List of philosophers born in the 19th century explained
Philosophers born in the 19th century (and others important in the history of philosophy), listed alphabetically:
Note: This list has a minimal criterion for inclusion and the relevance to philosophy of some individuals on the list is disputed.
A
- Muhammad Abduh, (1849–1905)
- Robert Adamson, (1852–1902)
- Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, (1839–1897)
- Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz, (1890–1963)
- Konstantin Sergeyevich Aksakov, (1817–1860)
- Samuel Alexander, (1859–1938)
- B. R. Ambedkar, (1891–1956)
- Henri-Frédéric Amiel, (1821–1881)
- John Anderson, (1893–1962)
- Roberto Ardigò, (1828–1920)
- Valentin Ferdinandovich Asmus, (1894–1975)
- Sri Aurobindo, (1872–1950)
- Richard Avenarius, (1843–1896)
B
- Gaston Bachelard, (1884–1962)
- Alfred Baeumler, (1887–1968)
- Alexander Bain, (1818–1903)
- Mikhail Bakhtin, (1895–1975)
- Mikhail Bakunin, (1814–1876)
- James Mark Baldwin, (1861–1934)
- Karl Barth, (1886–1968)
- Jules Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire, (1805–1895)
- Georges Bataille, (1897–1962)
- Bruno Bauer, (1809–1882)
- David Baumgardt, (1890–1963)
- Oskar Becker, (1889–1964)
- Vissarion Belinsky, (1811–1848)
- Gustave Belot, (1859–1929)
- Julien Benda, (1867–1956)
- Walter Benjamin, (1892–1940)
- Nikolai Berdyaev, (1874–1948)
- Henri Bergson, (1859–1941)
- Eduard Bernstein, (1850–1932)
- Nathan Birnbaum, (1864–1937)
- Brand Blanshard, (1892–1987)
- Ernst Bloch, (1885–1977)
- Maurice Blondel, (1861–1949)
- Benjamin Paul Blood, (1832–1919)
- Hermann Blumenau, (1819–1899)
- George Boas, (1891–1980)
- Alexander Bogdanov, (1873–1928)
- Niels Bohr, (1885–1962)
- Ludwig Boltzmann, (1844–1906)
- John Elof Boodin, (1869–1950)
- George Boole, (1815–1864)*
- Bernard Bosanquet, (1848–1923)
- Emile Boutroux, (1845–1921)
- Oets Kolk Bouwsma, (1898–1978)
- Borden Parker Bowne, (1847–1910)
- F. H. Bradley, (1846–1924)
- Franz Brentano, (1838–1917)
- Percy Williams Bridgman, (1882–1961)
- Edgar S. Brightman, (1884–1953)
- C. D. Broad, (1887–1971)
- Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer, (1881–1966)
- Orestes Brownson, (1803–1876)
- Constantin Brunner, (1862–1937)
- Emil Brunner, (1889–1966)
- Leon Brunschvicg, (1869–1944)
- James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce, (1838–1922)
- Martin Buber, (1878–1965)
- Ludwig Büchner, (1824–1899)
- Sergei Nikolaevich Bulgakov, (1871–1944)
- Rudolf Bultmann, (1884–1976)
- Jacob Burckhardt, (1818–1897)
- Samuel Butler, (1835–1902)
C
- Cai Yuanpei, (1868–1940)
- Edward Caird, (1835–1908)
- Mary Whiton Calkins, (1863–1930)
- Norman Robert Campbell, (1880–1949)
- Georg Cantor, (1845–1918)
- Pantaleo Carabellese, (1877–1948)
- Rudolf Carnap, (1891–1970)*
- Lewis Carroll, (1832–1898)
- Paul Carus, (1852–1919)
- Ernst Cassirer, (1874–1945)
- Carlo Cattaneo, (1801–1869)
- Emile Auguste Chartier, (1868–1951)
- Nikolai Chernyshevsky, (1828–1889)
- Ch'ien Mu, (1895–1990)
- Leon Chwistek, (1884–1944)
