List of piano manufacturers explained

This is a partial list of piano manufacturers. Most piano professionals have access to detailed information about these brands using a piano atlas to reference serial numbers to determine the year a piano was built.

Active brands or companies

CompanyPlaceCountryYears activeAcquired byNotes
Atlas[1] HamamatsuJapan1943–present
Apollo[2] HamamatsuJapan1948–presentIncorporated "SSS system" in their upright piano.
August Förster[3] LöbauGermany1859–
Baldwin[4] Cincinnati, OHUS1857–Gibson Guitar CorporationAcquired in 2001. Upright models are being built in Baldwin factory in Zhongshan, China. Grand pianos are being built to Baldwin specifications by Parsons Music Group, Hong Kong.[5]
Bechstein[6] BerlinGermany1853–Also manufactures W. Hoffmann and Zimmerman brands. It has its own line of artists.[7]
BeckerMoscowRussia1841–Nationalized in 1918 and renamed into the 'Red October' brand. Production stopped during Perestroika and relaunched later on under the Becker name.[8]
Beiijing HsingHai[9] BeijingChina1949–Also manufactures the Hardman brand.
BelarusMinskBelarus1935–Only upright pianos of its own brand.
Blüthner[10] LeipzigGermany1853– Also manufactures Haessler and Irmler brands. In addition, it has its own line of artists.[11]
Borgato[12] Bagnolo di Lonigo, VicenzaItaly1991–
Bösendorfer[13] ViennaAustria1828– YamahaAcquired in 2007. It also has its own line of artists.[14]
Cavendish[15] Bolton AbbeyUK2012–
Fritz Dobbert[16] OsascoBrazil1950–As of 2012, the only piano factory in Latin America.[17]
Edelweiss[18] CambridgeUK1975– All upright and grand piano come by default as player pianos.
Estonia[19] TallinnEstonia1950–
Fazioli[20] SacileItaly1978–Has its own line of artists.[21]
Ferd. Thürmer[22] BochumGermany1834–
Feurich[23] LeipzigGermany1851– Acquired in 2011. The bulk of manufacturing is carried out in Hailun Piano Company factory in Ningbo, China except the upright piano 123 – Vienna made in Vienna, Austria.[24] In 2011, after the acquisition of the German piano manufacturing company Feurich, all Wendl & Lung piano models were renamed Feurich.[25] In 2021 Feurich - Wendl&Lung GmbH was renamed Feurich Pianoforte GmbH.[26] It also has its own line of pianists.[27]
Gebr. Schulz[28] WiesbadenGermany1888–present
Grotrian-Steinweg[29] BraunschweigGermany1835–Parsons Music GroupAcquired in 2015. A majority interest in Grotrian-Steinweg was purchased by Parsons Music Group. Also manufactures the Wilhelm Grotrian brand. Also has its own line of pianists.[30]
Hailun[31] NingboChina2002–presentAlso manufactures ''Cline'', ''Cunningham'' and ''Emerson'' brands and manufactures pianos for other piano companies.|-|John Broadwood & Sons[32] |London|UK|1728– ||Antique upright and grand pianos.

|-|Kawai[33] |Hamamatsu|Japan|1927–||Also manufactures Shigeru Kawai grand pianos. Also has its own line of artists.[34]

|-|Maene[35] |Ruiselede|Belgium|1938– |||-|Mason & Hamlin[36] |Boston|US|1854–|Burgett, Inc.|Has changed hands and factories many times in its history. See main article. Also has its own line of artists.[37]

|-|Parsons[38] |Hong Kong|China|1986–||Also manufactures Yangtze River, Schönbrunn, Barrate & Robinson, and Brodmann brands.|-|Pearl River[39] |Guangzhou|China|1956–||Also manufactures Fandrich, Kayserburg and Ritmüller brands.|-|Petrof[40] |Hradec Králové|Czech Republic|1864–||Also manufactures the Ant. Petrof, Ant. Dalibor, Weinbach, Rösler, Scholze, Fibich and Akord brands.|-|Pfeiffer[41] |Stuttgart|Germany|1862–|||-|Ravenscroft[42] |Scottsdale, AZ|US|2004–||-|Rönisch[43] |Dresden|Germany|1897–|Blüthner|Acquired in 2009.

