List of parties to the Genocide Convention explained

See main article: Genocide Convention.

The list of parties to the Genocide Convention encompasses the states who have signed and ratified or acceded to Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide to prevent and punish actions of genocide in war and in peacetime.

On 11 December 1948, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide was opened for signature. Ethiopia became the first state to deposit the treaty on 1 July 1949. Ethiopia was also among the very few countries that incorporatedthe convention in its national law immediately— as early as the 1950s.[1] The treaty came into force and closed for signature on 12 January 1951. Since then, states that did not sign the treaty can now only accede to it. The instrument of ratification, accession, or succession is deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations

As of June 2024, 153 states have ratified or acceded to the treaty, most recently Zambia in April 2022. One state, the Dominican Republic, has signed but not ratified the treaty.

Ratified or acceded states

StateSignedDepositedMethod
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Signed 11 December 1948
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Signed 11 December 1948
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Signed 28 December 1949
Ratified 21 December 1950
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Acceded 27 March 1973
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Signed 11 December 1948
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Signed 28 December 1949
Ratified 21 December 1950
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Signed 11 December 1948
Ratified 29 August 1950
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Acceded 6 April 1989
20 Apr 2022Accession
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Municipal laws

The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) came into effect in January 1951. Article 5, 6 and 7 of the CPPCG cover obligations that sovereign states that are parties to the convention must undertake to enact:

Since 1951 the following states have enacted provisions within their municipal law to prosecute or extradite perpetrators of genocide:[3]

State/JurisdictionProvisionsNotes
AlbaniaChap. 1, Crimes Against Humanity, of the Criminal Code[4] See Genocide Law (Albania, 1995)
Antigua and BarbudaGenocide Act, Laws, Vol. 4.
Argentina
ArmeniaArticle 393 of the Criminal code.
AustraliaDivision 268 of the Criminal CodeAs inserted by the International Criminal Court (Consequential Amendments) Act 2002.
AustriaParagraph 321 of the Strafgesetzbuch 1974.[5] Austrian law classifies all acts intended to annihilate a national, ethnic or religious group partially or in its entirety, create circumstances suitable to cause such events, create sterility in the group or other measures intended to prevent wilful procreation, or forcefully abducting children of said group to integrate them into another as genocide, with a statutory sentence of life imprisonment. Conspiracy to commit such acts carries a penalty of one to ten years imprisonment.
AzerbaijanArticle 103 and 104 of the Criminal Code.
BahrainDecree No. 4 of 1990 (on genocide).
BangladeshInternational Crimes (Tribunals) Act 1973.
BarbadosGenocide Act, chapter 133A.
BelarusArticle 127 of the Criminal Code.
BelgiumLaw on serious violations of international humanitarian law, 10 February 1999.[6] In 1993 Belgium had adopted universal jurisdiction, allowing prosecution of genocide, committed by anybody in the world. The practice was widely applauded by many human rights groups, because it made legal action possible to perpetrators who did not have a direct link with Belgium, and whose victims were not Belgian citizens or residents. Ten years later in 2003, Belgium repealed the law on universal jurisdiction (under pressure from the United States). However, some cases which had already started continued. These included those concerning the Rwandan genocide, and complaints filed against the Chadian ex-President Hissène Habré.[7]

In a Belgium court case lodged on 18 June 2001 by 23 survivors of the 1982 Sabra and Shatila massacre, the prosecution alleged that Ariel Sharon, former Israeli defence minister (and Israel's Prime Minister in 2001–2006), as well as other Israelis committed a number of crimes including genocide,[8] because "all the constituent elements of the crime of genocide, as defined in the 1948 Convention and as reproduced in article 6 of the ICC Statute and in article 1§1 of the law of 16 June 1993, are present".[9] This allegation was not tested in Belgium court because on 12 February 2003 the Court of Cassation (Belgian Supreme Court) ruled that under international customary law, acting heads of state and government can not become the object of proceedings before criminal tribunals in foreign state (although for the crime of genocide they could be the subject of proceedings of an international tribunal).[10] [11] This ruling was a reiteration of a decision made a year earlier by the International Court of Justice on 14 February 2002.[12] Following these ruling in June 2003 the Belgian Justice Ministry decided to start a procedure to transfer the case to Israel.[13]

