List of philosophers (I–Q) explained

Philosophers (and others important in the history of philosophy), listed alphabetically:

Note: This list has a minimal criterion for inclusion and the relevance to philosophy of some individuals on the list is disputed.

I

• Iamblichus
• Yahya ibn Adi (893–974)
• Ibn Arabi (1164–1240)
• Ibn ar-Rawandi (827–911)
• Ibn Bajjah (or Avempace) (died 1138)
• Ibn Daud (or Rabad I or Avendauth, or John of Spain) (1110–1180)
• Abraham ibn Ezra (1092/3–1167)
• Moses ibn Ezra (1070–1138)
• Ibn Falaquera (1223–1290)
• Solomon Ibn Gabirol (1021–1058)
• Ibn Hazm (994–1069)
• Ibn Kammuna (1215–1284)
• Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406)
• Ibn Masarra (883–931)
• Ibn Miskawayh (940–1030)
• Bahya ibn Paquda (1040–1110)
• Ibn Sabin (1217–1268)
• Ibn Taymiya (1263–1328)
• Samuel ibn Tibbon (c. 1165 – 1232)
• Ibn Tufail (1110–1185)
• Joseph ibn Tzaddik (c. 1149)
• Ivan Aleksandrovich Il'in (1883–1954)
• Evald Vassilievich Ilyenkov (1924–1979)
• Immanuel the Roman (c. 1270 – c. 1330)
• Roman Ingarden (1893–1970)
• William Ralph Inge (1860–1954)
• José Ingenieros (1877–1925)
• Nae Ionescu (1890–1940)
• Muhammad Iqbal (1877–1938)
• Luce Irigaray (born 1930)
• Terence Irwin (born 1947)
• Isocrates (436–338 BC)
• Isaac of Stella (1105–1177)
• Isaac Israeli (c. 850–950)
• Ito Jinsai (1627–1705)
• Vyacheslav Ivanovich Ivanov (1866–1949)

J

• Jesus of Nazareth (4 BC – AD 30 or 33)
• Frank Jackson (born 1943)
• Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi (1743–1819)
• Franz Jakubowski (1912–1970)
• James of Viterbo (1255–1308)
• Henry James Sr. (1811–1882)
• William James (1842–1910)
• Fredric Jameson (born 1934)
• Vladimir Jankélévitch (1903–1985)
• Anselm Jappe (born 1962)
• Karl Jaspers (1883–1969)
• Jayarāśi Bhaṭṭa (fl. c. 800)
• James Hopwood Jeans (1877–1946)
• Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826)
• Richard C. Jeffrey (1926–2002)
• William Stanley Jevons (1835–1882)
• Rudolf von Jhering (1818–1892)
• Jinul (or Chinul) (1158–1210)
• Joachim of Fiore (1135–1201)
• Friedrich Jodl (1849–1914)
• John of Damascus (c. 676–749)
• John of Jandun (1280–1328)
• John of La Rochelle (1190–1245)
• John of Mirecourt (c. 1345)
• John of Paris (1260–1306)
• John of Salisbury (c. 1115–1180)
• John of St. Thomas (or Jean Poinsot) (1589–1644)
• John of the Cross (1542–1591)
• Alexander Bryan Johnson (1786–1867)
• Samuel Johnson (1649–1703)
• Samuel Johnson (1696–1772)
• Samuel Johnson (1709–1784)
• William Ernest Johnson (1858–1931)
• Constance Jones (1848–1922)
• Jørgen Jørgensen (1894–1969)
• Théodore Simon Jouffroy (1796–1842)
• Judah ben Moses of Rome (orJudah Romano) (1292–1330)
• Carl Jung (1875–1961)
• Ernst Jünger (1895–1998)
• Joachim Jungius (1587–1657)
• Justinian I (483–565)
• Al-Juwayni (1028–1085)

