List of non-dinosaur fossil specimens with nicknames explained

This list of nicknamed non-dinosaur fossils is a list of non-dinosaurian fossil specimens given informal names or nicknames, in addition to their institutional catalogue numbers. It excludes informal appellations that are purely descriptive (e.g., "the Fighting Dinosaurs", "the Trachodon Mummy").

For a list of dinosaur fossil specimens, see List of dinosaur specimens with nicknames.

Synapsids

Mammals

Atlantogenata

Nickname	Catalogue number	Institution	Taxon	Age	Unit	Notes	Images
Archie		University of Nebraska State Museum	Columbian Mammoth(Mammuthus columbi)
Benny^[1]		Trailside Museum of Natural History	Columbian Mammoth(Mammuthus columbi)			Specimen died in an intraspecific fight with another of the same species, "George". Named after land surveyors Ben Ferguson and George McMillan
Dima			Woolly Mammoth(Mammuthus primigenius)
Fred^[2]		Science Central	American Mastodon
George		Trailside Museum of Natural History	Columbian Mammoth(Mammuthus columbi)			Specimen died in an intraspecific fight with another of the same species, "Benny". Named after land surveyors Ben Ferguson and George McMillan
Linda ^[3]		City Museum of Bad Vöslau	Metaxytherium medium	Badenian
Little Stevie^[4]		Western Science Center
Lyuba			Woolly Mammoth(Mammuthus primigenius)
Mascha			Woolly Mammoth(Mammuthus primigenius)
Max^[5]		Western Science Center	Pacific Mastodon (Mammut pacificus)
Megajeff			Megalonyx
Mylo^[6]		Western Science Center	Harlan's Ground Sloth (Paramylodon harlani)
Sasha			Woolly Mammoth(Mammuthus primigenius)
Xena^[7]		Western Science Center	Columbian Mammoth(Mammuthus columbi)
Yuka			Woolly Mammoth(Mammuthus primigenius)
Zed			Columbian Mammoth(Mammuthus columbi)

Carnivorans

Nickname	Catalogue number	Institution	Taxon	Age	Unit	Notes	Image
Boris			Cave Lion (Panthera spelaea)	44,000 years ago		Two to Three-weeks old cub, died due to the collapse of a cave.
Dogor						Currently unknown whether it represents a wolf or domestic dog
Sparta			Cave Lion (Panthera spelaea)	26,000 years ago		Female cub, died of starvation.
Tumat^[8]		Centre for Palaeogenetics	yet to be determined	14,000 years ago		Found in Russia nearly 10 years ago, it is a puppy that also contained a piece of Woolly Rhino skin in its belly.
Waldo^[9]	OCPC 11141	Orange County Paleontology Collection	Titanotaria orangensis	Late Miocene (6.6 to 5.8 Ma)	Capistrano Formation	one of the last and best known tuskless walrus