- August Cieszkowski, (1814–1894)
- William Kingdon Clifford, (1845–1879)
- Chapman Cohen, (1868–1954)
- Hermann Cohen, (1842–1918)*
- R. G. Collingwood, (1889–1943)
- Josephus Flavius Cook, (1838–1901)
- John Cook Wilson, (1849–1915)
- Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy, (1877–1947)
- Hans Cornelius, (1863–1947)
- Antoine Augustin Cournot, (1801–1877)
- Louis Couturat, (1868–1914)
- James Edwin Creighton, (1861–1924)
- Benedetto Croce, (1866–1952)
- Tadeusz Czezowski, (1889–1981)
- Heinrich Czolbe, (1819–1873)
D
- Nikolay Danilevsky (1822–1885)
- Charles Darwin, (1809–1882)
- Augustus De Morgan, (1806–1871)
- Francesco de Sanctis, (1817–1883)
- Richard Dedekind, (1831–1916)
- Galvano Della Volpe, (1895–1968)
- Paul Deussen, (1845–1919)
- John Dewey, (1859–1952)
- Albert Venn Dicey, (1835–1922)
- Wilhelm Dilthey, (1833–1911)
- Hugo Dingler, (1881–1954)
- Juan Donoso Cortés (1809–1853)
- Herman Dooyeweerd, (1894–1977)
- Fyodor Dostoevsky, (1821–1881)
- Hans Adolf Eduard Driesch, (1867–1941)
- Emil du Bois-Reymond, (1818–1896)
- Curt Ducasse, (1881–1969)
- Pierre Duhem, (1861–1916)
- Eugen Dühring, (1833–1921)
- Émile Durkheim, (1858–1917)
- Manilal Dwivedi, (1858–1898)
E
F
- Thome H. Fang, (1899–1976)
- Gustav Fechner, (1801–1887)
- Feng Youlan, (1895–1990)
- Ernest Fenollosa, (1853–1908)
- Giuseppe Ferrari, (1812–1876)
- James Frederick Ferrier, (1808–1864)
- Ludwig Feuerbach, (1804–1872)
- Kuno Fischer, (1824–1907)
- John Fiske, (1842–1901)
- Franciszek Fiszer, (1860–1937)
- Robert Flint, (1838–1910)
- Pavel Aleksandrovich Florenskii, (1882–1937)
- Georges Florovsky, (1893–1979)
- Jerome Frank, (1889–1957)
- Philipp Frank, (1884–1966)
- Semën Liudvigovich Frank (1877–1950)
- Gottlob Frege, (1848–1925)
- Sigmund Freud, (1856–1939)
- Hans Freyer, (1887–1969)
- Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov, (1829–1903)
G
- Mahatma Gandhi, (1869–1948)
- Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange, (1887–1964)
- Nārāyana Guru, (1856–1928)
- Giovanni Gentile, (1875–1944)
- Otto von Gierke, (1841–1921)
- Charlotte Perkins Gilman, (1860–1935)
- Étienne Gilson, (1884–1978)
- Asher Ginsberg (or Ahad Ha'am), (1856–1927)
- Vincenzo Gioberti, (1801–1852)
- Arthur de Gobineau, (1816–1882)
- Henry George, (1839–1897)
- Antonio Gramsci, (1891–1937)
- Thomas Hill Green, (1836–1882)
- Kurt Grelling, (1886–1942)
- John Grote, (1813–1866)
- D. V. Gundappa, (1889–1975)
- G. I. Gurdjieff, (1872–1949)
- Edmund Gurney, (1847–1888)
H
- Paul Häberlin, (1878–1960)
- Ernst Haeckel, (1834–1919)
- Axel Hägerström, (1868–1939)
- Béla Hamvas, (1897–1968)
- Eduard Hanslick, (1825–1904)
- Friedrich Harms, (1819–1880)
- William Torrey Harris, (1835–1909)
- Eduard Von Hartmann, (1842–1906)
- Nicolai Hartmann, (1882–1950)*
- Charles Hartshorne, (1897–2000)
- Friedrich Hayek, (1899–1992)
- Rudolf Haym, (1821–1901)
- Martin Heidegger, (1889–1976)*
- Hermann von Helmholtz, (1821–1894)
- Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, (1857–1894)
- Alexander Herzen, (1812–1870)
