List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United States explained

This is a partial list of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United States. The plenary power to grant a pardon or a reprieve is granted to the president by Article II, Section 2, Clause 1 of the Constitution; the only limits mentioned in the Constitution are that pardons are limited to federal offenses, and that they cannot affect an impeachment process: "The president shall ... have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment".^[1]

Though pardons have been challenged in the courts, and the power to grant them challenged by Congress, the courts have consistently declined to put limits on the president's discretion. The president can issue a full pardon, reversing a criminal conviction (along with its legal effects) as if it never happened. A pardon can be issued from the time an offense is committed, and can even be issued after the full sentence has been served. The president can issue a reprieve, commuting a criminal sentence, lessening its severity, its duration, or both while leaving a record of the conviction in place. Additionally, the president can make a pardon conditional, or vacate a conviction while leaving parts of the sentence in place, like the payment of fines or restitution.^{[1] [2]}

Pardons granted by presidents from George Washington until Grover Cleveland's first term (1885–89) were handwritten by the president; thereafter, pardons were prepared for the president by administrative staff requiring only that the president sign it. The records of these presidential acts were openly available for public inspection until 1934. In 1981 the Office of the Pardon Attorney was created and records from President George H. W. Bush forward are listed.^[3]

Summary

President	Pardons	Notes
	16
	20
	119
	196
	419
	183
	386
	168
	0
	209
	268
	38
	170
	142
	150
	343
	654	Excludes thousands of pardons for ex-Confederates
	1332
	893
	0
	337
	1107	Estimate
	613
	918	Estimate
	981	Estimate
	758
	2480
	800
	1545
	1385
	3687
	2044
	1157
	575
	1187
	926
	409
	566	Excludes over 200,000 pardoned for Vietnam draft evasion
	406
	77
	459
	200
	1927
	237
	11	Excludes 6,500 pardoned for simple possession of marijuana

George Washington

President George Washington pardoned, commuted, or rescinded the convictions of 16 people.^[4] Among them are:

• Philip Vigol (or Wigle) and John Mitchel, convicted of treason for their roles in the Whiskey Rebellion

John Adams

Federalist president John Adams pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 20 people. Among them are:

• David Bradford, for his role in the Whiskey Rebellion
• John Fries, for his role in Fries's Rebellion; convicted of treason due to opposition to a tax; Fries and others were pardoned, and a general amnesty was issued for everyone involved in 1800.

Thomas Jefferson

Democratic-Republican president Thomas Jefferson pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 119 people. One of his first acts upon taking office was to issue a general pardon for any person convicted under the Sedition Act.^[5] Among them are:

• David Brown – convicted of sedition under the Sedition Act of 1798 because of his criticism of the U.S. federal government, receiving the harshest sentence of anyone; pardoned along with all violators of the act.
• Benjamin Fairbanks – Convicted with Brown of erecting a Liberty Pole in Dedham, Massachusetts. He received the lightest sentence of anyone under the Act.

James Madison

Democratic-Republican president James Madison pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 196 people. Among them are:

• William Hull – while Governor of the Michigan Territory, sentenced to death for surrendering Fort Detroit during the War of 1812; pardoned due to his heroic conduct during the American Revolution.
• Jean Lafitte and Pierre Lafitte and the Baratarian Pirates for past piracy, granted due to their assistance during the War of 1812; granted February 6, 1815.^[6]

James Monroe

Democratic-Republican president James Monroe pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 419 people. Among them are:

• Numerous individuals convicted of piracy.^[7]

John Quincy Adams

Democratic-Republican president John Quincy Adams pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 183 people. Among them are:

• Captain L. O. Helland – arrested for having more passengers on board the vessel (Restauration) than were allowed by American law; pardoned in 1825
• Wekau and Chickhonsic – Ho-Chunk leaders pardoned for their role in the Winnebago War^[8]

Andrew Jackson

Democratic president Andrew Jackson pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 386 people. Among them is:

• George Wilson – convicted of robbing the United States mails. Strangely, Wilson refused to accept the pardon. The case went before the Supreme Court, and in United States v. Wilson the court stated: "A pardon is a deed, to the validity of which delivery is essential, and delivery is not complete without acceptance. It may then be rejected by the person to whom it is tendered; and if it is rejected, we have discovered no power in this court to force it upon him." While Wilson refused the pardon, he avoided being hanged unlike his accomplice who was. A report in The National Gazette of Philadelphia dated January 14, 1841, suggests that he was in prison for ten years until released. He received another pardon from President Martin Van Buren, which he accepted. However, the Smithsonian magazine has written that Wilson was hanged as a result of refusing the pardon.^[9]
• Fontaine H. Pettis – Convicted of perjury, pardoned November 16, 1831.^[10]

Martin Van Buren

Democratic president Martin Van Buren pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 168 people. Among them are:

• William Lyon Mackenzie – violation of American neutrality laws; pardoned

William Henry Harrison

Whig president William Henry Harrison was one of only two presidents who issued no pardons, the other being James A. Garfield. This was due to Harrison's death shortly after taking office.

John Tyler

Whig president John Tyler pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 209 people. Among them are:

• Alexander William Holmes – sailor convicted of voluntary manslaughter (U.S. v. Holmes); pardoned

James K. Polk

Democratic president James K. Polk pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 268 people. Among them are:

• John C. Frémont – convicted by court martial of mutiny in 1848. Frémont later became the 1856 Republican candidate for the Presidency of the United States.
• Gideon Johnson Pillow – convicted by court martial of insubordination in 1848.

Zachary Taylor

Whig president Zachary Taylor pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 38 people.

Millard Fillmore

Whig president Millard Fillmore pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 170 people. Among them are:

• Daniel Drayton and Edward Sayres – convicted in the Pearl incident (transporting slaves to freedom) in 1848; pardoned

Franklin Pierce

Democratic president Franklin Pierce pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 142 people.

