List of piano manufacturers explained

This is a partial list of piano manufacturers. Most piano professionals have access to detailed information about these brands using a piano atlas to reference serial numbers to determine the year a piano was built.

Active brands or companies

Company	Place		Country	Years active	Acquired by	Notes
Atlas^[1]	Hamamatsu	Japan	1943–present
Apollo^[2]	Hamamatsu	Japan	1948–present		Incorporated "SSS system" in their upright piano.
August Förster^[3]	Löbau	Germany	1859–
Baldwin^[4]	Cincinnati, OH	US	1857–	Gibson Guitar Corporation	Acquired in 2001. Upright models are being built in Baldwin factory in Zhongshan, China. Grand pianos are being built to Baldwin specifications by Parsons Music Group, Hong Kong.^[5]
Bechstein^[6]	Berlin	Germany	1853–		Also manufactures W. Hoffmann and Zimmerman brands. It has its own line of artists.^[7]
Becker	Moscow	Russia	1841–		Nationalized in 1918 and renamed into the 'Red October' brand. Production stopped during Perestroika and relaunched later on under the Becker name.^[8]
Beiijing HsingHai^[9]	Beijing	China	1949–		Also manufactures the Hardman brand.
Belarus	Minsk	Belarus	1935–		Only upright pianos of its own brand.
Blüthner^[10]	Leipzig	Germany	1853–		Also manufactures Haessler and Irmler brands. In addition, it has its own line of artists.^[11]
Borgato^[12]	Bagnolo di Lonigo, Vicenza	Italy	1991–
Bösendorfer^[13]	Vienna	Austria	1828–	Yamaha	Acquired in 2007. It also has its own line of artists.^[14]
Cavendish^[15]	Bolton Abbey	UK	2012–
Fritz Dobbert^[16]	Osasco	Brazil	1950–		As of 2012, the only piano factory in Latin America.^[17]
Edelweiss^[18]	Cambridge	UK	1975–		All upright and grand piano come by default as player pianos.
Estonia^[19]	Tallinn	Estonia	1950–
Fazioli^[20]	Sacile	Italy	1978–		Has its own line of artists.^[21]
Ferd. Thürmer^[22]	Bochum	Germany	1834–
Feurich^[23]	Leipzig	Germany	1851–		Acquired in 2011. The bulk of manufacturing is carried out in Hailun Piano Company factory in Ningbo, China except the upright piano 123 – Vienna made in Vienna, Austria.^[24] In 2011, after the acquisition of the German piano manufacturing company Feurich, all Wendl & Lung piano models were renamed Feurich.^[25] In 2021 Feurich - Wendl&Lung GmbH was renamed Feurich Pianoforte GmbH.^[26] It also has its own line of pianists.^[27]
Gebr. Schulz^[28]	Wiesbaden	Germany	1888–present
Grotrian-Steinweg^[29]	Braunschweig	Germany	1835–	Parsons Music Group	Acquired in 2015. A majority interest in Grotrian-Steinweg was purchased by Parsons Music Group. Also manufactures the Wilhelm Grotrian brand. Also has its own line of pianists.^[30]
Hailun^[31]	Ningbo	China	2002–present		Also manufactures ''Cline'', ''Cunningham'' and ''Emerson'' brands and manufactures pianos for other piano companies.|-|John Broadwood & Sons^[32] |London|UK|1728– ||Antique upright and grand pianos. |-|Kawai^[33] |Hamamatsu|Japan|1927–||Also manufactures Shigeru Kawai grand pianos. Also has its own line of artists.^[34] |-|Maene^[35] |Ruiselede|Belgium|1938– |||-|Mason & Hamlin^[36] |Boston|US|1854–|Burgett, Inc.|Has changed hands and factories many times in its history. See main article. Also has its own line of artists.^[37] |-|Parsons^[38] |Hong Kong|China|1986–||Also manufactures Yangtze River, Schönbrunn, Barrate & Robinson, and Brodmann brands.|-|Pearl River^[39] |Guangzhou|China|1956–||Also manufactures Fandrich, Kayserburg and Ritmüller brands.|-|Petrof^[40] |Hradec Králové|Czech Republic|1864–||Also manufactures the Ant. Petrof, Ant. Dalibor, Weinbach, Rösler, Scholze, Fibich and Akord brands.