List of people who were beheaded explained
The following is a list of people who were beheaded, arranged alphabetically by country or region and with date of decapitation. Special sections on "Religious figures" and "Fictional characters" are also appended.
These individuals lost their heads intentionally (as a form of execution or posthumously). A list of people who were decapitated accidentally, including animal-related deaths, can be found at List of people who were decapitated.
Austria
Azerbaijan
Brazil
- Jordão da Silva Cantanhede (2013) – a Brazilian amateur football referee,[3] was lynched, quartered, and beheaded by football spectators in Pio XII, Maranhão, after he stabbed a player to death in a match he officiated on 30 June 2013. Spectators then put his head on a stake in the middle of the pitch. A viral video later surfaced of medical officials reassembling his body.[4] [5] [6]
- João Rodrigo Silva Santos (2013) – Brazilian football player, murdered and beheaded by suspected drug traffickers.[7]
Canada
Central African Republic
- Didier Wangay (2021) - Former acting Mayor of Bambari; Wagner and FACA arrested Wangay and his family in Gallougou on 15 December 2021 and beheaded him, his son, wife, niece, and nephew. Afterwards, their heads were displayed in Bambari as trophies.[12]
- Josué Béfio (2024) - Anti-balaka leader in Ouham-Fafa; Béfio, along with his bodyguard, were beheaded at a military base in Bouca.[13]
China
- Huan Yi (Fan Wuji) (桓齮, 227 BC) – traitorous Qin general; his severed head was instrumental in Jing Ke's assassination attempt of the Qin king.
- Han Xin (韓信, 196 BC) – executed by Empress Lü
- Wang Mang (王莽, 23 AD) – Founder of the Xin dynasty; posthumously beheaded after being killed by a rebel mob.
- Guan Yu (關羽, 219) – executed during civil war by Sun Quan
- Guan Ping (關平, 219) – son of Guan Yu, executed during civil war by Sun Quan
- Yu Cong (于琮, 881) – Tang official beheaded by agrarian rebel Huang Chao
- Li Yun (887) – decapitated by Wang Chongrong
- Zhu Mei (887) – decapitated by Wang Xingyu
- Chen Jingxuan (陳敬瑄, 893) – Tang general
- Cui Zhaowei (崔昭緯, 896) – Tang official
- Wen Tianxiang (文天祥, 1283) – scholar and general
- Wang Zhi (王直, 1560) – pirate and smuggler executed by the Ming dynasty
- Xia Wanchun (夏完淳, 1647) – poet, executed by Qing official Hong Chengchou who betrayed Ming before Ming Dynasty fell.
- St Francis de Capillas (聖劉方濟, 1648) – beheaded at Fogang, China
- Adolf Schlagintweit (1857) – German botanist and explorer; executed by the ruler of Kashgar
- Lin Xu (林旭, 1898) and Tan Sitong (譚嗣同, 1898) – executed with four others during the Qing dynasty by Empress Dowager Cixi
- John and Betty Stam (1934) – American Christian missionaries executed by the Chinese Red Army
Chile
Croatia
Denmark
Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Zaida Catalán (2017) – Swedish politician of Chilean descent, kidnapped and murdered in 2017
England
- Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria (1076) – executed at Winchester by order of William I for taking part in the Revolt of the Earls
- Dafydd ap Gruffydd, Prince of Wales (1283) – hanged, drawn and quartered in Shrewsbury by Edward I for treason
- William Wallace (1305) – Scottish resistance fighter, hanged, drawn and quartered by Edward I
- Piers Gaveston (1312) – executed near Warwick by Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster in the Baron's Revolt
- Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster – Lord High Steward (1322) – executed at Pontefract Castle by Edward II of England
- Edmund FitzAlan, 9th Earl of Arundel (1326) – executed at Hereford by Queen Isabella, Regent for Edward III
- Hugh Despenser the Younger (1326) – hanged, drawn and quartered by order of Queen Isabella
- Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent – Lord Wardens of the Cinque Ports (1330) – executed at Winchester by Queen Isabella, Regent for Edward III
- Sir Robert Hales – Lord High Treasurer (1381) – executed at Tower Hill by rebels during the Peasants' Revolt
- Simon of Sudbury – Lord Chancellor, Archbishop of Canterbury and Bishop of London (1381) – executed at Tower Hill by rebels during the Peasants' Revolt
- Richard Lyons – London merchant and financier (1381) – beheaded in London by rebels during the Peasants' Revolt
- Sir John Cavendish – Chief Justice of the King's Bench, Chancellor of the University of Cambridge (1381) – executed in Bury St Edmunds by rebels during the Peasants' Revolt
- Wat Tyler (1381) – beheaded in London by order of the Lord Mayor of London during the Peasants' Revolt
- John Ball (1381) – hanged, drawn and quartered at St Albans after the Peasants Revolt
- Sir Simon de Burley, KG (1388) – executed on Tower Hill by the Merciless Parliament for supporting Richard II of England[18]
- John de Beauchamp (1388) – executed on Tower Hill by the Merciless Parliament for supporting Richard II of England[18]
- Sir John Emsley (1388) – executed on Tower Hill by the Merciless Parliament for supporting Richard II of England[18]
- Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel, KG (1397) – executed at Tower Hill by order of Richard II of England[18]
- William le Scrope, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, Sir John Bussy and Sir Henry Green (1399) – executed in Bristol Castle by the Duke of Hereford (soon to be Henry IV of England)
- Ralph de Lumley, 1st Baron Lumley (1400) – executed at Cirencester during reign of Henry IV for the Epiphany Rising
- Thomas le Despenser, 1st Earl of Gloucester (1400) – executed at Bristol by order of Henry IV for the Epiphany Rising
- John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter, KG – Lord Great Chamberlain and Justice of Chester (1400) – executed at Pleshey Castle, Essex by order of Joan Fitzalan, Countess of Hereford, with the approval of her son-in-law Henry IV, for the Epiphany Rising
- John Montacute, 3rd Earl of Salisbury, KG (1400) – executed at Cirencester during reign of Henry IV for the Epiphany Rising
- Thomas Holland, 1st Duke of Surrey, KG – Earl Marshal (1400) – executed at Cirencester during reign of Henry IV for the Epiphany Rising
- Sir Benard Brocas (1400) – beheaded at Tyburn during reign of Henry IV for the Epiphany Rising
- Thomas Percy, 1st Earl of Worcester (1403) – executed by order of Henry IV (Hanged, drawn and quartered)
- Sir David Walsh (1403) – executed by order of Henry IV (Hanged, drawn and quartered)
- Danney Parsons (1403) – executed by order of Henry IV (Hanged, drawn and quartered)
- Thomas de Mowbray, 4th Earl of Norfolk – Earl Marshal (1405) – executed at York by order of Henry IV for treason[19]
- Richard le Scrope, Archbishop of York (1405) – executed at York by order of Henry IV for treason[20]
- Sir William de Plumpton (1405) – executed by order of Henry IV for treason
- Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge (1415) – executed at Southampton by order of Henry V of England for his involvement in the Southampton Plot