K

• Franz Kafka (1883–1924)
• Kaibara Ekiken (1630–1740)
• Kang Youwei (1858–1927)
• Milan Kangrga (1923–2008)
• Immanuel Kant (1724–1804)
• Kao Tzu (c. 420 – 350 BC)
• David Kaplan (born 1933)
• Mordecai Kaplan (1881–1983)
• Kojin Karatani (born 1941)
• Nikolai Ivanovich Kareev (1850–1931)
• Lev Platonovich Karsavin (1882–1952)
• Joseph Kaspi (1279–1340)
• Walter Kaufmann (1921–1980)
• Karl Kautsky (1854–1938)
• Khedrup Gelek Pelzang (1385–1438)
• Konstantin Kavelin (1818–1885)
• Bartholomew Keckermann (1571–1609)
• Hans Kelsen (1881–1973)
• Norman Kemp Smith (1872–1958)
• Anthony Kenny (born 1931)
• Johannes Kepler (1571–1630)
• John Maynard Keynes (1883–1946)
• Hermann Graf Keyserling (1880–1946)
• Aleksey Khomyakov (1804–1860)
• Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855)
• Richard Kilvington (1302–1361)
• Robert Kilwardby (1215–1279)
• Jaegwon Kim (1934–2019)
• Al-Kindi (801–873)
• Martin Luther King Jr. (1929–1968)
• Athanasius Kircher (1602–1680)
• Ivan Kireevsky (1806–1856)
• Patricia Kitcher (born 1948)
• Ludwig Klages (1872–1956)
• Heinrich von Kleist (1777–1811)
• William Calvert Kneale (1906–1990)
• Martin Knutzen (1713–1751)
• Ko Hung (4th century)
• Kurt Koffka (1886–1941)
• Wolfgang Köhler (1887–1967)
• Alexandre Kojève (1902–1968)
• Leszek Kołakowski (1927–2009)
• Alejandro Korn (1860–1936)
• Karl Korsch (1886–1961)
• Karel Kosík (1926–2003)
• Tadeusz Kotarbiński (1886–1981)
• Alexandre Koyre (1892–1964)
• Aleksei Aleksandrovich Kozlov (1831–1901)
• Karl Kraus (1874–1936)
• Karl Christian Friedrich Krause (1781–1832)
• Georg Kreisel (1923–2015)
• Saul Kripke (born 1940)
• Jiddu Krishnamurti (1895–1986)
• Uppaluri Gopala Krishnamurti (1918–2007)
• Julia Kristeva (born 1941)
• Nachman Krochmal (1785–1840)
• Leopold Kronecker (1823–1891)
• Peter Kropotkin (1842–1921)
• Felix Krueger (1874–1948)
• Thomas Samuel Kuhn (1922–1996)
• Kūkai (774–835)
• Kuki Shūzō (1888–1941)
• Oswald Külpe (1862–1915)
• Kumārila Bhaṭṭa (fl. roughly 700)
• Kumazawa Banzan (1619–1691)
• Kuo Hsiang (or Guoxiang) (died c. 312)
• Robert Kurz (1943–2012)

