List of nicknames of presidents of the United States explained

Presidents of the United States have often acquired nicknames, both flattering and unflattering. This list is intended to note those nicknames that were in common use at the time they were in office or shortly thereafter.

George Washington

• The American Cincinnatus:^[1] Like the famous Roman, he won a war, then became a private citizen instead of seeking power or riches as a reward. He became the first president general of the Society of the Cincinnati, formed by Revolutionary War officers who also "declined offers of power and position to return to his home and plough".^[2]
• The American Fabius^[3] for his Fabian military strategy during the Revolutionary War.
• The Father of His Country^[4]
• His Excellency^[5]
• Sage of Mount Vernon^[6]

John Adams

• The Colossus of Independence^{[7] [8] [9]} for his leadership in Congress in 1776.
• The Duke of Braintree^[10] due to residing in Braintree, Massachusetts and his strong opinions on the use of honorifics for important officers of the government.^[11]
• Father of American Independence
• His Rotundity^[12] for his girthy bodily figure.
• Old Sink or Swim, for the speech in which he vowed "sink or swim, live or die, survive or perish, I am with my country from this day on.".^[13]

Thomas Jefferson

• The Apostle of Democracy^[14]
• Father of the Declaration of Independence
• Long Tom^[15]
• The Man of the People^[16]
• Red Fox^[17]
• The Sage of Monticello^[18]

James Madison

• The Father of the Constitution^{[19] [20]}
• Little Jemmy^[21] or His Little Majesty: at only 5inchesft4inchesin (ftin), the shortest U.S. president.^[22]

James Monroe

• The Era of Good Feelings President^[23] for "The Era of Good Feelings", the period following the War of 1812, during which America became less divided politically, to the extent that the only opponents of the ruling Democratic Republicans, the Federalist Party, went out of existence. It was not until resistance to Andrew Jackson's policies produced the Whig Party that oppositional politics resumed in the United States.
• The Last Cocked Hat^[24] because he was the last U.S. president to wear a tricorne hat according to the old-fashioned style of the 18th century.^[25]

John Quincy Adams

• The Abolitionist or Old Man Eloquent: famed for routinely bringing up the slavery issue against Congressional rules, and for his role later on in the Amistad case. He is the only American president to be elected to the House of Representatives after his presidency. The nickname gained currency as a result of his campaign against slavery waged as a congressman, and as the attorney in the Amistad case.^[26]
• Mad Old Man From Massachusetts^[27]

Andrew Jackson

• Andy, childhood nickname
• The Hero of New Orleans^[28] for his military victory in the Battle of New Orleans.
• Jackass: Andrew Jackson's critics disparaged him as a "Jackass"; however, Jackson embraced the animal, making it the unofficial symbol of the Democratic Party.^[29]
• King Andrew^[30] for his supposedly excessive use of the veto power.
• King Mob^[31]
• Old Hickory, allegedly given to him by his soldiers for being as "tough as old hickory".
• People’s President
• Sharp Knife, for his fighting tactics^[32]

Martin Van Buren

• The American Talleyrand^[33]
• Blue Whiskey Van, a reference to his excessive drinking of whiskey.^[34]
• The Careful Dutchman:^[35] Van Buren's first language was Dutch.
• Dandy President, criticizers called him for his fancy expensive outfits^[36]
• The Enchanter^[35]
• The Great Manager^[35]
• The Little Magician, given to him during his time in the state of New York, because of his smooth politics and short stature.^{[37] [38]}
• Machiavellian Bellshazzar, given to him by detractors^[39]
• Martin Van Ruin^[35]
• The Master Spirit^[35]
• Matty Van from "Tippecanoe Songs of 1840"^[40]
• The Mistletoe Politician, so called by Joseph Peyton of Tennessee, a Whig opponent, who charged that "Martin Van Buren was a mere political parasite, a branch of mistletoe, that owed its elevation, its growth--nay, its very existence, to the tall trunk of an aged hickory" (i.e. Andrew Jackson).^[41]
• Old Kinderhook (OK), a reference to his home town.^[42]
• Red Fox of Kinderhook, a reference to his red hair and home town.^[43]
• The Sly Fox^[44]

William Henry Harrison

• General Mum,^[45] as in the expression, "keep it mum," because of his avoidance of speaking out on controversial issues during his election campaign.
• Old Granny, his opponents called him for he was the oldest person at the time to be president, his age was 68^[46]
• Tippecanoe or also Old Tippecanoe,^[47] a reference to Harrison's victory at the 1811 Battle of Tippecanoe; used in the campaign song Tippecanoe and Tyler Too during the 1840 presidential election.
• Washington of the West,^[47] a reference to Harrison's victories at the 1811 Battle of Tippecanoe and 1813 Battle of the Thames.

John Tyler

• His Accidency, a nickname given by his opponents; the first president to be elevated to the presidency by the death of his predecessor, William Henry Harrison.^[48]

James K. Polk

• First Dark Horse President, he was not well known before the 1844 United States presidential election^[49]
• Napoleon of the Stump, for his short stature and potent oratory skills.^[50]
• Young Hickory^[51] because he was a particular protégé of "Old Hickory", Andrew Jackson.

