughrean, Mark . 2003-01-13 . Discovery of Nearest Known Brown Dwarf: Bright Southern Star Epsilon Indi Has Cool, Substellar Companion . European Southern Observatory . 2006-05-24 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20071014191814/http://eso.org/public/outreach/press-rel/pr-2003/pr-01-03.html . October 14, 2007 .
  11. Scholz . R.-D. . McCaughrean, M. J. . Lodieu, N. . Kuhlbrodt, B. . ε Indi B: A new benchmark T dwarf . Astronomy and Astrophysics . February 2003 . 398 . 3 . L29–L33 . 2003A&A...398L..29S . 10.1051/0004-6361:20021847 . astro-ph/0212487 . 119474823 .
  12. Catalog of Nearby Exoplanets . Butler . R. P. . Wright . J. T. . Marcy . G. W. . Fischer . D. A. . Vogt . S. S. . Tinney . C. G. . Jones . H. R. A. . Carter . B. D. . Johnson . J. A. . 1 . The Astrophysical Journal . 2006 . 646 . 1 . 505–522 . astro-ph/0607493 . 2006ApJ...646..505B . 10.1086/504701 . 119067572 .
  13. Feng . Fabo . Butler . R. Paul . etal . August 2022 . 3D Selection of 167 Substellar Companions to Nearby Stars . . 262 . 21 . 21 . 10.3847/1538-4365/ac7e57 . 2208.12720 . 2022ApJS..262...21F. 251864022 . free .
  14. 2203.01018. 10.3847/1538-3881/ac5dcb. A Radial Velocity Study of the Planetary System of π Mensae: Improved Planet Parameters for π Mensae c and a Third Planet on a 125 Day Orbit. 2022. Hatzes. Artie P.. Gandolfi. Davide. Korth. Judith. Rodler. Florian. Sabotta. Silvia. Esposito. Massimiliano. Barragán. Oscar. Van Eylen. Vincent. Livingston. John H.. Serrano. Luisa Maria. Luque. Rafael. Smith. Alexis M. S.. Redfield. Seth. Persson. Carina M.. Pätzold. Martin. Palle. Enric. Nowak. Grzegorz. Osborne. Hannah L. M.. Narita. Norio. Mathur. Savita. Lam. Kristine W. F.. Kabáth. Petr. Johnson. Marshall C.. Guenther. Eike W.. Grziwa. Sascha. Goffo. Elisa. Fridlund. Malcolm. Endl. Michael. Deeg. Hans J.. Csizmadia. Szilard. The Astronomical Journal. 163. 5. 223. 2022AJ....163..223H. 247218413. 1. free.
  15. A Planetary Companion to HD 40979 and Additional Planets Orbiting HD 12661 and HD 38529 . Fischer . Debra A. . Marcy . Geoffrey W. . Butler . R. Paul . Vogt . Steven S. . Henry . Gregory W. . Pourbaix . Dimitri . Walp . Bernard . Misch . Anthony A. . Wright . Jason T. . 1 . The Astrophysical Journal . 586 . 2 . 1394–1408 . 2003 . 2003ApJ...586.1394F . free . 10.1086/367889 . free .
  16. Khandelwal . Akanksha . Sharma . Rishikesh . Chakraborty . Abhijit . Chaturvedi . Priyanka . Ulmer-Moll . Solène . Ciardi . David R. . Boyle . Andrew W. . Baliwal . Sanjay . Bieryla . Allyson . Latham . David W. . Prasad . Neelam J. S. S. V. . Nayak . Ashirbad . Lendl . Monika . Mordasini . Christoph . 2023-04-01 . Discovery of a massive giant planet with extreme density around the sub-giant star TOI-4603 . Astronomy & Astrophysics . en . 672 . L7 . 10.1051/0004-6361/202245608 . 0004-6361 . free . 2303.11841 . 2023A&A...672L...7K . 2023-12-15 . 2024-02-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240228142329/https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2023/04/aa45608-22/aa45608-22.html . live .

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