List of people considered a founder in a humanities field explained

Those known as the father, mother, or considered a founder in a humanities field are those who have made important contributions to that field. In some fields several people are considered the founders, while in others the title of being the "father" is debatable.

Arts

SubjectFather / motherReason
Abstract artHilma af Klint[1] For "[inventing] an abstract vocabulary blending biomorphic and geometric forms," that predates Wassily Kandisky.
AnimationLotte Reiniger[2] Margaret J. Winkler[3] Reiniger: For making The Adventures of Prince Achmed, "[t]he first full-length animation movie of film history."Winkler: For being "one of the earliest female producers of animation, with international hits like the cartoon, Felix the Cat."
AnimeŌten Shimokawa
Jun'ichi Kōuchi
Seitaro Kitayama[4]
Australian studio potteryWilliam Merric Boyd
CinematographyAlice Guy-Blaché[5] [6] For being the first female film director and "among the first to employ techniques like close-ups, hand-tinted color, and synchronized sound. "
DadaismBeatrice Wood[7] [8] For her involvement in the movement, which stemmed from her enjoyment of, upon her own admission, "being subversive."
Danish paintingNikolaj Abraham Abildgaard[9]
FashionCoco Chanel[10] Jeanne Lanvin[11]

Vivienne Westwood[12]

Chanel: For "revolutionizing how [people] dress, she helped form a new ideal of what a fashion brand could be."Lanvin: for founding "one of the oldest French fashion houses in operation today," through which she popularized the robe de style dress.

Westwood: For "[selling] the customised Teddy Boy threads that developed into punk... [and with her 1981 Pirate collection changing] the way people looked...[and creating] a new language of clothes."

Modern fashion photographyNorman Parkinson[13] For taking his models and photoshoots beyond the confines of the studio.
Modern French cookingEugénie Brazier[14] [15] For her Lyonnaise-style of cooking, becoming the first woman to ever hold three Michelin stars and at age 38, the first individual to hold six simultaneously, a record that lasted for 65 years until 1998, which led Curnonsky to deem her as "the greatest chef in the world."
French New Wave cinemaAgnès Varda[16] For "directing celebrated films including Cléo from 5 to 7, Happiness and The Creatures."
Gothic architectureAbbot Suger[17] Built the first Gothic church at the Abbey of St Dennis
Harlem Renaissance (sculpture)Augusta Savage[18] For being "a talented sculptor in her own right, [as well as] the first African American wom[a]n to open her own art gallery, the ‘Salon of Contemporary Negro Art’."
MangaOsamu Tezuka[19]
Oil paintingJan van Eyck[20] For experimenting with the medium to remarkable effect
PhotojournalismMathew Brady[21]
Pop artRichard Hamilton[22]
New Puerto Rican cuisineAlfredo Ayala[23] [24] "[F]or being the manager of a new local gastronomic movement in times of ‘nouvelle cuisine’, which sought to exalt the richness of Puerto Rican cuisine to position it in haute cuisine,"..."[becoming] the best ambassador of the island."
Scottish country dancingFrancis Peacock[25]
Spanish cuisinePenelope Casas[26] [27] Casas: For "demonstrating the breadth of regional Spanish cuisine."Mestayer: For being "[a] woman ahead of her time who had to fight against the social prejudices of a classist Spain and faced a civil war from the kitchens."
Stop-motion clay animationArt Clokey
SurrealismAndré BretonDorothea Tanning[28]

Education

Subject<--Should be alphabetized by the country or subdivision.-->Father / motherLife spanReason
Afghan educationSakena Yacoobi[32] Still livingFor her work through the Afghan Institute of Learning, which "works...to empower women and bring education and health services to poor women and girls in rural and urban areas, serving hundreds of thousands of women and children a year."
American educationMary McLeod Bethune[33] Horace Mann[34] (1875–1955)(1796–1859)Bethune: For her "high standards and...[demonstration] of what educated African Americans could do," through her school, which later became Bethune–Cookman University.Mann: Advocated for common schools and nonsectarian education.
American Catholic educationMary Elizabeth Lange[35] [36] (1784–1882)For founding the first Catholic school in the United States for children of color as well as the first religious community of women of African-American descent.
Argentinian educationDomingo Faustino Sarmiento[37] Juana Paula Manso(1811–1888)(1819–1875)Sarmiento: For improving the country's education system.Manso: For educating women and advocating for their equal education.
Costa Rican educationCarmen Lyra[38] (1888–1949)For founding the Escuela Maternal ('maternal school'), the first Montessori school in Costa Rica in 1925.
Dominican educationSalomé Ureña[39] (1850–1898)For founding "the Instituto de Señoritas ('young ladies' institute'), which became the first center devoted exclusively to the training of teachers," in the Dominican Republic and called as such by Chiqui Vicioso.
Japanese language education in RomaniaAngela Hondru[40] Still living"[F]or her role in saving Japanese studies from extinction in her country in the 1970s and for her more than 30 years of dedication to the field since then."
Namibian educationOttilie Abrahams[41] (1937–2018)For "[forming] the Namibian National Nationhood Programme, a consortium of NGOs working in the areas of education and agro-ecology."
Nicaraguan educationJosefa Toledo de Aguerri[42] (1866–1962)"[F]or her work as a teacher ofgenerations," educating Pinolero children as the "future citizens...[of] tomorrow who will integrate the collectivity of the nation.”
Paraguayan educationRosa Peña Guanes[43] (1843–1899)For founding twenty-four girls' schools and the National Asylum in Paraguay.[44]
Early education in PeruEmilia Barcia Boniffatti[45] (1904–1986)For founding the first preschool in the Peruvian Amazonia.
Puerto Rican educationJaime Benítez Rexach[46] Celestina Cordero[47] [48]
Rafael Cordero[49]
(1908–2001)(1787–1862)(1790–1868)Benítez: Called as such by Herman Badillo for "there [being] no man in this country who has done more to bring up the level of educational opportunities to poor people than [him]."Celestina: For founding the first school for girls in Puerto Rico.