Article 138 of the Código Penal.[14]
Bosnia and HerzegovinaArticle 141 of the Penal Code.List of Bosnian genocide prosecutions#The Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina
BrazilLaw No. 2.889 of 1 October 1956.[15] The Helmet Massacre of the Tikuna people took place in 1988, and was initially treated as homicide. Since 1994 it has been treated by the Brazilian courts as a genocide. Thirteen men were convicted of genocide in 2001. In November 2004 at the appeal before Brazil's federal court, the man initially found guilty of hiring men to carry out the genocide was acquitted, and the other men had their initial sentences of 15–25 years reduced to 12 years.[16]

In a news letter published on 7 August 2006 the Indianist Missionary Council reported that: "In a plenary session, the [Brazilian] Supreme Federal Court (STF) reaffirmed that the crime known as the Haximu Massacre [perpetrated on the [[Yanomami]] Indians in 1993][17] was a genocide and that the decision of a federal court to sentence miners to 19 years in prison for genocide in connection with other offenses, such as smuggling and illegal mining, is valid. It was a unanimous decision made during the judgement of Extraordinary Appeal (RE) 351487 today, the 3rd, in the morning by justices of the Supreme Court".[18] Commenting on the case the NGO Survival International said "The UN convention on genocide, ratified by Brazil, states that the killing 'with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group' is genocide. The Supreme Court's ruling is highly significant and sends an important warning to those who continue to commit crimes against indigenous peoples in Brazil."

BulgariaArticle 416 on Genocide, of the Criminal Code.[19]
Burkina FasoArticle 313 of the Code Pénal.[20]
BurundiIn 2003 the transitional parliament in Burundi passed a law, introduced to parliament by the Burundian Foreign Minister Therence Sinunguruzaa, chiefly aimed at preventing genocide.[21]
CambodiaLaw for prosecuting crimes committed from 1975 to 1979.[22]
CanadaAct on genocide and war crimes, Article 318 on Advocating Genocide.In Canada the Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes Act makes it an offence under Canadian law to commit genocide, whether inside or outside Canada. A person may be charged under this law if, at the time of the crime, the perpetrator was a Canadian citizen or was employed by Canada, if the victim was a Canadian citizen or a citizen of a country allied to Canada, if the perpetrator was a citizen of, or employed by, a country that Canada was engaged in armed conflict with or if, at any time after committing the crime, the perpetrator enters Canadian territory.
ColombiaArticles 101 & 102 of the Código Penal.[23]
Costa RicaArticle 127 of the Código Penal (14 April 1998).[24] The law includes political groups or social groups as a protected group.[25]
Cote d'IvoireArticle 137 of the Code Pénal.[26]
CroatiaArticle 156 of the Penal Code.
CubaArticle 361 of the Código Penal.[27]
CyprusUw 59/ 1980.
Czech RepublicArticle 400 of the Penal Code.[28]
DenmarkLaw Nr. 132 of 29 April 1955.[29]
El SalvadorArticle 361 of the Código Penal.[30]
EstoniaArticle 91 of the Karistusseadustik eriosa.[31]
EthiopiaArticle 281 of the Penal Code of 1957.[32]
FijiChapter 34 (Genocide) of the Penal Code.[33]
FinlandCriminal Code[34] Genocide has been criminalized as a separate crime in Finland since 1995 and carries a penalty from 4 years to life sentence. In addition to actual killing, the description of the crime (joukkotuhonta) covers also cultural assimilation by means of separating children from their original national, ethnic, racial or religious group. Attempted genocide or planning it are punishable. Genocide, as a number of other crimes of international nature is inside Finnish universal jurisdiction, but under Chapter 1, Section 12 of the Criminal Code, incidents of it abroad may not be investigated unless the Prosecutor General gives an order to do this.[35]

In 2010 a Rwandan refugee, François Bazaramba was convicted to life in prison for participation in the Rwandan genocide.[36]

FranceArticle 211-1 of the Code Pénal.[37] The French law defines "a group determined by any arbitrary criteria" which is far broader than that found in the CPPCG.
GeorgiaArticle 651 (genocide) of the penal code
GermanyArticle 220a of the Strafgesetzbuch (1954),[38] superseded by article 6 of the Völkerstrafgesetzbuch (2002).Prior to the 2007 ICJ ruling on the Bosnian Genocide Case German courts handed down several convictions for genocide during the Bosnian War.