• Noah Hanson – a free black man who was tried and convicted of assisting slaves to escape, convicted in 1851; pardoned in 1854; only known presidential pardon of a Black person for Underground Railroad activities.^[11]

James Buchanan

Democratic president James Buchanan pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 150 people. Among them are:

• Brigham Young – pardoned for role in the 1857 Utah War.
• Daniel Vandersmith – a former judge, pardoned for forgery.^[12]

Abraham Lincoln

Republican president Abraham Lincoln pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 343 people. Among them are:

• 265 of 303 Dakota Indians who attacked white settlers in the Great Sioux Uprising of 1862.^[13]
• Clement Vallandigham – Copperhead Congressman from Ohio sentenced for disloyalty in 1863; sentence commuted, and deported to the Confederacy.^[14]
• Emilie Todd Helm – wife of Confederate General Benjamin Hardin Helm and half-sister of Mary Todd Lincoln^{[15] [16]}
• Various men who enlisted in the army, but who were, among other circumstances, underage, bounty jumpers, or AWOL.^[17]

Andrew Johnson

Democratic president Andrew Johnson pardoned about 7,000 people in the "over $20,000" class (taxable property over $20,000) by May 4, 1866. More than 600 prominent North Carolinians were pardoned just before the election of 1864.^[18] President Andrew Johnson pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 654 people. Among them are:

• Ex-Confederates – On Christmas Day, 1868, Johnson issued a full and unconditional pardon and amnesty to all former Confederates of the rebellion (earlier amnesties requiring signed oaths and excluding certain classes of people were issued by both Lincoln and Johnson).^[19] Among them were:
  • Charles D. Anderson
  • Richard H. Anderson
  • Eli Metcalfe Bruce
  • Horatio Washington Bruce
  • Charles Clark
  • Jefferson Davis
  • Harris Flanagin
  • Augustus Hill Garland
  • Benjamin Harvey Hill
  • Wade Keyes
  • Enoch Louis Lowe
  • Andrew Gordon Magrath
  • Eugenius Aristides Nisbet
  • James Byeram Owens
  • Walter Preston
  • James Seddon
  • Alexander H. Stephens
  • George Trenholm
• Samuel Arnold – charged with conspiring to murder Lincoln
• Samuel Mudd – charged with conspiring to murder Lincoln
• Edmund Spangler – charged with conspiring to murder Lincoln

Ulysses S. Grant

Republican president Ulysses S. Grant pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 1,332 people. Among them are:

• Ex-Confederate leaders – All but 500 former top Confederate leaders were pardoned when President Grant signed the Amnesty Act of 1872.

Rutherford B. Hayes

Republican president Rutherford B. Hayes pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 893 people. Among them is:

• Ezra Heywood – an Anarchist convicted of violating the 1873 Comstock Act; pardoned after 6 months

James A. Garfield

Republican president James A. Garfield was one of only two presidents who issued no pardons, the other being William Henry Harrison. This is because Garfield only served a few months before being assassinated.

Chester A. Arthur

Republican president Chester A. Arthur pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 337 people. Among them is:

• Fitz John Porter – former Army officer court-martialed in 1863 for his actions at the Second Battle of Bull Run; sentence commuted in 1886

Grover Cleveland

Democratic president Grover Cleveland pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 1,107 (est.) people during his two, non-consecutive terms. Among them are:

• James Brooks – Texas Ranger indicted for manslaughter in 1883; pardoned in 1886 after lobbying from his fellow Rangers
• Rudger Clawson – A Latter-Day Saint convicted of polygamy in 1882; pardoned in 1887
• David King Udall – convicted on perjury charges; spent 3 months in prison; full and unconditional pardon in 1885
• "Billy Wilson" (David L. Anderson) – outlaw and associate of Billy the Kid; pardoned in 1896

Benjamin Harrison

Republican president Benjamin Harrison pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 613 people. Among them are:

• Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints – On January 4, 1893, granted amnesty and pardon for the offense of engaging in polygamous or plural marriage to members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.^[20]

Grover Cleveland

See list under first term.

William McKinley

Republican president William McKinley pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 918 (est.) people. Among them are:

• Alexander McKenzie – North Dakota political activist convicted of contempt of court in 1901; pardoned after spending three months in prison
• Charles Chilton Moore – Atheist newspaper publisher jailed for sending obscene material in the mail in 1899; sentence commuted after six months in prison

Theodore Roosevelt

Republican president Theodore Roosevelt pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 981 (est.) people.^[21] Among them are:

• Servillano Aquino – Filipino general received death sentence in 1902 for anti-American activities in the Philippines; pardoned after 2 years
• Al Jennings – former train robber sentenced to life in prison for robbery in 1899, freed on technicality three years later; pardoned in 1904
• Stephen A. Douglas Puter – convicted of land fraud in 1906; pardoned after 18 months so he could turn state's evidence

William Howard Taft

Republican president William Howard Taft pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 758 people. Among them are:

• John Hicklin Hall – attorney and politician convicted in 1908 for his role in the Oregon land fraud scandal; pardoned
• Charles W. Morse – ice shipping magnate convicted in 1909 of violations of federal banking laws; pardoned in 1912 due to ill health (later found to be feigned)
• William Van Schaick – steamboat captain convicted for criminal negligence for the General Slocum steamship disaster of 1904, pardoned after years in prison

Woodrow Wilson

Democratic president Woodrow Wilson pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 2,480 people. Among them are:

• George Burdick – a New York newspaper editor, who had refused to testify in federal court regarding the sources used in his article concerning the collection of customs duties. He pleaded the 5th Amendment; President Wilson then granted him a full pardon for all of his federal offenses, which he refused. He continued to plead the 5th, at which he was sentenced by a federal judge for contempt. It was then that the Supreme Court (in Burdick v. United States) reinforced the necessity of accepting a pardon to be valid; the federal judge had imprisoned Burdick on the grounds that he was claiming falsely his need for protection against self-incrimination.^[22]
• Frederick Krafft – Socialist political candidate convicted for alleged violation of the Espionage Act in June 1918, pardoned after serving nine months. Only person convicted under this law to receive a full executive pardon.
• Mike Boyle – Convicted before Judge Landis for violating the Sherman Anti-Trust Act and was sentenced to one year's imprisonment. He served four months and was pardoned.^[23]
• Ben Reeves – Son of Deputy United States Marshal Bass Reeves. Convicted of Murder on January 24, 1903, he was sentenced to life in prison. His sentence was commuted on November 10, 1914.^[24]

Warren G. Harding

Republican president Warren G. Harding pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 800 people. Among them are:

• Eugene V. Debs – Socialist convicted of sedition under the Espionage Act of 1917; sentence commuted in 1921
• Kate Richards O'Hare – convicted of sedition under the Espionage Act of 1917; sentence commuted in 1921

Calvin Coolidge

Republican president Calvin Coolidge pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 1,545 people. Among them are:

• Marcus Garvey – Jamaican immigrant and founder of Universal Negro Improvement Association UNIA, convicted of mail fraud in 1923; sentence commuted and deported in 1927
• Lothar Witzke – German spy and saboteur convicted in 1918; pardoned and deported in 1923.