Rafael: For providing free schooling to the children, regardless of race or social standing.

Saudi Arabian educationIffat bint Mohammad Al Thunayan[50] (1916– 2000)For founding "the Taif model school and the first girl's college in Saudi Arabia."
Tampa educationElecta Lee[51] (1808–1870)For "[opening] what is believed to be the first local school," in Tampa.
Washington D. C. educationMyrtilla Miner[52] (1815–1864)For "providing a quality education for all children in the District of Columbia regardless of race, creed or class," through her Normal School for Colored Girls, which later became the University of the District of Columbia.
Western Cape educationHelen Zille[53] Still livingFor her "hands-on approach" tenure as Western Cape MEC for Education.

History

SubjectFather / motherReason
African-American historyArturo Alfonso Schomburg[54] For his "[research and raising] awareness of the great contributions that Afro-Latin Americans and African Americans have made to society,...[being] an important intellectual figure in the Harlem Renaissance [and, over] the years, [collecting] literature, art, slave narratives, and other materials of African history, which were purchased to become the basis of the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, named in his honor, at the New York Public Library (NYPL) branch in Harlem.
Black historyCarter G. Woodson[55] A founder of The Journal of Negro History in 1916.
Ecclesiastical historyEusebius of Caesarea[56] Because of his work in recording the history of the early Christian church
French historyAndré Duchesne
HistoriographyIbn Khaldun[57] Muqaddimah (Prolegomena) (1377)
HistoryHerodotus[58]
Thucydides
The Histories
History of the Peloponnesian War
History of scienceGeorge Sarton[59] Founded Isis (1912) and wrote Introduction to the History of Science (1927)
Modern historyLeonardo Bruni[60]
Philosophy of historyIbn Khaldun[61] Muqaddimah (Prolegomena) (1377)
Public administrationWoodrow Wilson[62] "The Study of Administration" in Political Science Quarterly, June 1887.
Puerto Rican historySalvador Brau[63] Alejandro Tapia y Rivera[64] [65]

Justice

SubjectFather / motherReason
Criminal identificationAlphonse Bertillon[66] Created a database for criminals
FingerprintingJuan Vucetic[67]

Language and literature

SubjectFather / motherReason
Modern African literatureFlora Nwapa[68] For "[setting] the stage for the emergence of female writers in Nigeria and other African countries," by being "the first African woman to publish a book in English."
American folkloreRichard Dorson[69]
American literatureMark Twain[70] Ralph Waldo Emerson[71] Mark Twain is often attributed to being one of the first authors to write in American vernacular and address major issues such as race and slavery, particularly through the wilted of southern Americans. Ralph Waldo Emerson is credited with beginning the nation's literary renaissance and original philosophical ideas with Transcendentalism.
American novelSusanna Rowson[72] For writing one of the "best-selling novels of the time...Charlotte, A Tale of Truth."
Canadian Indigenous literatureE. Pauline Johnson[73] [74] For "her impact of Indigenous writers" due in part to "[writing] a critique of the treatment of First Nations women in her article: "A Strong Race Opinion: the Indian Girl in Modern Fiction," in which she protested the obvious racism in the novels about First Nations women."
Canadian literatureMargaret Atwood[75] Margaret Laurence[76] Atwood: For "[seeming] capable of embracing and exposing the truth of the darkness that lurks in the shadows of our world[, s]he and her work are as relevant as ever."Laurence: For "having given eloquent voice to the Manitoba prairie in her “Manawaka” series, [as well as speaking] for the tribes of all humankind—women, the old, and the oppressed everywhere."
Canadian poetryIsabella Valancy Crawford[77] For being the first to attempt the "arduous intellectual journey," that "her verse [must trek the wide] distance to be traversed from the servile copy to the work which, though it may originate in a fertile hint of method or suggestion of thought in some foreign source, is still the authentic utterance of a single mind."
Costa Rican poetryEunice Odio[78] [79] For being "the country’s most significant international literary presence."
English literatureGeoffrey Chaucer[80] Frances Burney[81] Chaucer: For writing The Canterbury Tales.Burney: For being considered as such by Virginia Woolf, in part "for advancing the popularity of the courtship novel and the possibility of women being considered as novelists of worth."
English poetryGeoffrey Chaucer
Epic poetryHomer
American film criticismPauline Kael[82] For being "probably the most qualified critic in the world," per Jerry Lewis.
Finnish written languageMikael Agricola[83]
German literatureGotthold Ephraim Lessing
GrammarPāṇini[84] Wrote the Ashtadhyayi
Greek tragedyAeschylus
Harlem renaissanceAlta Douglas (née Sawyer)[85] Jessie Redmon Fauset[86] [87]

Zora Neale Hurston[88]