Novislav Djajić was indicted for participation in genocide, but the Bavarian Higher Regional Court failed to find beyond a reasonable doubt that he had intended to commit genocide. He was found guilty of 14 cases of murder and one case of attempted murder, receiving a sentence of 5 years imprisonment.[39] At Djajic's appeal on 23 May 1997, the Bavarian Appeals Court found that acts of genocide were committed in June 1992, though confined within the administrative district of Foča.[40]

The Higher Regional Court (Oberlandesgericht) of Düsseldorf, in September 1997, handed down a genocide conviction against Nikola Jorgić, a Bosnian Serb from the Doboj region who was the leader of a paramilitary group located in the Doboj region. He was sentenced to four terms of life imprisonment for his involvement in genocidal actions that took place in regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina, other than Srebrenica.[41]

"On 29 November 1999, the Higher Regional Court (Oberlandesgericht) of Düsseldorf condemned Maksim Sokolović to 9 years in prison for aiding and abetting the crime of genocide and for grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions".[42]

GhanaCriminal Code (Amendment) Act, 1993 Section 1: Genocide
GuatemalaArticle 376 of the Código Penal
Hong KongHong Kong, Section 9A, Offences Against Person Ordinance (Cap. 212)[43]
HungaryArticle 155 of the Penal Code
IndonesiaArticle 8 - Number 26, 2000 – Genocide
Iraqstatute of the Iraqi Special Tribunal, issued 10 December 2003
IrelandGenocide Act, 1973
IsraelIsraeli Law on the Crime of Genocide, 5710 -1950
Italylaw on Genocide of 9 October 1967, n. 962
JamaicaOffenses against the person (amendment) 1968, s. 33
Kiribati (Gilbert Islands)Penal Code Article 52 (Genocide)
KyrgyzstanArticle 373 of the Criminal Code
LatviaArticle 71 of the Penal Code
LiechtensteinArticle 321 of the Penal Code
LithuaniaArticle 99 of the Criminal Code
LuxembourgGenocide law, 8 August 1985
Article 230 of the Penal Code of Macau.
MaliArticle 30 of the Code Pénal
MexicoArticle 149 of the Código Penal
New ZealandInternational Crimes and International Criminal Court Act 2000.
NetherlandsAct Implementing the Conv. on Genocide, 2 July 1964.Dutch law restricts prosecutions for genocide to its nationals. On December 23, 2005, a Dutch court ruled in a case brought against Frans van Anraat for supplying chemicals to Iraq, that "[it] thinks and considers legally and convincingly proven that the Kurdish population meets the requirement under the genocide conventions as an ethnic group. The court has no other conclusion: that these attacks were committed with the intent to destroy the Kurdish population of Iraq" and because he supplied the chemicals before 16 March 1988, the date of the Halabja poison gas attack, he is guilty of a war crime but not guilty of complicity in genocide.[44] [45]
NicaraguaArticle 549 & 550 of the Código Penal.
PanamaArticle 311 of the Código Penal.
ParaguayArticulo 319 9 of the Código Penal.
PeruTitle XIV (Law # 26926 (Article 129 of the Código Penal)).The law includes political groups or social groups as a protected group.
PhilippinesSection 5 of the Philippine Act on Crimes Against International Humanitarian Law (Republic Act No. 9851)
PolandArticle 118 of the Kodeks Karny (penal code).
PortugalArticle 239 of the Codigo Penal.The law includes political groups or social groups as a protected group.
Law No. 8 - 98 of 31 October 1998 on genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity.
RomaniaArticle 356 of the Penal Code.
Article 357 of the Federal Criminal Code.
RwandaOrganic Law No. 08/96 on Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity.
SerbiaArticle 370 of the Penal Code 2005.[46]
SeychellesGenocide Act of 1969.
SingaporeSection 130D and 130E of the Penal CodeAs inserted by section 28 of the Penal Code (Amendment) Act 2007
Solomon IslandsArticle 52 (Genocide) of the Penal Code.
SlovakiaArticles 259-265 of the Criminal Code.
SloveniaChapter 35, art. 373 and 378 of the Penal Code, 1994.
South AfricaImplementation of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Act 2002 (Act 27 of 2002).
SpainArticle 607 of the Código Penal, Ley Orgánica 10/1995, 23 November.[47] [48] In June 2003 Spanish Judge Baltasar Garzón jailed Ricardo Miguel Cavallo, (also known as Miguel Angel Cavallo), a former Argentine naval officer, extradited from Mexico to Spain pending his trial on charges of genocide and terrorism relating to the years of Argentina's military dictatorship, under a special case of universal jurisdiction.[49] [50] On 29 February 2008, the Spanish agreed to extradite Cavallo to Argentina where he is charged with crimes against humanity. He still faces a trial in Spain on genocide charges at some later date.[51] [52]

