List of off-season South Pacific tropical cyclones explained

An off-season South Pacific tropical cyclone is a tropical cyclone that exists in the South Pacific basin outside of the official tropical cyclone season. The World Meteorological Organization currently defines the season as occurring between November 1 and April 30, of the following year, with approximately 96% of all activity occurring between these months. If a tropical cyclone should develop during the off-season, it is more likely to develop during May or October than any other month of the off-season. The official database provided by the International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship, which dates back to 1892, shows that 56 tropical cyclones have existed in the basin during the off-season between May and October, while in addition 36 other systems that are not included in IBTRACS have monitored by the warning centres.

Off-season cyclones are most likely to occur in the Coral Sea, with most impacting either the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia. The most recent off-season storm is Tropical Depression 01F, which developed during September 2018 and impacted the Solomon Islands. The strongest tropical cyclone to exist during the off-season was Severe Tropical Cyclone Lola of 2023, with maximum 10–minute sustained winds of 130 mph (215 km/h), and an estimated value of 930abbr=onNaNabbr=on of central pressure. The deadliest and most damaging system was Severe Tropical Cyclone Namu, which caused over 100 deaths, when it impacted the Solomon Islands during May 1986.

Background

Tropical cyclones are considered to be non-frontal, low pressure systems that develop, within an environment of warm sea surface temperatures and little vertical wind shear aloft.

Within the South Pacific basin to the east of 160°E, the cyclone season is defined as running between November 1 and April 30 of the following year. During the off-season a total of 91 tropical cyclones have been recorded during the off-season, with a total of 54 of these systems occurring after satellite imagery became regularly available during the 1969–70 season.

The first system to exist in the off-season on record was active during May 17, 1868 and was located near Vanuatu, according to records compiled by Stephen Sargent Visher. However, the official database shows that the first storm to occur in the basin outside of the current season was in 1912.[1] The most recent systems to exist in the off-season were Severe Tropical Cyclone Lola, which developed during October 2023. The strongest tropical cyclones to exist during the off-season in terms of wind speed was Severe Tropical Cyclone Donna of 2017 and Severe Tropical Cyclone Lola of 2023, with maximum 10–minute sustained winds of 125 mph (205 km/h), while the most intense by central pressure was Severe Tropical Cyclone Xavier of 2006, with a minimum value of 930 hPa (27.46 inHg). The deadliest and most damaging system was Severe Tropical Cyclone Namu, which caused over 100 deaths, when it impacted the Solomon Islands during May 1986.

Of the 57 known tropical systems that have been recorded during the off-season, a total of 33 tropical cyclones have been recorded in May or have persisted into the off-season after developing in April. A total of 18 tropical cyclones have developed during October, while three systems have been recorded in both June and July, while two have been recorded in September. The three systems recorded in June were all named tropical cyclones, with Gina and Keli considered to be a Category 3 severe tropical cyclones on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale. In addition Tropical Cyclone Raquel developed in June 2015 and was considered to be the latest system to develop in the South Pacific Ocean.[2] In addition as the system persisted into July 2015, it was unofficially considered to be a part of two tropical cyclone years.[2] Off the two systems recorded in July, Tropical Depression 17F in July 2002 was designated 17F, despite being the first system of the 2002–03 season. Tropical Depression 01F/01P of July 2015, which subsequently persisted into August 2015. The first system that developed during September was an unnamed system that occurred in 1924, which according to a report published by Greenpeace, caused damage to some ships to the west of New Caledonia. The other system was declared to be a tropical depression by the Fiji Meteorological Service during September 1999, but was more likely to be a hybrid system rather than a proper tropical depression.[3]

The season with the most off-season systems was 1999–2000, which had a total of six tropical depressions existing during the off-season. The 1997–98, 2004–05 and 2013–14 seasons had four tropical cyclones during the off-season each, while the 1988–89 and the 1996–97 season had three off-season tropical cyclones.[4] [5] [6]

Systems

The wind speeds listed are maximum ten-minute average sustained winds, while the pressure is the minimum barometric pressure, both of which are estimates taken from the archives of either the Australian Bureau of Meteorology, the Fiji Meteorological Service, and New Zealand's MetService. If there are no known estimates of either the winds or pressure then the system is listed as "Not specified" under winds or pressure, if there is no known estimated winds or pressure. For deaths and damages "None" indicates that there were no reports of fatalities or damages, although such storms may have impacted land. Where it The damage totals are the United States dollar of the year of the storm.