L

• Ernst Laas (1837–1885)
• Lucien Laberthonnière (1860–1932)
• Jean de La Bruyère (1645–1696)
• Jacques Lacan (1901–1981)
• Jules Lachelier (1832–1918)
• Ernesto Laclau (1935–2014)
• Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe (1940–2007)
• Pierre Laffitte (1823–1903)
• Louis de La Forge (1632–1666)
• Imre Lakatos (1922–1974)
• André Lalande (1867–1964)
• Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829)
• Johann Heinrich Lambert (1728–1777)
• Hughes Felicité Robert de Lamennais (1752–1854)
• Julien Offray de La Mettrie (1709–1751)
• François de La Mothe Le Vayer (1588–1672)
• Ludwig Landgrebe (1902–1992)
• Friedrich Albert Lange (1828–1875)
• Susanne Langer (1895–1985)
• Lao Zi (or Lao Tzu) (4th century BC)
• Isaac La Peyrère (1596–1676)
• Pierre-Simon Laplace (1749–1827)
• Ivan Ivanovich Lapshin (1870–1952)
• François de La Rochefoucauld (1613–1680)
• Pierre Laromiguière (1756–1837)
• Abdullah Laroui (born 1935)
• Ferdinand Lassalle (1825–1864)
• Bruno Latour (born 1947)
• Johann Kaspar Lavater (1741–1801)
• Louis Lavelle (1883–1951)
• Antoine Lavoisier (1743–1794)
• Peter Lavrovitch Lavrov (1823–1900)
• William Law (1686–1761)
• Jean Le Clerc (1657–1737)
• Michèle Le Dœuff (born 1948)
• Henri Lefebvre (1901–1991)
• Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples (c. 1455–c. 1536)
• Claude Lefort (1924–2010)
• Antoine Le Grand (1629–1699)
• Keith Lehrer (born 1936)
• Gottfried Leibniz (1646–1716)
• Yeshayahu Leibowitz (1903–1994)
• Vladimir Lenin (1870–1924)
• Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519)
• Konstantin Nikolaevich Leont'ev (1831–1891)
• Aleksei N. Leontiev (1903–1979)
• Giacomo Leopardi (1798–1837)
• Jules Lequier (1814–1862)
• Pierre Leroux (1798–1871)
• Edouard Louis Emmanuel Julien Le Roy (1870–1954)
• René Le Senne (1882–1954)
• Stanisław Leśniewski (1886–1939)
• Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729–1781)
• Leucippus (5th century BC)
• Emmanuel Levinas (1906–1995)
• Claude Lévi-Strauss (1908–2009)
• Lucien Lévy-Bruhl (1857–1939)
• Kurt Lewin (1890–1947)
• Clarence Irving Lewis (1883–1964)
• C. S. Lewis (1898–1963)
• David Kellogg Lewis (1941–2001)
• Li Ao (722–841)
• Liang Qichao (or Liang Ch'i-ch'ao) (1873–1929)
• Liang Sou-ming (1893–1988)
• Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742–1799)
• Arthur Liebert (1878–1946)
• Otto Liebmann (1840–1912)
• Liezi (or Lieh Tzu) (c. 440 – c. 360& BC)
• Mikhail Lifshitz (1905–1983)
• Linji Yixuan (or Lin Chi) (c. 810 – 867)
• Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778)
• Theodor Lipps (1851–1914)
• Justus Lipsius (1547–1606)
• Émile Littré (1801–1881)
• Liu Shaoqi (orLiu Shao-ch'i) (1898–1969)
• Liu Tsung-chou (or Ch'i-shan) (1578–1645)
• Genevieve Lloyd (born 1941)
• Karl Nickerson Llywelyn (1893–1962)
• Ramon Llull (1235–1315)
• Alain LeRoy Locke (1885–1954)
• John Locke (1632–1704)
• Alfred Loisy (1857–1940)
• Peter Lombard (c. 1100 – 1160)
• Bernard Lonergan (1904–1984)
• Pseudo-Longinus (1st century)
• Leo Mikhailovich Lopatin (1855–1920)
• Frédéric Lordon (born 1962)
• Paul Lorenzen (1915–1995)
• Aleksei Fedorovich Losev (1893–1988)
• Nicholas Onufrievich Lossky (1870–1965)
• Domenico Losurdo (1941–2018)
• Juri Lotman (1922–1993)
• Hermann Lotze (1817–1881)
• Arthur O. Lovejoy (1873–1962)
• Leo Löwenthal (1900–1993)
• Michael Löwy (born 1938)
• John R. Lucas (1929–2020)
• Lucian (c. 120 – c. 180)
• Lucretius (c. 99 – 55 BC)
• Lu Jiuyuan (or Lu Xiangshan, or Lu Chiu-yuan, or Tzu-ching, or Ts'un-chai) (1139–1193)
• Georg Lukács (1885–1971)
• Jan Łukasiewicz (1878–1956)
• Anatoliy Lunacharskiy (1875–1933)
• Martin Luther (1483–1546)
• Rosa Luxemburg (1871–1919)
• William Lycan (born 1945)
• Jean-François Lyotard (1924–1998)