Douglas: For her "death had a special meaning… Alta and Aaron Douglas had formed the warm human center of a group of gifted black young men and women who had come together for the first time in New York… her passing marked definitely 'the closing of the ring' on the Harlem Renaissance," as considered by Arnold Rampersad.Fuaset: For being "a teacher, the Literary Editor of The Crisis, and the author the celebrated There is Confusion, Fauset showed serious promise as a leading and impactful voice," as well as "selecting the works of...Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, Arna Bontemps, Claude McKay, Georgia Douglas Johnson, Mary Effie Lee and Jean Toomer for publication."
Modern Hebrew languageEliezer Ben Yehuda[89]
HorrorMary Shelley[90] Wrote Frankenstein
Italian languageDante Alighieri[91]
Italian literatureDante Alighieri
IndologyAl-Biruni[92]
Letters (messages)Francis I of France
Linguistics (early)Pāṇini[93] Wrote the Ashtadhyayi
Linguistics (modern)Ferdinand de Saussure[94] [95]
Noam Chomsky[96] [97]
Modern fantasy literatureJ. R. R. Tolkien[98]
Modernist literatureGertrude Stein[99] For the "[incorporation of the] stream-of-consciousness and experimental narrative techniques," into her work.
NovelHomer[100]
Nuyorican literatureEsmeralda SantiagoFor writing When I Was Puerto Rican, considered by Oprah's Book Club as "one of the “Best Memoirs of a Generation”."[101] [102]
Puerto Rican literatureConcha Meléndez[103] Alejandro Tapia y Rivera[104]
Science fictionOctavia E. Butler[105] Ursula K. Le Guin[106]

Mary Shelley

Lucian of Samosata[107]

Jules Verne[108] [109]

H. G. Wells

Science fiction magazineHugo Gernsback[110]
Spanish languageAntonio de Nebrija[111]
Spanish literatureCarmen Balcells[112] Miguel de Cervantes[113] Balcells: For being the literary agent of Spanish-language authors from Spain and Latin America, including six Nobel Prize–winning authors and one of the main promoters of the Latin American Boom.Cervantes: For writing Don Quixote.
Spanish travel literatureEgeria[114] For writing Itinerarium Egeriae ("Travels of Egeria"), the first record of a Christian pilgrimage in the 4th century.
UrduMaulvi Abdul Haq[115]
Venezuelan literatureJosé Antonio Ramos Sucre[116]
Venezuelan poetryJosé Antonio Ramos Sucre

Law

SubjectFather / motherReason
Civil lawJustinian I
Legal writing educationMarjorie D. Rombauer[117] [118] For "[writing] the first legal writing textbook, Legal Problem Solving: Analysis, Research, and Writing in 1970," and through her "[teaching] at the University of Washington School of Law for over thirty years [as] the first non-librarian, tenured female faculty member," her "works on legal problem solving, research, writing, and analysis informed generations of law students."
European patent lawKurt Haertel[119] [120]
International lawAlberico Gentili[121]
Francisco de Vitoria
Hugo Grotius
For speculating on human rights and the proper relations that ought to exist between nations
Russian jurisprudenceSemyon Efimovich Desnitsky[122] Russian social and political theorist (18th century)
United States ConstitutionJames Madison[123] He played a large role in its drafting and ratification. One of the authors of The Federalist.[124] Also drafter of the Bill of Rights.

Music

See also: Honorific nicknames in popular music.

SubjectFather / motherReason
American musicStephen Foster[125] Recognized internationally for his compositions which are still being performed in various venues. His most notable works include Oh Susanna, Camptown Races and Old Folks at Home.
American piano manufactureJonas Chickering[126]
BluesMa Rainey[127]
Bluegrass musicBill Monroe[128]
Chicago blues / electric bluesMuddy Waters[129]
Contemporary a cappellaDeke Sharon[130] [131]
Country musicJimmie Rodgers[132] [133] [134]
Death metalChuck Schuldiner[135] [136] [137]
DiscoMel Cheren (Godfather)[138]
Giorgio Moroder[139]
English cathedral musicThomas Tallis
FunkGeorge Clinton ("Godfather")[140]
Gospel music Thomas A. Dorsey[141]
Gothic rockPeter Murphy ("Godfather")[142] [143]
G-FunkDr. Dre
Greek musicTerpander
GrungeNeil Young[144]
Heavy metalOzzy Osbourne/Tony Iommi[145] [146] Both are also known as "godfathers of heavy metal".
Italo discoAlexander Robotnick (Godfather)[147]
Punk rockPatti Smith (godmother)[148]
JazzBuddy Bolden[149]
Jelly Roll Morton[150]
Theodore August Metz[151]
Modern jazz pianoEarl "Fatha" Hines[152]
Puerto Rican musicManuel Gregorio Tavárez[153] [154]
ReggaeFrederick "Toots" Hibbert
Rock and rollChuck Berry Ike Turner[155]
Rock music in ChinaCui Jian[156]
Soul musicJames Brown (godfather)[157]
Symphony and string quartetJoseph Haydn[158] [159] [160]
Thrash metalJames Hetfield[161]
Venezuelan musicSimón Díaz[162] Antonio Lauro[163]

Vicente Emilio Sojo[164]

Performance art

SubjectFather / motherReason
KabukiIzumo no Okuni
VogueWilli Ninja[165] Godfather[166] [167]

Philosophy and religion

See also: List of founders of religious traditions and Church Fathers.