Herbert Hoover

Republican president Herbert Hoover pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 1,385 people. Among them are:

• Warren T. McCray – Governor of Indiana convicted of Mail Fraud in 1924, paroled in 1927; pardoned in 1930 after learning of the KKK's role in his arrest and conviction
• Thomas W. Miller – former Congressman and World War I veteran, convicted of conspiring to defraud the U.S. government in 1927; pardoned in 1933.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Democratic president Franklin D. Roosevelt granted 3,687 pardons in his four terms in office. Among them are:

• George R. Dale – newspaper editor convicted of violating Prohibition laws in 1932; pardoned in 1933 after the repeal of Prohibition
• Roy Olmstead – a bootlegger convicted for violating the National Prohibition Act in 1926, released in 1931; appealed, arguing that the wiretapping evidence used against him constituted a violation of his constitutional rights to privacy and against self-incrimination; U.S. Supreme Court upheld the conviction in the landmark case of Olmstead v. United States; pardoned on Christmas Day of 1935
• Duncan Renaldo – Romanian-born actor arrested for illegal entry into the US in 1933; pardoned

Harry S. Truman

Democratic president Harry S. Truman pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 2,044 people.^[25] Among them are:

• George Caldwell – Louisiana building contractor convicted in 1940 of income tax evasion and bribery for requiring kickbacks from contractors, paroled the following year; pardoned
• Oscar Collazo – A Puerto Rico nationalist, Collazo attempted Truman's assassination in 1950; Commuted death sentence to life sentence; also see listing under Carter
• James Michael Curley – Mayor of Boston, Massachusetts, convicted of fraud and mail fraud in 1947; pardoned in 1950
• Richard W. Leche – former Governor of Louisiana, convicted of mail fraud in 1940; pardoned in 1947
• Andrew J. May – former Congressman convicted of accepting bribes in 1947; pardoned in 1952.
• Seymour Weiss – hotel executive and Democratic Party campaign financier, convicted of tax evasion and mail fraud in 1940, released in 1942; pardoned in 1947
• 1,523 people convicted of violating the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940; full pardon^[26]

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Republican president Dwight D. Eisenhower pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 1,157 people. Among them is:

• Maurice L. Schick – military court-martial for brutal murder in 1954; death sentence commuted to life imprisonment in 1960, with the condition that he would never be released. Legal challenge went to the Supreme Court, questioning the constitutionality of the punishment "Life Imprisonment Without Parole". Decided in Schick v. Reed that to be so sentenced was constitutional.

It is important to note that "until the Eisenhower Administration, each pardon grant was evidenced by its own separate warrant signed by the president. President Eisenhower began the practice of granting pardons by the batch, through the device of a "master warrant" listing all of the names of those pardoned, which also delegated to the Attorney General (or, later, the Deputy Attorney General or Pardon Attorney) authority to sign individual warrants evidencing the president's action."^[27]

John F. Kennedy

Democratic president John F. Kennedy pardoned, commuted, or rescinded the convictions of 575 people. Among them are:

• First-time offenders convicted of crimes under the Narcotics Control Act of 1956 – pardoned all, in effect overturning much of the law passed by Congress.
• Hank Greenspun – editor and publisher of the Las Vegas Sun, who was convicted in 1950 of violating the Neutrality Act in shipping arms to Israel during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War; was fined but received no prison time. Received a full pardon in 1961.
• John Factor – reputed organized crime member convicted of mail fraud in 1939, released in 1949, scheduled to be deported. Pardoned in 1962 after investigation by Robert F. Kennedy.
• Hampton Hawes – musician convicted of heroin charges in 1958; Executive Clemency in 1963.

Lyndon B. Johnson

Democratic president Lyndon B. Johnson pardoned, commuted, or rescinded the convictions of 1,187 people. Among them are:

• Frank W. Boykin – Former Alabama Congressman convicted of bribery in 1963; pardoned in 1965 at the request of departing Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy.
• Maurice Hutcheson – former president of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America; held in Contempt of Congress in 1957; pardoned

Richard Nixon

Republican president Richard Nixon pardoned, commuted, or rescinded the convictions of 926 people. Among them are:

• Jimmy Hoffa – prominent labor union leader convicted of fraud and bribery (tax evasion) in 1964; sentence commuted (with conditions) on December 23, 1971
• Angelo DeCarlo – convicted of conspiracy to commit murder and extortion in March 1970; was pardoned in late 1972 due to poor health, died on October 20, 1973.

Gerald Ford

Republican president Gerald Ford pardoned, commuted, or rescinded the convictions of 409 people. Among them are:

• Richard Nixon – granted a full and unconditional pardon in 1974 just before he could be indicted in the Watergate scandal. This was the only time that a U.S. president received a pardon.
• Ernest C. Brace – pardoned of his 1961 court-martial from the United States Marine Corps in light of his almost eight years as a POW in Vietnam.^[28]
• Iva Toguri D'Aquino, aka – "Tokyo Rose" – convicted of treason in 1949, paroled in 1956. She was pardoned on January 19, 1977, Ford's last day in office. The only U.S. citizen convicted of treason during World War II to be pardoned.
• Robert E. Lee – Confederate general during the Civil War, full rights of citizenship were posthumously restored
• Vietnam war draft resisters – Ford offered conditional amnesty to over 50,000 draft resisters.
• Maurice L. Schick – military court-martial for brutal murder; commuted to life with the possibility of parole.^[29]

Jimmy Carter

Democratic president Jimmy Carter pardoned, commuted, or rescinded the convictions of 566 people, and in addition to that pardoned over 200,000 Vietnam War draft evaders. Among them are:

• Oscar Collazo – Attempted assassination of President Harry S. Truman in 1950; commuted to time served in 1979
• G. Gordon Liddy – Watergate figure. Convicted for 20 years for conspiracy, burglary, and illegal wiretapping; commuted after serving years in 1977.
• Peter Yarrow – Singer-songwriter of Peter, Paul and Mary, had pleaded guilty to a morals charge involving a 14-year-old girl in 1970 and served three months in prison, was pardoned in 1980.^[30]
• Vietnam war draft resisters – Unconditional amnesty issued in the form of a pardon in 1977^[31]
• Jefferson Davis – President of the Confederate States of America, was arrested and accused of treason in 1865. Charges were brought in 1868 but was absolved of any guilt for participation in the Civil War by President Andrew Johnson's Fourth Amnesty Proclamation on Christmas Day of that year. Posthumously pardoned.
• Patty Hearst – Convicted of bank robbery in 1976 after being kidnapped and allegedly brainwashed; sentence commuted in 1979
• Lolita Lebrón, Rafael Cancel Miranda, Irving Flores Rodriguez – opened fire in the U.S. House of Representatives and wounding five Congressmen in 1954; clemency
• Frederic B. Ingram – Heir from Tennessee, convicted of bribing government officials in Illinois in 1977; jailed for 16 months.^[32] His sentence was commuted by Carter in December 1980.^[32]