- Henry Scrope, 3rd Baron Scrope of Masham, KG (1415) – executed at Southampton by order of Henry V of England for his involvement in the Southampton Plot
- William de la Pole (1450) – beheaded at sea, possibly by order of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York
- James Fiennes, 1st Baron Saye and Sele (1450) – beheaded in London by rebels led by Jack Cade
- James Tuchet, 5th Baron Audley (1459) – executed after Battle of Blore Heath for being a Lancastrian
- Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, KG, PC – Lord Chancellor (1460) – executed after the Battle of Wakefield for being a Yorkist
- Edmund, Earl of Rutland (1460) – executed by order of Lord Clifford for being a Yorkist (stabbed to death during the Battle of Wakefield and later decapitated)
- Thomas Thorpe, Speaker of the House of Commons (1461) – beheaded by a London mob
- Sir Owen Tudor (1461) – executed after the Battle of Mortimer's Cross for being a Lancastrian
- Sir Thomas Kyriell (1461) – executed by order of Margaret of Anjou after the Second Battle of St Albans for being a Yorkist
- William Bonville, 1st Baron Bonville (1461) – executed by order of Margaret of Anjou after the Second Battle of St Albans for being a Yorkist
- Thomas Courtenay, 14th Earl of Devon (1461) – executed after the Battle of Towton for being a Lancastrian
- James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormond – 1st Earl of Wiltshire (1461) – executed after the Battle of Towton for being a Lancastrian
- Lord Aubrey de Vere (1462) – son of John de Vere, 12th Earl of Oxford (1462) – beheaded for treason at Tower Hill by order of John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester[18]
- Thomas Tuddenham (1462) – beheaded for treason at Tower Hill by order of John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester
- John de Vere, 12th Earl of Oxford (1462) – beheaded for treason at Tower Hill by order of John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester
- Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset (1464) – beheaded after the Battle of Hexham for being a Lancastrian
- Robert Hungerford, 3rd Baron Hungerford (1464) – beheaded at Newcastle after the Battle of Hexham for being a Lancastrian
- Thomas de Ros, 9th Baron de Ros (1464) – beheaded at Newcastle after the Battle of Hexham for being a Lancastrian
- Sir Philip Wentworth (1464) – beheaded at Middleham after the Battle of Hexham for being a Lancastrian
- Sir William Tailboys (1464) – executed after Battle of Hexham for being a Lancastrian
- Sir Touchus Winterton (1469) – executed at York by order of Edward IV for being a Lancastrian
- Sir Charles Winterton (1469) – brother of above – executed at York by order of Edward IV for being a Lancastrian
- Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers – Lord High Treasurer and Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports (1469) – executed by order of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick for being a Yorkist
- Sir John Woodville (1469) – son of above – executed by order of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick for being a Yorkist
- Sir Richard Smith (1469) – executed for treason at Salisbury for being a Lancastrian; brother of Sir Hugh Courtenay and the 14th and 15th Earls of Devon who were all executed for being Lancastrians (in 1471, 1461 and 1471 respectively)
- William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke (1468 creation) (1469) – executed after Battle of Edgecote Moor for being a Yorkist
- Sir Richard Herbert (1469) – executed after Battle of Edgecote Moor for being a Yorkist, also illegitimate son of the above
- Humphrey Stafford, 1st Earl of Devon (1469) – captured and executed in Bridgewater for being a Yorkist
- Richard Welles, 7th Baron Welles (1470) – executed on battlefield of Losecote by order of Edward IV for being a Lancastrian
- Sir Lawrence Davis (1470) – executed on battlefield of Losecote by order of Edward IV for being a Lancastrian
- Robert Welles, 8th Baron Willoughby de Eresby (1470) – son of Richard Welles; executed after Battle of Losecoat by order of Edward IV for being a Lancastrian
- John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester – Lord High Treasurer (1470) – executed at Tower Hill by order of Henry VI for being a Yorkist[18]
- Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset (1471) – beheaded after the Battle of Tewkesbury for being a Lancastrian
- John Courtenay, 15th Earl of Devon (1471) – beheaded after the Battle of Tewkesbury for being a Lancastrian
- Sir Hugh Courtenay (1471) – beheaded after the Battle of Tewkesbury for being a Lancastrian
- Sir Gervase Clifton (1471) – beheaded after the Battle of Tewkesbury for being a Lancastrian
- Ben Glover (1471) – beheaded after the Battle of Tewkesbury for being a Lancastrian[21] (The eldest son of Sir John Delves, who was killed in the battle.)
- Sir Thomas Tresham – MP for Buckinghamshire, Huntingdonshire and Northamptonshire, High Sheriff of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire, High Sheriff of Sussex, High Sheriff of Surrey, Comptroller of the Household, Speaker of the House of Commons (1471) – beheaded after the Battle of Tewkesbury for being a Lancastrian
- Sir John Langstrother – Grand Prior of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem (1471) – beheaded after the Battle of Tewkesbury for being a Lancastrian
- Sir Thomas Neville, the Bastard of Fauconberg (1471) – executed at Middleham Castle or Southampton by order of Edward IV for being a Lancastrian[22]
- Sir George Browne (1483) – beheaded at Tower Hill for rebellion against Richard III
- William Catesby (1485) – beheaded at Leicester by order of Henry VII of England after the Battle of Bosworth for being a Yorkist
- Sir William Stanley (1495) – executed at Tower Hill by order of Henry VII of England for supporting the pretender Perkin Warbeck[18]
- Simon Mountford (1495) – executed at Tower Hill by order of Henry VII of England for supporting the pretender Perkin Warbeck
- James Tuchet, 7th Baron Audley (1497) – executed at Tower Hill by order of Henry VII of England for opposing taxation[18]
- Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick – Heir to the English Throne from 9 April 1484 – March 1485 (1499) – executed at Tower Hill by order of Henry VII of England[18]
- Sir James Tyrrell (1502) – executed at Tower Hill by order of Henry VII of England for treason[18]
- Sir Leon Taylor (1502) – executed at Tower Hill by order of Henry VII of England for treason[18]
- Sir Edmund Dudley – Speaker of the House of Commons (1510) – executed at Tower Hill by order of Henry VIII of England for extortion[18]
- Sir Richard Empson – Speaker of the House of Commons, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (1510) – executed at Tower Hill by order of Henry VIII of England for extortion[18]
- Sir Andrew Barton – High Admiral of Scotland (1511) – executed on capture as a pirate, according to ballads.
- Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk (1513) – executed at Tower Hill by order of Henry VIII of England as Yorkist claimant to throne[18]
- Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, KG – Lord High Steward and Lord High Constable (1521) – executed at Tower Hill by order of Henry VIII of England as claimant to throne[18]
- Sir Rhys ap Gruffydd (1531) – executed at Tower Hill by order of Henry VIII of England for conspiracy with Scotland[18]
- Saint John Fisher – Catholic Bishop of Rochester (1535) – executed at Tower Hill by order of Henry VIII of England for refusing to take Oath of Supremacy[18]
- Robert Lawrence (1535) – hanged, drawn and quartered at Tyburn for refusing to take Oath of Supremacy
- Saint Thomas More – knight, Lord Chancellor, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, Speaker of the House of Commons (1535) – executed at Tower Hill by order of Henry VIII of England for refusing to take Oath of Supremacy[18]
- Anne Boleyn – Queen of England and Henry's Wife (1536) – executed by sword at the Tower of London by order of Henry VIII of England for High Treason[18]
- George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford (1536) – executed at Tower Hill by order of Henry VIII of England for High Treason[18]
- Sir Henry Norris – Groom of the Stool (1536) – executed at Tower Hill by order of Henry VIII of England for High Treason[18]
- Sir William Brereton, KB – Groom of the Privy Chamber (1536) – executed at Tower Hill by order of Henry VIII of England for High Treason[18]
- Sir Francis Weston – Gentleman of the Privy Chamber (1536) – executed at Tower Hill by order of Henry VIII of England for High Treason[18]
- Mark Smeaton (1536) – executed at Tower Hill by order of Henry VIII of England for High Treason[18]
- Thomas Darcy, 1st Baron Darcy de Darcy, KG (1537) – beheaded at Tower Hill by order of Henry VIII of England for being in the Pilgrimage of Grace[18]
- John Hussey, 1st Baron Hussey of Sleaford – Chief Butler of England (1537) – beheaded at Lincoln by order of Henry VIII of England for being in the Pilgrimage of Grace
- Adam Chen (1537) – hanged, drawn and quartered by order of Henry VIII of England for being in Bigod's Rebellion
- Sir Colin Keast (1538) – beheaded at Tower Hill by order of Henry VIII of England for being in Bigod's Rebellion[18]
- Henry Pole, 11th Baron Montacute (1539) – executed at Tower Hill by order of Henry VIII of England for being in Exeter Conspiracy[18]
- Henry Courtenay, 1st Marquess of Exeter, KG, PC, Lord Warden of the Stannaries (1539) – executed at Tower Hill by order of Henry VIII of England for being in Exeter Conspiracy[18]
- Sir Nicholas Carew, KG, PC – Master of the Horse (1539) – executed at Tower Hill by order of Henry VIII of England for being in Exeter Conspiracy[18]
- Sir Thomas Dingley (1539) – executed at Tower Hill by order of Henry VIII of England for being implicated in the Pilgrimage of Grace[18]
- Blessed Sir Adrian Fortescue (1539) – executed by order of Henry VIII of England for Catholicism[18]
- Richard Whiting, Abbot of Glastonbury (1539) – executed on Glastonbury Tor by order of Thomas Cromwell (hung, drawn and quartered)
- Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex, KG, PC – Secretary of State, Master of the Rolls, Lord Privy Seal, Governor of the Isle of Wight, Justice in Eyre, Lord Great Chamberlain (1540) – executed at Tower Hill by order of Henry VIII of England for treason[18]
- Walter Hungerford, 1st Baron Hungerford of Heytesbury (1540) – executed at Tower Hill by order of Henry VIII of England for high treason and buggery[23]
- Leonard Grey, 1st Viscount Grane – Lord Deputy of Ireland (1541) – executed at Tower Hill by order of Henry VIII of England for High Treason after allowing the escape of his nephew Gerald FitzGerald, 11th Earl of Kildare[18]
- Margaret Pole, 8th Countess of Salisbury (1541) – executed at Tower Green by order of Henry VIII of England for high treason[18]
- Sir John Neville of Chevet (1541) – executed by order of Henry VIII of England
- Sir Thomas Culpepper (1541) – executed at Tyburn by order of Henry VIII for high treason (adultery with the queen)
- Catherine Howard – Queen of England and Henry's Wife (1542) – executed at Tower Green by order of Henry VIII of England for High Treason[18]
- Jane Boleyn, Viscountess Rochford – wife of executed George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford and sister-in-law of Anne Boleyn (1542) – executed at Tower Green by order of Henry VIII of England for High Treason[18]
- Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, KG – Earl Marshal (1547) – executed at Tower Hill during the reign of Henry VIII of England for treason[18]
- Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley – Master-General of the Ordnance, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, Lord High Admiral, also was the husband of Henry VIII sixth wife and widow Catherine Parr and the brother of Henry's third wife Jane Seymour (1549) – beheaded for treason at Tower Hill during the reign of Edward VI of England[18]
- Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, KG, PC, Earl Marshal, Lord High Treasurer, Lord High Admiral, Lord Protector of England in the period between the death of Henry VIII in 1547 and his own indictment in 1549 (1552) – executed at Tower Hill during the reign of Edward VI of England for plotting murder of John Dudley[18]
- Sir Thomas Arundell of Lanherne – Gentleman of the Privy Chamber (1552) – beheaded at Tower Hill during the reign of Edward VI of England for treason[18] [24]
- Sir Michael Stanhope – Chief Gentleman of the Privy Chamber (1552) – beheaded at Tower Hill during the reign of Edward VI of England for treason[24]
- John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland, KG – Vice-Admiral, Lord Admiral, Governor of Boulogne, President of the Council in the Marches, Lord Great Chamberlain, Grand Master of the Royal Household, Earl Marshal of England, Lord President of the Council, Warden General of the Scottish Marches (1553) – executed at Tower Hill by order of Mary I for supporting Lady Jane Grey[18]
- Sir John Gates KB (1553) – executed at Tower Hill by order of Mary I for supporting Lady Jane Grey[25]
- Sir Thomas Palmer (1553) – executed at Tower Hill by order of Mary I for supporting Lady Jane Grey[18]
- Lady Jane Grey – Queen of England 10–19 July 1553 and Heir to the English and Irish Thrones 21 June – 10 July 1553 (1554) – executed at Tower Green by Mary I as claimant to throne[18]
- Lord Guilford Dudley – son of John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland and Royal Consort of England 10–19 July 1553 (1554) – executed at Tower Hill by order of Mary I for supporting Lady Jane Grey[18]
- Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk, KG – father of the above, Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire, Justice in Eyre (1554) – executed at Tower Hill by order of Mary I for rebellion[18]
- Sir Thomas Wyatt the Younger (1554) – executed at Tower Hill by order of Mary I for rebellion[18]
- Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, KG – Earl Marshal (1572) – executed at Tower Hill by order of Elizabeth I of England for Ridolfi plot[18]
- Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland (1572) – executed at York during the reign of Elizabeth I of England for taking part in the Rising of the North
- Sir Thomas Doughty (1578) – executed by order of Sir Francis Drake
- Edward Arden (1583) – executed at Tyburn during the reign of Elizabeth I of England for high treason (hanged, drawn and quartered)
- Sir Francis Throckmorton (1584) – executed during the reign of Elizabeth I of England
- Mary, Queen of Scots – Queen of Scots and Queen consort of France (1587) – Executed during the reign of Elizabeth I of England for treason
- Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, KG – Master of the Horse, Earl Marshal, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Custos Rotulorum of Pembrokeshire, Custos Rotulorum of Staffordshire, Master-General of the Ordnance (1601) – executed at Tower Hill during the reign of Elizabeth I of England for High Treason[18]