M

• Catharine Macaulay (1731–1791)
• Ernst Mach (1838–1916)
• Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527)
• Alasdair MacIntyre (born 1929)
• John Leslie Mackie (1917–1981)
• Madhava (died 1386)
• Shri Madhvacharya (1238–1317)
• Mahavira (599–527 BC)
• Salomon Maimon (or Salomon ben Joshua) (1753–1800)
• Abraham ben Moses Maimonides (or Abraham ben Maimon) (1186–1237)
• Maimonides (or Rambam) (1135–1204)
• Maine de Biran (1766–1824)
• John Major (or John Mair) (1467–1550)
• Errico Malatesta (1853–1932)
• Norman Malcolm (1911–1990)
• Nicolas Malebranche (1638–1715)
• Ernst Mally (1879–1944)
• André Malraux (1901–1976)
• Thomas Malthus (1766–1834)
• Merab Mamardashvili (1930–1990)
• Bernard de Mandeville (1670–1733)
• Mani (3rd century)
• Karl Mannheim (1893–1947)
• Henry Longueville Mansel (1820–1871)
• Mao Zedong (or Mao Tse-tung) (1893–1976)
• Gabriel Marcel (1887–1973)
• Marcion (110–160)
• Ruth Barcan Marcus (1921–2012)
• Herbert Marcuse (1898–1979)
• Joseph Maréchal (1878–1944)
• Juan de Mariana (1536–1624)
• Julián Marías (1914–2005)
• José Carlos Mariátegui (1894–1930)
• Lucrezia Marinella (1571–1653)
• Ruy Mauro Marini (1932–1997)
• Jacques Maritain (1882–1973)
• Gaius Marius Victorinus (4th century)
• Mihailo Marković (1923–2010)
• Svetozar Marković (1846–1875)
• Odo Marquard (1928–2015)
• Marsilius of Inghen (1330–1396)
• Marsilius of Padua (or Marsiglio or Marsilio dei Mainardine) (1270–1342)
• Roger Marston (1235–1303)
• José Martí (1853–1895)
• Charles B. Martin (1924–2008)
• Harriet Martineau (1802–1876)
• James Martineau (1805–1900)
• Piero Martinetti (1872–1943)
• Anton Marty (1847–1914)
• Marko Marulić (1450–1524)
• Karl Marx (1818–1883)
• Tomáš Masaryk (1850–1937)
• Damaris Cudworth Masham (1659–1708)
• Cotton Mather (1663–1728)
• Matthew of Aquasparta (1238–1302)
• Paul Mattick (1904–1981)
• Pierre Louis Maupertuis (1698–1759)
• Fritz Mauthner (1849–1923)
• James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879)
• Ernst Mayr (1904–2005)
• James McCosh (1811–1894)
• William McDougall (1871–1938)
• John McDowell (born 1942)
• Evander Bradley McGilvary (1864–1953)
• Colin McGinn (born 1950)
• John Ellis McTaggart (1866–1925)
• George Herbert Mead (1863–1931)
• Bartolomé de Medina (1527–1580)
• Franz Mehring (1846–1919)
• Georg Friedrich Meier (1718–1777)
• Quentin Meillassoux (born 1967)
• Friedrich Meinecke (1862–1954)
• Alexius Meinong (1853–1920)
• Philipp Melanchthon (1497–1560)
• Melissus of Samos (late 5th century BC)
• D. Hugh Mellor (1938–2020)
• Menasseh Ben Israel (1604–1657)
• Mencius (or Meng K'o or Meng-tzu or Mengzi) (372–289 BC)
• Gregor Mendel (1822–1884)
• Moses Mendelssohn (1729–1786)
• Susan Mendus (born 1951)
• Désiré-Joseph Mercier (1851–1926)
• Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908–1961)
• George merill (1867–1928)
• Marin Mersenne (1588–1648)
• Jean Meslier (1664–1729)
• Judah Messer Leon (c. 1425 – c. 1495)
• István Mészáros (1930–2017)
• Emile Meyerson (1859–1933)
• Conyers Middleton (1683–1750)
• Mary Midgley (1919–2018)
• Nikolai Konstantinovich Mikhailovskii (1842–1904)
• Miki Kiyoshi (1897–1945)
• Mikyo Dorje (or Mi bskyod rdo rje) (1507–1554)
• Gaston Milhaud (1858–1918)
• James Mill (1773–1836)
• John Stuart Mill (1806–1873)
• John Millar (1735–1801)
• Dickinson Miller (1868–1963)
• Ruth Millikan (born 1933)
• John Milton (1608–1674)
• Minagawa Kien (1734–1807)
• Mir Damad (or Mir Mohammad Baqer Esterabadi) (died 1631)
• Miura Baien (1723–1789)
• Jacob Moleschott (1822–1893)
• Luis de Molina (1535–1600)
• Enrique Molina Garmendia (1871–1962)
• Lord Monboddo (or James Burnett) (1714–1799)
• Richard Montague (1930–1971)
• William Pepperell Montague (1873–1953)
• Michel de Montaigne (1533–1592)
• Baron de Montesquieu (1689–1755)
• Edmund Montgomery (1835–1911)
• G. E. Moore (1873–1958)
• Henry More (1614–1687)
• Thomas More (1478–1535)
• C. Lloyd Morgan (1852–1936)
• Lewis H. Morgan (1818–1881)
• Thomas Morgan (died 1743)
• Karl Philipp Moritz (1756–1793)
• Edgar Morin (born 1921)
• Gaetano Mosca (1858–1941)
• Motoori Norinaga (1730–1801)
• Emmanuel Mounier (1905–1950)
• Mou Tsung-san (1909–1995)
• Mozi (or Mo Tzu, or Mo Ti, or Micius) (c. 470 – c. 390 BC)
• David Ibn Merwan Al-Mukammas (or Daud Ibn Marwan al-Muqammas or David ha-Bavli) (died 937)
• Mulla Sadra (1571–1640)
• Iris Murdoch (1919–1999)
• Muro Kyuso (1658–1734)
• Arthur Edward Murphy (1901–1962)
• Musonius Rufus (1st century)