Ronald Reagan

Republican president Ronald Reagan pardoned, commuted, or rescinded the convictions of 406 people. Among them are:

• Mark Felt and Edward S. Miller – FBI officials convicted in December 1980 of authorizing illegal break-ins and fined. Pardoned on March 20, 1981. Mark Felt later in life admitted to being Deep Throat, the informant during the Watergate affair.
• Marvin Mandel – former Governor of Maryland convicted of mail fraud and racketeering in 1977; granted clemency in 1981; conviction later overturned in U.S. district court.
• Junior Johnson – a former NASCAR driver convicted of moonshining in 1956; pardoned in 1986
• George Steinbrenner – Convicted of illegal Nixon campaign contributions and obstruction of justice in 1974; pardoned in January 1989

George H. W. Bush

See main article: List of people pardoned by George H. W. Bush. Republican president George H. W. Bush pardoned, commuted, or rescinded the convictions of 77 people. Among them are:

• For their roles in the Iran–Contra affair
  • Elliott Abrams
  • Duane Clarridge
  • Clair George
  • Alan Fiers
  • Robert McFarlane – National Security Adviser to President Ronald Reagan
  • Caspar Weinberger – Secretary of Defense under President Ronald Reagan
• Armand Hammer – CEO of the Occidental Petroleum Company, contributed $110,000 to the Republican National Committee just before his pardon. Pardoned for illegally contributing $54,000 to Richard Nixon's presidential campaign in 1972.^[33]
• Myra Soble – 1957 conviction of Conspiracy to Receive and Obtain National Defense Information and transmit same to foreign government in the Rosenberg spy ring; served four years, pardoned in 1991, died one year later.

Bill Clinton

See main article: List of people pardoned by Bill Clinton. Democratic president Bill Clinton pardoned, commuted, or rescinded the convictions of 459 people. Among them are:

• Almon Glenn Braswell – Nutritional supplement magnate, convicted of mail fraud and perjury in 1983; pardoned
• Henry Cisneros – Clinton's Secretary of Housing and Urban Development. Pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor count for lying to the FBI in 1999 about payments to a mistress, and was fined $10,000.
• Roger Clinton, Jr. – Half-brother of Bill Clinton. After serving a year in federal prison (1985–86) for cocaine possession.
• John Deutch – Director of Central Intelligence, former Provost and University Professor, MIT. He had agreed to plead guilty to a misdemeanor for mishandling government secrets on January 19, 2001, but President Clinton pardoned him in his last day in office, two days before the Justice Department could file the case against him.
• Edward Downe, Jr. – convicted of wire fraud, filing false income tax returns, and securities fraud in 1992; pardoned
• Elizam Escobar – Puerto Rican artist and activist, convicted of seditious conspiracy in 1980; pardoned
• FALN – commuted the sentences of 16 members of FALN, a Puerto Rican clandestine paramilitary organization operating mostly in Chicago and New York City
• Henry O. Flipper – The first black West Point cadet was found guilty of "conduct unbecoming an officer" in 1882. Posthumously pardoned.
• Patty Hearst – Convicted of bank robbery in 1976 after being kidnapped and allegedly brainwashed. Prison term commuted by Jimmy Carter and was released from prison in 1979. She was fully pardoned by Clinton in 2001.
• Rick Hendrick – NASCAR team owner & champion; convicted of mail fraud in 1997; pardoned
• Susan McDougal – business partner with Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham Clinton in the failed Whitewater land deal. Guilty of contempt of court, she served her entire sentence starting in 1998 and was then pardoned.
• Samuel Loring Morison – former naval intelligence officer, convicted of espionage and theft of government property in 1985; pardoned
• Mel Reynolds – Former Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from Illinois. Convicted of bank fraud and obstruction of justice in 1997; sentence was commuted.
• Marc Rich, Pincus Green – business partners; indicted by U.S. Attorney on charges of tax evasion and illegal trading with Iran in 1983 and fled the country that year. Pardoned in 2001 after Rich's ex-wife, Denise Eisenberg Rich, made large donations to the Democratic Party and the Clinton Foundation.
• Dan Rostenkowski – Former Democratic member of the US House of Representatives from Illinois, indicted for his role in the Congressional Post Office scandal and pleaded guilty to mail fraud in 1996. Served his entire 17-month sentence, then pardoned in December 2000.
• Fife Symington III – Governor of Arizona convicted of bank fraud in 1997, the conviction was overturned in 1999; subsequently pardoned.^[34]
• Susan Rosenberg – a former radical activist and domestic terrorist of the early 1970s, was convicted of illegal explosives possession in 1984, commuted on January 20, 2001.

George W. Bush

See main article: List of people pardoned by George W. Bush.

Republican president George W. Bush pardoned, commuted, or rescinded the convictions of 200 people. Among them were:

• José Compeán and Ignacio Ramos – Two US Border Patrol agents who wounded drug smuggler Osvaldo Aldrete Dávila on February 17, 2005, and tried to cover up the incident received commutation in 2009.^[35]
• John Forté – Hip-hop singer and songwriter sentenced for smuggling cocaine in 2000 was commuted.^[36]
• Lewis "Scooter" Libby – Assistant to President George W. Bush and Chief of Staff to Dick Cheney was convicted of perjury in connection with the CIA leak scandal involving members of State Department who 'outed' CIA officer Valerie Plame. Was sentenced to 30 months in prison and fined him $250,000 on June 5, 2007. Libby received commutation of his prison sentence, not a full pardon, on July 2, 2007. Libby later received a full pardon from President Donald Trump in 2018.
• Issac Robert Toussie – Brooklyn real estate developer, convicted of making false statements to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development in 2001; pardoned in 2008 and the pardon revoked one day later.^[37]
• Charles Winters – Posthumous pardon for smuggling three B-17 Flying Fortress heavy bombers to Israel in the late 1940s; served 18 months in prison; died in 1984.

Barack Obama

See main article: List of people granted executive clemency by Barack Obama.