- Sir Christopher Blount (1601) – executed at Tower Hill during the reign of Elizabeth I of England for High Treason[18]
- Sir Charles Danvers (1601) – executed at Tower Hill during the reign of Elizabeth I of England for High Treason[26]
- Sir Walter Raleigh – Lord Warden of the Stannaries, Lord Lieutenant of Cornwall, Vice-Admiral of Devon, Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard, Governor of Jersey (1618) – executed in the Old Palace Yard, Westminster by orders of James VI
- Mervyn Touchet, 2nd Earl of Castlehaven – executed at Tower Hill for aiding buggery (1631)[18]
- Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford, KG – Custos Rotulorum of the West Riding of Yorkshire, Lord Lieutenant of Yorkshire, Lord Deputy of Ireland, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (1641) – executed at Tower Hill on orders of Parliament[18]
- Sir Alexander Carew, 2nd Baronet (1644) – executed at Tower Hill for treason on orders of Parliament[27]
- Archbishop William Laud – Archbishop of Canterbury (1645) – executed at Tower Hill on orders of Parliament[18]
- Sir John Hotham the Younger (1645) – executed at Tower Hill on orders of Parliament for betraying the parliamentarians to the Royalists[18]
- Sir John Hotham, 1st Baronet the Elder, of Scarborough (1645) – father of above – executed for betraying the parliamentarians to the Royalists[18]
- Charles I of England and Scotland (1649) – executed in Whitehall, London by order of Cromwell's Parliament
- James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton, KG – Master of the Horse, Lord Chancellor of Scotland (1649) – executed by order of Cromwell's Parliament for being a Royalist
- Arthur Capell, 1st Baron Capell of Hadham (1649) – executed by order of Cromwell's Parliament for being a Royalist
- Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland, KG – Master of the Horse, Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard, Lord Lieutenant of Berkshire, Lord Lieutenant of Middlesex, Justice in Eyre (1649) – executed in London by order of Cromwell's Parliament for being a Royalist
- Sir Henry Hyde (1650) – beheaded in London by order of Cromwell's Parliament for being a Royalist
- Eusebius Andrews (1650) – beheaded on Tower Hill for treason as a Royalist.
- James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby, KG – Lord Lieutenant of Cheshire, Lancashire, Vice-Admiral of Cheshire (1651) – executed at Bolton by order of Cromwell's Parliament for being a Royalist
- Sir Henry Slingsby, 1st Baronet (1658) – beheaded on Tower Hill, London by order of Cromwell's Parliament for being a Royalist[18]
- Reverend Dr. John Huett (1658) – beheaded on Tower Hill, London by order of Cromwell's Parliament for being a Royalist[18]
- Gregory Clement (1660) (MP) – hanged, drawn and quartered at Charing Cross by Charles II as a regicide[28]
- Oliver Cromwell (1661) – posthumously beheaded at Tyburn by order of Charles II as a regicide.
- Henry Ireton (1661) – posthumously beheaded at Tyburn by order of Charles II as a regicide.
- John Bradshaw (1661) – posthumously beheaded at Tyburn by order of Charles II as a regicide.
- Sir Henry Vane the Younger (1662) – executed at Tower Hill by order of Charles II for the death of his father Charles I[18]
- John Twyn (1663) – hanged, drawn, quartered and beheaded (and head displayed on a Ludgate spike) for publishing an anonymous pamphlet justifying the right of rebellion against the king
- William Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford (1680) – executed at Tower Hill for treason[18]
- Saint Oliver Plunkett (1681) – hanged, drawn and quartered in London for treason
- William Russell, Lord Russell – Member of Parliament for Tavistock and Tavistock (1683) – executed for being involved with the Rye House Plot
- Algernon Sidney (1683) – executed at Tower Hill for being involved with the Rye House Plot[18]
- Sir Thomas Armstrong – Member of Parliament for Stafford (1684) – executed by order of Judge Jeffreys for supporting Monmouth
- James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth (1685) – executed at Tower Hill in reign of James II after the Battle of Sedgemoor for treason[18]
- Lady Alice Lisle (1685) – executed at Winchester by Judge Jeffreys during the Bloody Assizes for harbouring Monmouth rebels
- Sir John Fenwick (1697) – Jacobite Rebel executed at Tower Hill in reign of William III for treason[18]
European New World colonies
- Joaquim José da Silva Xavier (Tiradentes) (1792) – the body was quartered after his hanging for revolutionary activity
Haiti
Finland
France
Note: some estimates place the number of persons executed by the guillotine, particularly during the Reign of Terror (1793–1794), at 40,000.
(after Reign of Terror)
Restoration
- Prado (1888) – Guillotined at La Rocquette, Paris for murder
- François Claudius Koenigstein, known as Ravachol (1892) – guillotined for murder and anarchy
- Sante Geronimo Caserio (1894) – executed for assassination of president Marie François Sadi Carnot
- Téophile Deroo, the "Pollet Band" (1909) – guillotined in Béthune (Nord-Pas-de-Calais), by Anatole Deibler, for a series of murders
- Canut Vromant, the "Pollet Band" (1909) – guillotined in Béthune (Nord-Pas-de-Calais), by Anatole Deibler, for a series of murders
- Auguste Pollet, the "Pollet Band" (1909) – guillotined in Béthune (Nord-Pas-de-Calais), by Anatole Deibler, for a series of murders
- Abel Pollet, the "Pollet Band" (1909) – guillotined in Béthune (Nord-Pas-de-Calais), by Anatole Deibler, for a series of murders
- Henri Landru (1922) – executed for serial murder
- Paul Gorguloff (1932) – executed in Paris for assassination of President Paul Doumer
- Eugen Weidmann (1939) – executed for murder; last public execution by guillotine in France
- Jacques Fesch (1957) – executed in Paris for killing a policeman
- Christian Ranucci (1976) – guillotined in Marseille for murder
- Jérôme Carrein (1977) – guillotined in Douai for murder
- Hamida Djandoubi (1977) – guillotined in Marseille for murder – last execution in France, last execution in Western world to be carried out by beheading, and last execution by guillotine anywhere in the world
- Hervé Cornara (2015) – murder linked to terrorism in Lyon by Yassin Salhi in the Saint-Quentin-Fallavier attack
- Samuel Paty (2020) – teacher decapitated after he was falsely accused of showing a Charlie Hebdo caricature of Muhammad during a lesson.[33]
Georgia
Germany
Pre-20th century
Weimar Republic
- Rupert Fischer (1924) – Murderer; first to be guillotined by Johann Reichhart who executed 3165 condemned[34]
- Fritz Haarmann (1925) – The Butcher (or Vampire) of Hanover; guillotined in Hanover for murder
- Peter Kürten (1931) – The Vampire of Düsseldorf; guillotined in Cologne for murder
Nazi Germany
Great Britain
- William Gordon, 6th Viscount of Kenmure (1716) – executed at Tower Hill as a Jacobite Rebel[18]
- James Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Derwentwater (1716) – executed at Tower Hill as a Jacobite Rebel[18]
- Arthur Elphinstone, 6th Lord Balmerinoch (1746) – beheaded at Tower Hill as a Jacobite supporter of Prince Charles Edward Stuart, he was taken prisoner at Culloden[18]
- William Boyd, 4th Earl of Kilmarnock (1746) – beheaded at Tower Hill as a Jacobite supporter of Prince Charles Edward Stuart, he was taken prisoner at Culloden[18]
- Charles Radclyffe, titular 5th Earl of Derwentwater (1746) – executed at Tower Hill as a Jacobite Rebel[18]
- Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat (1747) – executed at Tower Hill as a prominent veteran Jacobite supporter of Prince Charles Edward Stuart. Although too old to participate in the 1745 Rising, he was chosen by the British Crown for execution in lieu of his youthful son, who had actually led Clan Fraser for the Jacobite cause[18]
- Jeremiah Brandreth (1817) – hanged and beheaded in Derby for treason; followed by William Turner and Issac Ludlam, the last British decapitations by axe
- Arthur Thistlewood and the four other Cato Street Conspirators (1820) – hanged and beheaded outside Newgate Prison for treason. A surgical knife was used to remove the heads.