|-|Pfeiffer^[41] |Stuttgart|Germany|1862–|||-|Ravenscroft^[42] |Scottsdale, AZ|US|2004–||-|Rönisch^[43] |Dresden|Germany|1897–|Blüthner|Acquired in 2009. |-|Samick^[44] | Incheon|South Korea|1958–||Also manufactures the Kohler & Campbell, Pramberger and Wm. Knabe brands.|-|Sauter^[45] |Spaichingen|Germany|1819–|||-|Schimmel^[46] |Braunschweig|Germany|1885–|Pearl River Piano Group|Acquired in 2016. Also manufactures the Wilhelm Schimmel and Fridolin Schimmel brands. |-|Schirmer & Son^[47] |Lehnin|Germany|1855–|T & B Piano GmbH||-|Seiler^[48] |Kitzingen|Germany|1849–|Samick|Acquired in 2008. Also manufactures Eduard Seiler and Johannes Seiler brands. |-|Steingraeber & Söhne^[49] |Bayreuth|Germany|1852–||Has its own line of artists.^[50] |-|Steinway & Sons^[51] |New York / Hamburg|US / Germany|1853–||Also sells the Boston and Essex brands.^[52] It has its own line of artists.^[53] |-|Stuart & Sons^[54] |Newcastle|Australia|1990– |||-|Walter^[55] |Elkhart|US|1969–||Manufactures Charles R. Walter brand.|-|Wilh. Steinberg^[56] |Eisenberg|Germany|1877–|Parsons Music Group|Acquired in 2013. Has its own line of artists.^[57] |-|Yamaha^[58] |Hamamatsu|Japan|1900–||Piano production started at 1900. Has its own line of artists.^[59] |-|Young Chang^[60] |Seoul|South Korea|1956–|Hyundai Development Company|Acquired in 2006. Also Manufactures the Weber and Albert Weber brands. |-|Zanta^[61] |Caldogno, Vicenza|Italy|1979–|||} Defunct brands or companies Company Place Country Years active Acquired by Notes < -- A --> A. B. Chase Ohio US 1875–1985 Aeolian Company A. M. McPhail^[62] Boston US 1837–1960 A. Mittag Berlin Germany 1800 Adam Schaaf Chicago US 1873–1930 Also sold as Clarion and Orpheus. Aeolian Company New York City US 1868–1985 Merged with Ampico in 1932. Ampico rebranded as Aeolian in 1941. Albert Fahr Zeitz Germany 1887–1950 Albert W. Ladd Boston US 1848–1930 Alexander Herrmann KG Sangerhausen Germany 1803–1993 Alfred Knight, Ltd. London UK 1936–2003 Allen Brook London UK Alpheus Babcock Boston US 1810–1829 American Piano Company East Rochester, NY US 1908–1941 Aeolian Company aka Ampico Astin Weight Salt Lake City US 1959–1999 Baumgardt Piano Stockholm Sweden 1859 Baus Piano Company New York City US 1895–1929 Jacob Doll Piano Company Factories located at Southern Blvd. and Trinity Ave. They built a full line of upright pianos, player pianos, and grand pianos. It was acquired circa 1910; went out of business in the Great Depression. Beale Piano Sydney Australia 1893–1975 Becker Brothers New York US 1892–1940 They Also built pianos under the Bennington name, and player pianos under the Mellotone and Playernola name as well. Behr Brothers & Co. New York US 1880–1950 Kohler & Campbell Bell Brothers^[63] Muncie, IN US 1915–1930 Berlin Piano and Organ Company^[64] Berlin, Ontario Canada 1890–1924 Bogs & Voigt Berlin Germany 1905–1939 Boisselot & Fils Marseille France 1831–1908 The brand became Boisselot Fils & Co. in 1847, after the passing of his father Jean-Louis Boisselot. Brinkerhoff Piano Company Chicago US 1906–1950 Brinsmead London UK 1835–1921 Brødrene Hals Oslo Norway 1847–1925 Bush & Gerts Chicago US 1884–1942 Bought by Haddorff Piano co. in 1942. Cable and Sons New York US 1852–1936 Cable Piano Company Chicago US 1880–1937 Merged with Schiller Piano Company to become The Schiller Cable Manufacturing Company. Cable-Nelson Piano Company Chicago US Founded by brother of Cable Piano Co Sold