|-|Samick[44] | Incheon|South Korea|1958–||Also manufactures the Kohler & Campbell, Pramberger and Wm. Knabe brands.|-|Sauter[45] |Spaichingen|Germany|1819–|||-|Schimmel[46] |Braunschweig|Germany|1885–|Pearl River Piano Group|Acquired in 2016. Also manufactures the Wilhelm Schimmel and Fridolin Schimmel brands. |-|Schirmer & Son[47] |Lehnin|Germany|1855–|T & B Piano GmbH||-|Seiler[48] |Kitzingen|Germany|1849–|Samick|Acquired in 2008. Also manufactures Eduard Seiler and Johannes Seiler brands. |-|Steingraeber & Söhne[49] |Bayreuth|Germany|1852–||Has its own line of artists.[50] |-|Steinway & Sons[51] |New York / Hamburg|US / Germany|1853–||Also sells the Boston and Essex brands.[52] It has its own line of artists.[53] |-|Stuart & Sons[54] |Newcastle|Australia|1990– |||-|Walter[55] |Elkhart|US|1969–||Manufactures Charles R. Walter brand.|-|Wilh. Steinberg[56] |Eisenberg|Germany|1877–|Parsons Music Group|Acquired in 2013. Has its own line of artists.[57]

|-|Yamaha[58] |Hamamatsu|Japan|1900–||Piano production started at 1900. Has its own line of artists.[59] |-|Young Chang[60] |Seoul|South Korea|1956–|Hyundai Development Company|Acquired in 2006. Also Manufactures the Weber and Albert Weber brands.