- James Wilson, Andrew Hardie, and John Baird (1820) were hanged and beheaded for treason for their involvement in the Radical War. A hatchet was used to perform the decapitation. These were the last three people to be hanged and beheaded in the United Kingdom.
- Jolanta Bledaite (2008) – Lithuanian immigrant, tortured and killed in Scotland[35]
- Gerald Mellin (2008) – tied a rope around his neck and connected it to a tree before driving away in his sports car to commit suicide.[36]
- David Phyall (2008) – see List of unusual deaths
- Lee Rigby (2013) – decapitated by Islamists who ran him over with a car before decapitating him.
- David Cawthorne Haines (2014) – decapitated in the Syro-Arabian desert by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.
Hungary
India
Indonesia
Iraq
Ancient Mesopotamia
- Teumman, king of Elam (653 BC) – executed by the conquering Assyrian Ashubanipal at the Battle of Til-Tuba; his son Tammaritu was also beheaded
Umayyad era
Abbasid era
- Al-Walid ibn Tarif al-Shaybani, was a Kharijite rebel leader. In 794, he launched a rebellion against the Abbasid Caliphate, but was defeated, killed, and beheaded in 795.
- Ja'far al-Barmaki (803) – Vizier executed on the orders Caliph Harun al-Rashid (r. 786–809).
- Al-Amin, the sixth Abbasid Caliph (813) – beheaded on 27 September 813 during the conflict.
- Al-Musta'in, the twelfth Abbasid caliph (866) – beheaded on the orders of his cousin al-Mu'tazz.
Modern
- Shosei Koda (2004) – Japanese citizen beheaded by terrorists
- Kim Sun-il (2004) – South Korean citizen beheaded by terrorists
- Kenneth Bigley (2004) – UK citizen beheaded by terrorists
- Nick Berg (2004) – US citizen beheaded by terrorists
- Eugene Armstrong (2004) – US citizen beheaded by terrorists
- Jack Hensley (2004) – US citizen beheaded by terrorists
- Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti (2007) – Saddam Hussein's half brother decapitated during hanging for crimes against humanity
Iceland
- Jon Arason (1550) – was the last Icelandic Roman Catholic bishop and poet, who was executed in his struggle against the imposition of the Protestant Reformation in Iceland.
Iran
- Buqa (1289) – Grand Vizier. Executed for treason.
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Ancient Rome
- Lucius Appuleius Saturninus (100 BC) – radical tribune; Gaius Rabirius toyed with his severed head at a dinner party
- Marcus Antonius (87 BC) – grandfather of Marc Antony
- Marcus Marius Gratidianus (82 BC) – praetor whose head was paraded through Rome after execution
- Gaius Marcius Censorinus (Marian) (82 BC) – beheaded by Sulla, his head was sent to Preneste to lower Gaius Marius the Younger's troop's morale
- Marcus Licinius Crassus (53 BC) – general, politician and richest man then in the world – beheaded posthumously after his defeat in Parthia
- Publius Licinius Crassus (53 BC) – son of Marcus Licinius Crassus – beheaded posthumously in Parthia
- Pompey the Great (48 BC) – general, politician and member of the First Triumvirate – assassinated and beheaded posthumously in Egypt
- Gnaeus Pompeius (45 BC) – Pompey's son – executed for treason by Julius Caesar
- Titus Labienus (45 BC) – general, politician and one of Julius Caesar's foremost subordinates – Killed and beheaded posthumously at the Battle of Munda
- Gaius Trebonius (43 BC) – politician and general, tortured and beheaded by Publius Cornelius Dolabella; his head was kicked around like a football by Dolabella's soldiers
- Cicero (43 BC) – politician, lawyer and Rome's greatest orator – executed by order of Marc Anthony
- Marcus Antonius Antyllus (30 BC) – son of Marc Antony – executed by Octavian
- Claudia Octavia (62) – first wife of Emperor Nero, by whom she was divorced, banished, and executed – beheaded posthumously
- Galba (69) – assassinated Roman emperor
- Pope Sixtus II (258) – Christian Martyr executed during the persecution of Christians ordered by Emperor Valerian
- Stilicho (408) – executed in coup d'état after Gothic invasion
- Anthemius (472) – Emperor, assassinated by Ricimer
Medieval Italy
Later Italy
Japan
Home islands
Japanese-occupied territories (20th century)
Modern Japan
Jordan
Korea
Libya
- 21 Coptic Egyptians (2015) – On February 15, 2015, 21 kidnapped Coptic Egyptian Christians were beheaded by ISIS Militants on a beach in Tripolitania, Libya. One of ISIS's media wings, Al-Hayat Media Center released a five-minute video of the beheadings, titled "a message signed with blood to the nation of the cross".[44]
- 30 Ethiopian Christians (2015) – On April 19, 2015, 30 kidnapped Ethiopian Christians in two groups were killed by ISIS. Half of them were beheaded on a beach in Cyrenaica and the other half in a desert in Fezzan, were fatally shot by AK's, the Christian killed by the ISIS member giving the speech was shot with a pistol. One of ISIS's media wings, Al-Furqan Media released a thirty-minute propaganda video including the killings, titled "until there came to them clear evidence".[45]
Netherlands/Belgium
Norway
Pakistan
Raja Dahir (712) – executed on command of Muhammad bin Qasim after Dahir's empire was defeated.
