List of oldest buildings in the Americas explained

This article lists the oldest known surviving buildings constructed in the Americas, including on each of the regions and within each country."Building" is defined as any human-made structure used or interface for supporting or sheltering any use or continuous occupancy. In order to qualify for this list a structure must:

• be a recognisable building;
• incorporate features of building work from the claimed date to at least 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) in height;
• be largely complete or include building work to this height for most of its perimeter.
• contains an enclosed area with at least one entry point.

Pre-Columbian era

width=180	Building	Image	width=90	Location	width=140	Country or territory	data-sort-type=number	First built	Use	Notes
Sechin Bajo		Áncash		3500 BCE	Administrative-ceremonial center	A large archaeological site with ruins dating from 3500 BCE to 1300 BCE.^[1]
Pyramids of Caral		Lima		2600 BCE	Temples and houses	Built by the Caral civilization, these pyramids predate the Egyptian pyramids by around 100 years.^[2]
Los Naranjos		Yojoa		2000 BCE	Temples	Oldest man built structures still surviving in Honduras constructed by ancestors of the Lencan people.^[3]
Kotosh		Huánuco		1800 BCE	Temple	Archaeological site consisting of buildings with six periods of continuous occupation.^[4]
La Venta		Tabasco		1700 BCE	Temples	Oldest structures in the state of Tabasco Mexico.
El Chircal		La Paz		1400 BCE	Ceremonial center	Pyramids of the pre-Classic period built by the Lencan people.
		Lima		1400 BCE	Temples	One of the largest centers of pre-Columbian culture on Peru's central coast.^[5]
Yucuita		Oaxaca		1300 BCE	Ceremonial center and a square	Founded by the Mixtec civilization in the pre-Classic Period^[6]
San José Mogote		Oaxaca		1300 BCE	Town	San José Mogote was the largest and most important Zapotec settlement in the Valley of Oaxaca during the Early and Middle Formative periods.	^[7]
Chavín de Huantar		Áncash		1200 BCE	Religious center	Occupation at Chavín de Huántar by the Chavín people has been carbon dated to at least 3000 BCE.^[8]
Garðar Cathedral Ruins		Igaliku		1126 CE	Cathedral	Oldest extant building of European origin in North America.^[9]
Hvalsey Church		Hvalsey		1300 CE	Church	The best preserved Norse ruins in Greenland.

16th century

Building	Image	Location	Country or territory	data-sort-type="number"	First built	Use	Notes
Casa del Cordón		Santo Domingo		1502–1503	Isabelline Gothic house	Oldest European stone house in the Americas and probably the first European two-story house.^[10] ^[11] ^[12]
Remaining sections of the Santo Domingo City Walls		Santo Domingo		1502–1508	Fortification	Oldest military construction of European origin in the Americas.^[13]
Hospital San Nicolás de Bari		Santo Domingo		1503	Hospital	Oldest hospital in the Americas. In ruins.^[14]
Monasterio de San Francisco		Santo Domingo		1509–1560	Monastery	Oldest monastery in the Americas.
Church and Convent of los Dominicos		Santo Domingo		1510-1532	Convent and University	Oldest Catholic building in continuous use in the Americas, and also, it was the headquarters of the first university in the Americas.^[15] ^[16]
Basilica Cathedral of Santa María la Menor		Santo Domingo		1514-1541	Cathedral	First and oldest cathedral in the Americas, excluding Greenland.^[17] ^[18]
Palace of Cortés		Cuernavaca		1523–1528	Palace	Oldest extant colonial-era civil structure in the continental Americas.^[19] ^[20]
		La Paz Centro		1524	Town	Oldest colonial buildings in Nicaragua
Church of San José		San Juan		1532–1735	Church	Oldest extant building in Puerto Rico & the United States.^[21] ^[22]
La Fortaleza		San Juan		1533-1540		Oldest official residence in the Americas.^[23]
Catedral Metropolitana Basílica de San Juan Bautista		San Juan, Puerto Rico		1540	Cathedral	Oldest extant Cathedral in Puerto Rico & the United States.^[24] Original founding & wood structure of church dates to 1521
Iglesia de Balbanera		Cajabamba		1534	Church	Oldest extant building in Ecuador.
Iglesia de La Merced		Granada		1534	Church	Oldest extant building in Nicaragua.^[25]
Church of Saints Cosme and Damião		Igarassu		1535	Church	Oldest extant building in Brazil.^[26]
Cathedral Basilica of Lima		Lima		1535-1649	Cathedral	Oldest extant building in Peru.^[27]
Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco		Mexico City		1536	College	First and oldest European school of higher learning in the Americas. First major school of interpreters and translators in the Americas.^[28] ^[29]
Monasterio de Santo Domingo		Guatemala City		1538	Monastery	Oldest extant building in Guatemala. In ruins.^[30]
Real Audiencia de Gracias		Gracias		1544	Government building	Oldestadministratrive building extant in Honduras.^[31]
Santa Barbara Fortress		Trujillo		1550-1553	Fortification	Oldest military construction of European origin on the American mainland.^[32]
Iglesia de San Francisco		Bogotá		1557–1566	Church	Oldest extant building in Colombia.^[33]
Castle de la Real Fuerza		Havana		1558–1577	Fortification	It is considered to be the oldest stone fort in the Americas.
Metropolitan Cathedral of Sucre		Sucre		1559-1712	Cathedral	Oldest extant building in Bolivia.^[34]
La Merced Church		Comayagua		1550-1561	Church	Oldest church still standing in Honduras^[35]
Immaculate Conception Cathedral		Comayagua		1563-1715	Cathedral	Oldest cathedral still standing in Honduras.^[36] ^[37]
Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de la Asunción		Izalco		1569	Church	Oldest extant building in El Salvador. In ruins.^[38]
Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de la Limpia Concepción		Ujarrás		1580s	Church	Oldest extant building in Costa Rica. Partially restored.^[39] ^[40]
Castillo San Felipe del Morro		San Juan, Puerto Rico		1589 to 1650	Fortification	Oldest extant masonry fortification construction in Puerto Rico^[41] & the United States.