Primates

Nickname	Catalogue number	Institution	Taxon	Age	Unit	Notes	Image
Alesi^[10]	KNM-NP 59050	National Museums of Kenya^[11]	Nyanzapithecus alesi	13 mya	Lake Turkana	An infantile cranium.
Ardi^[12]	ARA-VP-6/500	National Museums of Kenya	Ardipithecus ramidus	4.4 mya	Aramis	A partial skeleton, possibly a female.
The Black Skull^[13]	KNM-WT 17000	National Museums of Kenya	Paranthropus aethiopicus	2.5 mya	Nachukui Formation	A cranium.
Dear Boy,^[14] Zinj^[15]	OH 5		Paranthropus boisei	1.8 ma	Olduvai Gorge	A cranium and mandible.
Flo, Little Lady of Flores,^[16] Hobbit	LB-1		Homo floresiensis	50 ka	Liang Bua	A partial skeleton, including a cranium and mandible.
Ida^[17]	PMO 214.214 (Slab A)	American Museum of Natural History	Darwinius masillae	47 mya	Messel Pit	Two slabs, A and B, comprising a nearly complete individual with part and counterpart.
Devil's Tower Child,^[18] Abel	Gibraltar 2		Homo neanderthalensis	42 ka	Devil's Tower	Five cranial fragments belonging to a young boy.
Laia^[19]	IPS58443		Pliobates cataloniae	11.6 ma		Partial skeleton.
Lucy, Dinkinesh,^[20] Heelomali	AL 288-1		Australopithecus afarensis	3.2 mya	Hadar	A partial skeleton including cranial fragments.
Mrs. Ples^[21]	Sts 5	Ditsong National Museum of Natural History	Australopithecus africanus	2.1-2.6 mya^[22]	Sterkfontein	A cranium.
Red Lady of Paviland^[23]	None	Various	Homo sapiens	33 ka	Paviland Cave	A partial skeleton of a man.
Taung Child,^[24] Taung Baby	Taung 1	Wits University^[25]	Australopithecus	2.8 mya	Taung	A partial cranium and mandible.
Turkana Boy, Nariokotome Boy^[26]	KNM-WT 15000	National Museums of Kenya	Homo erectus	1.5 mya	Nachukui Formation	One of the most complete hominin skeletons.
Nandy^[27]	Shanidar 1		Homo neanderthalensis	45-35 ka	Shanidar Cave	A set of skeletal remains including a skull.
The Old Man^[28]	La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1		Homo neanderthalensis	60 ka	La Chapelle-aux-Saints	A skeleton.
Egbert^[29]	Ksar Akil 1	National Museum of Beirut	Homo sapiens	40-38 ka	Ksar Akil	A juvenile skeleton.
Ethelruda	Ksar Akil 2	National Museum of Beirut	Homo sapiens	42-41 ka	Ksar Akil	A maxilla.
The Young Prince^[30]	Arene Candide 1	Various	Homo sapiens	23 ka	Arene Candide	A skeleton of a teenager.
Jonny’s Child^[31]	OH 7		Homo habilis	1.75 mya	Olduvai Gorge	A mandible, the holotype.
Pinhead^[32]	OH 12		Homo erectus		Olduvai Gorge	A partial cranium.
Cinderella (Cindy)^[33]	OH 13		Homo habilis		Olduvai Gorge	A partial cranium and mandible.
Olduvai George (George)^[34]	OH 16		Homo habilis	1.7 mya	Olduvai Gorge	A partial neurocranium.
Twiggy^[35]	OH 24		Homo habilis	1.8 mya	Olduvai Gorge	A cranium.
Selam, Dikika infant/baby/child, Lucy's Baby^[36]	DIK-1/1	National Museum, Addis Ababa	Australopithecus afarensis	3.3 mya	Dikika	An infantile skeleton including cranium and mandible.
Samuel/Samu^[37]	Vsz II	Hungarian National Museum	Homo heidelbergensis?	325-340 ka	Vertesszolos	A fragmentary
Mystery Skull	KNM-ER 1805	National Museums of Kenya	Homo habilis^[38]	1.74 mya	Kariri Ridge	A cranium.
The First Family^[39]	AL 333		Australopithecus afarensis	3.2 mya	Hadar	Various skeletal elements.
Moshe^[40]	KMH2		Homo neanderthalensis	60 ka	Kebara Cave	A skeleton including cranium.
Agamenón^[41]	SH 4		Homo neanderthalensis	430 ka	Sima de los Huesos	A cranium.
Miguelón^[42]	SH 5		Homo neanderthalensis	430 ka	Sima de los Huesos	A cranium and mandible.
Benjamina^[43]	SH 14		Homo neanderthalensis	430 ka	Sima de los Huesos	An infantile cranium.
Little Foot^[44]	StW 573		Australopithecus africanus	3.67 mya	Sterkfontein	A skeleton.
Elvis^[45]	Pelvis 1		Homo neanderthalensis		Sima de los Huesos	A pelvis.
Eurydice^[46]	DNH-7		Paranthropus robustus	2.04-1.95 mya	Drimolen	A cranium and mandible.
Orpheus^[47]	DNH-8		Paranthropus robustus		Drimolen	A mandible.
Khethi^[48]	DNH 152		Paranthropus robustus	2.04–1.95 mya	Drimolen
Simon^[49]	DNH 134		Homo erectus	2 mya	Drimolen	A neurocranium.
Abel^[50]	KT12/H1		Australopithecus bahrelghazali	3.5 mya	Koro Toro	A mandible.
Toumaï^[51]	TM 266-01-060-1		Sahelanthropus tchadensis	7-6 mya	Djurab Desert	A cranium and limb bone
Kadanuumuu, Big Man^[52]	KSD-VP-1/1		Australopithecus afarensis	3.58 mya
Karabo^[53]	MH1	Wits University	Australopithecus sediba	1.8 mya	Malapa Cave	A partial skeleton.
Issa^[54]	MH2	Wits University	Australopithecus sediba	1.8 mya	Malapa Cave	A partial skeleton.
X-woman	Denisova 3		Denisovan	76.2–51.6 ka	Denisova Cave	A finger bone.
Denny	Denisova 11		Denisovan x Neanderthal	118.1–79.3 ka	Denisova Cave	Limb fragments.
Neo^[55]	NES1		Homo naledi	300 kya	Lesedi Chamber	A cranium and mandible.
Mal’ta Boy^[56]	MA-1		Homo sapiens	24 ka	Mal'ta	Skeleton.
Mtoto^[57]	Panga ya Saidi		Homo sapiens	78 ka	Panga ya Saidi	Skeleton, a burial.
Vera^[58]	Prado Vargas 1360		Homo neanderthalensis	54.7-39.8 ka	Prado Vargas
Pàus^[59]	St.n.166623		Homo neanderthalensis
La Dame du Cavillon^[60]	Barma del Caviglione 1		Homo sapiens	24 ka	Cavillon Cave	Skeleton, a burial.
Ötzi the Iceman^[61]		South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology	Homo sapiens	3300 BC	Ötztal Alps	A mummified body.
Luzia^[62]	Lapa Vermelha IV Hominid 1		Homo sapiens	11.5 ka	Lapa Vermelha	A fragmentary skeleton.
Naia^[63]	HN5/48		Homo sapiens	13-12 ka	Hoyo Negro	A skeleton.
Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi^[64]	None		Homo sapiens	550–300 years	Tatshenshini-Alsek Provincial Park	A mummified body.
Anzick Boy^[65]	Anzick-1		Homo sapiens	13-12.85 ka	Near Wilsall	A skeleton.
Leanderthal Lady^[66]			Homo sapiens	13-10 ka	Wilson-Leonard Brushy Creek Site	A skeleton.
El Graeco^[67]			Graecopithecus freybergi	7.2 mya	Pyrgos Vasilissis	Dental-mandibular remains.
Madam Buya^[68]	Buia UA 31		Homo erectus	1 mya	Afar	A cranium.
Eve^[69]	Qazeh 9		Homo sapiens	100–90 ka	Qafzeh Cave	A cranium.
Besséʼ^[70]			Homo sapiens	7200 years	Leang Panninge cave	A skeleton.
Roger^[71]	Boxgrove 1		Homo heidelbergensis	500 ka	Boxgrove	Limb and dental fragments.
Pau^[72]	IPS21350		Pierolapithecus catalaunicus	12.5-13 mya	Barranc de Can Vila-1 site	A skeleton.