Zachary Taylor

• Old Rough and Ready^[52]

Millard Fillmore

• The American Louis Philippe^[53]
• Last of the Whigs^[54]
• Wool Carder President, when he was 15, he was sent to be an apprentice to a wool carder.^[55]

Franklin Pierce

• Handsome Frank^[56]
• Purse^[57]
• Young Hickory of the Granite Hills:^[58] "Young Hickory" compared his military deeds (in the Mexican–American War) with those of Andrew Jackson. "The Granite Hills" were his home state of New Hampshire.

James Buchanan

• Bachelor President, per his unmarried status.
• Old Buck, from a shortening of his last name, used later in life.^[59]
• Old Public Functionary,^[60] used by Buchanan in his December 1859 State of the Union address and adopted by newspapers.^[59]
• Ten-Cent Jimmy: derogatory, as a reaction to Buchanan's campaign statement that ten cents a day was decent pay for a worker.^[61]

Abraham Lincoln

• Abe
• Honest Abe
• Uncle Abe^[62] for his avuncularity in his later years.
• The Ancient One,^[63] a nickname favored by White House insiders because of his "ancient wisdom".
• Grand Wrestler, Abraham was great at wrestling and only had one recorded loss^[64]
• The Great Emancipator^[65] and The Liberator^[66] for the emancipation of the slaves.
• The Rail-Splitter^[67]
• The Tycoon,^[68] for the energetic and ambitious conduct of his Civil War administration.

Andrew Johnson

• Sir Veto, because of the large number of legislative vetoes he issued during his presidency;^[69] 29 in total, (the most at the time).^[70]
• The Tennessee Tailor, for his career as a tailor before going into politics.^[71]

Ulysses S. Grant

• The Butcher, Grant's unmatched persistence led him to win several key victories for the Union forces earning him this nickname.^{[72] [73]}
• The Great Hammerer^[74]
• Little Beauty, a nickname mocking his good looks.^[75]
• Ulyss, childhood nickname^[76]
• U.S. Grant
  • Uncle Sam Grant, a name given to him by his classmates at West Point.^[77]
  • Unconditional Surrender Grant, a backronym for his uncompromising demand for unconditional surrender during the Battle of Fort Donelson in 1862, which made him a hero.^[78]
  • United States Grant, his classmates soon began to call after he got his new initials USG^[79]

Rutherford B. Hayes

• Dark Horse President^[80]
• His Fraudulency or Rutherfraud, because after the disputed results of the 1876 Election, many Democrats did not consider him legitimately to be president.^[81]
• Rud, childhood nickname^[82]

James Garfield

• Boatman Jim, referencing his work on the Ohio canals in his youth.^[83]
• Canal Boy, also referring to his old job on Ohio canals as a boy^[84]
• Preacher President^[85]

Chester A. Arthur

• Chet, shortened version of his name used by publications of that era.^[86]
• Elegant Arthur, for his style and huge wardrobe of clothes^{[17] [87]}
• Gentleman Boss, as the dapper leader of New York State's Republican party.
• Prince Arthur and The Dude President, for his fancy attire and indulgence in extravagant luxury.^[88]
• Walrus, because of his magnificent mustache^[89]

Grover Cleveland

• Big Steve, as his full name was Stephen Grover Cleveland.^[90]
• Grover the Good, for his honesty and public integrity.^{[91] [92]}
• His Obstinacy, he vetoed more bills than the first 21 presidents combined.^[93]
• Uncle Jumbo^[94]

Benjamin Harrison

• The Front Porch Campaigner;^[95] during the 1888 election, he gave nearly ninety speeches from his front porch to crowds gathered in the yard of his Indianapolis home; this nickname has been widely but erroneously attributed to William McKinley.
• Grandfather’s Hat, for his grandfather William Henry Harrison was the 9th president of the United States^[96]
• The Human Iceberg,^[97] although he could warmly engage a crowd with his speeches, he was cold and detached when speaking with people on an individual basis.
• Kid Gloves Harrison^[98]
• Little Ben,^[99] given to him by Democrats of his era because of his stature; this could also be a reference to his being the grandson of former president William Henry Harrison, who had served fifty years before.
• Pious Moonlight Dude, because of his romance^[100]

William McKinley

• Idol of Ohio^[101]
• The Major^[101]
• The Napoleon of Protection,^[102] referring to high tariffs such as the one he wrote in 1890.
• Wobbly Willie,^[103] due to flip-flopping on issues such as expansionism.