17th century

width=180	Building	Image	width=90	Location	width=140	Country or territory	data-sort-type=number	First built	Use	Notes
Palace of the Governors		Santa Fe		1610–1618	Palace	Oldest extant building in the contiguous United States.^[42]
King's Castle		St. George's Parish		1612	Fortification	Ruined King's Castle ("Queen's Castle" during the reigns of Queens Anne and Victoria, and also called "Seaward Fort") on Castle Island (including its Captain's house, the oldest surviving dwelling house in Bermuda). Oldest extant building in Bermuda.^[43]
Iglesia de San Francisco		Santiago		1618	Church	Oldest extant building in Chile.^[44]
State House		St. George's Town		1620	House of Assembly	The State House was the first purpose-built home of the House of Assembly, which then constituted the only chamber of the Parliament of Bermuda. Other than fortifications, it was Bermuda's first stone building. It is the oldest surviving Bermudian building, again excepting some fortifications (St. Peter's Church was established in 1612, but rebuilt several times and its oldest parts are thought to date from the 1620s), and has been used since 1815 as a Masonic lodge.
St. Peter's Church		St. George's Town		1620s (established 1612)	Church	Oldest Protestant church in the "New World" (the Americas and certain Atlantic islands such as Bermuda). St. Peter's Church was the first of nine Parish churches established in Bermuda by the Church of England. It was originally built in 1612, but rebuilt several times and its oldest parts today are thought to date from the 1620s. The House of Assembly of Bermuda met in the church pending completion of the State House.
Carr's Bay Gun Battery		Little Bay		1624	Fortification	Oldest extant building in Montserrat.
Fort Amsterdam		Philipsburg		1631	Fortification	Oldest extant building in Sint Maarten and on the island of Saint Martin.
Fort Amsterdam		Willemstad		1634	Fortification	Oldest extant building in Curaçao. Founded by the Dutch West India Company.^[45]
Fort Oranje		Kralendijk		1639	Fortification	Oldest extant building in Bonaire.^[46]
		Le Carbet		1640	Residence	Oldest building in Martinique. In ruins.^[47] Located within the Martinique Zoo.^[48]
Ursulines of Quebec		Quebec City, Quebec		1641–1642	Monastery	Oldest extant building in Canada. Oldest institution of learning for women in North America.^[49]
St. Thomas' Lowland Church		Saint Thomas Lowland Parish		1643	Church	Oldest extant building in Saint Kitts and Nevis.^[50]
Biblioteca Palafoxiana		Puebla City		1646–1773	Library	First and oldest public library in the Americas.^[51] ^[52] ^[53]
Drax Hall		Saint George		1650s	Residence	Possibly the oldest extant building in Barbados.^[54]
Fort Zeelandia		Paramaribo		1651	Fortification	Oldest extant building in Suriname.^[55]
St Nicholas Abbey		Saint Peter		1658	Residence	Oldest extant building in Barbados with a verifiable date of construction.^[56]
Fort Morgan Cay		Roatán		1667	Fortification	Oldest building of european origin in the Bay Islands in ruins.
Fort Christian		Charlotte Amelie		1672–1680	Fortification	Oldest extant building in the United States Virgin Islands.
Castillo de San Marcos		St. Augustine, Florida		1672–1695	Fortification	Oldest extant masonry fortification in the contiguous United States.
White Horse Tavern		Newport, Rhode Island		1673	Tavern	Oldest extant tavern in the Americas.^[57]
Iglesia de la Merced		Panama City		1680	Church	Oldest extant building in Panama.^[58]
Halse Hall		Clarendon Parish		1680	Residence	Oldest extant building in Jamaica.^[59] ^[60]
St. Ignatius Church		Buenos Aires		1686-1722	Church	Oldest extant building in Argentina.