|-|Zanta[61] |Caldogno, Vicenza|Italy|1979–|||}

Defunct brands or companies

CompanyPlaceCountryYears activeAcquired byNotes

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-- A -->
A. B. ChaseOhioUS1875–1985Aeolian Company
A. M. McPhail[62] BostonUS1837–1960
A. MittagBerlinGermany1800
Adam SchaafChicagoUS1873–1930Also sold as Clarion and Orpheus.
Aeolian CompanyNew York CityUS1868–1985Merged with Ampico in 1932. Ampico rebranded as Aeolian in 1941.
Albert FahrZeitzGermany1887–1950
Albert W. LaddBostonUS1848–1930
Alexander Herrmann KGSangerhausenGermany1803–1993
Alfred Knight, Ltd.LondonUK1936–2003
Allen BrookLondonUK
Alpheus BabcockBostonUS1810–1829
American Piano CompanyEast Rochester, NYUS1908–1941Aeolian Companyaka Ampico
Astin WeightSalt Lake CityUS1959–1999
Baumgardt PianoStockholmSweden1859
Baus Piano CompanyNew York CityUS1895–1929Jacob Doll Piano CompanyFactories located at Southern Blvd. and Trinity Ave. They built a full line of upright pianos, player pianos, and grand pianos. It was acquired circa 1910; went out of business in the Great Depression.
Beale PianoSydneyAustralia1893–1975
Becker BrothersNew YorkUS1892–1940They Also built pianos under the Bennington name, and player pianos under the Mellotone and Playernola name as well.
Behr Brothers & Co.New YorkUS1880–1950Kohler & Campbell
Bell Brothers[63] Muncie, INUS1915–1930
Berlin Piano and Organ Company[64] Berlin, OntarioCanada1890–1924
Bogs & VoigtBerlinGermany1905–1939
Boisselot & FilsMarseilleFrance1831–1908The brand became Boisselot Fils & Co. in 1847, after the passing of his father Jean-Louis Boisselot.
Brinkerhoff Piano CompanyChicagoUS1906–1950
BrinsmeadLondonUK1835–1921
Brødrene HalsOsloNorway1847–1925
Bush & GertsChicagoUS1884–1942Bought by Haddorff Piano co. in 1942.
Cable and SonsNew YorkUS1852–1936
Cable Piano CompanyChicagoUS1880–1937Merged with Schiller Piano Company to become The Schiller Cable Manufacturing Company.
Cable-Nelson Piano CompanyChicagoUSFounded by brother of Cable Piano CoSold under the names Fayette S. Cable, Radcliffe, Lakeside, Sweetland, Henderson and Boller.
Camp & CompanyNew York CityUS1879–1930Kohler & Campbell
Carl DörrViennaAustria1817–1920
Carl EckePosenGermany1843–1930
Challen PianosLondonUK1804–1980
Chappell & Co.LondonUK1811–1980Kemble
Charles AlbrechtPhiladelphia / Long IslandUS1789–1887Schultz & Sons Manufacturing Corp.One of the earliest pianos made in America. The first known piano by Albrecht is located at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.[65]
Charles StieffBaltimoreUS1856–1951Often referred to as "The poor man's Steinway".
Chas. S. NorrisBostonUS1930
Chickering and SonsBostonUS1823–1983American Piano CompanyAcquired in 1908.
Christian BaumannZweibrückenGermany1740–1816
Clementi & CompanyLondonUK1767–1929
Collard & CollardLondonUK1767–1929
Cunningham Piano CompanyPhiladelphiaUS1891Pianos are made in China by Hailun Pianos.
Currier Piano Co.Boston and Marion, NCUS1823–1969
Danemann PianosLondonUK1893–1994Also made a Waldberg brand however 'Waldberg Berlin' may be a different company.
Decker BrothersNew YorkUS1862–1900
Ed. WestermayerBerlinGermany1863–1941
EhrbarViennaAustria-Hungary
Ellington PianoCincinnatiUS1893–1930
Emerson Piano CompanyBostonUS1849–1945
ÉrardParisFrance1777–1971
Ernst KapsDresdenGermany1858–1930
Estey Piano CompanyNew YorkUS1846–1961
Euterpe PianoNew YorkUS1820–1930
F. G. SmithNew YorkUS1866
Falcone[66] Haverhill, MAUS1982–1993America Sejung Corp.
Francis ConnorNew YorkUS1871–1933
G. RöslerČeská LípaBohemia1878–1948PetrofAcquired in 1993.
G. SchwechtenBerlinGermany1854–1902The name "Schwechten" is used in China by Shanghai Piano Co.
GablerNew YorkUS1851–1866
GaveauParisFrance1847–1994
Gebr. PerzinaSchwerinGermany1871–1989The Perzina name was revived as "Yantai Perzina" in China.
George SteckNew YorkUS1857–1985America Sejung Corp.