Theodore Roosevelt

• The Colonel, for his rank in the Spanish–American War.^[104]
• The Hero of San Juan Hill^[105] for leading his Rough Riders up San Juan Hill during the Battle of Santiago de Cuba in 1898.
• The Lion^[106]
• Teddy: Used in The New York Times at least as early as 1900,^[107] even though he hated the nickname.^[108]
• Telescope Teddy, because he had all his rifles fitted with a small telescope^[109]
• Teedie, childhood nickname^[76]
• TR^[110] for signing communications this way; perhaps the first president to be known by his initials.^[111]
• The Trust Buster, so called as a pioneer of busting business trusts.^[112]

William Howard Taft

• Big Bill, for his large appearance.^[101]
• Big Chief^[113]
• Big Lub,^[114] his boyhood nickname.
• Sleeping Beauty, a nickname his wife Helen Herron Taft called him because he was always falling asleep^[44]

Woodrow Wilson

• Coiner of Weasel Words, given by former president Theodore Roosevelt in a speech^[115]
• The Phrasemaker:^[116] as an acclaimed historian, Wilson had no need of speech-writers to supply his oratorical eloquence.
• Professor, for his job was a college professor^[17]
• The Schoolmaster:^[116] a bespectacled academic who lectured his visitors.

Warren G. Harding

• Wobbly Warren,^[117] because of his flip-flopping and closeness to his Cabinet during important events, similar to McKinley.

Calvin Coolidge

• Cal, short for Calvin^[101]
• Cautious Cal^[118]
• Cool Cal,^[119] since his reelection campaign used the slogan, "Keep It Cool With Coolidge".
• Silent Cal^{[120] [121]}
• Red, because of his hair color^[101]
• The Sphinx or Sphinx of the Potomac because he was non talkative and a man of few words^{[122] [123]}

Herbert Hoover

• The Chief,^[124] a nickname picked up at the age of 23 as a geologist surveying in the Australian Outback, that stuck for the rest of his life.
• The Great Engineer and the Great Humanitarian:^[125] He was a civil engineer of some distinction and when the Mississippi burst its banks in 1927, engulfing thousands of acres of agricultural land, he volunteered his services and did extensive flood control work. The latter nickname would later be used facetiously in reference to his perceived indifference to the hardships faced by his constituents during the Great Depression. However, the nickname dates back to 1921, when the ARA under Hoover saved millions of Russians suffering from famine. "It was such considerations that Walter Lippmann took into account when he wrote of Hoover's Russian undertaking in the New York World in May 1922: 'probably no other living man could have done nearly so much.".^[126]

Franklin D. Roosevelt

• FDR,^[127] abbreviation of his full name.
• Feather-duster,^[128] boys at Groton School called him because they thought he was snobbish and a bit of a sissy.
• Sphinx,^[129] in reference to his initial silence on whether or not he would run for a third term. Later visually depicted in a caricature sculpture commissioned by Secretary James D. Preston of the National Archives.
• That Man in the White House,^[130] used by those who disliked Roosevelt so much that they outright avoided saying his name.

Harry S. Truman

• Give 'Em Hell Harry (also a campaign slogan).^{[131] [132]}
• Haberdasher Harry^[133]
• Man From Independence^[17]
• The Senator From Pendergast, for his connection with political boss Tom Pendergast^[17]

Dwight D. Eisenhower

• Ike,^[134] known for being in his campaign slogan "I like Ike".

John F. Kennedy

• The American Erlander,^[135] as he was known in Sweden, due to his friendship with Prime Minister Tage Erlander and their shared interest in social welfare.
• Jack,^[136] Kennedy was usually referred to as either "John F. Kennedy" or "Jack Kennedy". See also Senator, you're no Jack Kennedy.
• JFK, most prominent nickname and abbreviation of his full name.
• Little Blue Boy, he was called by his precedent Dwight D. Eisenhower^[137]
• Rat Face, kids at his school called him for his skinny appearance^[138]

Lyndon B. Johnson

• Bull Johnson^[139] for his reputation for boasting at Southwest Texas State Teachers College.
• Landslide Lyndon,^[140] ironic reference to the Box 13 scandal, a hotly disputed 87-vote win that put him into the Senate in 1948, which became more appropriate in his supporters' eyes following his victory in the 1964 presidential election.
• LBJ;^{[141] [142]} he liked to be known by this abbreviation, which was used in the campaign slogan, "All the way with LBJ"; later it would be used in the Anti-Vietnam War political slogan "Hey, hey, LBJ, how many kids did you kill today?".
• Light-Bulb Lyndon,^[143] because he hated wasting electricity, and would often storm around the White House shutting off unnecessary lights.

Richard Nixon

• Tricky Dick,^[144] from a Democratic Party ad leading up to the 1950 U.S. Senate election in California saying "Look at 'Tricky Dick' Nixon's Republican Record".

Gerald Ford

• Jerry^[145]
• Junie, childhood nickname^[76]
• Mr. Nice Guy^{[146] [147]} for his clean-cut and non-partisan image.^[148]

Jimmy Carter

• Hot, short for Hot Shot, which was a childhood nickname.^[17]
• Jimmy, the first president to use his nickname in an official capacity, rather than his first name James.^[149]
• Jimmy Cardigan, got the nickname after he wore a sweater instead of a suit one day
• The Peanut Farmer,^[150] he owned a peanut farm and fostered this image in his early campaigns, as a contrast to elite Washington insiders.