- Moses Hess, (1812–1875)
- Sergei Hessen, (1887–1950)
- David Hilbert, (1862–1943)
- Dietrich von Hildebrand, (1889–1977)
- Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse, (1864–1929)
- William Ernest Hocking, (1873–1966)
- Shadworth Hodgson, (1832–1912)
- Eric Hoffer, (1898–1983)
- Harald Høffding, (1843–1931)
- Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld, (1879–1918)
- Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., (1841–1935)
- Max Horkheimer, (1895–1973)
- Hsiung Shih-li, (1885–1968)
- Hu Shih, (1891–1962)
- Elbert Hubbard, (1856–1915)
- Edmund Husserl, (1859–1938)
- Thomas Henry Huxley, (1825–1895)
I
J
- Henry James Sr., (1811–1882)
- William James, (1842–1910)
- Alfred Jarry, (1873–1907)
- Karl Jaspers, (1883–1969)*
- William Stanley Jevons, (1835–1882)*
- Rudolf von Jhering, (1818–1892)
- Krishnamurti Jiddu, (1895–1986)
- C.E.M. Joad, (1891–1953)
- William Ernest Johnson, (1858–1931)
- Jørgen Jørgensen, (1894–1969)
- Carl Jung, (1875–1961)
- Ernst Jünger, (1895–1998)
K
- Kang Youwei, (1858–1927)
- Mordecai Kaplan, (1881–1983)
- Michael Ivanovich Karinski (1840 - 1917)
- Karl Kautsky, (1854–1938)
- Konstantin Kavelin (1818–1885)
- Hans Kelsen, (1881–1973)
- Norman Kemp Smith, (1872–1958)
- John Maynard Keynes, (1883–1946)
- Hermann von Keyserling, (1880–1946)
- Aleksey Khomyakov (1804–1860)
- Søren Kierkegaard, (1813–1855)
- Nishida Kitaro (1870–1945)
- Wolfgang Köhler, (1887–1967)
- Feliks Koneczny (1862–1949)
- Alejandro Korn, (1860–1936)
- Tadeusz Kotarbiński, (1886–1981)
- Alexandre Koyre, (1892–1964)
- Karl Kraus, (1874–1936)
- Jiddu Krishnamurti, (1895–1986)
- Leopold Kronecker, (1823–1891)
- Richard Kroner, (1884–1974)
- Peter Kropotkin, (1842–1921)
- Kuki Shūzō, (1888–1941)
L
- Antonio Labriola, (1843–1904)
- Jules Lachelier, (1832–1918)
- Pierre Laffitte, (1823–1903)
- Friedrich Albert Lange, (1828–1875)
- Susanne Langer, (1895–1985)
- Ferdinand Lassalle, (1825–1864)
- Peter Lavrovitch Lavrov, (1823–1900)
- Moritz Lazarus, (1824–1903)
- Edouard Louis Emmanuel Julien Le Roy, (1870–1954)
- Adrian LeMors, (1893–1956)
- Vladimir Lenin, (1870–1924)
- Konstantin Nikolaevich Leont'ev, (1831–1891)
- Jules Lequier, (1814–1862)
- Stanisław Leśniewski, (1886–1939)
- Lucien Lévy-Bruhl, (1857–1939)
- George Henry Lewes, (1817–1878)
- Kurt Lewin, (1890–1947)
- Clarence Irving Lewis, (1883–1964)*
- C. S. Lewis, (1898–1963)
- John Lewis, (1889–1976)
- Liang Qichao (or Liang Ch'i-ch'ao), (1873–1929)
- Liang Sou-ming, (1893–1988)
- Karol Libelt, (1807–1875)
- Israel Lipkin, (1810–1883)*
- Émile Littré, (1801–1881)
- Liu Shaoqi (orLiu Shao-ch'i), (1898–1969)
- Karl Nickerson Llywelyn, (1893–1962)
- Alain LeRoy Locke, (1886–1954)
- Alfred Loisy, (1857–1940)
- Jakob Lorber, (1800–1864)
- Aleksei Fedorovich Losev, (1893–1988)
- Nicholas Onufrievich Lossky, (1870–1965)
- Hermann Lotze, (1817–1881)
- Arthur O. Lovejoy, (1873–1962)
- Georg Lukács, (1885–1971)
- Jan Łukasiewicz, (1878–1956)
- Rosa Luxemburg, (1871–1919)
M
- Mikhail Bakhtin, (1895–1975)
- Ernst Mach, (1838–1916)