George WilkinsonLondonUK1811–1835
Gerhard HeintzmanWeselGermany1828-19?
GrinnellDetroit, MIUS1902–1960In the 1990s, the Grinnell name was revived in a limited number of pianos built by Samick.
GulbransenChicagoUS1904–1969
H. KohlHamburgGermany1855–1909
Haddorf Piano CompanyRockford, ILUS1902–1960Maker of Steinbach, Clarendon & Dreher, Bush & Gerts
Haines BrothersNew YorkUS1851–1945
Hallet, Davis & Co.BostonUS1835–1985 North American Music, Inc.The brand are made in China by Beijing Hsinghai Piano Group, Silbermann Piano Co., and Parsons Music for the importer, North American Music Inc.
Hardman PeckNew YorkUS1842–1990The name "Hardman" is used in China by Beiijing HsingHai.
HaynesChicagoUS
Heintzman & Co.TorontoCanada1866–1929
Hobart M. CableLa Porte, INUS1900–1960Ceased operations in the 1960s; brand was acquired by Story & Clark, then American Sejung.
Hornung & MøllerCopenhagenDenmark1827–1972
HupfieldDresdenGermany1880–1990
J. & C. FischerNew YorkUS1840–1985
J. B. Cramer & Co.LondonUK1824–1964
Jesse French Piano & Organ CompanyTennessee and IndianaUS1885 - 1902Jesse French first built pianos from 1875 - 1885 for the Dorman, French & Smith company. In 1902 firm became Krell-French when Albert Krell joined. In 1905, Krell left and the firm was renamed "Jesse French & Sons." In 1955, The P. A. Stark Piano Company bought the firm.
J. G. IrmlerLeipzigGermany1818–1950Blüthner
J. Gunther[67] BrusselsBelgium1845–1960
J. Strauss & SonChicagoUS1925
J. W. JenkinsSt. Louis, MOUS1910–1964
Johann HeicheleLjubljana, TriesteItaly1790–1813
ChicagoUS1857–1930
Kemble & Co.LondonUK1911–2009 Yamaha
Kieselhorst Piano CompanySt. Louis, MOUS1879-1930Established piano dealer that began selling pianos under its own name around 1895; unclear whether they were stencils.
KirschnerNew YorkUS
Kohler & Campbell[68] New YorkUS1894–1985SamickAcquired the name.
Krakauer BrothersNew YorkUS1869–1980
Kranich & BachNew YorkUS1864–1985
KurtzmannNew YorkUS1848–1938
Lakeside Piano CompanyChicago, ILUSCable-Nelson
Lauter Piano Co.Newark, NJUS1862–1930
Lesage Piano Company[69] QuebecCanada1884–1911Willis & Co.Acquired in 1907.
Lester Piano Company[70] [71] Lester, PAUS1888–1961[72] Also manufactured brands Channing, Alden, Bellaire, Schubert and Leonard.
Loud BrothersPhiladelphiaUS1822–1837
Lindeman & SonsNew YorkUS1836–2003
Ludwig & Co.St. Louis, MOUS1889–1933
M. Schulz Piano Co.ChicagoUS1869–1930Company manufactured and sold pianos under the names of M. Schulz, Walworth, Bradford, Irving, and Maynard, and Aria Divina. They were also sold under the names Brinkerhoff (from teens until about 1950s) and Schriver & Sons.
Marshall & WendellNew YorkUS1875–1953
Mason & RischOntarioCanada1871–1972
Mathushek Piano Co.New YorkUS1852–1879
Mehlin & SonsNew YorkUS1853–1960
Melville ClarkDeKalb, ILUS1900–1940Baldwin Piano CompanyPurchased by Baldwin in 1919.
MendelssohnTorontoCanada1870–1960
Monington & WestonLondonUK1858–1975
Moore and MooreLondonUK1900–1920
Muir, Wood and Company[73] EdinburghScotland1798–1818Wood, Small and CompanyWood, Small and Company was formed at John Muir's Death in 1818.
Murdoch, McKillop & CoEdinburghScotland1903
ChicagoUS1880–1930
NordheimerTorontoCanada1844–1960
NormandieEast Rochester, NYUSA
P. A. Starck PianoChicagoUS1891–1965
PapeParisFrance1817–1875
PetzoldParisFrance1806
PirssonNew YorkUS1822–1855
Pleyel et Cie[74] ParisFrance1807–2013At the end of 2013, the company announced it would cease manufacturing pianos in France.[75]
R. Lipp & SohnStuttgartGermany1831–1998
R. Görs & KallmannBerlinGermany1877–1990
R. S. Williams & Sons[76] TorontoCanada1856–1931Manufactured mandolins, banjos, melodeons, organs and pianos.
Raudenbush & SonsSt. Paul, MNUS1883–1935
Reed & SonsChicagoUS1842–1920
Robert Wornum & SonsLondonUK1811–1900
Rud. Ibach SohnDüsseldorfGermany1794–2007