|-| Unnamed || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Norfolk Island || None || None ||[7] |-| Unnamed || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Unknown || None || None |||-| Unnamed || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Unknown || None || None |||-| Unnamed || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || New Caledonia || None || None ||[8] |-| Unnamed || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || French Polynesia || None || None ||[9] |-| Unnamed || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Queensland, New Zealand || None || None ||[10] |-| Unnamed || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || New Caledonia || None || None ||[11] |-| Unnamed || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || New Zealand || None || None ||[12] |-| Unnamed || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || New Zealand || None || None ||[13] |-| Unnamed || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Unknown || None || None ||[14] |-| Unnamed || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Unknown || None || None ||[14] |-| Unnamed || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Queensland, New Zealand || None || None ||[15] |-| Unnamed || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Queensland, New Zealand || None || None ||[16] |-| Unnamed || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Unknown || None || None ||[17] |-| Unnamed || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Queensland || None || None ||[18] |-| Unnamed || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Queensland || None || None ||[19] |-| Unnamed || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|999hPa || Queensland || None || None ||[20] |-| Unnamed || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Fiji || Minor || None ||[21] |-| Unnamed || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Queensland || None || None ||[22] |-| Unnamed || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Queensland || None || None ||[23] |-| Unnamed || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Queensland || None || None ||[24] |-| Unnamed || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|1002hPa || None || None || None ||[25] |-| Unnamed || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|999hPa || Queensland || None || None ||[26] |-| Unnamed || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None ||[27] |-| Unnamed || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|1002hPa || None || None || None ||[28] |-| Unnamed || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|50kn || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None ||[29] [30] |-| Unnamed || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|60kn || bgcolor=#| || New Caledonia || None || None ||[29] [31] |-| Unnamed || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|998hPa || None || None || None ||[32] |-| Unnamed || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|988hPa || Solomon Islands, New Caledonia
New Zealand || None || None ||[33] |-| Unnamed || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|986hPa || Queensland || None || None ||[34] |-| Unnamed || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Queensland || None || None ||[35] |-| Unnamed || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|1007hPa || Solomon Islands, Queensland || None || None ||[36] |-| Unnamed || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|1000hPa || Solomon Islands, Vanuatu
New Caledonia || None || None ||[37] |-| Unnamed || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || New Caledonia || None || None ||[38] |-| Unnamed || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|1001hPa || New Caledonia || None || None ||[39] |-| Unnamed || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|986hPa || New Caledonia || None || None ||[40] |-| Esther || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|992hPa || Papua New Guinea || None || None ||[41] |-| Unnamed || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None ||[42] |-| Nora || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Fiji || Minor || None ||[17] [43] |-| Ida || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|65kn || bgcolor=#|965hPa || Solomon Islands, Vanuatu
New Caledonia || || ||[44] [45] |-| Bebe || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|85kn || bgcolor=#|945hPa || Fiji, Kiribati, Tuvalu || || ||[46] [47] [48] |-| Unnamed || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || New Caledonia || || ||[49] |-| Unnamed || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Queensland || || ||[50] |-| Unnamed || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || || ||[51] |-| Claudia || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|40kn || bgcolor=#|990hPa || Solomon Islands || || ||[52] [53] |-| Joti || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|60kn || bgcolor=#|975hPa || Vanuatu || Minor || None ||[54] [55] [56] |-| Unnamed || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || || ||[57] |-| Unnamed || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || || |||-| Namu || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|80kn || bgcolor=#|955hPa || Solomon Islands || || ||[58] [59] |-| Blanch(e) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|40kn || bgcolor=#|990hPa || Solomon Islands || || ||[60] |-| Meena || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|45kn || bgcolor=#|990hPa || Cape York Peninsula || Minor || None ||[61] [62] |-| Ernie || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|45kn || bgcolor=#|990hPa || None || || ||[63] [64] |-| Unnamed || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Fiji || || ||[65] |-| Lisa || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|60kn || bgcolor=#|975hPa || Solomon Islands, Vanuatu || || ||[66] [67] |-| Innis || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|50kn || bgcolor=#|985hPa || Solomon Islands, Vanuatu || || ||[68] [69] |-| June || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|50kn || bgcolor=#|985hPa || Fiji || || None ||[70] |-| 37P || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|997hPa || Vanuatu || || ||[71] |-| Keli || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|80kn || bgcolor=#|955hPa || Tuvalu, Fiji, Samoan islands || || None ||[72] [73] |-| Lusi || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|55kn || bgcolor=#|985hPa || Vanuatu, Fiji || || ||[74] [75] |-| 03P || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|997hPa || None || || ||[76] [77] |-| Martin || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|85kn || bgcolor=#|945hPa || Cook Islands, French Polynesia || || ||[74] [78] [79] [80] |-| Bart || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|45kn || bgcolor=#|987hPa || French Polynesia || Minor || ||[74] [81] [82] |-| 26F || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|40kn || bgcolor=#|995hPa || Queensland, New Zealand || None || None ||[83] [84] |-| 20F || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|1000hPa || Queensland || None || None ||[85] [86] [87] |-| 21F || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|35kn || bgcolor=#|1000hPa || Queensland || None || None ||[85] [86] [87] |-| 22F || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|40kn || bgcolor=#|1001hPa || None || None || None ||[88] [89] |-| 23F || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None ||[88] |-| 24F || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|1002hPa || None || None || None ||[88] [89] |-| 14F || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|1004hPa || None || None || None ||[90] |-| 15F || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|35kn || bgcolor=#|999hPa || None || None || None ||[90] |-| 17F || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|995hPa || None || None || None ||[91] |-| 01F || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|1002hPa || Vanuatu || None || None ||[92] [93] |-| Gina || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|80kn || bgcolor=#|950hPa || Solomon Islands || None || None ||[94] [95] |-| 01F || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|1001hPa || Solomon Islands || None || None ||[96] [97] |-| 14F || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|1000hPa || None || None || None ||[98] [99] |-| 17F || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|1007hPa || None || None || None ||[98] [99] |-| 18F || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|1006hPa || None || None || None ||[98] [99] |-| Xavier || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|95kn || bgcolor=#|930hPa || Solomon Islands, Vanuatu || Minimal || None ||[100] [101] |-| 02F || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|1004hPa || None || None || None ||[102] |-| 01F || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|1000hPa || Solomon Islands || None || None ||[103] |-| 17F || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|1006hPa || None || None || None ||[104] |-| 22F || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|993hPa || Fiji || None || None ||[105] |-| 01F || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|1004hPa || Solomon Islands || None || None ||[106] |-| 02F || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|1002hPa || Vanuatu || Minor || None ||[106] [107] [108] |-| 03F || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|1005hPa || Solomon Islands || None || None ||[106] |-| 04F || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|1007hPa || Solomon Islands || None || None ||[106] |-| Raquel || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|35kn || bgcolor=#|995hPa || Solomon Islands || Significant || ||[109] [110] [111] |-| 01F || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|1007hPa || Solomon Islands || None || None ||[112] |-| 02F || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|25kn || bgcolor=#|1001hPa || Vanuatu || None || None ||[113] |-| Donna || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|110kn || bgcolor=#|935hPa || Solomon Islands, Vanuatu
New Caledonia, New Zealand || Significant || ||[114] [115] |-| Ella || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|60kn || bgcolor=#|977hPa || Samoan Islands, Tonga
Wallis and Futuna, Fiji || Minor || None ||[116] [117] |-| Liua || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|40kn || bgcolor=#|994hPa || Solomon Islands || None || 0 ||[118] |-| 12F || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|1004hPa || None || None || 0 |||-| Gina || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|40kn || bgcolor=#|998hPa || Vanuatu || || |||-| Lola || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#|115kn || bgcolor=#|930hPa || Solomon Islands, Vanuatu || || ||[119] |}