Ronald Reagan

• Dutch: shortly after his birth, his father said he looked like a "fat little Dutchman"; reinforced when he wore a Dutch boy haircut (see pageboy) as a youngster.^{[151] [152] [153]}
• The Gipper, after his role as George "The Gipper" Gipp in the film Knute Rockne, All American. Gipp exhorted his teammates to "Win one for the Gipper".^[154]
• The Great Communicator^[155] for his ability to communicate.^[156]
• The Teflon President,^[157] coined by Rep. Patricia Schroeder because nothing negative "stuck to" him (like a Teflon skillet); he remained blame-free in the eyes of the American people.^[156]

George H. W. Bush

• 41,^[158] Papa Bush,^[159] Bush 41, Bush Senior, Senior, and similar names that were used after his son George W. Bush became the 43rd president, to differentiate between the two
• Little Pop, because he was named after a grandfather^[160]
• Poppy, a nickname used from childhood on.^{[161] [162]}

Bill Clinton

• Bubba,^[163] common nickname for males in the Southern U.S.
• The Comeback Kid, coined by press after strong second place showing in 1992 New Hampshire primary, following polling slump.^[164]
• Slick Willie,^[165] a term originally coined when he was Governor of Arkansas and popularized by newspaper Pine Bluff Commercial, whose staff disagreed with his political views.^[166]

George W. Bush

• 43, Bush Jr., Junior, Bush 43, and similar names, used to differentiate him from his father.
• Dubya,^[167] based on a Texas pronunciation of "W".^[168]
• Shrub, nickname his high school classmate Molly Ivins gave to him^[169]

Barack Obama

• Barry, short for Barack^[17]
• Barry O’Bomber, teammates in High School called him because he was great at scoring baskets in basketball
• Nobama, primarily by Republicans and South African protestors.^{[170] [171]}
• No Drama Obama,^{[172] [173]} for his cautious and meticulous presidential campaign in 2007–2008^[174] and for his patient, relaxed demeanor.^[175]

Donald Trump

See also: Pseudonyms used by Donald Trump.

• 45, the 45,^[176] and similar names, referencing his being the 45th president, and his penchant for wearing monogrammed "45" apparel.^[177]
• The Donald^[178] since his first wife Ivana Trump referred to him as such in a 1989 Spy magazine cover story.^{[178] [179]}
• Mr. Drumpf, from the ancestral German spelling of his surname, considered humorous by modern American standards.^[180] When exactly Drumpf was Anglicized as Trump in his family is unknown, but appears to have happened sometime during the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648).^[181] The nickname was adopted by detractors of Trump after comedian and political commentator John Oliver highlighted the etymology in a segment on Last Week Tonight with John Oliver and encouraged his audience to "Make Donald Drumpf Again".^{[182] [183]}
• Orange Man, in reference to his prominent skin tan. Especially used in the phrase "Orange man bad", an ad hominem of poor grammar meant to mock his detractors.^[184]
• President Snowflake and Snowflake-in-Chief^{[185] [186]} using the term "Snowflake", for his poor reactions to criticism, particularly on Twitter and regarding the Mueller probe and related investigations.

Joe Biden

• Amtrak Joe, from his association with Amtrak trains, which he would use to commute to Washington, D.C.^{[187] [188]}
• Brandon, or Joe Brandon, and derivatives such as Dark Brandon, based on the anti-Biden political slogan "Let's Go Brandon" which is a coded way of saying "Fuck Joe Biden".^{[189] [190] [191]}
• Scranton Joe, from his birthplace of Scranton, Pennsylvania and association with blue-collar politics.^{[192] [193]}
• Sleepy Joe, nickname used by Biden's opponent Donald Trump and his supporters, most prominently in the 2020 presidential election, to attack Biden as 'mentally slow'.^{[194] [195] [196] [197]}
• Genocide Joe, from his support of Israel during the Israel–Hamas war, referring to the Gaza humanitarian crisis.^[198]
• Creepy Joe, a nickname used by Biden's opponents referring to his perceived creepy interactions with women.^[199]
• Crooked Joe, nickname used by Biden's opponent Donald Trump and his supporters in the 2024 presidential election.^[200]

See also

• • List of nicknames of prime ministers of Australia
• List of nicknames of prime ministers of India
• List of nicknames of prime ministers of Italy
• List of nicknames of prime ministers of the United Kingdom
  • List of nicknames used by George W. Bush List of nicknames used by Donald Trump

References

• Book: DeGregario, William A.. The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents. Barricade Books. 1991.
• Book: The World Almanac of Presidential Facts. Paleta. Lu Ann. Worth. Fred. Pharos Books. 1993.
• Web site: The Presidents: Biographies & Portraits. The White House Historical Association. 2022-08-30.