Democratic president Barack Obama pardoned, commuted, or rescinded the conviction of 1,927 people.^[38] Among them were:

• James Cartwright, retired US Marine Corps four-star general, he pleaded guilty to giving false statements to federal investigators in 2016 and was awaiting sentencing. Pardoned on January 17, 2017.^[39]
• Dwight J. Loving, U.S. Army private sentenced to death in Texas for murdering two taxi drivers in 1988. Commuted to life without parole on January 17, 2017.^[40]
• Chelsea Manning, U.S. Army whistleblower convicted by court-martial in July 2013, sentenced to 35 years in prison for providing classified documents to WikiLeaks. Commuted on January 17, 2017.^[41]
• Willie McCovey, professional baseball player, pleaded guilty to tax evasion in 1995 and received two years probation and a $5,000 fine. Pardoned on January 17, 2017.^[42]
• Ian Schrager, former co-owner of the famed dance club Studio 54, pleaded guilty to tax evasion in 1979 and received three and a half years in prison and a $20,000 fine. Pardoned on January 17, 2017.^[43]
• Oscar López Rivera, FALN member sentenced in 1981 to 55 years in prison for seditious conspiracy, use of force to commit robbery, interstate transportation of firearms, and conspiracy to transport explosives with intent to destroy government property, and subsequently to an additional 15 years for attempted escape in 1988. Commuted on January 17, 2017.^[44]

Donald Trump

See main article: List of people granted executive clemency by Donald Trump.

Republican president Donald Trump pardoned, commuted, or rescinded the convictions of 237 people. Among them were:

• Joe Arpaio, former Sheriff of Maricopa County, Arizona, was convicted of contempt of court for refusing to end the practice of "immigrant round ups," and was awaiting sentencing. Pardoned on August 25, 2017.^[45]
• Sholom Rubashkin, an Iowa meatpacking magnate sentenced to 27 years in prison for bank fraud in 2010. Commuted on December 20, 2017.^[46]
• Kristian Saucier, a former U.S. Navy sailor pleaded guilty to unauthorized possession and retention of national defense information in 2016, released the following year. Pardoned on March 9, 2018.^[47]
• Lewis "Scooter" Libby, former chief of staff to the vice president of the United States, convicted of perjury and obstruction of justice in connection with the CIA leak scandal. The sentence was already commuted to time served by President George W. Bush in July 2007, shortly after Libby's conviction. Pardoned on April 13, 2018.^{[48] [49] [50]}
• Jack Johnson, a champion boxer who was convicted in 1913 while traveling with his white girlfriend for violating the Mann Act, which made it illegal to transport women across state lines for "immoral" purposes, released after one year. Posthumously pardoned on May 24, 2018.^{[51] [52] [53] [54]}
• Dinesh D'Souza, author and documentary filmmaker, convicted of campaign finance violations in 2014. Pardoned on May 31, 2018.^{[55] [56] [57]}
• Alice Johnson, an unemployed parcel delivery worker and first-time drug offender sentenced to life without parole in 1996 for conspiracy to possess cocaine, attempted possession of cocaine, and money laundering. Commuted on June 6, 2018.^{[58] [59] [60] [61] [62]}
• Dwight Hammond and Steven Hammond, father and son Oregon ranchers convicted in 2012 of two counts of arson on federal land. Commuted and pardoned on July 10, 2018.^{[63] [64] [65] [66] [67]}
• Michael Behenna, former United States Army First Lieutenant who was convicted in 2009 of murdering an unarmed prisoner during the Iraq War. Sentenced to 25 years in military prison, paroled in 2014. Pardoned on May 7, 2019.^[68]
• Conrad Black, a British newspaper publisher convicted in 2007 of fraud and obstruction of justice for scheming to siphon off millions of dollars from the sale of newspapers, spent years in prison and was deported. Pardoned on May 15, 2019.^[69]
• Pat Nolan, former California state legislator who pleaded guilty to racketeering in 1994, served 2 years and 2 months in prison. Pardoned on May 16, 2019.^[70]
• Zay Jeffries, a mining engineer and former vice president of General Electric. He was convicted in 1948 of violating of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 and fined; died in 1965. Posthumously pardoned by Trump on October 10, 2019.^[71]
• Mathew L. Golsteyn, a US Army officer who served in the War in Afghanistan. He was accused of murder after the 2010 killing of an unarmed Afghan bomb maker who was a prisoner of war, and the U.S. Army had opened an investigation of him in 2016. Pardoned on November 15, 2019.^[72]
• Clint Lorance, a former first lieutenant with the 4th Brigade Combat Team, 82nd Airborne Division in the U.S. Army and veteran of the War in Afghanistan. He was convicted on two counts of second-degree murder for ordering soldiers in his platoon to open fire at three men sitting on a motorcycle in southern Afghanistan in July 2012 while his platoon was on combat patrol. During the trial all platoon members testified that the men were sitting, unmoving on a motorcycle while the defendant claimed the motorcycle was approaching at a high speed. He was sentenced to 19 years in prison in August 2013, and sent to Fort Leavenworth. Pardoned on November 15, 2019.^[73]
• Rod Blagojevich, former Governor of Illinois, was charged with attempting to sell an appointment to the U.S. Senate to succeed President-elect Barack Obama. Was convicted of soliciting bribes, extortion, and wire fraud on June 27, 2011, and sentenced to 14 years in prison. Was commuted to time served on February 18, 2020.^[74]
• Bernard Kerik, former New York City Police Commissioner, pleaded guilty to tax fraud and perjury in 2010 for concealing apartment renovations paid for by a contractor that the city had blacklisted because of suspected ties to organized crime. Was sentenced to four years in prison in 2010; was released in May 2013. Pardoned on February 18, 2020.^[74]
• Roger Stone, a longtime political operative and friend of Donald Trump, was convicted in November 2019 on charges of witness tampering, obstructing an official proceeding, and five counts of making false statements in the course of inhibiting the investigation of the Trump campaign by Robert Mueller. He was sentenced to 40 months in prison, but on July 10, 2020, President Trump commuted the sentence before Stone reported to prison.^[75] Trump pardoned Stone on December 23, 2020.^[76]
• Susan B. Anthony, suffragist and long-time proponent and organizer for women's suffrage in the United States who was convicted of voting in the 1872 election. Posthumously pardoned on August 18, 2020, the 100th anniversary of the ratification of the 19th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States which gave American women the right to vote.^{[77] [78]} The president of the National Susan B. Anthony Museum and House wrote that accepting the offer of a pardon would wrongly validate the trial proceedings in the same manner that paying the original fine would have, noting Anthony's former outrage and refusal.^{[79] [80]}
• Michael Flynn, retired United States Army lieutenant general and the 25th National Security Advisor. Flynn withdrew his original guilty plea for making false statements to the FBI, and federal district judge Emmet G. Sullivan had ruled the matter to be placed on hold. Flynn was pardoned on November 25, 2020.^[81]
• Alex van der Zwaan, a New York–based Dutch lawyer who was convicted on a guilty plea in Feb. 2018 of making false statements to law enforcement officers in the investigation of Russian interference in the 2016 election.^[82] Mr. van der Zwaan served his 30-day jail sentence, paid a $20,000 fine, and was deported after his release from jail.^[83] Trump pardoned him on December 23, 2020.^[84]
• Kodak Black, an American rapper who confessed to lying on background checks associated with purchasing firearms during two separate instances in 2019.^[85] Commuted on January 20, 2021, after already having served "nearly half" of his 46-month sentence.^[86]