SchiedmayerStuttgartGermany1809–2008Piano production stopped in 1980.
Schiller Piano CompanyOregon, ILUS1890–1936Cable Company
SchweighoferViennaAustria1792–1938
Sears, Roebuck & Company[77] ChicagoUS1900–1930Also manufactured and sold brands Beckwith, American Home, Maywood, Beverley, and Caldwell.
SezemskyChicagoUS1886–1901
Sherman, Clay & Co.San FranciscoUS1853–2013
ShondorffWoodbridge, CTUS1850–1938National Piano Manufacturing Company
Shoninger & SonNew YorkUS1850–1965
Simpson & Son Piano Co.Albuquerque, NMUS1940–1990Simpson & Son was the only piano manufacturer west of the Mississippi during that time. They specialized in custom spinet upright pianos.
Sohmer & Co.New YorkUS1872–1996
Søren JensenCopenhagenDenmark1893–1921sponagle
Starr Piano CompanyRichmond, INUS1872–1950Originally named the Trayser Piano Company, after one of its founders, George Trayser. They also produced a more affordable, yet exceptional quality, piano line, the "Richmond Piano Company", which was sold alongside theirs in showrooms. Also known for founding Gennett Records.
Steger & SonsChicagoUS1879–1959"Steger & Sons is one of the few American manufacturers to survive the Great Depression without being absorbed into a larger conglomerate. "[78]
Steinbach & DreherRockford, ILUS1902–1960Actually made by Haddorff Piano company.
Sterling Piano CompanyDerby, CTUS1866–1967Founded in 1845 as The Sterling Organ Company by Charles A. Sterling, the company merged with the Winter Piano Company after the Great Depression. They also produced the cheaper, but reputable, Huntington Piano.
Story & ClarkChicagoUS1884–1993
Straube Piano CompanyDowners Grove, IL, US (1895–1904)
Hammond, IN, US (1904–1940)
Chicago Heights, IL, US (1940–1942)
Rockford, IL
US1895–1949C.G. ConnManufactured Straube, Hammond, Gilmore, and Woodward; receiver's sale in 1934; bankruptcy in 1937 – remaining assets, including name and patents continued in 1937 in the newly formed Indiana corporation, Straube Pianos Inc.
Strich & Zeidler[79] [80] New York CityUS1889–1930Also manufactured Homer brand.
New YorkUS1886–1930
Sweetland Piano CompanyChicago, ILUSCable-Nelson
Th. Mann & Co.BielefeldGermany1836–1942
Galveston, TXUS1866–1915
Timothy GilbertBostonUS1829–1868
Uebel & LechleiterHeilbronnGermany1872–1987
United Piano MakersNew YorkUS1860–1880
Vose & SonsBostonUS1851–1985Aeolian Company
W. Ritmüller & SohnGöttingenGermany1795–1933Pearl River Piano Group in China uses the brand name "Ritmüller" for their pianos.
W. W. Kimball and CompanyChicagoUS1857–1996Kimball International
Weber Piano Company[81] New YorkUS1852–1985Young ChangYoung Chang acquired the Weber name in 1985.
Weber (Ontario)Kingston, ONCanada1865–1961Lesage Piano Company
Welmar PianosLondonUK1925–2003
Wendl & Lung[82] ViennaAustria1910–2021Wendl & Lung piano models were renamed Feurich. The company was renamed Feurich Pianoforte GmbH in 2021.
Wertheim PianoMelbourneAustralia1908–1935
Whaley-RoyceTorontoCanada1888–1969
Wilhelm SpaetheGeraGermany1858–1920
Willis & Co.[83] MontrealCanada1889–1979Acquired Lesage Piano Company in 1907. Also manufactured Newcombe
Winter & Co.New York CityUS1899–1959 Aeolian AmericanFounded in 1899 as Heller & Co.; purchased by Julius Winter and renamed in 1901. Merged with Aeolian American in 1959 to form Aeolian Company.
Wm. Knabe & Co.BaltimoreUS1837–1982SamickAcquired the name in 2001.
WolfframmDresdenGermany1872–1930Started out under Apollo brand name.
Wood, Small and Company[84] EdinburghScotland1818–1829Successive firms were Wood and Company, J. Muir Wood Company, and Small, Bruce and Company. Continued until Andrew Wood's Death in 1829
WurlitzerCincinnati, OHUS1856–1988Baldwin Piano CompanyAlso sold under the names Apollo, De Kalb, Julius Bauer, Farney, Kingston, Kurtzman, Merrium. Schaff Bros. and Underwood.
ZimmermannSeifhennersdorfGermany1884–2011C. BechsteinAcquired in 1992.