Ungulates

Nickname	Catalogue number	Institution	Taxon	Age	Unit	Notes	Image
Blue Babe		University of Alaska Museum	Steppe Bison(Bison priscus)
Thor^[73]			Megacerops	Eocene

Marsupials

Pelycosaurs

Reptiles

Lepidosauria

Nickname	Catalogue number	Institution	Taxon	Age	Unit	Notes	Images
Bob			Tylosaurus
Bruce			Tylosaurus
Brutus		Royal Tyrell Museum of Paleaotology	Prognathodon overtoni		Korite Ammolite mine, Bearpaw Formation	Named Brutus to describe the Burly nature of its anatomy.^[75]
Bunker	KUVP 5033	University of Kansas Natural History Museum	Tylosaurus		Niobrara Formation
Max			Tylosaurus
Mister Sinister	TMP 2008.036.0001	Royal Tyrell Museum of Paleaotology	Mosasaurus missouriensis	Late Campanian Late Cretaceous	Bearpaw Formation	A Juvenile, named after the comic book character Mister Sinister, in reference to its grin.^[76]
Mushy
Omācīw			Tylosaurus
Sophie			Tylosaurus
Suzy			Tylosaurus

Pseudosuchians

Nickname	Catalogue number	Institution	Taxon	Age	Unit	Notes	Images
Big Bert	SMNH P2411.1	Royal Saskatchewan Museum	Terminonaris robusta	Late Cretaceous (Turonian)	Favel Formation	Most complete specimen of the genus
Black Sun^[77]	THOR16_100BS		Crocodylus anthropophagus	Pleistocene	Olduvai Gorge	Named due to the fact that it was discovered during an annual solar eclipse on September 1, 2016
Edgar^[78]	NHMUK P9/3a	Natural History Museum, London	Aenigmaspina pantyffynnonensis	Late Triassic (Rhaetian)
Mo			Terminonaris ponteixensis	Late Cretacaeous
Scarface^[79]	LPRP 0697	Laboratório dePaleontologia de Ribeirão Preto	Aphaurosuchus escharafacies	Late Cretaceois (Coniacian-Campanian)	Bauru Group of Vale do Rio do PeixeFormation	A cut on the left jugal and dentary made by the rock saw during the collection of the specimen, promptly gave the fossil its nickname “Scarface.”

Pterosauria

Nickname	Catalogue number	Institution	Taxon	Age	Unit	Notes	Images
Butch	AODF 876	Australian Age of Dinosaurs	Ferrodraco	Cenomanian Late Cretaceous	Winton Formation	Holotype of Ferrodraco
Dark Wing			Rhamphorhynchus
Dracula			undescribed azhdarchid
Ian			undescribed wukongopterid
Mrs. T			Darwinopterus

Sauropterygia

Nickname	Catalogue number	Institution	Taxon	Age	Unit	Notes	Images
Albert^[80]		Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology	possibly Albertonectes	Late Cretcaeois	Bearpaw Formation	Named after Albertonectes, because it might possibly belong to that genus.
Britney			Ophthalmothule	Tithonian-Berriasian
Doris			Pliosaurus carpenteri
Harold^[81]	GPM 5001 ^[82]	Paleon Museum	Serpentisuchops pfisterae	Late Cretaceous, (Lower Maastrichtian)	Pierre Shale
Ichabod	TMP 2007.011.0001	Royal Tyrell Museum of Paleaotology	Albertonectes vanderveldei	Late Campanian Late Cretaceous	Bearpaw Formation	Named after Ichabod Crane from the Legend of the Sleepy Hollow, in reference to the missing skull of the specimen.