After a 2005 court ruling, Spanish judges' right to use universal jurisdiction to investigate and try foreigners suspected of genocidal acts committed outside Spain was temporarily strengthened.[53] Accordingly, on 7 July 2006, six Gutamelan military officials, among them Efraín Ríos Montt and Oscar Humberto Mejia, were formally charged as part of a case began in 1999 by Nobel peace prize winner Rigoberta Menchú over war crimes they committed during the Guatemalan Civil War (1960–1996)[54]

On 11 January 2006 it was also reported that the Spanish High Court would investigate whether seven former Chinese officials, including the former President of China Jiang Zemin and former Prime Minister Li Peng participated in a genocide in Tibet.[55] The court proceedings in the case brought by the Madrid-based Committee to Support Tibet against several former Chinese officials was opened by the Judge on 6 June 2006, and on the same day China denounced the Spanish court's investigation into claims of genocide in Tibet as an interference in its internal affairs and dismissed the allegations as "sheer fabrication".[56] [57] The case was shelved in 2010, following another law passed in 2009 that restricted High Court investigations to those "involving Spanish victims, suspects who are in Spain, or some other obvious link with Spain". The judicial rules in place in Spain before passed this law had irritated many other countries such as Israel, whose officials had faced possible prosecution.[58]

SurinameConstitution of Suriname of 1987: Chapter IV: International principles:Article 7.4.
SwedenArticle 169 of the Lagboken (Act of 20 March 1963).In Sweden genocide was criminalized in 1964. According to the Swedish law any act intended to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group, as such, and which is punished according to the criminal act is punished as genocide and carries a penalty from 4 years to life sentence. The Swedish legislation simply noticed that any severe common crime which is committed in order to destroy an ethnic group can be considered genocide, no matter what specific crime it is. Also intent, preparation or conspiring to genocide, and also failure to reveal such a crime is punishable as specified in penal code chapter 23, which is applicable to all crimes.[59]
SwitzerlandArticle 264 of the Penal Code.
TajikistanCrimes Against the Peace and Security of Mankind.
TongaGenocide Act, 1969.
Trinidad and TobagoGenocide Act, 1977.
TuvaluArticle 52 (Genocide) of the Penal Code.
UkraineArticle 442 on Genocide, of Criminal Code.
United KingdomThe Genocide Act 1969,[60] superseded by the International Criminal Court Act 2001.The United Kingdom has incorporated the International Criminal Court Act into domestic law. It was not retroactive so it applies only to events after May 2001 and genocide charges can be filed only against British nationals and residents. According to Peter Carter QC, chairman of the Bar's human rights committee[61] "It means that British mercenaries who support regimes that commit war crimes can expect prosecution". The Coroners and Justice Act 2009, altered the ICC ACT so that prosecutions could be taken against anyone in the UK from January 1991 — The date from which the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia had jurisdiction to try offences under the Tribunal's Statute adopted by the United Nations Security Council.[62]
United StatesUnited States federal law recognizes the crime of genocide where it was committed within the U.S. or by a national of the U.S.[63] A person found guilty of genocide can face the death penalty or life imprisonment. Persons found guilty of genocide may be denied entry or deported from the U.S.[64]
Article 422 of the Criminal Code.[65]

See also

See main article: Outline of genocide studies.