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: 2020-08-06. Atlas Malaysia Distributor. 2021-04-02. Atlas Malaysia. en-US.
  2. Web site: APOLLO TOYO PIANO MFG.Co., LTD.. 2021-04-02. toyoapollo.com.
  3. https://www.august-foerster.de/ August Forster website
  4. http://www.baldwinpiano.com/ Baldwin website
  5. Web site: Piano Buying Guide The Successor To The Piano Book Piano Buyer. 2020-11-13. PianoBuyer. en-US.
  6. https://www.bechstein.com/ C. Bechstein website
  7. https://www.bechstein.com/en/the-world-of-bechstein/pianists/ BECHSTEIN Pianists
  8. Web site: Becker Piano . 27 January 2021.
  9. Web site: 北京星海钢琴集团有限公司-官方网站. 2020-12-03. www.xhpiano.com.
  10. https://www.bluethnerworld.com/en/ Blüthner website
  11. https://www.bluethnerworld.com/en/artists The Blüthner Artists and Friends
  12. http://www.borgato.it/ Borgato website
  13. https://www.boesendorfer.com/ Bösendorfer website
  14. https://www.boesendorfer.com/de/artists Bösendorfer Artists & Friends
  15. http://www.cavendishpianos.com/ Cavendish Pianos website
  16. http://www.fritzdobbert.com.br// Fritz Dobbert Pianos website
  17. https://cultura.estadao.com.br/blogs/alvaro-siviero/somos-os-unicos-da-america-latina/ Somos os únicos da América Alatina
  18. http://www.edelweisspianos.com/ Edelweiss Pianos website
  19. http://www.estoniapiano.com/ Estonia website
  20. https://www.fazioli.com/en Fazioli website
  21. https://www.fazioli.com/en/references REFERENCES
  22. http://www.ferdthuermer.de Ferd. Thürmer website
  23. https://www.feurich.com/ Feurich website
  24. News: Berlin. Derek Scally in. Facing the music: how China is buying Germany's piano industry. 2020-12-03. The Irish Times. en.
  25. Web site: WENDL & LUNG. 2020-12-29. BestPricePiano. en-US.
  26. Web site: Impressum. 2021-03-15. Klaviergalerie. de-DE. 2021-04-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20210421023247/https://klaviergalerie.at/uber-uns/impressum-datenschutzerklaerung/. dead.
  27. https://www.feurich.com/en/references/artists/ ARTISTS Feurich
  28. Web site: Piano-Schulz Wiesbaden - Über Uns. 2021-05-06. www.piano-schulz.de.
  29. http://www.grotrian.de/en/ Grotrian-Steinweg website
  30. http://www.grotrian.de/en/company/artists/ Grotrian Artists
  31. Web site: Official Hailun Piano Co Website. 2021-03-28. hailunpianoco.com. en-US.
  32. http://www.broadwood.co.uk/ Broadwood and Sons website
  33. https://www.kawai-global.com Kawai website
  34. https://kawaius.com/artists/ Kawai featured artists
  35. https://www.maene.be/ Maene website
  36. http://masonhamlin.com/ Mason & Hamlin
  37. https://masonhamlin.com/artists/ MASON & HAMLIN ARTISTS
  38. Web site: 柏斯音乐集团 Parsons Music Corporation. 2020-11-19. www1.parsonsmusic.com.
  39. https://pearlriverusa.com/ Pearl River website
  40. https://www.petrof.com/ Petrof website
  41. Web site: Pfeiffer Pianos - Home. 2020-11-17. www.pfeiffer-pianos.com.
  42. Web site: Ravenscroft Pianos. 2023-09-02. www.ravenscroftpianos.com.
  43. http://www.roenisch-pianos.de/en/ Rönisch website
  44. http://www.samickpiano.com/ Samick website
  45. Web site: Sauter Piano Manufaktur. 2020-11-16. www.sauter-pianos.de.
  46. https://www.schimmel-pianos.de/ website
  47. Web site: Firmengeschichte . 2023-09-16 . SCHIRMER PIANO . de.
  48. Web site: Seiler Pianos. 2020-11-16. Seiler Pianos Com. de.