18th century

width=180	Building	Image	width=90	Location	width=140	Country or territory	data-sort-type=number	First built	Use	Notes
Grenada National Museum		St. George's		1704	Fortification	Oldest extant building in Grenada. Served as a French barracks, British women's prison, hotel, warehouse, and is currently a museum.^[61] ^[62]
		Saint-Claude		1726	Residence	Oldest extant building in Guadeloupe.^[63]
Mikvé Israel-Emanuel Synagogue		Willemstad		1730	Synagogue	Oldest extant synagogue in the Americas.^[64]
Fort Saint-Joseph		Fort-Liberté		1735–1743	Fortification	Oldest extant building in Haiti.^[65]
Fort Montagu		Nassau		1741–1742	Fortification	Oldest extant building in the Bahamas.^[66]
Fort Zeelandia		Essequibo Islands-West Demerara		1743	Fortification	Oldest extant building in Guyana. In ruins.^[67] Fort Kyk-Over-Al is older (built in 1616) but no longer fits the definition of a building.
French Guiana Prefecture Building		Cayenne		1749–1752	Monastery	Oldest extant building in French Guiana. Currently serves as the seat of the Prefect of French Guiana.^[68]
Court House		St. John's		1750	Courthouse	Oldest extant building in Antigua and Barbuda.^[69]
Viola House		Asunción		1750–1758	Residence	Oldest extant building in Paraguay.
Sambro Island Light		Sambro Island, Nova Scotia		1758	Lighthouse	Oldest extant lighthouse in the Americas.^[70]
Fort James		Plymouth		1762	Fortification	Oldest extant building in Trinidad and Tobago.^[71]
Sandy Hook Light		Sandy Hook, New Jersey		1764	Lighthouse	Oldest extant lighthouse in the United States.^[72]
Fort Young		Roseau		1770	Fortification	Oldest extant building in Dominica. Partially converted to a hotel in 1964.^[73] ^[74]
Fort Rodney		Pigeon Island		1779–1782	Fortification	Oldest extant building in Saint Lucia.^[75]
Pedro St. James Castle		Grand Cayman		1780	Residence	Oldest extant building in the Cayman Islands. Restored in 1996.^[76]
Governors' House		Gustavia		1780	Residence	Oldest extant building in Saint Barthélemy. Originally a private residence, it became the Governors' House of Saint Barthélemy in 1785.
Wallblake House		The Valley		1787	Residence	Oldest extant building in Anguilla.^[77]
Fort Louis		Marigot		1789	Fortification	Oldest extant building in Saint Martin.
Wade's Green Plantation		North Caicos		1789	Residence	Oldest extant building on the Turks and Caicos Islands. In ruins.^[78] ^[79]
Montevideo Metropolitan Cathedral		Montevideo		1790–1804	Cathedral	Oldest extant building in Uruguay.
Fort Zoutman		Oranjestad		1796–1798	Fortification	Oldest extant building in Aruba. Founded by the Dutch West India Company.
House of Assembly		Kingstown		1798	Parliament	Oldest extant building in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.^[80]