References

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Article 281 of the Ethiopian Penal Code . 18 October 2022 . Prevent Genocide International.
  2. On the date that the Chinese Republic ratified the treaty (July 20, 1949), it was recognized by the United States and other nations as the sole legitimate government of China, and it was a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, holding a veto power
  3. Web site: The Crime of Genocide in Domestic Laws and Penal Codes: Organized by Global Region. Prevent Genocide International. 6 May 2004. 19 January 2017.
  4. Web site: Criminal Code of the Republic of Albania, Special Part, Chap. 1, Crimes Against Humanity. Prevent Genocide International. 1 June 1995. 29 January 2017.
  5. Web site: Österreichiches Recht: Völkermord § 321. Austrian Law: Genocide Article 321. de. Prevent Genocide International. 30 January 2017.
  6. Web site: Loi relative à la répression des violations graves du droit international humanitaire. Law on the punishment of serious violations of international humanitarian law. fr. Prevent Genocide International. 10 February 1999. 30 January 2017.
  7. http://pantheon.hrw.org/legacy/press/2003/08/belgium080103.htm Belgium: Universal Jurisdiction Law Repealed
  8. Web site: The Case Against The Accused. indictsharon.net, the website of the International Campaign for Justice for the Victims of Sabra & Shatila. 2001. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20020202005305/http://www.indictsharon.net/case.shtml#intro. 2 February 2002. ...Ariel Sharon, former Israeli defense minister and Israel's current prime minister, as well as other Israelis and Lebanese with war crimes....
  9. Web site: The complaint against Ariel Sharon Lodged in Belgium on 18 June 2001. indictsharon.net. June 2001. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20030609023716/http://indictsharon.net/cmptENen.pdf. 9 June 2003.
  10. Web site: Belgian Court of Cassation (English translation of Belgian Supreme Court Decision- unauthorised). indictsharon.net. 12 February 2003. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20040725054439/http://www.indictsharon.net/12feb2003dectrans.pdf. 25 July 2004.
  11. Chibli Mallat, Michael Verhaeghe, Luc Walleyn and Laurie King-Irani The February 2003 Decision of the Belgian Supreme Court Explained on the website of [indictsharon.net], 19 February 2003
  12. News: Osbor. Andrew. Sharon cannot be tried in Belgium, says court. The Guardian. Brussels. 14 February 2002. unfit. https://web.archive.org/web/20140116093059/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/feb/15/israelandthepalestinians.unitednations. 16 January 2014.
  13. Luc Walleyn, Michael Verhaeghe, Chibli Mallat. Statement of the Lawyers for the Survivors of Sabra and Shatila in reaction to the Belgian Justice Ministry's decision to start the procedure of transferring the case to Israel 15 June 2003.
  14. Web site: Artículo §138 del Codigo Penal de Bolivia. Article §138 of the Criminal Code of Bolivia. es. Prevent Genocide International. 30 January 2017.
  15. Web site: Law N°2.889, of 1 October of 1956. Prevent Genocide International. 1 October 1956. 30 January 2017.
  16. News: Brazilian Justice Acquits Man Sentenced for 1988 Massacre of Indians. Brazzil Magazine. Cimi – Indianist Missionary Council. 12 November 2004. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20050209104914/http://www.brazzilmag.com/content/view/711/41/. 9 February 2005.
  17. Web site: Supreme Court upholds genocide ruling. Survival International. 4 August 2006. 31 January 2017.
  18. Web site: Federal Court is competent to judge the Haximu genocide. Indianist Missionary Council, Newsletter. 726. 7 August 2006. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20070709034346/http://www.cimi.org.br/?system=news&action=read&id=2049&eid=275. 9 July 2007. dmy.
  19. Web site: Criminal Code of Bulgaria, Article 416: Genocide. Prevent Genocide International. 30 January 2017.
  20. Web site: Law N° 043/96/ADP of November 13, 1996 bearing Penal code. Prevent Genocide International. 13 November 1996. 30 January 2017.