Joe Biden

As of December 2023, Democratic president Joe Biden pardoned, commuted, or rescinded several convictions, including the following:

• On April 26, 2022, Biden issued 3 full pardons and 75 commutations.^[87]
  • Abraham Bolden, an American former United States Secret Service agent and the first African-American Secret Service agent assigned to the Presidential Protective Division. He was charged and convicted of bribery in 1964.
• On October 1, 2022, Biden granted clemency to two Venezuelans, nephews of Nicolás Maduro's wife involved in the Narcosobrinos affair, as part of a prisoner exchange. Among the released American detainees were five oil executives, part of the group known as the Citgo Six.^[88]
• On October 6, 2022, Biden pardoned all those convicted of what was previously the federal offense of simple possession of marijuana, totaling 6,500, via Proclamation 10467.^[89] This excluded non-U.S. citizens and those who were considered illegal immigrants at the time of their arrest.^[90]
• On December 30, 2022, Biden issued 6 pardons.^[91]
  • Beverly Ann Ibn-Tamas, for second-degree murder in alleged self-defense against her husband in 1977.
  • Charlie Byrnes Jackson, Gary Parks Davis, Edward Lincoln De Coito III, and John Dix Nock III, for the illegal distribution of marijuana, cocaine, and whiskey.
  • Vincente Ray Flores, for consuming drugs while serving in the military in 2006.
  • John Dix Nock III, for renting and making for use, as an owner, a place for the purpose of manufacturing marijuana plants.
  • Edward Lincoln De Coito III, for conspiracy to distribute marijuana.
  • Gary Parks Davis, for illegal use of communication facility to facilitate unlawful cocaine transaction.
• On September 14, 2023, Biden issued 2 pardons and 1 commutation.^[92]
  • Kaveh Lotfolah Afrasiabi, for conspiracy to act as an unregistered agent of a foreign principal; acting as an unregistered agent of a foreign principal.
  • Amin Hasanzadeh, for conspiracy to unlawfully export technology to Iran and to defraud the United States; unlawful export of technology to Iran (seven counts).
  • Reza Sarhangpour Kafrani, for conspiracy to unlawfully export goods to Iran via the United Arab Emirates, and to defraud the United States; unlawful exports and attempted unlawful export of goods to Iran via the United Arab Emirates (two counts); failure to file electronic export information; international money laundering (six counts).
• On December 20, 2023, Biden pardoned Colombian businessman Alex Saab as part of a prisoner exchange. Saab was detained on charges of conspiracy to commit money laundering and laundering of monetary instruments (eight counts).^{[93] [94]}

See also

• Federal pardons in the United States

External links

• Clemency Statistics
• Presidential Clemency Actions By Fiscal Year: 1900 To 1945
• Presidential Clemency Actions By Administration: 1945 To 2001
• DOJ Pardons Granted by President Donald Trump 2017-
• Presidential pardons page at University of Pittsburgh School of Law
• Web site: Presidential Pardons: Presidential Clemency Actions, 1789–2001 . Jurist Legal Intelligence . August 27, 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100724143741/http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/pardonspres1.htm . July 24, 2010 .