Notes and References

1. Web site: Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus: The Perfect Leader. Parcon Research. dead. 2007-09-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20070927003924/http://www.parconresearch.com/surveys/leadership.htm. "It's easy to see why history sometimes refers to George Washington as "the American Cincinnatus". Washington too did great things then went back to his farm"..
2. Web site: Anderson House History. Societyofthecincinnati.org . November 7, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080929181507/http://www.societyofthecincinnati.org/history.htm . September 29, 2008 . mdy-all .
3. Book: Ford, Paul Leicester. The True George Washington: Soldier: Strategy. J.B. Lippincott. 1896. "His great caution in respect to the enemy, acquired him the name of the American Fabius." (Timothy Pickering).
4. Web site: Introduction. PBS: Rediscovering George Washington. 2002. dead. 2013-02-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20130216164939/https://www.pbs.org/georgewashington/father/index.html.
5. Book: Edwards, Roberta . Who Was George Washington?.
6. Web site: President's Nicknames .
7. Book: The writings of Thomas Jefferson Volume 13. Jefferson. Thomas. Bergh. Albert Ellery. Lipscomb. Andrew Adgate. Ulan Press. 2012-08-31. xxiv.
8. Book: Latham, Edward. A Dictionary of Names Nicknames and Surnames of Persons Places and Things. 1904. George Routledge & Sons LTD. London. 63. July 11, 2013. "A surname given to John Adams ... in allusion to his earnest and persevering efforts towards colonial independence in the Continental Congress. Sometimes also called the Colossus of the Revolution.".
9. Book: Freeman, A. The Principles and Acts of Mr. Adams' Administration. 1828. New Hampshire Journal Office. Concord, New Hampshire. 5. July 11, 2013. "Yes, John Adams, whom Jefferson pronounced the 'Colossus of Independence,' and who died with the motto 'Independence forever!' on his lips, 'probably desired independence.' So say William Badger and Francis N. Fisk. Shall we believe them? We will - not withstanding the doubt which their expression implies.".
10. Book: Brooks, Noah . 1895 . Short Studies in Party Politics . New York . Charles Scribner's Sons . 47. 9780722275214 .
11. Alexander . James . 2008 . Off to a bad start: John Adams's tussle over titles . Vanderbilt Undergraduate Research Journal . 4 . 1 . 10.15695/vurj.v4i0.2786 . 5 May 2023. free .
12. Web site: Biography of John Adams . United States Senate. French. Daniel Chester. October 31, 2012. dead. 2020-12-12. https://web.archive.org/web/20201212033500/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/art/artifact/Sculpture_22_00001.htm. "... the folds of material at the bottom of the vest suggest the girth that led Adams to be dubbed 'His Rotundity.'".
13. Book: Andrew Delahunty. Oxford dictionary of nicknames. 2003. Oxford University Press. Internet Archive. 978-0-19-860539-3.
14. Book: Green, Thomas Marshall. Historic Families of Kentucky. 1889. Robert Clarke & Co.. Cincinnati. 73.
15. Web site: 19 Amusing Presidential Nicknames . .
16. Web site: 1743-1826 Thomas Jefferson. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. dead. 2018-11-18. https://web.archive.org/web/20181118223417/http://millercenter.org/president/jefferson.
17. Book: Rubel, David . Encyclopedia Of The Presidents And Their Times.
18. Book: The Sage of Monticello. Jefferson and His Time. 6. Dumas Malone. 1981. Little, Brown. 0-316-54463-9.
19. Web site: The LOC.GOV Wise Guide : Who's the Father of the Constitution?. Library of Congress. December 27, 2016.
20. Web site: James Madison: Father of the Constitution. Sheehan. Colleen. 2013-04-08. The Heritage Foundation. 2022-08-30.
21. News: Mr. Madison's War. 1961-11-03. Time. Brant. Irving. dead. 2007-11-13. https://web.archive.org/web/20071113070301/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897919-1,00.html. "The enemies of the fourth President of the U.S. called him 'little Jemmy,' or 'his little majesty,' or 'withered little apple-John.'".
22. Book: Kane, Joseph. Facts about the Presidents: A Compilation of Biographical and Historical Information. 1994. H. W. Wilson. New York. 0-8242-0845-5. 344–45.
23. Web site: 1758-1831 James Monroe. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. dead. 2018-01-03. https://web.archive.org/web/20180103172607/https://millercenter.org/president/monroe. "Era-of-Good-Feelings President".
24. Web site: Presidents of the United States (POTUS) . Ipl.org . April 23, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130501214034/http://www.ipl.org/div/potus/jmonroe.html . May 1, 2013 . dead . mdy-all .