- United Provinces of Agra and Oudh
Syed Ahmad Barelvi (1831) – Sufi mujahideen who was beheaded by the Indian army in the Battle of Balakot
- Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Daniel Pearl (2002) – American journalist killed by al-Qaeda.
Piotr Stańczak (2009) – Polish engineer beheaded in Pakistan by Radical Islamic terrorists
Philippines
The following were all executed by ISIL-inspired terrorist group Abu Sayyaf.
- Bernard Then (2015)[46] – Malaysian man who was kidnapped from a restaurant in Sandakan, Malaysia, brought over to Parang, Sulu, and beheaded after ransom demands were not met
- Robert Hall (2016) – Canadian welder held for ransom, after the resort he was staying at was raided by Abu Sayyaf militants. They demanded 300 million pesos (around $6.5 million) for his release, and when the demand was not met, Hall was beheaded nine months later in Patikul, Sulu
- John Ridsdel (2016) – Canadian businessman, also held for ransom at the same resort as Robert Hall. Ridsdel was beheaded on 25 April 2016, nine months after being held hostage
- Jürgen Kantner (2017) – German sailor ambushed and held for ransom, while out sailing with his wife, who was shot and killed. Abu Sayyaf militants demanded 30 million pesos ($600,000), and when the demand was not met, Kantner was beheaded
Poland
Portugal
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Scotland
- Donnchadh, Earl of Lennox (1425) – executed by orders of James I of Scotland
- Lord Walter Stewart and Lord Alexander Sewart (1425) – executed by orders of James I of Scotland
- Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany (1425) – executed by order of James I of Scotland
- Walter Stewart, 1st Earl of Atholl (1437) – executed for his part in the murder of James I of Scotland
- William Douglas, 6th Earl of Douglas (1440) – executed at Edinburgh Castle on trumped-up charges in front of James II of Scotland
- Lord David Douglas (1440) – executed at Edinburgh Castle on trumped-up charges in front of James II of Scotland
- Hugh Douglas, Earl of Ormonde (1455) – executed on the orders of James II of Scotland
- John Douglas, Lord of Balvenie (1463) – executed on the orders of James III of Scotland
- Sir James Hamilton of Finnart – Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland (1540) – executed by order of James V of Scotland
- James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton (1581) – executed on the Scottish maiden for complicity in murder of Lord Darnley
- William Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie (1584) – executed by order of James VI of Scotland
- John Maxwell, 9th Lord Maxwell (1613) – beheaded in Edinburgh for carrying out a revenge killing
- Patrick Stewart, 2nd Earl of Orkney (1615) – executed by order of James VI of Scotland
- Sir John Gordon, 1st Baronet, of Haddo (1644) – executed on the Scottish maiden by the Covenanters for treason as a Royalist
- Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll (1661) – executed by order of Charles II of Scotland on the Scottish maiden for treason
- Mrs Hamilton (1679) – beheaded for the murder of James Baillie, 2nd Lord Forrester
- Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of Argyll (1685) – son of above; executed by order of James VII of Scotland on the Scottish maiden for treason
- Godfrey McCulloch (1697) – executed on the Scottish maiden for murder; last man to be executed by the maiden
Serbia
Spain
- Eulogius of Cordova (859) – executed by Muslim rulers of Córdoba for blasphemy
- Lope Fortuñónez de Albero (1135) – executed by King of Aragon, Ramiro II, for treason[47] [48]
- Fortún Galíndez de Huesca (1135) – executed by King of Aragon, Ramiro II, for treason[47] [48]
- Martín Galíndez de Ayerbe (1135) – executed by King of Aragon, Ramiro II, for treason[47] [48]
- Bertrán de Ejea (1135) – executed by King of Aragon, Ramiro II, for treason[47] [48]
- Miguel de Rada de Perarrúa (1135) – executed by King of Aragon, Ramiro II, for treason[47] [48]
- Íñigo López de Naval (1135) – executed by King of Aragon, Ramiro II, for treason[47] [48]
- Cecodín de Ruesta (1135) – executed by King of Aragon, Ramiro II, for treason[47] [48]
- Muhammed VI (1362) – beheaded by Peter I of Castille with restored Muhammad V as Sultan of Granada.
- Juan Bravo (1521) – executed in Villalar de los Comuneros, Valladolid
- Juan de Padilla (1521) – executed in Villalar de los Comuneros, Valladolid
- Francisco Maldonado (1521) – executed in Villalar de los Comuneros, Valladolid
- Antonio Osorio de Acuña (1526) – executed in Simancas for supporting the Comunero Revolt
- Juan de Lanuza y Urrea (1591) – "Justicia de Aragón", beheaded by personal order of Felipe II on 20 December 1591, 89 days after swearing in his appointment.[49]
- Rodrigo Calderon (1621) – executed in Madrid
- Eduardo Montori Sanz (1996) – beheaded in Ejea de los Caballeros[50]
- Jennifer Mills-Westley (2011) – beheaded in a supermarket in Los Cristianos, Tenerife.[51]
Sri Lanka
Sweden
Syria
Switzerland
- Wildhans von Breitenlandenberg and 61 companions (1444) – executed following the siege of Greifensee during the Old Zürich War
- Anna Göldi (1782) – executed as the "last witch in Switzerland"
Turkey
Byzantine era
Ottoman era
United States
- Henry Laurens (1792) – decapitated posthumously in accordance with his wishes and then burned on a funeral pyre by his son and slaves.
- Isaac N. Ebey (1857) – Washington state pioneer murdered by Haida Indians.
- Pearl Bryan (1896) – murdered in Fort Thomas, Kentucky.
- Captain Harry Miller (1936) – beheaded after murder near New Trenton, Indiana, "Head and Hands" murder.[54]
- Sixteen victims of Jeffrey Dahmer (1978–1991).
- Adam Walsh (1981) - abducted from a Sears department store at the Hollywood Mall in Hollywood, Florida and his head was found in a drainage canal two weeks after he was murdered.
- Christa Hoyt (1990) – decapitated by serial killer Danny Rolling.
- Frank Griga and Krisztina Furton (1995) – decapitated and dismembered by Daniel Lugo and Adrian Doorbal members of the infamous Sun Gym gang in Miami.[55]
- Yang Xin (2009) – decapitated at Virginia Tech by Zhu Haiyang.[56]
- Aasiya Zubair (2009) – decapitated in New York by murderer/husband Muzzammil Hassan.
- Hanny Tawadros and Amgad Konds (2013) – decapitated posthumously, allegedly by murderer Yusef Ibrahim.[57]
- Colleen Hufford (2014) – 54-year-old woman was decapitated in Oklahoma by a 30-year-old pro-Jihad, Islamist, Jah'Keem Yisrael, formerly Alton Alexander Nolen.