under the names Fayette S. Cable, Radcliffe, Lakeside, Sweetland, Henderson and Boller. Camp & Company New York City US 1879–1930 Kohler & Campbell Carl Dörr Vienna Austria 1817–1920 Carl Ecke Posen Germany 1843–1930 Challen Pianos London UK 1804–1980 Chappell & Co. London UK 1811–1980 Kemble Charles Albrecht Philadelphia / Long Island US 1789–1887 Schultz & Sons Manufacturing Corp. One of the earliest pianos made in America. The first known piano by Albrecht is located at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.^[65] Charles Stieff Baltimore US 1856–1951 Often referred to as "The poor man's Steinway". Chas. S. Norris Boston US 1930 Chickering and Sons Boston US 1823–1983 American Piano Company Acquired in 1908. Christian Baumann Zweibrücken Germany 1740–1816 Clementi & Company London UK 1767–1929 Collard & Collard London UK 1767–1929 Cunningham Piano Company Philadelphia US 1891 Pianos are made in China by Hailun Pianos. Currier Piano Co. Boston and Marion, NC US 1823–1969 Danemann Pianos London UK 1893–1994 Also made a Waldberg brand however 'Waldberg Berlin' may be a different company. Decker Brothers New York US 1862–1900 Ed. Westermayer Berlin Germany 1863–1941 Ehrbar Vienna Austria-Hungary Ellington Piano Cincinnati US 1893–1930 Emerson Piano Company Boston US 1849–1945 Érard Paris France 1777–1971 Ernst Kaps Dresden Germany 1858–1930 Estey Piano Company New York US 1846–1961 Euterpe Piano New York US 1820–1930 F. G. Smith New York US 1866 Falcone^[66] Haverhill, MA US 1982–1993 America Sejung Corp. Francis Connor New York US 1871–1933 G. Rösler Česká Lípa Bohemia 1878–1948 Petrof Acquired in 1993. G. Schwechten Berlin Germany 1854–1902 The name "Schwechten" is used in China by Shanghai Piano Co. Gabler New York US 1851–1866 Gaveau Paris France 1847–1994 Gebr. Perzina Schwerin Germany 1871–1989 The Perzina name was revived as "Yantai Perzina" in China. George Steck New York US 1857–1985 America Sejung Corp. George Wilkinson London UK 1811–1835 Gerhard Heintzman Wesel Germany 1828-19? Grinnell Detroit, MI US 1902–1960 In the 1990s, the Grinnell name was revived in a limited number of pianos built by Samick. Gulbransen Chicago US 1904–1969 H. Kohl Hamburg Germany 1855–1909 Haddorf Piano Company Rockford, IL US 1902–1960 Maker of Steinbach, Clarendon & Dreher, Bush & Gerts Haines Brothers New York US 1851–1945 Hallet, Davis & Co. Boston US 1835–1985 North American Music, Inc. The brand are made in China by Beijing Hsinghai Piano Group, Silbermann Piano Co., and Parsons Music for the importer, North American Music Inc. Hardman Peck New York US 1842–1990 The name "Hardman" is used in China by Beiijing HsingHai. Haynes Chicago US Heintzman & Co. Toronto Canada 1866–1929 Hobart M. Cable La Porte, IN US 1900–1960 Ceased operations in the 1960s; brand was acquired by Story & Clark, then American Sejung. Hornung & Møller Copenhagen Denmark 1827–1972 Hupfield Dresden Germany 1880–1990 J. & C. Fischer New York US 1840–1985 J. B. Cramer & Co. London UK 1824–1964 Jesse French Piano & Organ Company Tennessee and Indiana US 1885 - 1902 Jesse French first built pianos from 1875 - 1885 for the Dorman, French & Smith company. In 1902 firm became Krell-French when Albert Krell joined. In 1905, Krell left and the firm was renamed "Jesse French & Sons." In 1955, The P. A. Stark Piano Company bought the firm. J. G. Irmler Leipzig Germany 1818–1950 Blüthner J. Gunther^[67] Brussels Belgium 1845–1960 J. Strauss & Son Chicago US 1925 J. W. Jenkins St. Louis, MO US 