Systems by month

Off-season systems are most likely to occur in May, with a total of 43 systems developing or persisting into the month, during October, when 22 have formed. By contrast, only 2 systems have developed in August and 4 in September.

See also

Notes and References

  1. Knapp, Kenneth R. Kruk, Michael C. Levinson, David H. Diamond, Howard J. Neumann, Charles J. The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data. [ftp://eclipse.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/ibtracs/v03r09/all/csv/basin/Basin.SP.ibtracs_all.v03r09.csv 1912 Missing (1912127S18164)]. May 15, 2017. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society.
  2. News: Top 10 Most Unusual Tropical Weather Events of 2015 #10: Earliest and Latest Cyclone on Record in the South Pacific . Vagell, Quincy . The Weather Channel . January 30, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150726022716/http://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/277646/pacific-cyclone-in-july-a-freak-event . July 26, 2015 . live .
  3. April 27, 2014 . live . Padgett, Gary . Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary September 1999 . July 9, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190709120002/http://www.australiansevereweather.com/cyclones/2000/summ9909.htm .
  4. Australian Bureau of Meteorology . The South Pacific and Southeast Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclone Season 1997–98 . July 1, 2014 . 135–136 . live . Australian Meteorological Magazine . Chappel Lori-Carmen . June 2, 2000 . Bate Peter W . https://web.archive.org/web/20130707165109/http://www.bom.gov.au/amm/docs/2000/chappel.pdf . July 7, 2013 . 49 . mdy .
  5. The South Pacific and southeast Indian Ocean Cyclone Season 1988–89. Drosdowsky, L. July 27, 2014. 39. Woodcock, F. 113–129. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Journal.
  6. Australian Bureau of Meteorology . May 24, 2015 . Reader, Grahame . The South Pacific and Southeast Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclone Season 1996–97 . 48 . 3 . 121–138 . Bate Peter W . Hanstrum, Barry N . September 3, 1999 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120321170804/http://www.bom.gov.au/amm/docs/1999/hanstrum.pdf . Australian Meteorological Magazine . March 21, 2012 . live . mdy .
  7. Book: [{{Google Books URL|id=FThPAAAAQBAJ}} Furious Winds and Parched Islands: Tropical Cyclones (1558–1970) and Droughts (1722–1987) in the Pacific ]. d'Aubert, AnaMaria . Nunn, Patrick D . 978-1-4691-7008-4 . Database 1: Tropical Cyclones (1558 - 1970). March 2012 . Xlibris .
  8. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=1912127S18164}} 1912 NOT NAMED (1912127S18164)]. May 19, 2022. The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship.
  9. Web site: The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. [{{IBTRACS url|id=1912194S18135}} 1912 NOT NAMED (1912173S18137)]. May 19, 2022.
  10. Web site: The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. [{{IBTRACS url|id=1912194S18135}} 1913 NOT NAMED (1912194S18135)]. May 19, 2022.
  11. Web site: The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. [{{IBTRACS url|id=1916127S19165}} 1916 NOT NAMED (1916127S19165)]. May 19, 2022.
  12. Web site: The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. [{{IBTRACS url|id=1916146S15159}} 1916 NOT NAMED (1916146S15159)]. May 19, 2022.
  13. Web site: The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. [{{IBTRACS url|id=1919135S21155}} 1919 NOT NAMED (1919135S21155)]. May 19, 2022.
  14. Visher, Stephen Sargent. Tropical cyclones of the Pacific. 20. 203–205. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin. Bernice P. Bishop museum.Bulletin 20 . 1925 . 2027/mdp.39015023271763.
  15. Web site: The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. [{{IBTRACS url|id=1921202S16158}} 1922 NOT NAMED (1921202S16158)]. May 19, 2022.
  16. Web site: The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. [{{IBTRACS url|id=1921275S28156}} 1922 NOT NAMED (1921275S28156)]. May 19, 2022.
  17. Book: Occurrence of Tropical Cyclones in the Southwest Pacific Region 1920–1994 . 1996 . Greenpeace International . 18 . 9073361303 . July 15, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093416/http://www.pacificdisaster.net/pdnadmin/data/original/JB_DM371_1996_TC_Southwest_Pacific.pdf . March 4, 2016 . dead .
  18. Web site: The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. [{{IBTRACS url|id=1925153S19152}} 1925 NOT NAMED (1925153S19152)]. May 19, 2022.
  19. Web site: The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. [{{IBTRACS url|id=1926122S21154}} 1926 NOT NAMED (1926122S21154)]. May 19, 2022.