SubjectFather / motherReason
Alt-rightPaul Gottfried[168] [169] Michelle Malkin[170]

Richard B. Spencer[171]

AnarchismMikhail Bakunin[172] Emma Goldman[173]

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon[174]

AntifeminismPhyllis Schlafly[175]
Christian asceticismSyncletica of Alexandria[176]
AuthoritarianismIndira Gandhi[177] For her declaration of The Emergency.
BehaviorismJohn B. Watson[178]
Chinese democracyWei Jingsheng[179]
Comparative religion Max Müller[180] [181]
Conservatism Edmund Burke[182]
Cynicism (school of thought)Diogenes of Sinope[183]
EpicureanismEpicurus
EpistemologyXenophanes[184]
ExistentialismSimone de Beauvoir[185] Søren Kierkegaard[186]
FascismBenito MussoliniMargherita Sarfatti[187] [188] For being "Benito Mussolini's mistress, [becoming] his ideological companion, [planning] the 'March on Rome' with him, [writing] articles in his name, [editing] the Fascist Party organ and [writing] his first official biography."
Faith missionsAnthony Norris Groves[189]
FeminismMary Wollstonecraft[190] [191]
HumanismPetrarch[192] [193]
Islamic logicAl-Farabi[194]
LiberalismJohn Locke[195] [196] [197] Baruch Spinoza[198]
American libertarianismRose Wilder Lane[199] Isabel Paterson[200]

Ayn Rand

Lane: For "reigniting a passion for liberal ideas in her numerous columns alongside her masterwork, The Discovery of Freedom."Paterson: For "[opposing] most of the New Deal programs being instituted by Franklin D. Roosevelt[, advocating] for less government involvement in social and fiscal issues[, and going] on to write "The God of the Machine," a defense of individualism as the source of social and political progress.Rand: For claiming the "libertarians as "plagiarists of [her] ideas.""
Logical positivismMoritz Schlick[201]
MethodismJohn Wesley[202]
Moral philosophyThomas Aquinas
ObjectivismAyn Rand[203]
PositivismClotilde de Vaux[204]
Protestantism (Lutheranism)Martin Luther[205] Katharina Zell[206] Zell: For her "prolific work [been considered] as some of the Reformation period’s exemplary writings."
Religious toleranceAnne Hutchinson[207]
ScholasticismJohn Scotus Eriugena[208] Lanfranc of Canterbury
Anselm of Canterbury
Peter Abelard
Book: Sic et Non
Scholasticism (Protestant)Hugo Grotius[209]
SocialismKarl Marx[210]
Robert Owen[211] Christa Wolf[212]
ThomismThomas Aquinas
TranscendentalismMary Moody Emerson[213] Ralph Waldo EmersonMargaret Fuller[214] Anne Hutchinson[215] Henry David ThoreauMoody Emerson: for instilling in her nephew to "look within, reflect, but [to] do it with much reading, study."Fuller: For living "her entire life [with] courageous and intellectually brilliant forays into finding better answers, answers tempered by both triumphs and travails."Hutchinson: For being "a healer and a preacher of a gentle, optimistic religion of the heart...[which] culminated in a cultural revolt."
ZionismTheodor Herzl[216]