19th century

width=180	Building	Image	width=90	Location	width=140	Country or territory	data-sort-type=number	First built	Use	Notes
Russian-American Magazin		Kodiak	United States	1805–1808	General store	Oldest extant building of Russian origin in the Americas.^[81]
St. John's Cathedral		Belize City		1812–1820	Cathedral	Oldest extant building in Belize.
Central Stores		Stanley		1844	General store	Oldest extant building in the Falkland Islands.^[82]
Our Lady of Ardilliers Church		Miquelon-Langlade		1862–1865	Church	Oldest extant building in Saint Pierre and Miquelon.^[83] ^[84]

See also

• San Basilio de Palenque, according to UNESCO it was the first free African town in the Americas, located 50 kilometres (31 mi) from Cartagena de Indias, Colombia.
• List of the oldest buildings in the United States
• List of oldest known surviving buildings

Notes and References

1. Web site: Oldest Urban Site in the Americas Found, Experts Claim. National Geographic News. 26 February 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080229042020/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/02/080226-peru-oldest.html. dead. February 29, 2008.
2. Web site: Sacred City of Caral-Supe. UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
3. [Lyle Campbell|Campbell, Lyle]
4. Web site: Kotosh: las manos que se cruzan en el tiempo. PDF. Arqueología del Perú. 14 March 2012 . es.
5. Web site: Lizardo Tavera . Garagay . Arqueología del Perú. 2000 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090310114554/http://www.arqueologiadelperu.com.ar/garagay.htm . 10 March 2009 . es.
6. Web site: Zona Arqueológica de San Juan Yucuita. 11 June 2015. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. 27 September 2019. 27 September 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190927173427/https://www.inah.gob.mx/zonas/93-zona-arqueologica-de-san-juan-yucuita. dead.
7. Web site: University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology. Current Research (Kent V. Flannery) . 2005-11-18. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20071229105213/http://www.lsa.umich.edu/umma/currentresearch/ . 2007-12-29 .
8. Web site: Chavin (Archaeological Site). UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
9. Larson, Laurence M. "The Church in North America (Greenland) in the Middle Ages", The Catholic Historical Review, 1919. Retrieved on 19 August 2017.
10. Book: Santo Domingo, an architectural guide. José Enrique Delmonte. National Council for Urban Affairs, Erwin Walter Palm Foundation, Regional Government of Andalusia. Spain. 2006.
11. Web site: Casa del Cordón, testigo de los pagos a Drake. Listín Diario newspaper. Carmenchu Brusíloff. 10 February 2021 .
12. Web site: Casa del Cordón. Lonely Planet.
13. Web site: The Fortress of Santo Domingo also known as Fortaleza Ozama. colonialzone-dr.com.
14. Web site: Ruinas del Hospital San Nicolás de Barí. Lonely Planet.
15. Web site: Colonial City of Santo Domingo. UNESCO World Heritage Sites website.
16. Book: Relación de fray Tomás de la Torre, apud FRAY FRANCISCO XIMNEZ - Historia de la Provincia de San Vicente de Chiapa y Guatemala. Guatemala. 1929. . Madrid, Spain. 272, 292 reprod: 112.
17. Web site: Basilica Cathedral of Santa María la Menor. 5albemarleway.co.uk. 15 August 2018. 27 September 2019. 26 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200726144146/https://www.5albemarleway.co.uk/blog/2018/8/15/basilica-cathedral-of-santa-mara-la-menor-1. dead.
18. Web site: Colonial City of Santo Domingo. Outstanding Universal Value. UNESCO World Heritage Centre website.
19. Book: The Renaissance World. John Jeffries Martin. 123. Routledge. 2007. New York. 978-0-415-33259-0.
20. News: Cuernavaca: A side trip into opulence, only an hour away from Mexico's capital. Elizabeth Zach. 6 April 2018. The Washington Post.
21. Book: Pariser, Harry S. Explore Puerto Rico. June 2002. Manatee Press. 1-893643-52-2.
22. Web site: Iglesia San Jose. American Express World Monuments Watch Grant Selection, April 2004. 2009-05-19. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110527021139/http://home3.americanexpress.com/corp/pc/2004/pdf/wmf_San_Jose.pdf. 2011-05-27.