  20. Web site: The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. [{{IBTRACS url|id=1926136S22154}} 1926 Tropical Low NOT NAMED (1926136S22154)]. May 19, 2022.
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  22. Web site: The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. [{{IBTRACS url|id=1929153S26157}} 1929 NOT NAMED (1929153S26157)]. May 19, 2022.
  23. Web site: The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. [{{IBTRACS url|id=1931183S32155}} 1931 NOT NAMED (1931183S32155)]. May 19, 2022.
  24. Web site: The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. [{{IBTRACS url|id=1934183S20157}} 1935 NOT NAMED (1934183S20157)]. May 19, 2022.
  25. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=1935145S15154}} 1935 NOT NAMED (1935145S15154)]. The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 19, 2022.
  26. Web site: The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 19, 2022. [{{IBTRACS url|id=1934242S21157}} 1935 NOT NAMED (1934242S21157)].
  27. Web site: The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 19, 2022. [{{IBTRACS url|id=1935183S17152}} 1935 NOT NAMED (1935183S17152)].
  28. Web site: The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 19, 2022. [{{IBTRACS url|id=1935188S18151}} 1936 NOT NAMED (1935188S18151)].
  29. Hutchings, J.W. Tropical Cyclones in the Southwest Pacific. New Zealand Geographer. April 1953. 9. 1. 37–57. 10.1111/j.1745-7939.1953.tb01823.x.
  30. Web site: The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 19, 2022. [{{IBTRACS url|id=1950231S18193}} 1951 01P (1950231S18193)].
  31. Web site: The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 19, 2022. [{{IBTRACS url|id=1950255S16163}} 1951 02P (1950255S16163)].
  32. Web site: The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 19, 2022. [{{IBTRACS url|id=1952301S15150}} 1953 NOT NAMED (1952301S15150)].
  33. Web site: The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 19, 2022. [{{IBTRACS url|id=1958155S11161}} 1958 32P (1958155S11161)].
  34. Web site: The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 19, 2022. [{{IBTRACS url|id=1958170S28155}} 1958 33P (1958170S28155)].
  35. Web site: The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 19, 2022. [{{IBTRACS url|id=1960146S17153}} 1960 24P (1960146S17153)].
  36. Web site: The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 19, 2022. [{{IBTRACS url|id=1963123S13163}} 1963 49P:HSK3663 (1963123S13163)].
  37. Web site: The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 19, 2022. [{{IBTRACS url|id=1963129S24158}} 1963 52P:HSK3863 (1963129S24158)].
  38. Web site: The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 19, 2022. [{{IBTRACS url|id=1963130S21166}} 1963 53P (1963130S21166)].
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  40. Web site: The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 19, 2022. [{{IBTRACS url|id=1963174S19159}} 1963 55P:HSK3963 (1963174S19159)].
  41. Web site: The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 19, 2022. [{{IBTRACS url|id=1969116S09153}} 1969 Tropical Cyclone Esther (1969116S09153)].
  42. Web site: The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 19, 2022. [{{IBTRACS url|id=1970174S11176}} 1970 32P:HSK3170 (1970174S11176))].
  43. Tropical Cyclones affecting Fiji: November 1969 to April 1980. October 20, 1980. Fiji Meteorological Service. Waygood, J.L.M.. Information Sheet No. 59.
  44. Web site: The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 19, 2022. [{{IBTRACS url|id=1972151S05156}} 1972 Severe Tropical Cyclone Ida (1972151S05156)].
  45. Web site: Météo Nouvelle-Calédonie - Historique des cyclones .
  46. Web site: The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 19, 2022. [{{IBTRACS url|id=1972293S08182}} 1972 Tropical Cyclone Bebe (1972293S08182)].
  47. May 1974. Thompson, Bette. 1974. December 10, 2010. Pago Pago's Friends for Fiji. 40. 124. The Rotarian. Rotary International.
  48. News: March 14, 2010 . It's officially a hurricane . November 14, 2010 . September 5, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120905090915/http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=142193 . live . Fiji Times .
  49. Web site: The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 19, 2022. [{{IBTRACS url|id=1973188S17161}} 1974 01P (1973188S17161)].
  50. Web site: The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 19, 2022. [{{IBTRACS url|id=1973189S25154}} 1974 02P (1973189S25154)].
  51. Web site: The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 19, 2022. [{{IBTRACS url|id=1975212S24178}} 1976 01P:HSK0176 (1975212S24178)].
  52. http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/claudia82.shtml
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