  49. Web site: Steingraeber & Söhne - the premium manufacturer for upright and grand pianos. 2020-12-10. Steingraeber. en-US.
  50. https://www.steingraeber.de/en/references/artists-friends/ Artists and Friends from A to Z Steingraeber
  51. https://www.steinway.com Steinway and Sons website
  52. https://www.essexpianos.com Boston | Essex website
  53. https://www.steinway.com/music-and-artists/solo STEINWAY ARTISTS Solo artists
  54. https://www.stuartandsons.com/ Stuart and Sons piano website
  55. Web site: Charles R. Walter Piano Company - Grand Pianos - Studio Pianos - Console Pianos. 2020-11-25. www.walterpiano.com.
  56. Web site: 首页 Wilh. Steinberg. 2020-12-04. www.wilhsteinberg.de.
  57. https://www.steinberg.net/stories/artist-roster/ MEET STEINBERG'S FAMILY AND FRIENDS
  58. https://www.yamaha.com/pianos/ Yamaha Pianos website
  59. https://www.yamaha.com/artists/categories.html?CTID=5070000 Yamaha artists
  60. http://youngchang.com/ Young Chang Piano America website
  61. https://www.zantavenice.it/en/products/zb200/ ZANTA Pianos website
  62. Web site: Antique Piano Shop, McPhail. 4 September 2017 .
  63. Web site: Bell Brothers Piano Company store window (circa 1920-1950). 2022-01-27. dmr.bsu.edu. Ball State University.
  64. Web site: Online Collections Database. 2022-08-01. waterloo.pastperfectonline.com.
  65. Bob Pierce, Larry Ashley Pierce Piano Atlas, 10th Edition, September 26, 1996
  66. Web site: Falcone, The Handmade American Piano.
  67. Web site: Antique Piano Shop, Gunther. 31 August 2017 .
  68. http://www.kohlerandcampbell.com Kohler & Campbell website
  69. Web site: Antique Piano Shop, Weber. September 2017 .
  70. Web site: Lester Piano Company . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120606004656/http://en.wikicollecting.org/lester-piano-company . 2012-06-06 .
  71. Web site: 2021-06-07 . The Rise and Decline of Piano Manufacturing in Philadelphia . 2024-05-13 . Hidden City Philadelphia . en-US.
  72. News: 1961-11-29 . LESTER PIANO PLANS TO END PRODUCTION . 2024-05-13 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  73. Book: Palmieri, Robert. The Piano: An Encyclopedia. 2003. Taylor & Francis. New York City, NY, US. 243.
  74. https://www.pleyel.com/fr/ Pleyel website
  75. Web site: Chopin's Favorite Piano Factory Plays Its Final Chord. 2020-11-13. NPR.org. en.
  76. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/rs-williams-sons-emc "R.S. Williams & Sons"
  77. Web site: Sears, Roebuck & Company . The Antique Piano Shop . 14 December 2012.
  78. Web site: Steger & Sons . antiquepianoshop.com. 4 September 2017 .
  79. Web site: Antique Piano Shop, Strich & Zeidler. 4 September 2017 .
  80. Book: Dolge, Alfred. 1913. Covina Publishing Company. Pianos and Their Makers: Development of the piano industry in America Since the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia, 1876; Volume II.
  81. http://weberpiano.com/ Weber pianos website
  82. Web site: Wendl & Lung. 2021-02-08. Wendl & Lung. en-GB.
  83. Web site: The Canadian Encyclopedia, Willis & Company Ltd.. https://web.archive.org/web/20121017125829/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/emc/willis-company-ltd. dead. October 17, 2012. 4 December 2012.
  84. Book: Palmieri, Robert. The Piano: An Encyclopedia. 2003. Taylor & Francis. New York City, NY, US. 435.