1910–1964 Johann Heichele Ljubljana, Trieste Italy 1790–1813 Chicago US 1857–1930 Kemble & Co. London UK 1911–2009 Yamaha Kieselhorst Piano Company St. Louis, MO US 1879-1930 Established piano dealer that began selling pianos under its own name around 1895; unclear whether they were stencils. Kirschner New York US Kohler & Campbell^[68] New York US 1894–1985 Samick Acquired the name. Krakauer Brothers New York US 1869–1980 Kranich & Bach New York US 1864–1985 Kurtzmann New York US 1848–1938 Lakeside Piano Company Chicago, IL US Cable-Nelson Lauter Piano Co. Newark, NJ US 1862–1930 Lesage Piano Company^[69] Quebec Canada 1884–1911 Willis & Co. Acquired in 1907. Lester Piano Company^[70] ^[71] Lester, PA US 1888–1961^[72] Also manufactured brands Channing, Alden, Bellaire, Schubert and Leonard. Loud Brothers Philadelphia US 1822–1837 Lindeman & Sons New York US 1836–2003 Ludwig & Co. St. Louis, MO US 1889–1933 M. Schulz Piano Co. Chicago US 1869–1930 Company manufactured and sold pianos under the names of M. Schulz, Walworth, Bradford, Irving, and Maynard, and Aria Divina. They were also sold under the names Brinkerhoff (from teens until about 1950s) and Schriver & Sons. Marshall & Wendell New York US 1875–1953 Mason & Risch Ontario Canada 1871–1972 Mathushek Piano Co. New York US 1852–1879 Mehlin & Sons New York US 1853–1960 Melville Clark DeKalb, IL US 1900–1940 Baldwin Piano Company Purchased by Baldwin in 1919. Mendelssohn Toronto Canada 1870–1960 Monington & Weston London UK 1858–1975 Moore and Moore London UK 1900–1920 Muir, Wood and Company^[73] Edinburgh Scotland 1798–1818 Wood, Small and Company Wood, Small and Company was formed at John Muir's Death in 1818. Murdoch, McKillop & Co Edinburgh Scotland 1903 Chicago US 1880–1930 Nordheimer Toronto Canada 1844–1960 Normandie East Rochester, NY USA P. A. Starck Piano Chicago US 1891–1965 Pape Paris France 1817–1875 Petzold Paris France 1806 Pirsson New York US 1822–1855 Pleyel et Cie^[74] Paris France 1807–2013 At the end of 2013, the company announced it would cease manufacturing pianos in France.^[75] R. Lipp & Sohn Stuttgart Germany 1831–1998 R. Görs & Kallmann Berlin Germany 1877–1990 R. S. Williams & Sons^[76] Toronto Canada 1856–1931 Manufactured mandolins, banjos, melodeons, organs and pianos. Raudenbush & Sons St. Paul, MN US 1883–1935 Reed & Sons Chicago US 1842–1920 Robert Wornum & Sons London UK 1811–1900 Rud. Ibach Sohn Düsseldorf Germany 1794–2007 Schiedmayer Stuttgart Germany 1809–2008 Piano production stopped in 1980. Schiller Piano Company Oregon, IL US 1890–1936 Cable Company Schweighofer Vienna Austria 1792–1938 Sears, Roebuck & Company^[77] Chicago US 1900–1930 Also manufactured and sold brands Beckwith, American Home, Maywood, Beverley, and Caldwell. Sezemsky Chicago US 1886–1901 Sherman, Clay & Co. San Francisco US 1853–2013 Shondorff Woodbridge, CT US 1850–1938 National Piano Manufacturing Company Shoninger & Son New York US 1850–1965 Simpson & Son Piano Co. Albuquerque, NM US 1940–1990 Simpson & Son was the only piano manufacturer west of the Mississippi during that time. They specialized in custom spinet upright pianos. Sohmer & Co. New York US 1872–1996 Søren Jensen Copenhagen Denmark 1893–1921 sponagle Starr Piano Company Richmond, IN US 1872–1950 Originally named the Trayser Piano Company, after one of its founders, George Trayser. They also produced a more affordable, yet exceptional quality, piano line, the "Richmond Piano Company", which was sold alongside theirs in showrooms. Also