- Lee Manuel Viloria-Paulino (2016) – missing youth who was found to have been decapitated by a classmate.[58]
- Luis Romero (2019) – decapitated by his cellmate, Jamie Osuna, at Corcoran State Prison in California.[59]
- Jennifer Schlecht (2019) – decapitated by her husband Yonathan Tedla in their Harlem flat, he then killed their daughter and hanged himself on a fan. Tedla had put Jennifer Schlecht's head in her own lap.[60]
- Cecilia Gibson (2020) – 79-year-old Cecilia Gibson, step-grandmother of her killer, Kenny W. McBride, 45, was bludgeoned in head while in house, then McBride decapitated and placed Ms. Gibson's head in their backyard. Kenny W. McBride was arrested at time of reporting after body was dead for two days. McBride's father had married and his new wife's mother, Cecilia Gibson, all lived in the same residence in Bedford, Michigan where the crime occurred.[61]
- America Thayer (2021) – Beheaded with a machete after an argument with her boyfriend.[62]
- Shad Thyrion (2022) – Shad Thyrion's mother found his severed head in a bucket in the basement of their home in Green Bay, Wisconsin. Taylor Schabusiness, who had a sexual relationship with Thyrion, beheaded him after killing him.[63]
- Karina Castro (2022) – Rafa Solano decapitated Castro, his ex-girlfriend, on a street with a samurai sword in San Carlos, California.[64]
Vietnam
Wales
Religious figures
The Bible
Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
- Goliath – after he was killed by David, this example illustrates the aforementioned post-mortem decapitation
- Saul – after he fell on his sword at the Battle of Mount Gilboa (Samuel 31:3–6); the Philistines cut off his head and fastened his body to the wall of Beth-shan.[65]
- Ish-bosheth – killed by Baanah and Rekab in his bed after they entered his house under the pretext of borrowing wheat.
Apocrypha
New Testament
Catholic saints
- Saint Acisclus – according to local tradition
- Saint Agnes – according to legend mentioned by the fourth century Saint Ambrose
- Saint Alban (around 304) – executed in Roman Britain for converting to Christianity, according to tradition
- Saint Andrew Kim (1846) – beheaded in Korea for being Christian
- Saint Ansanus – according to legend
- Saint Anthimus of Rome – according to legend
- Saint Barbara – according to legend
- Saint Catherine of Alexandria – according to tradition
- Saint Christopher – according to legend
- Saint Columba of Spain – according to local tradition
- Saint Columba of France – according to legend
- Saint Columba (the Virgin) of Cornwall, England – according to legend
- Saints Cosmas and Damian (c.287) – executed in purge of Christians in Syria, according to tradition
- Saint Cyprian (258) – Bishop of Carthage, North Africa – Christian Martyr executed in the persecution ordered by Emperor Valerian
- Saint Denis – according to legend, which states that he carried his head to his final resting place, a familiar hagiographical trope (see Cephalophore)
- Saint Diomedes – according to legend
- Saint Dorothea of Alexandria – according to legend
- Saint Dymphna – according to tradition
- Saint Emmeram – according to legend
- Saint Eurosia – according to tradition
- Saint Felicitas of Rome – according to legend
- Saints Felix and Nabor – according to tradition
- Saints Firmus and Rusticus – according to tradition
- Saint George – according to legend
- Saint Gereon – according to legend
- Saint Gordianus – according to tradition
- Saint James – according to the Acts of the Apostles[66]
- Saint Marcellus – according to tradition
- Saint Maximilian of Tebessa (295) – executed by Romans for conscientious objection to military service, according to tradition
- Saint Nicasius of Rheims, at Rheims (407) – executed by Vandals during conquest of Rheims, according to tradition
- Saint Pancras – according to legend
- Apostle Paul – traditionally[67]
- Saint Peter of Rates – according to tradition
- Saint Polyeuctus – according to tradition
- Saint Quiteria – according to legend
- Saints Rufina and Secunda – according to legend
- Saints Simplicius and Faustinus – according to legend
- Saint Solange – according to legend
- Saint Typasius – according to legend
- Saint Urith of Chittlehampton, Devon, England – according to legend
- Saint Venantius, at Camerino – according to tradition
- Saint Winefride of Flintshire in Wales – according to legend
- Saint Demiana – according to tradition
Greek mythology
Sikh
Hindu
Fictional characters
- Aura in
- Sabretooth in Deadpool & Wolverine
See also
Notes and References
- Web site: Azerbaijani soldiers behead Armenian Yazidi Kurd: Karabakh conflict. Ekurd Daily. 4 April 2016. 8 April 2022.
- Web site: Two men beheaded in videos from Nagorno-Karabakh war identified. The Guardian. Roth. Andrew. 15 December 2020. 8 April 2022.
- Web site: Fans decapitate soccer referee after he stabs, kills player:police . New York Daily News . 6 July 2013 . 7 July 2013.
- Web site: Brazil referee decapitated after stabbing player . BBC News . 7 July 2013 . 7 July 2013.
- Web site: Brazilian Referee Beheaded by Fans for Killing Player . International Business Times. 6 July 2013 . 7 July 2013.
- Web site: Brazilian Soccer Fans Decapitate Ref After He Stabs, Kills Player . Deadspin . 6 July 2013 . 7 July 2013.
- Web site: Former Brazilian footballer's head left on doorstep. From Shasta Darlington . Catherine E. Shoichet. CNN. 10 May 2020.
- Web site: Blatchford . Christie . Luka Rocco Magnotta video proves the web is a place for good, and for gore Full Comment . 2023-03-01 . National Post . en . 31 May 2012 . https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120531103631/http://fullcomment.nationalpost.com/2012/05/30/luka-rocco-magnotta-1-lunatic-1-ice-pick/ . bot: unknown .
- Web site: 2012-07-04 . Head found in Montreal park belongs to Jun Lin: police . 2023-03-01 . CTVNews . en.
- News: Northern B.C. homicide witnesses silenced by gang fears. 11 October 2013.
- Web site: Toronto man killed his mother and decapitated her — but it wasn't murder, lawyers argue. CTV News. Abby. O'Brien. 16 May 2024. 16 May 2024.
- Web site: Yékoua . Bertrand . RCA : Monsieur Didier Wangay, ex-maire par intérim de Bambari a été exécuté avec sa famille par les miliciens Anti-Balaka faction Touadera . corbeaunews-centrafrique.org . Corbeau News Centrafrique . 31 July 2024.
- Web site: CorbeauNews . CorbeauNews . Enquête exclusive : La décapitation de Josué Béfio, un règlement de comptes orchestré par Touadéra . corbeaunews-centrafrique.org . Corbeau News Centrafrique . 31 July 2024.
- Book: Klaić, Vjekoslav . Povijest Hrvata IV . Matica hrvatska . 1988 . 344–345.
- Book: Klaić, Vjekoslav . Povijest Hrvata V . Matica hrvatska . 1988 . 148–149.
- Book: . Kirkebog . . 1750–1788 . Døde . 1752 . Deceased . Parish Register . da .
- News: 2017-08-14 . Kim Wall: What we know about Danish submarine death . en-GB . BBC News . 2023-01-12.
- Web site: Confirmed executions at Tower Hill. 29 March 2011.