23. Web site: Collections. National Museum of American History. 7 February 2012 . 13 April 2018.
24. Web site: 2023-08-08 . San Juan History, Culture & Attractions Britannica . 2023-08-11 . www.britannica.com . en.
25. Web site: Diario. El Nuevo. El Nuevo Diario. 2020-08-02. El Nuevo Diario. es.
26. Web site: Igarassu: the oldest church in Brazil. 14 January 2014 . 19 June 2016.
27. Web site: Datos históricos sobre la Catedral de Lima . 18 January 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160223042142/http://www.arzobispadodelima.org/bodajuandiegoflorez/datos.html . 23 February 2016 .
28. Book: The first college in America: Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco.. Washington DC. 1936. Steck. Francis Borgia. Achievement and influence of Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco.
29. Book: https://books.openedition.org/uop/336?lang=es. Charting the Future of Translation History. 263–275. Lourdes Arencibia Rodriguez. 9780776626208. The Imperial College of Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco: The First School of Translators and Interpreters in Sixteenth-Century Spanish America. University of Ottawa Press. 2006. 2017-09-27. Perspectives on Translation.
30. http://www.antiguaguatemalaonline.com/SantoDomingoE.htm Antigua Guatemala Online
31. Web site: Hernández . Mariola . 2017-02-15 . Los encantos de Gracias, Lempira . 2023-08-29 . Honduras Tips . es.
32. Web site: REPUBLICA DE HONDURAS. 2021-09-29. Angelfire.
33. Fray Domingo de Petrés en el Nuevo Reino de Granada, "Iglesia San Francisco" pág. 96–99.
34. [World Heritage Site]
35. 2020-06-16. Estimaciones de la prevalencia estandarizada por edad del consumo diario de tabaco en personas de 15 años o más, 2016. Panorama de la Salud: Latinoamérica y el Caribe 2020. 10.1787/4381745c-es. 9789264973497. 242455000.
36. http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/centralamerica/2633.htm Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception in Comayagua
37. Book: Oyuela, Leticia de . Dos siglos de amor: 26 historia de amor documentadas de la sociedad hondureña de los siglos XVIII y XIX . 1997-01-01 . Editorial Guaymuras . es.
38. Web site: La Asunción de María en Izalco. 2020-08-04. www.izalcopiadoso.net.
39. Web site: Ujarrás. Go Visit Costa Rica. 26 June 2011.
40. Book: Bruce Conord. June Conord. Costa Rica. 27 June 2011. 1 April 2006. Hunter Publishing, Inc. 978-1-58843-582-8. 122ff.
41. Web site: Centre . UNESCO World Heritage . La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site in Puerto Rico . 2023-08-14 . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . en.
42. News: Kathaleen. Roberts. New Palace story emerges. Albuquerque Journal. Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA. 16 February 2012. New Mexico State Historian Rick Hendricks has discovered that the nation’s oldest continuously occupied public building may have been constructed in about 1618 – and by a different governor..
43. Bermuda Forts 1612–1957, Dr. Edward C. Harris, The Bermuda Maritime Museum Press
44. Web site: San Francisco Church and Convent. 2020-08-01. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. en.
45. Web site: Forten op Curaçao . nl . Curaçao Tourist Board . 8 August 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140730062756/http://www.curacao.com/nl/Curacao-Ervaar-het-Verschil/Unieke-Architectuur/Forten . 30 July 2014 . dead .
46. Book: Van Der Helm , Rien . Traveler's Handbok Bonaire . Elmar Media Service . 1987 . Rijswik, The Netherlands . 222 p . 90-6120-635-9 .
47. Web site: Demeure dite Habitation Anse Latouche. Ministry of Culture. 4 May 2021. fr.
48. Web site: Zoo de Martinique. Antilles Location. 4 May 2021. fr.
49. The Ursulines . 15 . Mother Mary . Fidelis.
50. Web site: Authority. Nevis Tourism. St. Thomas' Lowland Church. 2020-08-02. nevisisland.com. en-gb.
51. Web site: Biblioteca Palafoxiana. UNESCO. 27 April 2012.
52. Brescia. Michael M.. Liturgical Expressions of Episcopal Power: Juan de Palafox y Mendoza and Tridentine Reform in Colonial Mexico. The Catholic Historical Review. July 2004. 90. 3. 497–518. 10.1353/cat.2004.0116. 25026636. 159841691.