known for founding Gennett Records. Steger & Sons Chicago US 1879–1959 "Steger & Sons is one of the few American manufacturers to survive the Great Depression without being absorbed into a larger conglomerate. "^[78] Steinbach & Dreher Rockford, IL US 1902–1960 Actually made by Haddorff Piano company. Sterling Piano Company Derby, CT US 1866–1967 Founded in 1845 as The Sterling Organ Company by Charles A. Sterling, the company merged with the Winter Piano Company after the Great Depression. They also produced the cheaper, but reputable, Huntington Piano. Story & Clark Chicago US 1884–1993 Straube Piano Company Downers Grove, IL, US (1895–1904) Hammond, IN, US (1904–1940) Chicago Heights, IL, US (1940–1942) Rockford, IL US 1895–1949 C.G. Conn Manufactured Straube, Hammond, Gilmore, and Woodward; receiver's sale in 1934; bankruptcy in 1937 – remaining assets, including name and patents continued in 1937 in the newly formed Indiana corporation, Straube Pianos Inc. Strich & Zeidler^[79] ^[80] New York City US 1889–1930 Also manufactured Homer brand. New York US 1886–1930 Sweetland Piano Company Chicago, IL US Cable-Nelson Th. Mann & Co. Bielefeld Germany 1836–1942 Galveston, TX US 1866–1915 Timothy Gilbert Boston US 1829–1868 Uebel & Lechleiter Heilbronn Germany 1872–1987 United Piano Makers New York US 1860–1880 Vose & Sons Boston US 1851–1985 Aeolian Company W. Ritmüller & Sohn Göttingen Germany 1795–1933 Pearl River Piano Group in China uses the brand name "Ritmüller" for their pianos. W. W. Kimball and Company Chicago US 1857–1996 Kimball International Weber Piano Company^[81] New York US 1852–1985 Young Chang Young Chang acquired the Weber name in 1985. Weber (Ontario) Kingston, ON Canada 1865–1961 Lesage Piano Company Welmar Pianos London UK 1925–2003 Wendl & Lung^[82] Vienna Austria 1910–2021 Wendl & Lung piano models were renamed Feurich. The company was renamed Feurich Pianoforte GmbH in 2021. Wertheim Piano Melbourne Australia 1908–1935 Whaley-Royce Toronto Canada 1888–1969 Wilhelm Spaethe Gera Germany 1858–1920 Willis & Co.^[83] Montreal Canada 1889–1979 Acquired Lesage Piano Company in 1907. Also manufactured Newcombe Winter & Co. New York City US 1899–1959 Aeolian American Founded in 1899 as Heller & Co.; purchased by Julius Winter and renamed in 1901. Merged with Aeolian American in 1959 to form Aeolian Company. Wm. Knabe & Co. Baltimore US 1837–1982 Samick Acquired the name in 2001. Wolfframm Dresden Germany 1872–1930 Started out under Apollo brand name. Wood, Small and Company^[84] Edinburgh Scotland 1818–1829 Successive firms were Wood and Company, J. Muir Wood Company, and Small, Bruce and Company. Continued until Andrew Wood's Death in 1829 Wurlitzer Cincinnati, OH US 1856–1988 Baldwin Piano Company Also sold under the names Apollo, De Kalb, Julius Bauer, Farney, Kingston, Kurtzman, Merrium. Schaff Bros. and Underwood. Zimmermann Seifhennersdorf Germany 1884–2011 C. Bechstein Acquired in 1992. See also List of piano brand names Liste von Klavierbauern (List of German Piano Manufacturers) External links The Pierce Piano Atlas Fabricantes de pianos en España (Spanish piano manufacturers) Encyclopedia: Piano Building in Canada . . Book: Wayne . Kelly . Downright Upright: A History of the Canadian Piano Industry . Toronto . 1991 . 0920474608. Natural Heritage/Natural History. 1391392458. 1468492M. Heintzman & Co., a Canadian manufacturer, from Heritage Toronto Web site: 2020-01-23 . Canadian Piano Manufacturers A to Z . 2024-06-14 . pianotech.ca.