Misc Reptiles

Nickname	Catalogue number	Institution	Taxon	Age	Unit	Notes	Images
Brigitta^[83]		Natural History Museum, Vienna	Archelon	Campanian	Pierre Shale	the largest known specimen of Archelon and second largest individual turtle fossil after specimen CIAAP-2002-01 of Stupendemys geographica^[84]
Delilah			Pareisaurus
Jim 2^[85]	LACM DI 157871	Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County	Cymbospondylus youngorum	Anisian	Favret Formation	holotype specimen of C. youngorum, the largest known member of the genus with a skull length of almost 2 meters ^[86]
Oldie / Gamla			Keilhauia nui

See also

• Non-dinosaur specimens
• Non-dinosaur specimens
• Non-dinosaur specimens

Notes and References

1. Web site: 2018-08-29. How Two Rival Mammoths Lost an Epic Duel 12,000 Years Ago. 2021-05-06. HowStuffWorks. en.
2. Web site: Science Central - Fred the Mastodon Exhibit. 2021-05-01. www.exhibitsalive.com.
3. Web site: Seekuh Linda . . Stadtmuseum Bad Vöslau. 2022-01-25.
4. Western Science Center . Western Science Center . WesternCenter . 703278296419577856 . 2016-02-26 . Max isn't the only mastodon at the Western Science Center. Happy #FossilFriday Little Stevie! https://t.co/ODaF5IHJ8w . en . 2021-06-11 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210511004939/https://twitter.com/westerncenter/status/703278296419577856 . 2021-05-11 . live.
5. Web site: Switek. Brian. Mastodons to the Max. 2021-05-06. Scientific American Blog Network. en.
6. Western Science Center . Western Science Center . WesternCenter . 1379195418676883456 . 2021-04-05 . We asked you to #NametheWSCSloth last week & staff picked their favorite submission: say hello to Mylo! Mylo is short for Paramylodon, the genus name for the Harlan's Ground Sloth. We can't wait for you to meet Mylo in person again when we reopen to the public later this year! https://t.co/QTPPM6XWZL . en . 2021-06-11 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210405221333/https://twitter.com/WesternCenter/status/1379195418676883456 . 2021-04-05 . live.
7. Western Science Center . Western Science Center . WesternCenter . 631537849930637312 . 2015-08-12 . Xena the mammoth wants everyone to recognize #WorldElephantDay and to support the conservation of living elephants. http://t.co/Cy0ikWRPOn . en . 2021-06-11 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210506160331/https://twitter.com/westerncenter/status/631537849930637312 . 2021-05-06 . live.
8. Centre for Palaeogenetics . CpgSthlm . 1295304784099135488 . 2020-08-17 . Follow this thread for an almost unbelievable story, hiding in the SI of this paper: https://t.co/2wnZTGVwVg Ten years ago, a roughly 14,000 year old frozen #dog or #wolf #puppy was found in Russia. It's been named Tumat. Subsequently, an autopsy of Tumat was conducted (1/n). https://t.co/FtV3SIZmjL . en . 2021-06-11 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210410030050/https://twitter.com/CpgSthlm/status/1295304784099135488 . 2021-04-10 . live.
9. Web site: 2018 in review: advances in marine mammal paleontology . Boessenecker . Robert . 1 January 2019 . The Coastal Paleontologist. 17 April 2022.
10. Web site: Switek . Brian . Meet Alesi, the Prehistoric Infant Ape . 2023-08-19 . Scientific American Blog Network . en.
11. Nengo . Isaiah . Tafforeau . Paul . Gilbert . Christopher C. . Fleagle . John G. . Miller . Ellen R. . Feibel . Craig . Fox . David L. . Feinberg . Josh . Pugh . Kelsey D. . Berruyer . Camille . Mana . Sara . Engle . Zachary . Spoor . Fred . 2017 . New infant cranium from the African Miocene sheds light on ape evolution . Nature . en . 548 . 7666 . 169–174 . 10.1038/nature23456 . 28796200 . 2017Natur.548..169N . 4397839 . 0028-0836.
12. Web site: 1994-01-01 . ARA-VP-6/500 . 2023-08-19 . The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program . en.
13. Web site: 1985-01-01 . KNM-WT 17000 . 2023-08-19 . The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program . en.
14. Book: Assembling the tree of life . 2004 . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-517234-8 . Cracraft . Joel . Oxford . Donoghue . Michael J. . American Museum of Natural History.
15. Web site: 1959-01-01 . OH 5 . 2023-08-19 . The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program . en.
16. Brown . P. . Sutikna . T. . Morwood . M. J. . Soejono . R. P. . Jatmiko . Wayhu Saptomo . E. . Awe Due . Rokus . 2004 . A new small-bodied hominin from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia . Nature . en . 431 . 7012 . 1055–1061 . 10.1038/nature02999 . 15514638 . 2004Natur.431.1055B . 26441 . 1476-4687.