53. Book: The Oxford Companion to the Book. 2010. Oxford University Press. Sherman, William H.. Palafoxiana, Biblioteca. Suarez, Michael F. . Woudhuysen, H. R. .
54. Web site: Barbados Seven Wonders: Drax Hall. 2020-08-02. barbados.org.
55. Web site: Suriname - Paramaribo .
56. Web site: Barbados Seven Wonders: St.Nicholas Abbey. Barbados.org. 2016-11-05.
57. The Architectural Heritage of Newport, Rhode Island - Page 433by Antoinette Forrester Downing, Vincent Joseph Scully - 1967
58. News: La magia del Casco Antiguo . La Prensa . Panama . 20 March 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101125174539/http://ellasvirtual.com/history/2010/10/22/actualidad.asp . 25 November 2010.
59. http://www.jamaicatravelandculture.com/destinations/clarendon/halse-hall.htm Halse Hall
60. http://www.jnht.com/heritage_site.php?id=124 Halse Hall Great House
61. Web site: Grenada National Museum. Grenadagrenadines.com. 11 July 2013. 20 August 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130820151148/http://www.grenadagrenadines.com/detail/grenada-national-museum/. dead.
62. Book: Colón. Christina Paulette. Flippin. Alexis Lipsitz. Marino. John. Porter, Darwin . Prince, Danforth . Frommer's Caribbean. 22 July 2011. John Wiley & Sons. 978-1-118-10734-8. 774.
63. Web site: Habitation Mont-Carmel. 2020-08-02. www.pop.culture.gouv.fr.
64. Web site: Curacao Virtual Jewish History Tour . www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org . 28 August 2017.
65. Fundar para defender: fortificación y geoestrategia en Saint-Domingue entre 1665 y 1748. López Hernández. Ignacio J.. Gladius. 39. 147. 2019-11-26. 1988-4168. 10.3989/gladius.2019.08. free.
66. Web site: 2009-04-23. Fort Montagu, Nassau. 2020-08-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20090423080441/http://www.planetware.com/nassau/fort-montagu-bah-ne-nsem.htm. 2009-04-23.
67. https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/273/ Fort Zeelandia (including Court of Policy Building) – UNESCO World Heritage Centre
68. Book: Parrend, Yves. Place des Palmistes: Impressions de Guyane. BoD - Books on Demand. fr. 25 April 2014. 3 March 2016. 9782322035199.
69. Web site: 2013-03-17. Museum of Antigua & Barbuda. 2020-08-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20130317182742/http://www.antiguamuseum.org/Home.html. 2013-03-17.
70. "Sambro Light Fog Horn Won't Be Turned Off Without Being Heard", Chebucto News Vol. 9, No. 10, January 2008
71. Web site: Fort James: Destination Trinidad and Tobago . 2020-08-02. en-GB.
72. Web site: Sandy Hook Light. 2008-06-27. National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20090225013546/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=331&ResourceType=Building. 2009-02-25.
73. Book: Christina Paulette Colón. Darwin Porter. Alexis Lipsitz Flipin. Danforth Prince . John Marino. Frommer's Caribbean 2011. 22 June 2011. 23 August 2010. Frommer's. 978-0-470-61446-4. 252–.
74. Book: Gravette, Andrew Gerald. Architectural heritage of the Caribbean: an A–Z of historic buildings. 22 June 2011. 2000. Signal Books. 978-1-902669-09-0. 168.
75. Book: Harmsen. Jolien. Ellis. Guy. Devaux. Robert. A History of St Lucia. 2014. Lighthouse Road. Vieux Fort. 9789769534001. 49–50.
76. Access Caribbean, 1998, Retrieved on June 4, 2008
77. Book: Berkmoes, Ryan Ver. Caribbean Islands. 2 January 2011. 1 October 2008. Lonely Planet. 978-1-74059-575-9. 423.
78. Web site: Wade's Green Plantation. 2020-08-02. Visit Turks and Caicos Islands. en.
79. Web site: Turks & Caicos National Trust . Wade's Green Plantation. 2020-08-02.
80. Web site: 2018-11-29. House of Assembly Port Elizabeth Saint Vincent and the Grenadines . AFAR. 2020-08-02. www.afar.com.
81. Web site: Desroches. Kayla. 2017-10-31. Alaska's oldest building and its ghost story. 2020-08-03. Alaska Public Media. en-US.
82. Web site: Falkland Islands Museum & National Trust. 2020-08-03. en-GB.
83. Web site: Notre-Dame-des-Ardilliers . 2016-06-18 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160629135341/http://www.miquelon-langlade.com/miquelon/tag/notre-dame-des-ardilliers . 2016-06-29 . dead .
84. Book: Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon. Cazeils. Nelson. Palmaert. Albéric de. 2001-01-01. Ouest-France. 9782737326516. fr.