  21. News: Burundi approves genocide law. BBC. 16 April 2003. 30 January 2017.
  22. Web site: NS/RKM/0801/12: Law on the Establishment of Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia for the Prosecution of Crimes Committed During the Period of Democratic Kampuchea. cambodia.gov.kh. 10 August 2001. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20031212223028/http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/krt/pdfs/KR%20Law%20as%20promulgated%20%28Eng%20trans%206%20Sept%202001%29.pdf. 12 December 2003. dmy-all.
  23. Web site: Genocidio - Artículo 101 y 102 del Codigo Penal de Colombia. Genocide - Articles 101 and 102 of the Colombian Criminal Code. es. Prevent Genocide International. 30 January 2017.
  24. Web site: Genocidio - Artículo 127 del Codigo Penal de Costa Rica. Genocide - Article 127 of the Criminal Code of Costa Rica. es. Prevent Genocide International. 14 April 1998. 30 January 2017.
  25. Naomi Klein. The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism, Macmillan, 2007, . p. 101, see footnote
  26. Web site: Code Pénal (Côte d'Ivoire, Ivory Coast); Article 137-- génocide. Penal Code (Côte d'Ivoire, Ivory Coast); Article 137 - genocide. fr. Prevent Genocide International. 30 January 2017.
  27. Web site: Genocidio - Artículo 116 del Codigo Penal de Cuba. Genocide - Article 116 of the Criminal Code of Cuba. es. Prevent Genocide International. 30 January 2017.
  28. Web site: Criminal Code of the Czech Republic. en. 7 June 2022.
  29. Web site: Danmark - Lov nr. 132 af 29.04.1955 om straf for folkedrab. Denmark - Law no. 132 of 29.04.1955 on punishment for genocide. da. Prevent Genocide International. 29 April 1955. 30 January 2017.
  30. Web site: GENOCIDIO Art. 361. del Código Penal de La Republica de El Salvador (Decreto Nº 1030). GENOCIDE Art. 361. of the Penal Code of the Republic of El Salvador (Decree No. 1030). es. Prevent Genocide International. 30 January 2017.
  31. Web site: Estonian Criminal Code - Article § 611. et. Prevent Genocide International. 9 November 1994. 30 January 2017.
  32. Web site: Article 281 of the Ethiopian Penal Code. Prevent Genocide International. 1957. 30 January 2017.
  33. Web site: Chapter VIII of the Fiji Islands Penal Code. Prevent Genocide International. 1969. 30 January 2017.
  34. Web site: Criminal Code. fi. Ministry of Justice of Finland. 23 March 2017.
  35. Web site: Minna. Kimpimäki. Universal jurisdiction in the European Union: Finland. redress.org. 1 September 2001. 31 January 2017.
  36. Web site: Yle Uutiset. Ruandalaispastorille elinkautinen joukkotuhonnasta. Rwandan pastor gets life sentence for genocide. fi. 30 March 2012. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120331102307/http://yle.fi/uutiset/kotimaa/2012/03/ruandalaispastorille_elinkautinen_joukkotuhonnasta_3372554.html. 31 March 2012.
  37. Web site: Code Pénal (France); Article 211-1 -- génocide. Penal Code (France); Article 211-1 - genocide. fr. Prevent Genocide International. 31 January 2017.
  38. Web site: Deutsche Strafgesetze, §220a Völkermord. German Penal Code, §220a Genocide. de. Prevent Genocide International. 31 January 2017.
  39. Web site: Trial Watch: Novislav Djajic. TRIAL (track impunity always). dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20071012141813/http://www.trial-ch.org/en/trial-watch/profile/db/legal-procedures/novislav_djajic_135.html. 12 October 2007.
  40. Web site: Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic - Trial Chamber I - Judgment - IT-98-33 (2001) ICTY8 (2 August 2001), The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, paragraph 589. citing Bavarian Appeals Court, Novislav Djajic case, 23 May 1997, 3 St 20/96, section VI, p. 24 of the English translation].
  41. Web site: Trial Watch: Nikola Jorgic. TRIAL (track impunity always). dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20071013194543/http://trial-ch.org/en/trial-watch/profile/db/legal-procedures/nikola_jorgic_283.html. 13 October 2007.
  42. Web site: Trial Watch: Maksim Sokolovic. TRIAL (track impunity always). dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20071013164400/http://www.trial-ch.org/en/trial-watch/profile/db/legal-procedures/maksim_sokolovic_139.html. 13 October 2007.