17. News: Randerson . James . Pilkington . Ed . 2009-05-19 . Deal in Hamburg bar led scientist to Ida fossil, the 'eighth wonder of the world' . en-GB . The Guardian . 2023-08-19 . 0261-3077.
18. Web site: A new look at the Gibraltar Neanderthals . 2023-08-19 . www.nhm.ac.uk . en.
19. Bouchet . Florian . Urciuoli . Alessandro . Beaudet . Amélie . Pina . Marta . Moyà-Solà . Salvador . Alba . David M. . 2021-12-01 . Comparative anatomy of the carotid canal in the Miocene small-bodied catarrhine Pliobates cataloniae . Journal of Human Evolution . 161 . 103073 . 10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103073 . 34628300 . 238581331 . 0047-2484. 2263/82958 . free .
20. Web site: 1974-01-01 . AL 288-1 . 2023-08-19 . The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program . en.
21. Web site: 2013-09-30 . .: DITSONG MUSEUMS OF SOUTH AFRICA :. . 2023-08-19 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130930040222/http://www.ditsong.org.za/naturalhistory.htm . 2013-09-30 .
22. Herries . Andy I. R. . Shaw . John . 2011-05-01 . Palaeomagnetic analysis of the Sterkfontein palaeocave deposits: Implications for the age of the hominin fossils and stone tool industries . Journal of Human Evolution . 60 . 5 . 523–539 . 10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.09.001 . 21392817 . 0047-2484.
23. Richards . Michael P. . Trinkaus . Erik . 2009-09-22 . Isotopic evidence for the diets of European Neanderthals and early modern humans . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . en . 106 . 38 . 16034–16039 . 10.1073/pnas.0903821106 . 0027-8424 . 2752538 . 19706482 . free .
24. Web site: 1924-01-01 . Taung Child . 2023-08-19 . The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program . en.
25. Web site: Taung Child's brain development not human-like? CT scan casts doubt on similarity to that of modern humans . 2023-08-19 . ScienceDaily . en.
26. Schiess . Regula . Haeusler . Martin . 2013 . No skeletal dysplasia in the nariokotome boy KNM-WT 15000 (homo erectus)-A reassessment of congenital pathologies of the vertebral column . American Journal of Physical Anthropology . en . 150 . 3 . 365–374 . 10.1002/ajpa.22211. 23283736 .
27. Web site: 1957-01-01 . Shanidar 1 . 2023-08-19 . The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program . en.
28. Web site: 1908-01-01 . La Chapelle-aux-Saints . 2023-08-19 . The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program . en.
29. Bergman . Christopher A. . Stringer . Christopher B. . 1989 . Fifty years after: Egbert, an early Upper Palaeolithic juvenile from Ksar Akil, Lebanon . Paléorient . 15 . 2 . 99–111 . 10.3406/paleo.1989.4512.
30. Web site: 2017-02-23 . Arene Candide - Upper Paleolithic Burial of Arene Candide . 2023-08-19 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170223041929/http://archaeology.about.com/od/apthroughasterms/g/arene_candide.htm . 2017-02-23 .
31. Web site: Homo habilis . 2023-08-19 . The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program . en.
32. Tobias . Phillip V. . 1991 . The species Homo habilis: example of a premature discovery . Annales Zoologici Fennici . 28 . 3/4 . 371–380 . 23735461 . 0003-455X.
33. Web site: OH 13 . 2023-08-19 . CODI . en-US.
34. Web site: 1963-01-01 . OH 16 . 2023-08-19 . The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program . en.
35. Web site: 1968-01-01 . OH 24 . 2023-08-19 . The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program . en.
36. Alemseged . Zeresenay . Spoor . Fred . Kimbel . William H. . Bobe . René . Geraads . Denis . Reed . Denné . Wynn . Jonathan G. . 2006 . A juvenile early hominin skeleton from Dikika, Ethiopia . Nature . en . 443 . 7109 . 296–301 . 10.1038/nature05047 . 16988704 . 2006Natur.443..296A . 4418369 . 1476-4687.
37. Soukup . Václav . Mechurová . Zdenka . 2018-12-14 . Mysterious Prehistoric Samuel: Homo erectus paleohungaricus in the Context of Anthropogenesis . Anthropologia Integra . en . 9 . 2 . 7–19 . 10.5817/AI2018-2-7 . 1804-6665. free .
38. Antón . Susan C. . Middleton . Emily R. . 2023-06-01 . Making meaning from fragmentary fossils: Early Homo in the Early to early Middle Pleistocene . Journal of Human Evolution . 179 . 103307 . 10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103307 . 37030994 . 258014849 . 0047-2484. free .
39. Switek . Brian . What Killed the Hominins of AL 333? . en-US . Wired . 2023-08-19 . 1059-1028.
