List of phytochemicals in food explained

The following is a list of phytochemicals present in commonly consumed foods.

Terpenoids (isoprenoids)

Carotenoids (tetraterpenoids)

Carotenes

orange pigments

• α-Carotene – to vitamin A .
• β-Carotene – to vitamin A .
• γ-Carotene - to vitamin A,
• δ-Carotene
• ε-carotene
• Lycopene .
• Neurosporene
• Phytofluene .
• Phytoene .

Xanthophylls

yellow pigments

• Canthaxanthin .
• β-Cryptoxanthin to vitamin A .
• Zeaxanthin .
• Astaxanthin .
• Lutein .
• Rubixanthin .

• Saponins .
• Oleanolic acid .
• Ursolic acid .
• Betulinic acid .

Diterpenes

• Cafestol in unfiltered form such as or .^[1]

Monoterpenes

• Limonene, .
• Perillyl alcohol .
• Thujones,

Steroids

• Phytosterols .
  • Campesterol .
  • beta Sitosterol .
  • gamma sitosterol
  • Stigmasterol .

Phenolic compounds

Natural monophenols

• Apiole .
• Carnosol .
• Carvacrol .
• Dillapiole .

Polyphenols

Flavonoids

red, blue, purple pigments

• Flavonols
  • Quercetin .
  • Kaempferol .
  • Myricetin .
  • Fisetin .
  • Rutin .
  • Isorhamnetin .
• Flavanones
  • Hesperidin .
  • Naringenin .
  • Silybin .
  • Eriodictyol .
• Flavones
  • Acacetin .
  • Apigenin .
  • Chrysin .
  • Diosmetin .
  • Tangeritin .
  • Luteolin .
• Flavan-3-ols (flavanols)
  • Catechins .
    • (+)-Catechin
    • (+)-Gallocatechin
    • (−)-Epicatechin
    • (−)-Epigallocatechin
    • (−)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) .
    • (−)-Epicatechin 3-gallate
  • Theaflavin .
    • Theaflavin-3-gallate .
  • Thearubigins .
  • Proanthocyanidins
• Flavanonols
• Anthocyanidins (flavonals) and Anthocyanins .
  • Pelargonidin .
  • Peonidin .
  • Cyanidin .
  • Delphinidin .
  • Malvidin .
  • Petunidin
  • Phycocyanin .

Isoflavonoids

• Isoflavones (phytoestrogens) .
  • Daidzein (formononetin) .
  • Genistein (biochanin A) .
  • Glycitein .
• Isoflavanes
• Isoflavandiols
• Isoflavenes
• Pterocarpans or Coumestans (phytoestrogens)
• Coumestrol .

Flavonolignans

• Silymarin .

Lignans

Phytoestrogens .^[2]

• Matairesinol .
• Secoisolariciresinol .
• Pinoresinol and lariciresinol^[3] .

Stilbenoids

• Resveratrol .
• Pterostilbene .
• Piceatannol .
• Pinosylvin

Curcuminoids

• Curcumin (Oxidizes to vanillin) .

Tannins

Hydrolyzable tannins

• Ellagitannins
  • Punicalagins .
  • Castalagins
  • Vescalagins .^[4]
  • Castalins
  • Casuarictins
  • Grandinins
  • Punicalins
  • Roburin As
  • Tellimagrandin IIs
  • Terflavin Bs
• Gallotannins
  • Digalloyl glucose
  • 1,3,6-Trigalloyl glucose

Condensed tannins

• Proanthocyanidins .
• Polyflavonoid tannins
• Catechol-type tannins
• Pyrocatecollic type tannins
• Flavolans

Phlorotannins

extracted from .

extracted from .

Phenolic acids

• Salicylic acid .
• Vanillin and Vanillic acid .
• Gallic acid .
• Ellagic acid .
• Tannic acid .

Hydroxycinnamic acids

• Caffeic acid .
• Chlorogenic acid .
• Cinnamic acid .
• Ferulic acid .
• Coumarin .

Phenylethanoids

• Tyrosol .
• Hydroxytyrosol .
• Oleocanthal .
• Oleuropein .

Others

• Capsaicin .
• Gingerol .
• Alkylresorcinols .
• Piperine .

Glucosinolates

The precursor to isothiocyanates

• Sinigrin (the precursor to allyl isothiocyanate) .
• Glucotropaeolin (the precursor to benzyl isothiocyanate)
• Gluconasturtiin (the precursor to phenethyl isothiocyanate)
• Glucoraphanin (the precursor to sulforaphane) .

Aglycone derivatives

• Dithiolthiones (isothiocyanates)
  • Sulforaphane .
  • Allyl isothiocyanate
  • Phenethyl Isothiocyanate
  • Benzyl Isothiocyanate
• Oxazolidine-2-thiones
• Nitriles
• Thiocyanates

Organosulfides/ Organosulfur compounds

• Polysulfides (allium compounds)
  • Allyl methyl trisulfide .
• Sulfides
  • Diallyl disulfide .
• Allicin .
• Alliin .
• Allyl isothiocyanate .
• Syn-propanethial-S-oxide .

Indoles

• Indole-3-carbinol .
• 3,3'-Diindolylmethane or DIM .
• Indole-3-acetic acid Commonly occurring plant hormone, a part of the auxin family.

Betalains

• Betacyanins .
  • betanin
  • isobetanin
  • probetanin
  • neobetanin
• Betaxanthins (non glycosidic versions)
  • Indicaxanthin .
  • Vulgaxanthin .

Chlorophylls

• Chlorophyllin

.^[5]

Other organic acids

• Saturated cyclic acids
  • Phytic acid (inositol hexaphosphate) .
  • Quinic acid
• Oxalic acid .
• Tartaric acid .
• Anacardic acid .
• Malic acid .
• Caftaric acid .
• Coutaric acid .
• Fertaric acid

Amines

• Betanin .

Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides

• Hexose .
• Pentose .

Polysaccharides

• Beta-glucan
  • Chitin .
  • Lentinan .
• Fructan
  • Inulins .
• Lignin .
• Pectins .

Protease inhibitors

• Protease inhibitors .

See also

• Nutrient
• Essential nutrient
• List of macronutrients
• List of micronutrients
• List of food additives
• Underweight

References

1. Zhang . Chen . Linforth . Robert . Fisk . Ian D. . Cafestol extraction yield from different coffee brew mechanisms . Food Research International . 2012 . 49 . 27–31 . 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.06.032 . 56221623 . free .
2. http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/phytochemicals/lignans Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University
3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15877880&query_hl=35&itool=pubmed_docsum Lignan contents of Dutch plant foods: a database i...[Br J Nutr. 2005&#93; - PubMed Result<!-- Bot generated title -->]
4. Marinov . M G . Dimitrova . E D . Puech . J L . Kinetics of ellagitannin extraction from oak wood using white wine . Journal of Wine Research. 8 . 29–40 . 10.1080/09571269708718095 . 1997 .
5. Web site: Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin . Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University. 1 June 2009 . 26 November 2019.