  43. Offences against the Person Ordinance.
  44. News: Penketh. Anne. Robert Verkaik. Dutch court says gassing of Iraqi Kurds was 'genocide'. The Independent. 24 December 2005. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20051228094516/http://news.independent.co.uk/europe/article334972.ece. 28 December 2005. dmy-all.
  45. News: Dutch man sentenced for role in gassing death of Kurds. CBC. 23 December 2005. 31 January 2017.
  46. Web site: Penal Code od Serbia, Article 370: Genocide. 15 May 2023.
  47. Web site: Artículo §607 del Codigo Penal. Article §607 of the Penal Code. es. Prevent Genocide International. 31 January 2017.
  48. Wilson. Richard. Spanish Criminal Prosecutions Use International Human Rights Law to Battle Impunity in Chile and Argentina. Ko'aga Roñe'eta. derechos.org. III. 1996. 31 January 2017. Footnote 14.
  49. News: Daly. Emma. Spanish Judge Sends Argentine to Prison on Genocide Charge. New York Times. 30 June 2003. 30 January 2017.
  50. News: Profile: Judge Baltasar Garzon. BBC. 7 April 2010. 30 January 2017.
  51. Jason Webb, http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL29510068, Reuters, 29 February 2008
  52. http://en.people.cn/90001/90777/90853/6364032.html Spain authorizes Cavallo's extradition to Argentina
  53. Web site: Spain may judge Guatemala abuses . BBC News . 2005-10-05 . 24 July 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080724145456/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4313664.stm . 2008-07-24 .
  54. Web site: Yoch, Jr.. James M.. Spain judge charges ex-generals in Guatemala genocide case. JURIST. University of Pittsburgh School of Law. 8 July 2006. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20100306234002/http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2006/07/spain-judge-charges-ex-generals-in.php. 6 March 2010.
  55. Spanish courts to investigate if a genocide took place in Tibet.
  56. News: World in Brief: Lawyers take China to court. The Times. 7 June 2006. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20070311032854/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article672020.ece. 11 March 2007.
  57. Alexa Olesen China rejects Spain's 'genocide' claims in The Independent 7 June 2006
  58. News: Spanish court shelves Tibet human rights case against China. phayul.com. Deutsche Presse-Agentur. 26 February 2010. 6 September 2010. Madrid. https://archive.today/QXRQ. 8 September 2012.
  59. Web site: Sverige Lagboken (Sweden) § 169 folkmord. Statute Book (Sweden) § 169 genocide. sv. Prevent Genocide International. 1964. 29 January 2017.
  60. Frank Chalk: The United Kingdom Genocide Act of 1969: Origins and Significance
  61. http://www.barhumanrights.org.uk/ Bar Human Rights Committee
  62. UK: As originally enacted, the ICC Act 2001 presented two loopholes. First, those involved in the genocide in Rwanda and atrocities in the Former Yugoslavia could not be prosecuted, as the crimes happened before 2001. Second, the law applied only to people who were legally defined as resident in the UK, i.e.it did not apply to anyone on student, business, tourist, academic or skilled / domestic worker visas, or anyone who has been refused asylum under Article 1F(a) of the Refugee Convention but who cannot be returned home for fear of persecution. The Coroners and Justice Act 2009 s.70 amends the ICC Act 2001, and it closes these two loopholes (by adding s.65A and s.67A to the ICC Act). It gives jurisdiction from 1 January 1991, which is the date from which the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia had jurisdiction to try offences under the Tribunal's Statute adopted by the United Nations Security Council. The law has also been extended to cover the categories of persons not legally resident set out above (https://web.archive.org/web/20090730070348/http://www.aegistrust.org/Parliamentary-work/no-safe-haven-gaps-in-uk-law-on-international-crimes.html No safe haven: gaps in UK law on international crimes
  63. .
  64. ,,
  65. Web site: Criminal Code of 2015. 22 January 2021. vi.

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