40. Book: Mithen, Steven . The Singing Neanderthals: The Origins of Music, Language, Mind, and Body . 2007-10-31 . Harvard University Press . 978-0-674-02559-2 . Cambridge, MA.
41. Web site: 2019-10-11 . "Agamenón", el homínido más famoso de Atapuerca, no estaba sordo . 2023-08-20 . historia.nationalgeographic.com.es . es.
42. Web site: 2023-08-19 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110609045143/http://www.ucm.es/cont/descargas/prensa/tribuna562.pdf . 2011-06-09 .
43. Web site: Benjamina, "la más querida": el fósil de Atapuerca que mostró el paso del afecto al amor . 2023-08-20 . Agencia SINC . es.
44. Clarke . R. J. . Tobias . P. V. . 1995-07-28 . Sterkfontein member 2 foot bones of the oldest South African hominid . Science . 269 . 5223 . 521–524 . 10.1126/science.7624772 . 0036-8075 . 7624772. 1995Sci...269..521C .
45. Web site: "Elvis" Pelvis - Museo de la Evolución Humana . 2023-08-19 . Google Arts & Culture . en.
46. Web site: 1994-01-01 . DNH 7 . 2023-08-20 . The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program . en.
47. Keyser . A.W. . Menter . C.G. . Moggi-Cecchi . J. . Rayne Pickering . T. . Berger . L.R. . 2000 . Drimolen: a new hominid-bearing site in Gauteng, South Africa . South African Journal of Science . 96.
48. Herries . Andy I. R. . Martin . Jesse M. . Leece . A. B. . Adams . Justin W. . Boschian . Giovanni . Joannes-Boyau . Renaud . Edwards . Tara R. . Mallett . Tom . Massey . Jason . Murszewski . Ashleigh . Neubauer . Simon . Pickering . Robyn . Strait . David S. . Armstrong . Brian J. . Baker . Stephanie . 2020-04-03 . Contemporaneity of Australopithecus, Paranthropus, and early Homo erectus in South Africa . Science . en . 368 . 6486 . 10.1126/science.aaw7293 . 32241925 . 214763272 . 0036-8075. free .
49. Web site: Johannesburg . University of . Direct human ancestor Homo erectus is older than we thought . 2023-08-20 . phys.org . en.
50. Brunet . Michel . Beauvilain . Alain . Coppens . Yves . Heintz . Emile . Moutaye . Aladji H. E. . Pilbeam . David . 1995 . The first australopithecine 2,500 kilometres west of the Rift Valley (Chad) . Nature . en . 378 . 6554 . 273–275 . 10.1038/378273a0 . 7477344 . 1995Natur.378..273B . 4365908 . 1476-4687.
51. Brunet . Michel . Guy . Franck . Pilbeam . David . Mackaye . Hassane Taisso . Likius . Andossa . Ahounta . Djimdoumalbaye . Beauvilain . Alain . Blondel . Cécile . Bocherens . Hervé . Boisserie . Jean-Renaud . De Bonis . Louis . Coppens . Yves . Dejax . Jean . Denys . Christiane . Duringer . Philippe . 2002-07-01 . A new hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad, Central Africa . Nature . 418 . 6894 . 145–151 . 10.1038/nature00879 . 12110880 . 2002Natur.418..145B . 1316969 . 0028-0836.
52. Web site: 3.6 million-year-old relative of 'Lucy' discovered: Early hominid skeleton confirms human-like walking is ancient . 2023-08-20 . ScienceDaily . en.
53. Web site: 2012-03-25 . Australopithecus sediba named by 17-year-old Johannesburg student – News – Origins Centre . 2023-08-20 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120325202100/http://www.origins.org.za/news/entry/australopithecus_sediba_named_by_17-year-old_johannesburg_student/ . 2012-03-25 .
54. Brits . Elsabe . 2021-12-05 . Ancient human relative walked like a human, but climbed like an ape . Nature Africa . en . 10.1038/d44148-021-00117-x. 244915779 .
55. Hawks . John . Elliott . Marina . Schmid . Peter . Churchill . Steven E . Ruiter . Darryl J de . Roberts . Eric M . Hilbert-Wolf . Hannah . Garvin . Heather M . Williams . Scott A . Delezene . Lucas K . Feuerriegel . Elen M . Randolph-Quinney . Patrick . Kivell . Tracy L . Laird . Myra F . Tawane . Gaokgatlhe . 2017-05-09 . Perry . George H . New fossil remains of Homo naledi from the Lesedi Chamber, South Africa . eLife . 6 . e24232 . 10.7554/eLife.24232 . 2050-084X . 5423776 . 28483039 . free .
56. News: 2013-11-20 . 24,000-Year-Old Body Shows Kinship to Europeans and American Indians (Published 2013) . The New York Times . en . 2023-08-20 . Wade . Nicholas .
57. Martinón-Torres . María . d’Errico . Francesco . Santos . Elena . Álvaro Gallo . Ana . Amano . Noel . Archer . William . Armitage . Simon J. . Arsuaga . Juan Luis . Bermúdez de Castro . José María . Blinkhorn . James . Crowther . Alison . Douka . Katerina . Dubernet . Stéphan . Faulkner . Patrick . Fernández-Colón . Pilar . 2021 . Earliest known human burial in Africa . Nature . en . 593 . 7857 . 95–100 . 10.1038/s41586-021-03457-8 . 33953416 . 2021Natur.593...95M . 10072/413039 . 233871256 . 1476-4687. free .