N

• Arne Næss (1912–2009)
• Nagarjuna (c. 200 CE)
• Ernest Nagel (1901–1985)
• Thomas Nagel (born 1937)
• Nahmanides (1194–1270)
• Jacques-André Naigeon (1738–1810)
• Toju Nakae (1608–1648)
• Jean-Luc Nancy (1940–2021)
• Hossein Nasr (born 1933)
• Paul Gerhard Natorp (1854–1924)
• Márcio Bilharinho Naves (born 1952)
• Sergey Nechayev (1847–1882)
• Alexander Neckham (1157–1217)
• Antonio Negri (1933–2023)
• Leonard Nelson (1882–1927)
• Nemesius of Emesa (fl. c. 400)
• John von Neumann (1903–1957)
• Otto Neurath (1882–1945)
• John Henry Newman (1801–1890)
• Isaac Newton (1642–1727)
• Nichiren (1222–1282)
• Nicholas of Autrecourt (c. 1300 – 1369)
• Nicholas of Cusa (1401–1464)
• Christoph Friedrich Nicolai (1733–1811)
• Pierre Nicole (1625–1695)
• H. Richard Niebuhr (1894–1962)
• Reinhold Niebuhr (1892–1971)
• Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900)
• Agostino Nifo (1470–1538)
• Nishi Amane (1829–1897)
• Nishida Kitaro (1870–1945)
• Nishitani Keiji (1900–1990)
• Kwame Nkrumah (1909–1972)
• John Norris (1657–1711)
• Novalis (1772–1801)
• Robert Nozick (1938–2001)
• Numenius of Apamea (2nd century)
• Martha Nussbaum (born 1947)
• Anders Nygren (1890–1978)

O

• Michael Oakeshott (1901–1990)
• William of Ockham (c. 1285–1349)
• Ogyū Sorai (1666–1728)
• Lorenz Oken (1779–1851)
• Karl Olivecrona (1897–1980)
• Peter Olivi (1248–1298)
• Olympiodorus the Younger (495–570)
• John Wood Oman (1860–1939)
• Michel Onfray (born 1959)
• Onora O'Neill (born 1941)
• Nicole Oresme (1320–1382)
• Origen of Alexandria (c. 182–c. 251)
• Isaac Orobio de Castro (1617–1687)
• Hans Christian Ørsted (1777–1851)
• José Ortega y Gasset (1883–1955)
• Peter Osborne (philosopher) (born 1958)
• Wilhelm Ostwald (1853–1932)
• James Oswald (1703–1793)
• Rudolf Otto (1869–1937)
• Richard Overton (died c. 1665)
• Gwilyn Ellis Lane Owen (1922–1982)