- John Macmurray, (1891–1976)
- Philipp Mainländer, (1841–1876)
- Ernst Mally, (1879–1944)
- Karl Mannheim, (1893–1947)
- Henry Longueville Mansel, (1820–1871)
- Mao Zedong (or Mao Tse-tung), (1893–1976)
- Gabriel Marcel, (1887–1973)
- Herbert Marcuse, (1898–1979)
- Jacques Maritain, (1882–1973)
- Harriet Martineau, (1802–1876)
- James Martineau, (1805–1900)
- Karl Marx, (1818–1883)
- Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, (1850–1937)
- Fritz Mauthner, (1849–1923)
- James Clerk Maxwell, (1831–1879)12
- James McCosh, (1811–1894)
- William McDougall, (1871–1938)
- John Ellis McTaggart, (1866–1925)
- George Herbert Mead, (1863–1931)
- Georg Mehlis, (born 19th century)
- Friedrich Meinecke, (1862–1954)
- Alexius Meinong, (1853–1920)*
- Gregor Mendel, (1822–1884)
- Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo, (1856–1912)
- Désiré-Joseph Mercier, (1851–1926)
- Franklin Merrell-Wolff, (1887–1985)
- Emile Meyerson, (1859–1933)
- Carlo Michelstaedter, (1887–1910)
- Nikolai Konstantinovich Mikhailovskii, (1842–1904)
- Miki Kiyoshi, (1897–1945)
- John Stuart Mill, (1806–1873)
- Ludwig von Mises, (1881–1973)
- William Mitchell, (1861–1962)
- Dimitrije Mitrinovic, (1887–1953)
- W. H. S. Monck (1839–1915)
- Maria Montessori (1870–1952)
- Addison Webster Moore, (1866–1930)
- G. E. Moore, (1873–1958)
- Gaetano Mosca, (1858–1941)
- John Henry Muirhead, (1855–1940)
- Max Müller, (1823–1900)
N
- Paul Gerhard Natorp, (1854–1924)
- John Neihardt, (1881–1973)
- Leonard Nelson, (1882–1927)
- Otto Neurath, (1882–1945)
- John Henry Newman, (1801–1890)
- H. Richard Niebuhr, (1894–1962)
- Reinhold Niebuhr, (1892–1971)
- Friedrich Nietzsche, (1844–1900)
- Nishi Amane, (1829–1897)
- Nishida Kitaro, (1870–1945)
- Shalva Nutsubidze, (1888–1969)
- Anders Nygren, (1890–1978)
O
P
- Vilfredo Pareto, (1848–1923)
- Giuseppe Peano, (1858–1932)
- Benjamin Peirce, (1809–1880)
- Charles Sanders Peirce, (1839–1914)
- Ralph Barton Perry, (1876–1957)
- Leon Petrazycki, (1867–1931)
- Branislav Petronijević, (1875–1954)
- Jean Piaget, (1896–1980)
- Max Planck, (1858–1947)
- Georgi Plekhanov, (1856–1918)
- Konstantin Pobedonostsev, (1827–1907)
- Henri Poincaré, (1854–1912)
- Michael Polanyi, (1891–1976)
- Emil Leon Post, (1897–1954)
- Roscoe Pound, (1870–1964)
- Karl von Prantl, (1820–1888)
- Henry Habberley Price, (1899–1984)
- Harold Arthur Prichard, (1871–1947)
- Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, (1809–1865)
R
- Gustav Radbruch, (1878–1949)
- Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, (1888–1975)
- Hastings Rashdall, (1858–1924)
- Felix Ravaisson-Mollien, (1813–1900)
- Paul Rée, (1849–1901)
- Wilhelm Reich, (1897–1957)
- Hans Reichenbach, (1891–1953)
- Adolf Reinach, (1883–1917)
- Karl Renner, (1870–1950)
- Charles Bernard Renouvier, (1815–1903)
- I. A. Richards, (1893–1979)
- Heinrich Rickert, (1863–1936)*
- Bernhard Riemann, (1826–1866)
- George Croom Robertson, (1842–1892)
- Erwin Rohde, (1845–1898)
- Francisco Romero (1891–1962)
- Johann Karl Friedrich Rosenkranz, (1805–1879)