Notes and References

  1. News: Kenney. Nancy. 2018-10-18. Hilma af Klint, the 'mother of abstraction', gets first major US show. The Art Newspaper. 2021-06-14. https://web.archive.org/web/20210302134811/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/preview/a-seance-with-the-mother-of-abstraction. 2021-03-02. 0960-6556.
  2. Web site: Lotte Reiniger, the mother of animation. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20210618143652/https://www.design-is-fine.org/post/78465231817/lotte-reiniger-the-mother-of-animation. 2021-06-18. 2021-06-18. Design is fine. History is mine..
  3. News: Ballard. Joel. 2018-11-17. The women of Disney: author aims to highlight female animators' contributions. CBC News. 2021-06-18. https://web.archive.org/web/20190729034924/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/the-women-of-disney-author-aims-to-highlight-female-animators-contributions-1.4904192. 2019-07-29.
  4. Web site: Japan finds films by early "anime" pioneers. Reporting by Linda Sieg. March 27, 2008. January 2, 2014. reuters.com.
  5. Web site: Wills. Matthew. 2019-03-13. Hollywood Froze Out the Founding Mother of Cinema. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20201203204615/https://daily.jstor.org/hollywood-froze-out-the-founding-mother-of-cinema/. 2020-12-03. 2021-06-14. JSTOR.
  6. Web site: Fernandez. Toniann. 2018-12-07. The Forgotten Mother of Cinema. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20210120065829/https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2018/12/07/the-forgotten-mother-of-cinema/. 2021-01-20. 2021-06-14. The Paris Review. 0031-2037.
  7. Web site: 2012-06-15. The life and times of Beatrice Wood, mother of Dadaism and female extraordinaire. 2021-06-14. Janes Street Clayworks.
  8. Web site: 2012-10-12. Fabulous! Portraits by Michele Mattei: Beatrice Wood. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20210614205613/https://nmwa.org/blog/artist-spotlight/fabulous-portraits-by-michele-mattei-beatrice-wood/. 2021-06-14. 2021-06-14. National Museum of Women in the Arts.
  9. Abildgaard, Nikolaj Abraham . 1 . 63.
  10. Web site: 2021-04-02. Gabrielle Coco Chanel – Mother of Fashion. 2021-06-14. PRVNNC.
  11. Web site: Darcella. Aria. Galopin. Benjamin. 2019-05-07. CR Muse: Jeanne Lanvin, Mother of Fashion. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20210301105937/https://www.crfashionbook.com/culture/a27371575/cr-muse-jeanne-lanvin-legacy-mother/. 2021-03-01. 2021-06-14. CR Fashion Book.
  12. News: 2002-06-02. Vivienne Westwood: Disgracefully yours, the Queen Mother of Fashion. The Independent. 2021-06-15. https://web.archive.org/web/20190426083743/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/vivienne-westwood-disgracefully-yours-the-queen-mother-of-fashion-178866.html. 2019-04-26. 0951-9467.
  13. News: Williams. Rob. 2013-04-21. Google Doodle honours Sir Norman Parkinson - one of Britain's most celebrated portrait and fashion photographers. The Independent. London.
  14. Web site: Reid. Deborah. 2016-08-12. A Name You Should Know: Eugénie Brazier. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20210614122852/https://www.eater.com/2016/8/12/12382076/eugenie-brazier. 2021-06-14. 2021-06-17. Eater. Vox Media.
  15. News: McCafferty. Hugo. 2019-03-08. Remembering the 'Mother of French Cooking' Eugénie Brazier. Fine Dining Lovers. 2021-06-17. https://web.archive.org/web/20210614122857/https://www.finedininglovers.com/article/remembering-mother-french-cooking-eugenie-brazier. 2021-06-14.
  16. News: Robinson. Matthew. 2019-03-29. Agnès Varda, mother of French New Wave cinema, dead aged 90. CNN. 2021-06-14. https://web.archive.org/web/20210326211124/https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/agnes-varda-french-filmmaker-dead-90-intl-scli/index.html. 2021-03-26.
  17. Book: Rose, Michael S. . In Tiers of Glory: The Organic Development of Catholic Church Architecture . 2004 . Mesa Folio Editions . 60 . One name, however, is well known to art historians: Abbot Suger, who is credited as being the father of Gothic architecture. . 0-9676371-2-0.
  18. Web site: Mother Of Harlem Renaissance.. 2021-06-18. Viral9. March 6, 2021.
  19. Book: Patten. Fred. Watching Anime, Reading Manga: 25 Years of Essays and Reviews. Stone Bridge Press. 2004. 1-880656-92-2. 198. Fred Patten.
  20. http://webexhibits.org/hockneyoptics/post/stork8.html . "that van Eyck—"the father of oil painting"—exploited the new medium and his own patient talent to paint Arnolfini by traditional methods."
  21. Book: Horan, James D.. Mathew Brady: Historian With a Camera. Random House. 1988-12-12. New York. 0-517-00104-7.
  22. News: https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/british-artist-richard-hamilton-the-father-of-pop-art-dies-at-age-89/2011/09/13/gIQAMa9ZPK_story.html . The Washington Post .
  23. News: Solís Escudero. Yaira. 2016-11-13. Muere el padre de la nueva cocina puertorriqueña: Alfredo Ayala. es. The father of the new Puerto Rican cuisine dies: Alfredo Ayala. El Vocero. 2021-06-17. https://web.archive.org/web/20210613193307/https://www.elvocero.com/actualidad/muere-el-padre-de-la-nueva-cocina-puertorrique-a-alfredo-ayala/article_c9288525-f352-5c92-a31b-4c00b747acac.html. 2021-06-13.
  24. News: Santiago Túa. Lynet. 2019-03-20. Celebran herencia culinaria de un gigante de la cocina puertorriqueña. es. Celebrating Culinary Heritage of a Giant of Puerto Rican cuisine. Metro PR. 2021-06-17. https://web.archive.org/web/20210613193307/https://www.metro.pr/pr/estilo-vida/2019/03/20/celebran-herencia-culinaria-gigante-la-cocina-puertorriquena.html. 2021-06-13.
  25. Web site: Commemorative Plaques Record Details. City of Aberdeen. 6 April 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150419081018/http://www.aberdeencity.gov.uk/Services/CommemorativePlaque/PlaqueDetail.aspx?Id=32. 2015-04-19. dead.