Notes and References

1. Web site: 2020-08-06. Atlas Malaysia Distributor. 2021-04-02. Atlas Malaysia. en-US.
2. Web site: APOLLO TOYO PIANO MFG.Co., LTD.. 2021-04-02. toyoapollo.com.
3. https://www.august-foerster.de/ August Forster website
4. http://www.baldwinpiano.com/ Baldwin website
5. Web site: Piano Buying Guide The Successor To The Piano Book Piano Buyer. 2020-11-13. PianoBuyer. en-US.
6. https://www.bechstein.com/ C. Bechstein website
7. https://www.bechstein.com/en/the-world-of-bechstein/pianists/ BECHSTEIN Pianists
8. Web site: Becker Piano . 27 January 2021.
9. Web site: 北京星海钢琴集团有限公司-官方网站. 2020-12-03. www.xhpiano.com.
10. https://www.bluethnerworld.com/en/ Blüthner website
11. https://www.bluethnerworld.com/en/artists The Blüthner Artists and Friends
12. http://www.borgato.it/ Borgato website
13. https://www.boesendorfer.com/ Bösendorfer website
14. https://www.boesendorfer.com/de/artists Bösendorfer Artists & Friends
15. http://www.cavendishpianos.com/ Cavendish Pianos website
16. http://www.fritzdobbert.com.br// Fritz Dobbert Pianos website
17. https://cultura.estadao.com.br/blogs/alvaro-siviero/somos-os-unicos-da-america-latina/ Somos os únicos da América Alatina
18. http://www.edelweisspianos.com/ Edelweiss Pianos website
19. http://www.estoniapiano.com/ Estonia website
20. https://www.fazioli.com/en Fazioli website
21. https://www.fazioli.com/en/references REFERENCES
22. http://www.ferdthuermer.de Ferd. Thürmer website
23. https://www.feurich.com/ Feurich website
24. News: Berlin. Derek Scally in. Facing the music: how China is buying Germany's piano industry. 2020-12-03. The Irish Times. en.
25. Web site: WENDL & LUNG. 2020-12-29. BestPricePiano. en-US.
26. Web site: Impressum. 2021-03-15. Klaviergalerie. de-DE. 2021-04-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20210421023247/https://klaviergalerie.at/uber-uns/impressum-datenschutzerklaerung/. dead.
27. https://www.feurich.com/en/references/artists/ ARTISTS Feurich
28. Web site: Piano-Schulz Wiesbaden - Über Uns. 2021-05-06. www.piano-schulz.de.
29. http://www.grotrian.de/en/ Grotrian-Steinweg website
30. http://www.grotrian.de/en/company/artists/ Grotrian Artists
31. Web site: Official Hailun Piano Co Website. 2021-03-28. hailunpianoco.com. en-US.
32. http://www.broadwood.co.uk/ Broadwood and Sons website
33. https://www.kawai-global.com Kawai website
34. https://kawaius.com/artists/ Kawai featured artists
35. https://www.maene.be/ Maene website
36. http://masonhamlin.com/ Mason & Hamlin
37. https://masonhamlin.com/artists/ MASON & HAMLIN ARTISTS
38. Web site: 柏斯音乐集团 Parsons Music Corporation. 2020-11-19. www1.parsonsmusic.com.
39. https://pearlriverusa.com/ Pearl River website
40. https://www.petrof.com/ Petrof website
41. Web site: Pfeiffer Pianos - Home. 2020-11-17. www.pfeiffer-pianos.com.
42. Web site: Ravenscroft Pianos. 2023-09-02. www.ravenscroftpianos.com.
43. http://www.roenisch-pianos.de/en/ Rönisch website
44. http://www.samickpiano.com/ Samick website
45. Web site: Sauter Piano Manufaktur. 2020-11-16. www.sauter-pianos.de.
46. https://www.schimmel-pianos.de/ website
47. Web site: Firmengeschichte . 2023-09-16 . SCHIRMER PIANO . de.
48. Web site: Seiler Pianos. 2020-11-16. Seiler Pianos Com. de.
49. Web site: Steingraeber & Söhne - the premium manufacturer for upright and grand pianos. 2020-12-10. Steingraeber. en-US.