P

• Thomas Paine (1737–1809)
• Menyhért Palágyi (1859–1924)
• William Paley (1743–1805)
• Elihu Palmer (1764–1806)
• Panaetius (c. 185 – c. 110 BC)
• Antonie Pannekoek (1873–1960)
• Wolfhart Pannenberg (1928–2014)
• David Papineau (born 1947)
• Giovanni Papini (1881–1956)
• Paracelsus (1493–1541)
• Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923)
• Derek Parfit (1942–2017)
• Theodore Parker (1810–1860)
• Parmenides (5th century BC)
• Blaise Pascal (1623–1662)
• John Arthur Passmore (1914–2004)
• Valentino Annibale Pastore (1868–1956)
• Patañjali (2nd century BC)
• Walter Pater (1839–1904)
• Jan Patočka (1907–1977)
• Francesco Patrizi da Cherso (or Franciscus Patritius) (1529–1597)
• Akos Pauler (1876–1933)
• Linus Pauling (1901–1994)
• Paul of Venice (1369–1429)
• Friedrich Paulsen (1846–1908)
• Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936)
• Christopher Peacocke (born 1950)
• Giuseppe Peano (1858–1932)
• David Pears (1921–2009)
• Karl Pearson (1857–1936)
• John Peckham (died 1292)
• Benjamin Peirce (1809–1880)
• Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914)
• Pelagius (c. 360 – c. 435)
• William Penbygull (died 1420)
• Thomas Percival (1740–1804)
• Ralph Barton Perry (1876–1957)
• Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746–1827)
• Peter of Auvergne (13th century)
• Peter of Spain (13th century; usually identified with Pope John XXI)
• Richard Stanley Peters (1919–2011)
• Petrarch (1304–1374)
• Leon Petrazycki (1867–1931)
• Joane Petrizi (12th century)
• Branislav Petronijević (1875–1954)
• Petar II Petrović-Njegoš (1813–1851)
• Joseph Petzoldt (1862–1929)
• Alexander Pfänder (1870–1941)
• Philip the Chancellor (1160–1236)
• Philo Judaeus of Alexandria (20 BC–40 AD)
• Philo of Larissa (1st century BC)
• Philo the Dialectician (c. 300 BC)
• Philodemus of Gadara (1st century BC)
• Philolaus of Croton (c. 480 – c. 405 BC)
• Philo of Larissa (154 – 84 BC)
• Philo of Megara (fl. 300 BC)
• John Philoponus (early 6th century)
• Jean Piaget (1896–1980)
• Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463–1494)
• Dimitri Pisarev (1840–1868)
• Max Planck (1858–1947)
• Alvin Plantinga (born 1932)
• Plato (c. 427 – c. 347 BC)
• Georgi Plekhanov (1856–1918)
• Helmuth Plessner (1892–1985)
• Gemistus Pletho (c. 1355 – c. 1452)
• Plotinus (died 270)
• (1716–1790)
• Mestrius Plutarch of Chaeronia (c. 45 – c. 120)
• Henri Poincaré (1854–1912)
• Karl Polanyi (1886–1964)
• Michael Polanyi (1891–1976)
• Pietro Pomponazzi (1462–1525)
• Alexander Pope (1688–1744)
• Karl Popper (1902–1994)
• Josef Popper-Lynkeus (1838–1921)
• Porphyry (c. 232 – c. 304)
• Giambattista della Porta (c. 1535–1615)
• Noah Porter (1811–1892)
• Posidonius (c. 135 – 51 BC)
• Richard Posner (born 1939)
• Emil Leon Post (1897–1954)
• Moishe Postone (1942–2018)
• Robert Joseph Pothier (1699–1772)
• Nicos Poulantzas (1936–1979)
• François Poullain de la Barre (1647–1723)
• Roscoe Pound (1870–1964)
• Caio Prado Júnior (1907–1990)
• Costanzo Preve (1943–2013)
• Henry Habberley Price (1899–1984)
• Richard Price (1723–1791)
• Harold Arthur Prichard (1871–1947)
• Joseph Priestley (1733–1804)
• Andrew Seth Pringle-Pattison (1856–1931)
• Arthur Prior (1914–1969)
• Proclus (412–487)
• Prodicus (c. 450 – 399 BC)
• Protagoras (c. 481 – 420 BC)
• Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809–1865)
• Marcel Proust (1871–1922)
• Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (5th century)
• Pseudo-Grosseteste (13th century)
• Ptolemy (c. 85 – c. 165)
• Samuel Pufendorf (1632–1694)
• Isaac ben Joseph ibn Pulgar (14th century)
• Hilary Putnam (1926–2016)
• Pyrrho (c. 360 – c. 270)
• Pythagoras (582 – 496 BC)

Q

• Antero de Quental (1842–1891)
• (1906–1993)
• W. V. O. Quine (1908–2000)
• Anthony Quinton (1925–2010)

List of philosophers

(A–C)

(D–H)

(I–Q)

(R–Z)

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