  26. News: Rotolo. Tia. 2019-11-01. The Unlikely Godmother of Spanish Cooking. TASTE Cooking. 2021-06-17. https://web.archive.org/web/20210614122850/https://www.tastecooking.com/unlikely-godmother-spanish-cooking/. 2021-06-14.
  27. Web site: The Mother of Spanish Cuisine. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20210614122851/https://doclandfilms.com/portfolio/mi-querida-marquesa/. 2021-06-14. 2021-06-17. Doc Land.
  28. Web site: 2017-07-02. Dorothea Tanning: The Mother of Surrealism. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20210614204300/https://www.barnebys.com/blog/dorothea-tanning-the-mother-of-surrealism. 2021-06-14. 2021-06-14. Barnebys.
  29. Web site: Unsung innovators: Gary Thuerk, the father of spam. December 3, 2007.
  30. Web site: Father of Spam Speaks Out on His Legacy - www.esecurityplanet.com . www.esecurityplanet.com . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20091204014408/http://www.esecurityplanet.com/trends/article.php/3438651/Father-of-Spam-Speaks-Out-on-His-Legacy.htm . 2009-12-04.
  31. https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=90160617 At 30, Spam Going Nowhere Soon
  32. News: 2015-12-18. Afghanistan's 'mother of education' shares her vision. Radio New Zealand. 2021-06-15. https://web.archive.org/web/20210615130035/https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/ninetonoon/audio/201783386/afghanistan%27s-%27mother-of-education%27-shares-her-vision. June 15, 2021. live.
  33. News: Sarvi. Adrienne. 2018-05-02. Mayesville remembers the 'mother of education'. The Sumter Item. 2021-06-15. https://web.archive.org/web/20210615123837/https://theitem.com/stories/mayesville-remembers-the-mother-of-education,308683. 2021-06-15.
  34. Web site: Carleton. David. 2009. Horace Mann. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20210121024610/https://www.mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/1283/horace-mann. 2021-01-21. 2021-06-13. The First Amendment Encyclopedia. Middle Tennessee State University.
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  142. News: Album: Peter Murphy. https://web.archive.org/web/20081211132851/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/album-peter-murphy-748788.html. dead. December 11, 2008. Gill. Andy. 2002-08-16. The Independent. Independent News & Media. 2008-11-07. London.
  143. News: Music Preview: Bauhaus frontman Peter Murphy tours with solo retrospective. Theiner. Manny. 2008-06-19. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. PG Publishing Co. 2008-11-07.
  144. Web site: Neil Young Godfather of Grunge. www.thrasherswheat.org.
  145. Web site: Ozzy Osbourne: The Godfather of Metal . 2008-06-09 . NY ROCK . Gabriella . June 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131031000904/http://www.nyrock.com/interviews/2002/ozzy_int.asp . 2013-10-31 .
  146. Tony Iommi: The Eternal Idol - http://www.guitarworld.com/tony-iommi-eternal-idol
  147. Web site: ES#2 with Ellen Allien & Alexander Robotnick, Dublin . 2009-12-21 . Resident Advisor . Dave Noonan . 18 Feb 2006.
  148. Critics' Top Ten Lists . https://web.archive.org/web/20070104233922/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/6795933/critics_top_ten_lists . dead . January 4, 2007 . 2008-03-18 . Rolling Stone . Chiu, David . 2004-12-29.
  149. Book: Koster, Rick . 2002 . Louisiana Music: A Journey from R&B to Zydeco, Jazz to Country, Blues to Gospel, Cajun Music . Da Capo Press . 0-306-81003-4 ., p. 5: "Anyone seriously interested in the history of music will hear many times that Buddy Bolden was the father of jazz, or that Jelly Roll Morton claimed he was the father of jazz (in 1902, in fact)..." See also Theodore August Metz, Jelly Roll Morton
  150. Book: Groppa, Carlos C. . 2002 . The Tango in the United States: A History . McFarland and Company . 0-7864-1406-5 . registration ., p.62: "Morton, a pool shark, composer, piano player and part-time pimp, called by many the Father of Jazz...". See also Buddy Bolden, Theodore August Metz.
  151. "Theatrical Notes," The New York Times, April 26, 1932, p.25: "Theodore August Metz, who is often called the father of jazz and is the composer of the song 'There'll Be A Hot Time in the Old Town Tonight,' is scheduled to attend a reception backstage at Loew's State Theatre...'" See also Buddy Bolden, Jelly Roll Morton.
  152. Pareles, Jon (1983): "Earl Hines Dead; Top Jazz Pianist—Redefined the Style in the 1920s Working with Armstrong—Later Led Major Band", The New York Times, April 23, 1983, p.10: "Earl (Fatha) Hines, the father of modern jazz piano, died yesterday in Oakland, Calif. after a heart attack."
  153. News: Rúa de Mauret. Milton. 2021-05-08. Manuel Gregorio Tavárez: El Padre de la Danza Puertorriqueña. es. Manuel Gregorio Tavárez: The Father of Puerto Rican Dance. El Adoquín Times. 2021-06-13. https://web.archive.org/web/20210613173731/https://eladoquintimes.com/2021/05/08/manuel-gregorio-tavarez-el-padre-de-la-danza-puertorriquena/. 2021-06-13.
  154. Book: Mattos Pardo, María Alejandra. Puerto Rico y su sueño heróico: estudio de la recepción del cuento Seva, de Luis López Nieves. Pontifical Xavierian University. 2014. Bogotá. 81–82. es. Puerto Rico and its heroic dream: study of the reception of the story Seva, by Luis López Nieves. 3.1.2.2. La edición 1612. Aparición de Seva. 3.1.2.2. The 1612 edition. Appearance of Seva. https://web.archive.org/web/20210613174035/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/71420259.pdf. 2021-06-13.
  155. News: Lewis. Randy. After 'Blurred Lines' verdict, Brian Wilson talks Chuck Berry and 'Surfin' U.S.A.'. Los Angeles Times. March 12, 2015.
  156. Gunde, Richard. [2002] (2002) Culture and Customs of China. Greenwood Press.
  157. http://www.godfatherofsoul.com/ Godfather of Soul