50. https://www.steingraeber.de/en/references/artists-friends/ Artists and Friends from A to Z Steingraeber
51. https://www.steinway.com Steinway and Sons website
52. https://www.essexpianos.com Boston | Essex website
53. https://www.steinway.com/music-and-artists/solo STEINWAY ARTISTS Solo artists
54. https://www.stuartandsons.com/ Stuart and Sons piano website
55. Web site: Charles R. Walter Piano Company - Grand Pianos - Studio Pianos - Console Pianos. 2020-11-25. www.walterpiano.com.
56. Web site: 首页 Wilh. Steinberg. 2020-12-04. www.wilhsteinberg.de.
57. https://www.steinberg.net/stories/artist-roster/ MEET STEINBERG'S FAMILY AND FRIENDS
58. https://www.yamaha.com/pianos/ Yamaha Pianos website
59. https://www.yamaha.com/artists/categories.html?CTID=5070000 Yamaha artists
60. http://youngchang.com/ Young Chang Piano America website
61. https://www.zantavenice.it/en/products/zb200/ ZANTA Pianos website
62. Web site: Antique Piano Shop, McPhail. 4 September 2017 .
63. Web site: Bell Brothers Piano Company store window (circa 1920-1950). 2022-01-27. dmr.bsu.edu. Ball State University.
64. Web site: Online Collections Database. 2022-08-01. waterloo.pastperfectonline.com.
65. Bob Pierce, Larry Ashley Pierce Piano Atlas, 10th Edition, September 26, 1996
66. Web site: Falcone, The Handmade American Piano.
67. Web site: Antique Piano Shop, Gunther. 31 August 2017 .
68. http://www.kohlerandcampbell.com Kohler & Campbell website
69. Web site: Antique Piano Shop, Weber. September 2017 .
70. Web site: Lester Piano Company . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120606004656/http://en.wikicollecting.org/lester-piano-company . 2012-06-06 .
71. Web site: 2021-06-07 . The Rise and Decline of Piano Manufacturing in Philadelphia . 2024-05-13 . Hidden City Philadelphia . en-US.
72. News: 1961-11-29 . LESTER PIANO PLANS TO END PRODUCTION . 2024-05-13 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
73. Book: Palmieri, Robert. The Piano: An Encyclopedia. 2003. Taylor & Francis. New York City, NY, US. 243.
74. https://www.pleyel.com/fr/ Pleyel website
75. Web site: Chopin's Favorite Piano Factory Plays Its Final Chord. 2020-11-13. NPR.org. en.
76. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/rs-williams-sons-emc "R.S. Williams & Sons"
77. Web site: Sears, Roebuck & Company . The Antique Piano Shop . 14 December 2012.
78. Web site: Steger & Sons . antiquepianoshop.com. 4 September 2017 .
79. Web site: Antique Piano Shop, Strich & Zeidler. 4 September 2017 .
80. Book: Dolge, Alfred. 1913. Covina Publishing Company. Pianos and Their Makers: Development of the piano industry in America Since the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia, 1876; Volume II.
81. http://weberpiano.com/ Weber pianos website
82. Web site: Wendl & Lung. 2021-02-08. Wendl & Lung. en-GB.
83. Web site: The Canadian Encyclopedia, Willis & Company Ltd.. https://web.archive.org/web/20121017125829/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/emc/willis-company-ltd. dead. October 17, 2012. 4 December 2012.
84. Book: Palmieri, Robert. The Piano: An Encyclopedia. 2003. Taylor & Francis. New York City, NY, US. 435.