25. Web site: Digital History, Steven Mintz . Digital History . Digitalhistory.uh.edu . 20 April 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100723065559/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=567 . 23 July 2010 .
26. Book: Skidmore, Max J.. After the White House : former presidents as private citizens. 2004. Palgrave Macmillan. 9780312295592. 39.
27. Web site: Mad Old Man From Massachusetts . Americanheritage.com.
28. Book: Boller, Paul F. Jr. . Presidential Campaigns . . 1984 . New York . 45 . 0-19-503420-1 .
29. Web site: Stamp . Jimmy . Political Animals: Republican Elephants and Democratic Donkeys . . 9 July 2018 . en.
30. Web site: King Andrew the First. September 16, 1833. www.loc.gov. September 16, 2020.
31. News: John Steele . Gordon . John Steele Gordon . An Inauguration for the People . . January 20, 2009 . January 20, 2009. dead. 2021-10-18. https://web.archive.org/web/20211018231524/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123241405445996273.
32. Web site: 30 Unusual Presidential Nicknames . January 18, 2017 .
33. Book: Boller, Paul F. Jr. . Presidential Diversions . 2007 . 63 . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . 978-0151006120 .
34. Web site: Today in history: The death of 'Blue Whiskey Van' . . July 24, 2014 .
35. Book: Martin Van Buren: The American Presidents Series. Widmer. Ted. Widmer. Edward L.. Macmillan. 2005. 4.
36. Book: Rubel, David . Encyclopedia Of The Presidents And Their Times . 2005 . Scholastic Reference . 0-439-28323-X.
37. Web site: Life Portrait of Martin Van Buren. C-Span . May 3, 1999. November 7, 2012.
38. Web site: Today in History: December 5 . Library of Congress . November 7, 2012.
39. Web site: 30 Unusual Presidential Nicknames . January 18, 2017 .
40. Book: Norton, Anthony Banning. The Great Revolution of 1840. 1888. hansebooks. 9783337234713. 74.
41. Book: Warshauer, Matthew. Andrew Jackson and the Politics of Martial Law. 2007-08-15. University of Tennessee Press. 2nd. 978-1572336247. 108.
42. Web site: What is the origin of the word 'OK'? . https://web.archive.org/web/20120106201932/http://oxforddictionaries.com/words/what-is-the-origin-of-the-word-ok . dead . January 6, 2012 . . November 7, 2012.
43. Web site: The Wise Guide : The Red Fox of Kinderhook. www.loc.gov. September 16, 2020.
44. Book: Tracosas, L.J. . White House Winners What You Don't Know About The Presidents.
45. Web site: American History: 1840 U.S. Presidential Campaign. Johnson. David. 2006-06-12. History.net. dead. 2015-09-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20150924030917/http://www.historynet.com/american-history-1840-us-presidential-campaign.htm/1. "While the Democrats adopted a platform denouncing federal assumption of state debts, opposing internal improvements, and calling for separation of public money from banking institutions, Weed decided to keep Harrison quiet and emphasize his war-hero record and humble character. The Democrats took aim at Harrison's silence, calling him 'General Mum'.".
46. Web site: 30 Unusual Presidential Nicknames . January 18, 2017 .
47. Book: Latham, Edward. A Dictionary of Names, Nicknames and Surnames, of Persons, Places and Things. 1904. G. Routledge & Sons. 1038938. 220.
48. Web site: John Tyler. The White House . 2022-08-30.
49. Web site: James K. Polk l The White House .
50. Web site: Stump Speaking at Knoxville. 2021-02-18. Dehmer. Emliee. Tennessee State Museum. 2022-08-30.
51. Web site: 1795-1849 James K. Polk. September 26, 2016 . Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. 2022-08-30. "Nickname: 'Young Hickory'".
52. Book: Thornton, Richard H.. An American Glossary. 1912. J. B. Lippincott & Co.. 2. 627.
53. Web site: 1800 - 1874 MILLARD FILLMORE. September 26, 2016 . Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. 2022-08-30.
54. Book: Rubel, David . Encyclopedia Of The President's And Their Times.
55. Web site: 30 Unusual Presidential Nicknames . January 18, 2017 .
56. Book: Ayres, Thomas. That's Not in My American History Book: A Compilation of Little Known Events and Forgotten Heroes. January 1, 2004. Taylor Trade Publications. 9781589791077. December 27, 2016. Google Books.
57. Web site: 30 Unusual Presidential Nicknames . January 18, 2017 .
58. Book: Nichols, Roy. Franklin Pierce: Young Hickory of the Granite Hills. 1993-08-01. American Political Biography Press. 978-0945707066. .
59. Book: Townsend, Malcolm. Handbook of United States Political History for Readers and Students. Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Company. 1910. 340. old buck..
60. Web site: Rethinking the Old Public Functionary. McClintock. Russell. December 30, 2010. The New York Times. 2022-08-30.
61. Web site: James Buchanan. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2022-08-30.