  158. Book: Larsen, Jens Peter . Georg Fede . 1950 . The New Grove Haydn . W. W. Norton . 0-393-30359-4 . registration . p.79: "For years, the name 'Papa Haydn' has characterized the composer."
  159. Book: Schonberg, Harold C. . 1997 . The Lives of the Great Composers by Schonberg, Harold C . W. W. Norton . 0-393-03857-2 . p.83: "It is not for nothing that he is called the Father of the Symphony. With equal justice he could be called the Father of the String Quartet, or the Father of Sonata Form."
  160. "Haydn, for example, is called the father of the quartet; close investigation, however, would show that he was only a link, and certainly not the first one in a long evolution."
  161. Web site: Megadeth. Lucid Design. Concepts. Megadeth.
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  163. News: Villasmil. Henry. 2017-04-28. Regionales: Barbosa Lima, Colina y Quintero tocaron el corazón de los zulianos. es. Regionals: Barbosa Lima, Colina and Quintero touched the hearts of the Zulianos. Digital 85. 2021-06-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20210616182636/https://digital58.com.ve/site/2017/04/28/regionales-barbosa-lima-colina-y-quintero-tocaron-el-corazon-de-los-zulianos/. 2021-06-16.
  164. News: Avello. Ramón. 2008-05-22. El sueño de Abreu. es. Abreu's Dream. El Comercio. 2021-06-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20210616181404/https://www.elcomercio.es/gijon/20080522/cultura/sueno-abreu-20080522.html?ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elcomercio.es%2Fgijon%2F20080522%2Fcultura%2Fsueno-abreu-20080522.html. 2021-06-16.
  165. Web site: CD Baby Music Store. store.cdbaby.com.
  166. Web site: The History of Voguing - Tributes to Willi Ninja . UKBlackout.com . 2010-11-14.
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  168. News: Jacob . Siegel . November 30, 2016 . Paul Gottfried, the Jewish Godfather of the 'Alt-Right' . January 14, 2022 . . Nextbook, Inc.
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  170. News: 2020-05-19. Why Michelle Malkin Is Den Mother of the Alt-Right Dipsh*ts. The Daily Beast. 2021-06-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20210602184618/https://www.thedailybeast.com/why-michelle-malkin-is-den-mother-of-the-alt-right-dipshts. 2021-06-02.
  171. Richard B. Spencer: The founder of alt-right presents racism in a chic new outfit . Kenes . Bulent . 2021-06-28 . European Center for Populism Studies (ECPS) . 10.55271/lp0010 . August 17, 2024.
  172. Book: Masters, Anthony . 1974 . Bakunin, the Father of Anarchism . Saturday Review Press . 0-8415-0295-1.
  173. News: Gornick. Vivian. Vivian Gornick. Johnson. David V.. 2011-10-17. What Would Emma Do?. Boston Review. MIT Press. 2021-06-17. https://web.archive.org/web/20210129203040/http://bostonreview.net/vivian-gornick-emma-goldman-occupy-wall-street. 2021-01-29. 0734-2306.
  174. Book: Guerin, Daniel . 1970 . Anarchism: From Theory to Practice . Monthly Review Press . New York.
  175. News: Heyward. Carter. Carter Heyward. 1998-01-01. Commentary: Religious right targeting "bad" women. Religion News Service. 2021-06-17. https://web.archive.org/web/20210617171825/https://religionnews.com/1998/01/01/commentary-religious-right-targetingbadwomen/. 2021-06-17.
  176. Hanna. Trevena Adeeb Eskandar. 2020. The Power of Coptic Women Saints: Historical and Analytical Study of Coptic Women Saints as Spiritual Models for Coptic Women in the USA and Egypt. CGU Theses & Dissertations. Claremont Colleges. 194. 39. https://web.archive.org/web/20210617180715/https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1214&context=cgu_etd. 2021-06-17.
  177. News: Raman. P.. 1999-11-16. UP's long shadow on BJP. The Tribune. 2021-06-17. https://web.archive.org/web/20160312113113/http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99nov16/edit.htm. 2016-03-12.
  178. https://web.archive.org/web/20010223022431/http://psychclassics.asu.edu/Watson/commentary.htm Wozniak, R. H. (1997)
  179. News: Schmetzer. Uli. 1994-05-17. Wei Jingsheng, the father of China's democracy.... Chicago Tribune. 2021-07-09. 2165-171X.
  180. Kitagawa, J., & Strong, J. (1985). FRIEDRICH MAX MÜLLER AND THE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF RELIGION. In N. Smart, J. Clayton, P. Sherry, & S. Katz (Eds.), Nineteenth-Century Religious Thought in the West (pp. 179-214). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511554780.007
  181. Sharpe, E. J. (2003). Comparative religion: A history. Duckworth.
  182. F. P. Lock, Edmund Burke. Volume II: 1784–1797 (Clarendon Press, 2006), p. 585.
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  184. Web site: Xenophanes – Father of Epistemology « Eternity in an Hour . January 16, 2013 . December 18, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121218002350/http://cloudchronicler.net/2010/06/21/xenophanes-father-of-epistemology/ . dead .
  185. Book: O'Brien. Wendy. The Existential Phenomenology of Simone de Beauvoir. Embree. Lester. Springer Science+Business Media. 2013. 9789401597531. Berlin. 242. Simone De Beauvoir & Existential Phenomenology: A Bibliography. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bbm%3A978-94-015-9753-1%2F1.pdf.
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  187. News: Mane. Saviona. 2006-07-05. The Jewish Mother of Fascism. Haaretz. 2021-06-17. https://web.archive.org/web/20201109030814/https://www.haaretz.com/the-jewish-mother-of-fascism-1.4856144. 2020-11-09.
  188. Web site: Canavan. Emily. 2018-07-11. How I Became A Jewish Mother of Fascism (Show Preview). live. https://web.archive.org/web/20201129170225/https://dcmetrotheaterarts.com/2018/07/11/how-i-became-a-jewish-mother-of-fascism-show-preview/. 2020-11-29. 2021-06-17. DC Metro Theater Arts.