Notes and References

1. Web site: Constitutional Topic: Presidential Pardons. usconstitution.net. February 4, 2017.
2. Web site: Pfiffner. James. Essays on Article II:Pardon Power. The Heritage Guide to The Constitution. The Heritage Foundation. Washington, D.C.. June 3, 2018.
3. Web site: How Presidential Pardons Work . Josh . Clark . August 9, 2007 . howstuffworks.com . August 27, 2012.
4. Web site: Federal Executive Clemency in United States . March 19, 2011 . Ruckman . P. S. Jr. . November 4, 1995 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110326045557/http://ednet.rvc.cc.il.us/~PeterR/Papers/paper3.htm . March 26, 2011 .
5. Book: Slack, Charles . Liberty's First Crisis: Adams, Jefferson, and the Misfits Who Saved Free Speech . 2015 . Atlantic Monthly Press . 978-0802123428 . 232.
6. Book: Ingersoll , Charles Jared . Charles Jared Ingersoll . History of the second war between the United States of America and Great Britain: declared by act of Congress, the 18th of June, 1812, and concluded by peace, the 15th of February, 1815 . Lippincott, Grambo & Co . 1852 . 2 . 82–83 .
7. Book: Preston, Daniel . A Comprehensive Catalogue of the Correspondence and Papers of James Monroe [Two Volumes] . 2000 . ABC-CLIO/Greenwood . 978-0-313-31426-1 . 788ff.
8. Book: Hall, John W. . Uncommon Defense: Indian Allies in the Black Hawk War . 2009 . Harvard University Press . 978-0-674-03518-8 . 92 . registration .
9. News: Trex . Ethan . 11 notable presidential pardons . CNN . June 18, 2020.
10. Book: Various . The Papers of Andrew Jackson, Volume IX, 1831 . University of Tennessee Press . 2013 . 978-1-62190-004-7 . Feller . Daniel . Knoxville, Tennessee . 697 . 79015078 . . Moss . Laura-Eve . Coens . Thomas . Alexander . Erik B..  
11. News: Sold – Only Known Presidential Pardon of a Black Person For Underground Railroad Activities. Raab Collection. March 14, 2018.
12. Web site: President James Buchanan, on His Next to Last Day in Office, Pardons a Judge. Shapell Manuscript Collection. SMF.
13. Web site: Abraham Lincoln: Deciding the Fate of 300 Indians Convicted of War Crimes in Minnesota's Great Sioux Uprising . June 12, 2006 . historynet.com . August 27, 2012.
14. p. 34, Vallandigham, Clement Laird. The Trial Hon. Clement L. Vallandigham by a Military Commission: and the Proceedings Under His Application for a Writ of Habeas Corpus in the Circuit Court of the US for the Southern District of Ohio. Cincinnati, OH: Rickey and Carroll, 1863.
15. Web site: . November 13, 2009 . President Lincoln pardons his sister-in-law . April 17, 2023 . History.com . A&E Television Networks. "Author History.com Editors"
16. Web site: Soodalter . Ron . 2013-12-15 . All in the Family . 2023-02-28 . Opinionator . en.
17. Web site: Abraham Lincoln Exercises Clemency. Shapell Manuscript Collection. SMF.
18. Book: Franklin, John Hope. Reconstruction After the Civil War. registration. 1961. The University of Chicago Press. Chicago. 33–34.
19. Johnson, Andrew. (December 25, 1868). Proclamation 179 – Granting Full Pardon and Amnesty for the Offense of Treason Against the United States During the Late Civil War. presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved February 2, 2017.
20. Web site: Proclamation 346 – Granting Amnesty and Pardon for the Offense of Engaging in Polygamous or Plural Marriage to Members of the Church of Latter-Day Saints . Benjamin . Harrison . January 4, 1893 . presidency.ucsb.edu . August 27, 2012.
21. More are listed at the Presidential pardons page at Almanac of Theodore Roosevelt.
22. Web site: United States Supreme Court. Burdick v. United States 236 U.S. 79 (1915). justia.com.
23. Web site: The Bulletin 15 May 1920 — Hoosier State Chronicles: Indiana's Digital Historic Newspaper Program .
24. Web site: . Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1915.
25. Web site: Presidential Clemency Statistics: 1900 to Present . October 10, 2013 . October 10, 2013 . US Department of Justice – Office of the Pardon Attorney.
26. Web site: Proclamation 2762--Granting pardon to certain persons convicted of violating the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 as amended . National Archives . August 15, 2016 . Office of the Federal Register (OFR) . October 7, 2022.
27. Love. Margaret Colgate. Of Pardons, Politics and Collar Buttons: Reflections on the President's Duty to be Merciful. Fordham Urban Law Journal. 2000. 27. 5. 1491. March 13, 2018.
28. Web site: A CODE TO KEEP: The True Story of America's Longest-Held Civilian Prisoner of War in Vietnam by Ernest C. Brace . Kirkus Reviews . February 23, 1988 . June 5, 2013.
29. Web site: Commutations granted by President Gerald Ford (1974–77) . Justice.gov . January 8, 2018. February 24, 2020.
30. Web site: Trex. Ethan. 11 notable presidential pardons. CNN. January 5, 2009. March 3, 2013.
31. News: Texts of Documents on the Pardon . January 22, 1977 . The New York Times . April 17, 2018.
32. https://www.forbes.com/forbes/1999/0906/6405194s2.html Ingram Chronicles
33. Web site: Federal Presidential Pardon . April 25, 2010 . Levin & Zeiger LLP . August 27, 2012.
34. News: I Beg Your Pardon . Ken . Rudin . The Washington Post . January 26, 2001 . August 28, 2012.
35. Statement of U.S. Attorney Johnny Sutton Following Today's Oral Argument Before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in Re: United States of America V. Ignacio Ramos and Jose Alonso Compean . U.S. Department of Justice, U.S. Attorney's Office, Western District of Texas . December 3, 2007 . December 8, 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080114201428/http://www.justice.gov/usao/txw/press_releases/Compean-Ramos/compean%26ramos_5thcircuit_statement.pdf . January 14, 2008 .
36. News: Talent and friends get singer John Forte out of jail . Lisa . Rose . The Star-Ledger . November 30, 2008 . August 28, 2012.
37. News: Pardon Lasts One Day for Man in Fraud Case . David . Stout . Eric . Lichtblau . The New York Times. December 24, 2008.
38. News: Obama grants clemency to 231 individuals, largest single day act. CNN. Allie. Malloy. December 20, 2016. December 20, 2016.
39. News: Obama Pardons James Cartwright, General Who Lied to F.B.I. in Leak Case. Charlie. Savage. December 20, 2017. The New York Times.
40. Web site: Obama commutes death sentence for ex-soldier from Texas. Houston Chronicle. January 17, 2017.
41. News: Obama Commutes Bulk of Chelsea Manning's Sentence. Charlie. Savage. The New York Times. January 17, 2017. January 17, 2017.
42. Web site: Willie McCovey pardoned by President Barack Obama. ESPN. January 17, 2017. January 18, 2017.
43. News: On Obama's Pardon List: A Hotel Magnate Who Owned Studio 54. Sarah Maslin. Nir. December 20, 2017. The New York Times.
44. Web site: Obama commutes sentence for political prisoner Oscar López Rivera. Sam. Levin. The Guardian. January 17, 2017. January 17, 2017.
45. News: Trump Pardons Joe Arpaio, Who Became Face of Crackdown on Illegal Immigration . Julie . Hirschfeld . Maggie . Haberman . August 25, 2017 . The New York Times.
46. Web site: Breaking News: Sholom Rubashkin Has Been Freed From Prison. The Yeshiva World. December 20, 2017.
47. Web site: Olson . Wyatt . Trump pardons sailor convicted of photographing sub's nuclear propulsion system . Stars and Stripes . March 9, 2018 . March 10, 2018.
48. Web site: President Trump pardons former Cheney chief of staff Scooter Libby. Mike. Calia. Jacob. Pramuk. April 13, 2018. CNBC.
49. News: Trump Pardons Scooter Libby in a Case That Mirrors His Own. The New York Times . April 13, 2018.
50. News: Trump pardons ex-Cheney aide Scooter Libby. CNN. April 13, 2018. Kevin. Liptak.