58. Ruiz . Marta Navazo . Benito-Calvo . Alfonso . Alonso-Alcalde . Rodrigo . Alonso . Pedro . Fuente . Héctor de la . Santamaría . Marta . Santamaría . Claudia . Álvarez-Vena . Adrián . Arnold . Lee J. . Iriarte-Chiapusso . Ma José . Demuro . Martina . Lozano . Marina . Ortiz . José Eugenio . Torres . Trinidad . 2021-02-15 . Late Neanderthal subsistence strategies and cultural traditions in the northern Iberia Peninsula: Insights from Prado Vargas, Burgos, Spain . Quaternary Science Reviews . 254 . 106795 . 10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106795 . 2021QSRv..25406795R . 233924074 . 0277-3791. free . 10259/6203 . free .
59. 2014 . European Society for the study of Human Evolution (ESHE) 4th Annual Meeting . Proceedings of the European Society for the Study of Human Evolution 3.
60. Web site: Dame du Cavillon . 2023-08-20 . Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle . fr.
61. Web site: 2015-06-24 . The Incredible Age of the Find Ötzi - South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology . 2023-08-20 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150624085502/http://www.iceman.it/en/oetzi-age . 2015-06-24 .
62. Web site: 2007-12-24 . WHO WAS FIRST -- Ancient Immigrants Into The Americas - LUZIA WOMAN . 2023-08-20 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071224150030/http://www.cabrillo.edu/~crsmith/luzia.html . 2007-12-24 .
63. Web site: National Geographic . 2023-08-20 . National Geographic . en.
64. News: 1999-08-25 . Body of Ancient Man Found in West Canada Glacier (Published 1999) . The New York Times . en . 2023-08-20 . Brooke . James .
65. Rasmussen . Morten . Anzick . Sarah L. . Waters . Michael R. . Skoglund . Pontus . DeGiorgio . Michael . Stafford . Thomas W. . Rasmussen . Simon . Moltke . Ida . Albrechtsen . Anders . Doyle . Shane M. . Poznik . G. David . Gudmundsdottir . Valborg . Yadav . Rachita . Malaspinas . Anna-Sapfo . V . Samuel Stockton White . 2014 . The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from a Clovis burial site in western Montana . Nature . en . 506 . 7487 . 225–229 . 10.1038/nature13025 . 1476-4687 . 4878442 . 24522598. 2014Natur.506..225R .
66. Web site: 2017-09-23 . Leander Man Thinks He May Have Found Fossilized Human Skull In Backyard . 2023-08-20 . Austin, TX Patch . en.
67. News: Knapton . Sarah . 2017-05-22 . Europe was the birthplace of mankind, not Africa, scientists find . en-GB . The Telegraph . 2023-08-20 . 0307-1235.
68. Web site: New Skull from Eritrea - Archaeology Magazine Archive . 2023-08-20 . archive.archaeology.org.
69. Coutinho-Nogueira . Dany . Coqueugniot . Hélène . Tillier . Anne-Marie . 2021-12-21 . Qafzeh 9 Early Modern Human from Southwest Asia: age at death and sex estimation re-assessed . Homo: Internationale Zeitschrift Fur die Vergleichende Forschung Am Menschen . 72 . 4 . 293–305 . 10.1127/homo/2021/1513 . 1618-1301 . 34505621. 237469414 .
70. News: Lu . Donna . 2021-08-25 . 'Genetic fossil': intact DNA from woman who lived 7,200 years ago discovered in Indonesia . en-GB . The Guardian . 2023-08-20 . 0261-3077.
71. Web site: The History Press From Boxgrove Man to Stonehenge: England's prehistory explored . 2023-08-20 . www.thehistorypress.co.uk . en.
72. Book: The International Encyclopedia of Primatology . 2016-06-14 . Wiley . 978-0-470-67337-9 . Bezanson . Michele . 1 . en . 10.1002/9781119179313.wbprim0216 . MacKinnon . Katherine C . Riley . Erin . Campbell . Christina J . Nekaris . K.A.I (Anna) . Estrada . Alejandro . Di Fiore . Anthony F . Ross . Stephen . Jones-Engel . Lisa E.
73. Bamforth . Emily . EL_Bamforth . 1275809098596970496 . 2020-06-24 . @TomHoltzPaleo I recognize this beasty! This is 'Thor', a near complete #bronotothere collected near #EastendSK. There are casts of it at the #TrexDiscoveryCentre, @royalsaskmuseum and the @RoyalTyrrell. . en . 2021-06-11 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200624152534/https://twitter.com/EL_Bamforth/status/1275809098596970496 . 2020-06-24 . live.
74. Web site: Natural History PEI Museum and Heritage Foundation. 2022-01-07. www.peimuseum.ca.
75. Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology . Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology . RoyalTyrrell . 1374021590736805891 . 2021-03-22 . Up next in our #MonikerMonday series is the Prognathodon specimen on display in our Fossils in Focus exhibit. Collected in 2018 from the Korite Ammolite mine in southern Alberta, this mosasaur swam in the Bearpaw Sea during the Late Cretaceous Period. https://t.co/k0uyTGCCkl . en . 2021-06-11 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210406171644/https://twitter.com/RoyalTyrrell/status/1374021590736805891 . 2021-04-06 . live.
76. Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology . Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology . RoyalTyrrell . 1361341551121637380 . 2021-02-15 . This juvenile Mosasaurus is smaller than many of the marine reptiles in our collection. The specimen preserves gut contents, including a metre-long lizardfish! After death, sharks scavenged the mosasaur. The fossil was recovered from the Korite ammonite mine in 2008. https://t.co/GRZKrE8yOL . en . 2021-06-11 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210407140907/https://twitter.com/RoyalTyrrell/status/1361341551121637380 . 2021-04-07 . live.
77. Azarra . Beatrice . Boschian . Giovanni . Brochu . Christopher . Delfino . Massimo . Iurino . Dawid Adam . Kimambo . Jackson Stanley . Manzi . Giorgio . Masao . Fidelis T. . Menconero . Sofia . Njau . Jackson K . Cherin . Marco . 2021 . A new cranium of Crocodylus anthropophagus from Olduvai Gorge, northern Tanzania . Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia (Research in Paleontology and Stratigraphy) . 127 . 2 . 275–295 . 10.13130/2039-4942/15771 . 237962496 .
78. Patrick. Erin L.. Whiteside. David I.. Benton. Michael J.. 2019. A new crurotarsan archosaur from the Late Triassic of South Wales. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39. 3. e1645147. 10.1080/02724634.2019.1645147. 2019JVPal..39E5147P . https://web.archive.org/web/20190830221411/https://cpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com/blogs.bristol.ac.uk/dist/6/525/files/2019/08/2019Edgar.pdf. 30 August 2019. 202848499.
79. Darlim. Gustavo. Montefeltro. Felipe C.. Langer. Max C.. 2021-04-18. 3D skull modelling and description of a new baurusuchid (Crocodyliformes, Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Late Cretaceous (Bauru Basin) of Brazil. Journal of Anatomy. 239. 3. en. 622–662. 10.1111/joa.13442. 33870512. 8349455. 0021-8782.
80. Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology . Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology . RoyalTyrrell . 1384155139854921732 . 2021-04-19 . Our technician Darren Tanke found this plesiosaur specimen near Manyberries, AB in 2012. The partial skeleton is about 10 metres long, and is currently being studied by Dr. James Campbell. #MonikerMonday https://t.co/BWtA9tbkPy . en . 2021-06-11 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210507122224/https://twitter.com/royaltyrrell/status/1384155139854921732 . 2021-05-07 . live.
81. Web site: Tarlach . Gemma . 2022-09-28 . A 'Weird' Ancient Marine Reptile Surfaces Thanks to the 'Bone Biddies' . 2022-09-29 . Atlas Obscura . en.
82. Persons . W. S. . Street . H. P. . Kelley . A. . 2022 . A long-snouted and long-necked polycotylid plesiosaur from the Late Cretaceous of North America . iScience . 25 . 10 . 105033 . 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105033. 36317161 . 9617461 . 2022iSci...25j5033P .
83. Eaton. Jeffrey G.. 1993-03-18. Therian mammals from the Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) Dakota Formation, southwestern Utah. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 13. 1. 105–124. 10.1080/02724634.1993.10011491. 1993JVPal..13..105E . 0272-4634.
84. Cadena. E.-A.. Scheyer. T.M.. Carrillo-Briceño. J.D.. Sánchez. R.. Aguilera-Socorro. O.A.. Vanegas. A.. Pardo. M.. Hansen. D.M.. Sánchez-Villagra. M.R.. 12 Feb 2020. The anatomy, paleobiology, and evolutionary relationships of the largest extinct side-necked turtle. Science Advances. 6. 7. eaay4593 . 10.1126/sciadv.aay4593. 32095528. 7015691. 2020SciA....6.4593C . free.
85. Web site: Ichthyosaur: New Discoveries . . National History Museum Los Angeles County. 22 September 2021 . January 10, 2022. ... While dinosaurs dominated land during the Mesozoic Era (252-66 million years ago), marine reptiles like this giant ichthyosaur—nicknamed Jim 2—ruled the sea. Come see the complete skull on display for the very first time. ...'.
86. Sander . P.M. . Griebeler. E.M.. Klein. N.. Juarbe. J.V.. Wintrich. T.. Revell. L.J.. Schmitz. L.. 2021. Early giant reveals faster evolution of large body size in ichthyosaurs than in cetaceans. Science. 374. 6575. eabf5787 . 10.1126/science.abf5787. 34941418 . 245444783 .