  189. Book: Dann, Robert Bernard. Father of Faith Missions: The Life and Times of Anthony Norris Groves. Paternoster, Authentic Media. 2004. 1-884543-90-1.
  190. http://womenshistory.about.com/library/weekly/aa082099.htm Wozniak, Jone Johnson Lewis
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  192. Web site: Evolution of the Medieval Book. rmc.library.cornell.edu.
  193. Book: Rereading the Renaissance. 9780472107353. www.press.umich.edu. Quillen. Carol E.. 1998. University of Michigan Press .
  194. Encyclopedia: Mysticism in Arabic and Islamic Philosophy. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. March 7, 2009. 2010-04-01.
  195. Hirschmann, Nancy J., Gender, Class, and Freedom in Modern Political Theory, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2009. p. 79
  196. Sharma, Urmila & Sharma, S.K., Western Political Thought, Atlantic Publishers, Washington, 2006, p. 440
  197. Korab-Karpowicz, W. Julian, A History of Political Philosophy: From Thucydides to Locke, Global Scholarly Publications, New York, 2010, p. 291
  198. Fradkin . Hillel . Hillel Fradkin . The "Separation" of Religion and Politics: The Paradoxes of Spinoza . The Review of Politics . 64 . 4 . 605 . University of Notre Dame . Notre Dame . 2002 . 10.1017/s0034670500041978 . 144084651 .
  199. Web site: 2020-12-03. The Mother of Libertarianism: Rose Wilder Lane. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20210506060225/https://www.libertarianism.org/podcasts/portraits-liberty/mother-libertarianism-rose-wilder-lane. 2021-05-06. 2021-06-17. Libertarianism.org.
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  201. Murzi, Mauro (2006). The Philosophy of Logical Positivism. Page 26. Retrieved May 22, 2007.
  202. General Board of Discipleship of the United Methodist Church, A List of Books and Other Resources About John Wesley http://www.gbod.org/worship/worship/articles.asp?loc_id=639,637&amp;act=nav_loc, "John Wesley, the Father of Methodism..."
  203. News: Khazan. Olga. 2015-06-13. Ayn Rand: In Love, Be Selfish. The Atlantic. 2021-06-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20210226071612/https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/06/ayn-rand-selfish-love/395702/. 2021-02-26. 2151-9463.
  204. Sarton. George. George Sarton. March 1940. Hoefer and Chevereul (With an Excursus on Creative Centenarians). Bulletin of the History of Medicine. Johns Hopkins University Press. 8. 3. 419–445. 44440524. 0007-5140. subscription. JSTOR.
  205. Book: Losch, Richard R. . 2002 . The Many Faces of Faith: A Guide to World Religions and Christian Traditions . Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing . 0-8028-0521-3., p. 93: "Martin Luther (1483–1546) is generally identified as the father of Protestantism. While he was not the first to confront the authority of the Roman Catholic Church, it was he who crystallized the growing unrest and began what is known as the Protestant Reformation."
  206. Web site: Wiltshire. Michael. 2015-03-18. More Than Footnotes Part 3: Women in The Reformation Era. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20201031134202/https://juniaproject.com/more-than-footnotes-part-3-women-reformation-era/. 2020-10-31. 2021-06-18. The Junia Project.
  207. Web site: Zilian. Fred. 2019-04-19. Anne Hutchinson, Founding Mother of Religious Tolerance. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20210614122853/http://smallstatebighistory.com/anne-hutchinson-founding-mother-of-religious-tolerance/. 2021-06-14. 2021-06-17. Small State Big History.
  208. Book: The Art of Gothic: Architecture, Sculpture, Painting . Toman, Rolf . photography by Achim Bednorz . 2007 . Tandem Verlag GmbH . 978-3-8331-4676-3 . Abelard himself was… together with John Scotus Erigena (9th century), and Lanfranc and Anselm of Canterbury (both 11th century), one of the founders of scholasticism..
  209. Rothbard, p 314
  210. Father of Socialism . . New York . May 13, 1929 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121024225159/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,732406-1,00.html . dead . October 24, 2012 .
  211. Father of Socialism . . New York . September 29, 1924 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080413031848/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,719217,00.html . dead . April 13, 2008 .
  212. Frölich. Margrit. 1998. Thomas Brussig' Thomas Brussig's Satir s Satire of Contempor e of Contemporary History. GDR Bulletin. New Prairie Press. 25. 1 Spring. 28. 10.4148/gdrb.v25i0.1245. 2159-5941. https://web.archive.org/web/20210617182628/https://newprairiepress.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F&httpsredir=1&article=1938&context=gdr. June 17, 2021. free. October 6, 2021. live.
  213. Francis. Charles. 2011. The Hammer of Mediocrity. Discover Maine Magazine. 8. 4. 21–23.
  214. News: Weir. Zach. 2012-04-14. Myriad lives of Margaret Fuller explored in new biography. The Post and Courier. 2021-06-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20210616192456/https://www.postandcourier.com/features/arts_and_travel/myriad-lives-of-margaret-fuller-explored-in-new-biography/article_1423c5db-eedd-51dc-abd9-93183d99fed5.html. 2021-06-16. 1061-5105.
  215. Web site: Spark. Clare. 2009-09-29. Anne Hutchinson's Red Regiment and the Cultural Historians, part two. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20210127050608/https://clarespark.com/2009/09/29/anne-hutchinsons-red-regiment-and-the-cultural-historians-part-two/. 2021-01-27. 2021-06-16. The Clare Spark Blog.
  216. Web site: Binyamin Ze-ev (Theodor) Herzl - Father of Zionism . June 15, 2008 . July 5, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080705051017/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Modern+History/Centenary+of+Zionism/Binyamin+Ze-ev+Herzl-+Father+of+Zionism.htm . dead .