62. Web site: Lincoln's Sense of Humor. America's Story from America's Library, Library of Congress. 2022-08-30. Refers to a song about Lincoln called, "Hey! Uncle Abe, are you joking yet?".
63. Web site: Why Lincoln?. Association of Lincoln Presenters. 2022-08-30. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070928215319/http://www.lincolnpresenters.org/Quotes.htm . September 28, 2007 . Association of Lincoln Presenters, Lincoln Quotes, "LINCOLN had many nicknames such as Honest Abe, the Railsplitter, the Liberator, the Emancipator, the Ancient One, the Martyr".
64. Web site: 30 Unusual Presidential Nicknames .
65. News: Wakeman. Wilber Fisk. The Internet Archive. The Defender. American Economist . March 8, 1912. December 5, 2011.
66. Web site: French. Charles Wallace. Abraham Lincoln: The Liberator. 1891. New York Funk & Wagnalls. December 5, 2011.
67. Book: Boyer. Paul. Stuckey. Sterling. Sterling Stuckey . American Nation: In the Modern Era . Holt, Rinehart, & Winston . 2005 .
68. Web site: Abraham Lincoln: 1862-1864 - Part 2. Sparknotes. 2022-08-30. "During a time of war, the executive always plays a stronger role than usual, and Lincoln was no exception to this rule. His uncompromising style as commander- in-chief, coupled with his ambitious domestic program to preserve and further the Union, earned him the nickname of "the tycoon"..
69. Web site: Page 1 . 2023-09-27 . teva.contentdm.oclc.org . en.
70. Web site: Vetoes, 1789 to Present . . . senate.gov . . April 1, 2024.
71. Book: Tennessee Tales the Textbooks Don't Tell. Ivey. Jennie. Dickinson. Calvin. Rand. Lisa. 2002-08-01. The Overmountain Press. 978-1-57072-235-6. 50.
72. Web site: Drago . Elliott . 2023-04-01 . Remembering the Legacy of Ulysses S. Grant and the "Unconditional Surrender" - Jack Miller Center . 2023-09-27 . Jack Miller Center -.
73. Web site: Phillip . Greenwalt . 2018-10-22 . They Called Grant a Butcher. But can a butcher have regrets? . 2023-09-27 . American Battlefield Trust . en-US.
74. Book: Tracosas, L.J. . White House Winners What You Don't Know About the Presidents.
75. Web site: Ulysses Grant . 2023-09-27 . www.pbs.org.
76. Book: Stabler, David . Kid Presidents True Tales Of Childhood From America's Presidents.
77. Web site: Simon . John Y. . Ulysses S. Grant . Britannica . 12 July 2021.
78. Book: http://www.history.army.mil/books/amh/AMH-10.htm. Chapter 10: The Civil War, 1862. 213. American Military History. 1989. United States Army Center of Military History. Army Historical Series. dead. 2007-12-12. https://web.archive.org/web/20071212214328/http://www.history.army.mil/books/amh/AMH-10.htm.
79. Web site: Ulysses S. Grant (U.S. National Park Service) .
80. Book: Harris, Lauren Lanzen . Biography For Beginners Presidents of the United States . 1998 . Favorable Impressions . 0-7808-0262-4.
81. Book: Rutherford Hayes and his America . American Political Biography Press . Barnard, Harry . 1954 . Newtown, Connecticut . 402–403 . 978-0-945707-05-9.
82. Web site: President's Nicknames .
83. Book: Boller, Paul F. Jr. . Presidential Campaigns . . 1984 . New York . 143 . 0-19-503420-1 .
84. Web site: 30 Unusual Presidential Nicknames . January 18, 2017 .
85. Book: Bausum, Ann . Our Country's Presidents . . 2017 . 98 . 978-1-4263-2685-1.
86. Book: Reeves, Thomas C. . Gentleman Boss . registration . Alfred A. Knopf . 1975 . New York . 418 . 0-394-46095-2.
87. Book: Tracosas, L.J. . White House Winners What You Don't Know About The U.S. Presidents.
88. Web site: Chester A. Arthur Quick Facts. MSN Encarta. Chester Arthur was fond of fine clothes and entertainment, earning him the nicknames 'Dude President,' 'Elegant Arthur,' and 'Prince Arthur'.. dead. 2009-04-25. https://web.archive.org/web/20090425071957/http://encarta.msn.com/media_461577502/Chester_A_Arthur_Quick_Facts.html.
89. Book: Moberg, Julia . Presidential Pets The Weird, Wacky, Little, Big, Scary, Strange Animals That Have Lived in the White House . 2012 . Watertown, MA.
90. Web site: President's Nicknames .
91. Book: Walters, Ryan S.. The Last Jeffersonian: Grover Cleveland and the Path to Restoring the Republic. February 28, 2012. WestBow Press. 9781449740498. en.
92. Book: Roberts. Robert North. Hammond. Scott J.. Sulfaro. Valerie A.. Presidential Campaigns, Slogans, Issues, and Platforms: The Complete Encyclopedia. 2012. ABC-CLIO. 9780313380921. en.
93. Web site: Tall, Slim & Erect: Grover Cleveland, 22nd-24th. Forman. Alex . May 2, 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20071009114051/http://www.januaryriver.net/presidents/24.html . October 9, 2007 . mdy-all .
94. Web site: American President: An Online Reference Resource . . . April 23, 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20121101102000/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/cleveland . November 1, 2012 . mdy-all .