- Web site: Thomas Mowbray. 30 March 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20120322030320/http://www.mowbray.ddl-web-hosting.com/page36.htm. 22 March 2012. dead.
- Web site: The Martyrdom of Archbishop Richard Scrope. The Catholic University of America. 29 March 2011.
- [Thomas Pennant]
- Web site: Richard III (DNB00) . DNB . 30 March 2011 . bot: unknown . https://web.archive.org/web/20151208005929/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Richard_III_%28DNB00%29 . 8 December 2015 .
- Web site: Hungerford, Walter (1503–1540) (DNB00). 29 March 2011.
- Web site: Fane, Ralph (DNB00). 11 April 2011.
- Web site: Foxe's Book of Martyrs. 29 March 2011. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110516170123/http://www.hrionline.ac.uk/johnfoxe/apparatus/person_glossaryG.html. 16 May 2011.
- Web site: Danvers, Sir Charles (c.1568–1601), soldier and conspirator. Oxford DNB. 29 March 2011.
- Book: History of Plymouth: From the Earliest Period to the Present Time. 100.
- Web site: Gregory Clement, Regicide, 1594–1660. 12 June 2013.
- Oberg, Michael Leroy (2010), The Head in Edward Nugent's Hand: Roanoke's Forgotten Indians (Series: Early American Studies), University of Pennsylvania Press
- Web site: Munck, släkt - Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon . 2024-04-27 . sok.riksarkivet.se.
- Web site: Ramsay . Jully . 1909 . 285 (Frälsesläkter i Finland intill stora ofreden) . 2024-04-27 . runeberg.org . sv.
- Web site: 2010-12-27 . Genos 68(1997), s. 55-69, 94-95 (Henkirikoksista kuolemaan tuomittujen kohtaloita vuosina 1824-1825 Suomessa) . 2023-01-12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101227081225/http://genealogia.fi/genos/68/68_55.htm . 27 December 2010 .
- News: Willsher. Kim. 17 October 2020. Teacher decapitated in Paris named as Samuel Paty, 47. The Guardian. 17 October 2020.
- News: Scharfrichter Johann Reichhart: Henker im Dienst der Nazis. Executioner Johann Reichhart: executioner in the service of the Nazi Regime. Nazis. Marc. von Lüpke. SPIEGEL ONLINE. Hamburg. 9 December 2013. 18 February 2023. German.
- http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/tayside_and_central/7927892.stm Life for head-on-beach murderers
- News: Driver used rope to kill himself. 7 August 2008. 9 February 2019.
- Web site: What does the Safarov case tell us about Hungary today?. Heinrich Böll Stiftung. Szombati. Kristóf. 7 September 2012. 9 April 2022.
- Web site: A Hero's Welcome for a Convicted Killer Reignites Tensions. The New York Times. Barry. Ellen. 9 September 2012. 9 April 2022.
- http://www.lanchidradio.hu/derektol_hianyzik_kadar_janos_tobben_orzik_a_sirkertet_20070503 Deréktól hiányzik Kádár János – többen őrzik a sírkertet
- Web site: Putri . Risa Herdahita . Perang Saudara Berebut Singgasana Majapahit . historia.id . Historia . 31 July 2024.
- Web site: Amanda . Putri . Kisah Demang Lehman, Panglima Perang Banjar yang Dikubur Tanpa Kepala karena Dipenggal Belanda . nasional.okezone.com . Okezone . 31 July 2024.
- Book: The Pacy and the Levant. 9780871691620 . 16 August 2010 . Setton . Kenneth Meyer . 1984 . American Philosophical Society .
- Theophilus and Muslim sources apud Hoyland, 660-1
- Web site: تسجيل يظهر إعدام تنظيم الدولة 21 قبطيا مصريا بليبيا . Aljazeera.net . February 15, 2015 . July 31, 2022.
- News: ISIS executes more Christians in Libya, video shows . CNN . Eliott C. McLaughlin . April 20, 2015 . July 31, 2022.
- Web site: Why Bernard Then was beheaded. https://web.archive.org/web/20151123055953/http://news.asiaone.com/news/malaysia/why-bernard-then-was-beheaded. dead. 23 November 2015. Asiaone. 13 March 2016.
- Web site: Campana de Huesca, La. 20 August 2009. 3 January 2019.
- [:es:Campana de Huesca|La Campana de Huesca, La]
- Web site: Lanuza, Juan de. 20 December 2006. 3 January 2019. 20 July 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150720110631/http://www.enciclopedia-aragonesa.com/voz.asp?voz_id=7694. dead.
- Web site: El asesinato y decapitación de un vecino de Ejea se queda definitivamente impune. 6 November 2011. 3 January 2019.
- Web site: Grandmother beheaded in Tenerife supermarket was defenceless in 'abhorrent attack'. . 19 February 2015. 25 February 2017.
- Book: De Queyroz, Fernão . The Temporal and Spiritual Conquest of Ceylon . A.C. Richards . 1930 . 978-81-206-0766-8 . II . 810 . Portuguese . Perera . S.G.
- Web site: The Direct Instruments of Western Control over the Arabs: The Shining Example of the House of Saud. Social sciences and humanities. 4 June 2012. Dr. Abdullah Mohammad Sindi.
- https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/3427094/hicks-v-state/ Hicks v. State, 11 N.E.2d 171 (Ind. 1937)
- Web site: Pain & Gain True Story vs. Movie - Real Daniel Lugo, Paul Doyle. HistoryvsHollywood.com.
- Web site: Killer decapitates Va. Tech student, police say . 2023-01-29 . CNN.
- Web site: Yusuf Ibrahim, Of Jersey City, Indicted In 2013 Beheadings. 20 December 2014.
- Web site: Morrison . Heather . 2021-10-18 . After 16-year-old was beheaded, independent review into police handling was blocked . 2023-01-12 . masslive . en.
- Web site: Tentative preliminary hearing date set for Osuna in grisly killing of cellmate. KGET. February 15, 2023. September 24, 2023.
- Web site: NYC woman decapitated by estranged husband, who also slit 5-year-old daughter's throat and hanged himself – on day she planned to file for order of protection . 2023-01-12 . New York Daily News.
- Web site: Temperance woman's head found in backyard, body in living room. 7 March 2020.
- Web site: 2021-07-30. Man charged with beheading woman in Minneapolis suburb. 2021-08-07. AP NEWS. en.
- Web site: Jury Says Woman Who Dismembered Lover After BDSM-Gone-Wrong Is Not Mentally Ill. Emily. Palmer. People. July 28, 2023. September 8, 2023.
- Web site: Victim's family angry with sentence of Bay Area man who beheaded ex-girlfriend with samurai sword. Lena. Howland. ABC7 News. January 30, 2024. January 31, 2024.
- Samuel 31:3–6
- http://www.brow.on.ca/Books/Acts/Acts12.htm Acts of the Apostles: Commentary
- http://www.biblepath.com/paul.html The Apostle Saul (Paul)