51. News: Colvin . Jill . 'It's about time': Trump pardons late boxer Jack Johnson . December 23, 2020 . . . May 25, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140711/https://www.pilotonline.com/news/government/politics/nation/article_7922d07b-3078-5664-b7e1-e80a8df19295.html . June 12, 2018 . dead.
52. News: Trump Pardons Jack Johnson, Heavyweight Boxing Champion. The New York Times. May 24, 2018.
53. News: Trump posthumously pardons heavyweight boxer Jack Johnson. CNN. May 24, 2018.
54. News: Boxer Jack Johnson is posthumously pardoned by President Trump. The Washington Post. May 24, 2018.
55. News: Trump pardons conservative pundit Dinesh D'Souza, suggests others also could receive clemency. The Washington Post. May 31, 2018.
56. News: Trump to Pardon Pundit Dinesh D'Souza for Campaign Finance Violation. Bloomberg. May 31, 2018.
57. News: Dinesh D'Souza, Pardoned by Trump, Claims Victory Over Obama Administration. The New York Times. June 1, 2018.
58. News: Trump commutes sentence of Alice Marie Johnson . Diamond . Jeremy . June 6, 2018 . CNN . June 6, 2018 . Collins . Kaitlan.
59. News: Trump has commuted the life sentence of Alice Marie Johnson, a woman whose case was championed by Kim Kardashian. The Washington Post. June 6, 2018.
60. News: Trump commutes life sentence for drug offender backed by Kim Kardashian West. Chicago Sun-Times. June 6, 2018.
61. News: Trump Commutes Sentence of Drug Offender Championed by Kardashian. Bloomberg. June 6, 2018.
62. News: Trump grants clemency to woman after Kim Kardashian pressed her case. The Hill. June 6, 2018.
63. Web site: Statement from the Press Secretary Regarding Executive Clemency for Dwight and Steven Hammond . . . July 10, 2018.
64. Web site: Grant of Clemency. 2018. www.justice.gov. November 30, 2020.
65. Web site: Grant of clemency . 2018 . www.justice.gov. November 30, 2020.
66. Web site: Grant of clemency . 2018 . www.justice.gov. November 30, 2020.
67. Web site: Pardon . 2018 . www.justice.gov. November 30, 2020.
68. News: Trump pardons former Army soldier sentenced for killing Iraqi prisoner. Sullivan. Kate. May 7, 2019. CNN. https://web.archive.org/web/20190507033050/https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/06/politics/trump-pardon-us-soldier-iraq. May 7, 2019. live.
69. Web site: Trump pardons ex-media mogul Conrad Black. Beech. Eric. May 15, 2019. Reuters. https://web.archive.org/web/20190519104332/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-black/trump-pardons-ex-media-mogul-conrad-black-idUSKCN1SM01G. May 19, 2019. live.
70. Web site: Ex-Glendale Assemblyman Pat Nolan pardoned by President Trump for racketeering conviction. May 16, 2019. Los Angeles Daily News. https://web.archive.org/web/20190516220014/https://www.dailynews.com/2019/05/16/ex-glendale-assemblyman-pat-nolan-pardoned-by-president-trump-for-racketeering-conviction/. May 16, 2019. live.
71. Web site: Trump pardons Zay Jeffries, World War II scientist who helped develop tank-piercing artillery . Fox News . October 10, 2019 . November 26, 2020.
72. Web site: Trump grants clemency to 2 Army officers accused of war crimes, restores rank to Navy SEAL Eddie Gallagher . Fox News . November 15, 2019. February 24, 2020.
73. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/15/us/trump-pardons.html "Trump Clears Three Service Members in War Crimes Cases"
74. News: Mason . Jeff . Trump commutes Blagojevich sentence, pardons junk bond king Milken . February 18, 2020 . Reuters . November 26, 2020.
75. News: Rogers. Katie. Taylor. Derrick Bryson. Murphy. Heather. July 11, 2020. Trump Adds Roger Stone to His List of Pardons and Commutations. en-US. The New York Times. July 11, 2020. 0362-4331.
76. News: Haberman . Maggie . Trump Gives Clemency to More Allies, Including Manafort, Stone and Charles Kushner . December 24, 2020 . The New York Times . December 24, 2020.
77. News: Susan B. Anthony: Trump pardons suffragist arrested for voting before 19th Amendment . The Washington Post . August 18, 2020 . November 26, 2020 . Samantha . Schmidt.
78. Web site: NY Times, NowThis accused of trying to 'cancel' Susan B. Anthony, Dems blast Trump pardon . Fox News . August 18, 2020 . November 26, 2020 . Joseph . Wulfsohn.
79. News: Ulaby . Neda . Susan B. Anthony Museum Rejects President Trump's Pardon Of The Suffragist . NPR . August 20, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200821134913/https://www.npr.org/2020/08/20/904321406/susan-b-anthony-museum-rejects-president-trumps-pardon-of-the-suffragette . August 21, 2020 . live .
80. Web site: Hughes . Deborah L. . On News of a Presidential Pardon for Susan B. Anthony on August 18, 2020 . SusanB.org . The National Susan B. Anthony Museum & House . https://web.archive.org/web/20200821170246/https://susanb.org/on-news-of-a-presidential-pardon-for-susan-b-anthony-on-august-18-2020/ . August 21, 2020 . August 18, 2020 . live.
81. News: Cheney . Kyle . Gerstein . Josh . Trump pardons former national security adviser Flynn . November 25, 2020 . . November 25, 2020.
82. News: Hsu . Spencer . In Mueller probe, son-in-law of Russian businessman pleads guilty to false statements . December 26, 2020 . The Washington Post . December 23, 2020.
83. News: Polantz . Katelyn . Alex van der Zwaan, only person to serve time in Mueller investigation, deported . December 26, 2020 . CNN . June 5, 2018.
84. News: Chalfant . Morgan . Trump pardons individuals charged in Russia probe, ex-GOP lawmakers . December 26, 2020 . The Hill . December 22, 2020.
85. News: Coscarelli. Joe. November 13, 2019. Kodak Black Sentenced to Nearly 4 Years in Prison. en-US. The New York Times. November 4, 2021. 0362-4331.
86. News: Coscarelli. Joe. January 20, 2021. Lil Wayne and Kodak Black Among 4 Hip-Hop Figures Trump Pardoned. en-US. The New York Times. November 4, 2021. 0362-4331.
87. Web site: Madhani . Aamer . April 26, 2022 . Biden pardons former Secret Service agent and 2 others . April 26, 2022 . AP NEWS . en. https://web.archive.org/web/20231107180052/https://apnews.com/article/biden-pardons-f605a0a8720206aa64ca77f9b8ffdf26. November 7, 2023.
88. News: Pamuk . Humeyra . Spetalnick . Matt . October 1, 2022 . Venezuela frees seven jailed Americans in swap for two Maduro relatives . . October 2, 2022.
89. Web site: Governors Split on Biden's Call to Pardon Low-Level Pot Offenders . 2022-11-10 . pew.org . October 28, 2022 . en. https://web.archive.org/web/20230625160134/https://stateline.org/2022/10/28/governors-split-on-bidens-call-to-pardon-low-level-pot-offenders/. June 25, 2023.
90. Web site: Wilkie . Christina . Biden pardons thousands of people convicted of marijuana possession, orders review of federal pot laws . October 6, 2022 . CNBC . October 6, 2022 . en. https://archive.today/20231107180201/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/10/06/biden-to-pardon-all-prior-federal-offenses-of-simple-marijuana-possession-.html. November 7, 2023.
91. Web site: Watson. Kathryn. Biden announces year-end pardons. CBS News. December 30, 2022. December 30, 2022. https://archive.today/20231107180159/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/biden-pardons-2022-year-end/. November 7, 2023.
92. Web site: 2023-09-20 . US Puts Conditions on Clemencies for 3 Iranians Staying in US After Prisoner Swap . 2023-12-28 . Voice of America.
93. Web site: Mozo Zambrano . Reynaldo . 2023-12-22 . Estas son las condiciones para que indultaran a Alex Saab . 2023-12-28 . . es.
94. Web site: 2021-01-22 . Office of the Pardon Attorney Pardons Granted by President Joseph Biden (2021-Present) . 2023-12-28 . United States Department of Justice.