- Franz Rosenzweig, (1886–1929)
- Alf Niels Christian Ross, (1899–1979)
- William David Ross, (1877–1971)
- Josiah Royce, (1855–1916)
- Vasily Rozanov, (1856–1919)
- Arnold Ruge, (1802–1880)
- Bertrand Russell, (1872–1970)
S
- Émile Saisset, (1814–1863)
- George Santayana, (1863–1952)
- Ferdinand de Saussure, (1857–1913)
- Max Scheler, (1874–1928)
- F. C. S. Schiller, (1864–1937)
- Moritz Schlick, (1882–1936)
- Carl Schmitt, (1888–1985)
- Erwin Schrödinger, (1887–1961)
- Joseph Schumpeter, (1883–1950)
- Alfred Schütz, (1899–1959)
- Albert Schweizer, (1875–1965)
- Charles Secrétan, (1815–1895)
- Roy Wood Sellars, (1880–1973)
- Lev Shestov, (1866–1938)
- Gustav Gustavovich Shpet, (1879–1937)
- Henry Sidgwick, (1838–1900)
- Georg Simmel, (1858–1918)
- Thoralf Skolem, (1887–1963)
- Vladimir Solovyov, (1853–1900)
- Georges Sorel, (1847–1922)
- William Ritchie Sorley, (1855–1935)
- Othmar Spann, (1878–1950)
- Herbert Spencer, (1820–1903)
- Thomas Spencer Baynes, (1823–1887)
- Oswald Spengler, (1880–1936)
- Afrikan Spir, (1837–1890)
- Lysander Spooner, (1808–1887)
- Walter Terence Stace, (1886–1967)
- Henry Stanton, (1805–1887)
- Olaf Stapledon, (1886–1950)
- L. Susan Stebbing, (1885–1943)
- Edith Stein, (1891–1942)
- Rudolf Steiner, (1861–1925)
- Leslie Stephen, (1832–1904)
- James Hutchison Stirling, (1820–1909)
- Max Stirner, (1806–1856)
- George Frederick Stout, (1860–1944)
- David Friedrich Strauss, (1808–1874)
- Leo Strauss, (1899–1973)
- Carl Stumpf, (1848–1936)
- James Sully, (1842–1923)
- Sun Yat-sen, (1866–1925)
T
- Debendranath Tagore, (1817–1905)
- Rabindranath Tagore, (1861–1941)
- Hippolyte Taine, (1828–1893)
- T'an Ssu-t'ung, (1864–1898)
- Tanabe Hajime, (1885–1962)
- Władysław Tatarkiewicz, (1886–1980)
- Harriet Taylor Mill, (1807–1858)
- Gustav Teichmuller (1837–1888)
- Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, (1881–1955)
- William Temple, (1881–1944)
- Frederick Robert Tennant, (1866–1957)
- Henry David Thoreau, (1817–1862)
- Paul Tillich, (1886–1965)
- Alexis de Tocqueville, (1805–1859)
- Leo Tolstoy, (1828–1910)
- Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg, (1802–1872)
- Ernst Troeltsch, (1865–1923)
- Leon Trotsky, (1879–1940)
- Benjamin Tucker, (1854–1939)
- Kazimierz Twardowski, (1866–1938)
U
V
W
- Jean Wahl, (1888–1974)
- Friedrich Waismann, (1896–1959)
- Alfred Russel Wallace, (1823–1913)
- James Ward, (1843–1925)
- John B. Watson, (1878–1958)
- Watsuji Tetsuro, (1889–1960)
- Max Weber, (1864–1920)*
- Otto Weininger, (1880–1903)
- Christian Hermann Weisse, (1801–1866)
- Victoria, Lady Welby, (1837–1912)
- Felix Weltsch, (1884–1964)
- Edvard Westermarck, (1862–1939)
- Hermann Weyl, (1885–1955)
- Frantisek Weyr (or Franz Weyr), (1879–1951)
- Alfred North Whitehead, (1861–1947)
- Wilhelm Windelband, (1848–1915)*
- Stanislaw Ignacy Witkiewicz, (1885–1939)
- Ludwig Wittgenstein, (1889–1951)
- Woo Tsin-hang (or Chih-hui), (1865–1953)
- Chauncey Wright, (1830–1875)
- Dorothy Maud Wrinch, (1894–1976)
- Wilhelm Wundt, (1832–1920)*
Z
See also