95. Book: Chieko Moore, Anne. Benjamin Harrison: Centennial President. Hale. Hester Anne. 2006. Nova Publishers. 69, 178. 9781600210662.
96. Web site: 30 Unusual Presidential Nicknames . January 18, 2017 .
97. Web site: WAS THIS PRESIDENT TRULY A "HUMAN ICEBERG"?. 2018-09-25. Watson Adventures. Edelstein. Robert. 2022-08-30. "He was known as the "Human Iceberg" because he was stiff and formal when dealing with people"..
98. Web site: Benjamin Harrison I Miller Center . September 26, 2016 .
99. Web site: Benjamin Harrison. White House. 2006. Freidel. Frank. Sidney. Hugh. 2022-08-30.
100. Book: Todd Davis, And Marc Frey . The New Big Book Of U.S. Presidents Fascinating Facts About Each and Every President, Including an American History Timeline.
101. Book: Bausum, Ann . Our Country's Presidents A Complete Encyclopedia Of The U.S. Presidency . 2021 . National Geographic Society . 978-1-4263-7199-8.
102. Web site: Book Reviews. Northeast Ohio Journal of History. DeMatteo. Arthur E.. 2005. dead. 2007-11-30. https://web.archive.org/web/20071130070341/http://www3.uakron.edu/nojh/issues/spring_2005/reviews/dematteo_01.htm.
103. Book: Rubel, David . Encyclopedia Of The U.S. Presidents And Their Times . 2005 . Scholastic Reference . 0-439-28323-X.
104. Book: Goodwin . Doris Kearns . The Bully Pulpit . 2013 . Simon & Schuster.
105. Web site: Knowing the Presidents: Theodore Roosevelt. Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery. 2022-08-30.
106. Web site: Review: The Lion's Pride: Theodore Roosevelt and His Family in Peace and War By Edward J. Renehan, Jr.. Merritt. Harry. 1998. Nonfiction Book Page. dead. 1999-04-29. https://web.archive.org/web/19990429213836/http://www.bookpage.com/9810bp/nonfiction/lions_pride.html. "Within six months, Roosevelt, "the Lion" was dead".
107. News: Tammany Denounces Gov. Roosevelt; Col. Gardiner's Removal Called "Infamous" and "Cowardly." Ex-District Attorney Weeps; The General Committee Organizes for the Next Campaign by Electing Permanent Officers . . December 28, 1900.
108. Web site: Teddy, Teddy, enough already. Gould. Lewis L.. 2012-02-20. Oxford University Press. 2022-08-30. "Anyone who spends time with the extensive historical literature on Theodore Roosevelt recognizes that he abhorred his public nickname.".
109. Web site: 30 Unusual Presidential Nicknames . January 18, 2017 .
110. News: The American Experience/TR's Legacy/Environment . . November 7, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20081224215129/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/tr/envir.html . December 24, 2008.
111. Web site: RFK, DSK, OBL, WTF?. Oremus. Will. 2012-06-11. Slate. 2022-08-30. "And Franklin’s distant cousin, Theodore Roosevelt, may have been the first president to go by his initials in headlines, though in his case there were only two.".
112. Theodore Roosevelt: Icon of the American Century. 2000-03-20 . January 14, 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090322184643/http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/press/archive/preteddy.cfm . March 22, 2009 . mdy-all .
113. Book: Renstrom, Peter G. . The Taft Court . 2003 . 186 . 9781576072806 . ABC-CLIO.
114. Web site: William Howard Taft . Hoover.archives.gov . November 7, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090114025337/http://www.hoover.archives.gov/exhibits/cottages/middleclass/taft.html . January 14, 2009 . dead . mdy-all .
115. Web site: 30 Unusual Presidential Nicknames . January 18, 2017 .
116. Book: Safire, William. Safire's Political Dictionary. 2008. Oxford University Press. 409. 978-0-19-534334-2 .
117. Book: Rubel, David. Scholastic Encyclopedia of the Presidents and Their Times. registration. 1994. Scholastic Inc.. New York. 133. 9780590493666.
118. Book: The American Pageant. Baily. Thomas A.. Kennedy. David M.. 1994. 10th. D.C. Heath and Company. 0-669-33892-3.
119. Web site: Rebirth of Cool Cal. Miller. John J.. 1998-12-01. Reason. dead. 2017-04-20. https://web.archive.org/web/20170420142956/http://reason.com/archives/1998/12/01/rebirth-of-cool-cal/print.
120. News: Review of Calvin Coolidge (David Greenberg). H. W.. Brands. The Washington Post. January 21, 2007. 2022-08-30.
121. Web site: 'Silent Cal' Revisited. Library of Congress. Kaston. Carren. October 30, 1995. 2022-08-30.
122. Web site: The Strangest American Presidential Nicknames . .
123. Web site: 11 Things: Obscure Presidential Nicknames .
124. Web site: The Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum . Hoover.archives.gov . November 7, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080515202631/http://www.hoover.archives.gov/exhibits/Hooverstory/gallery01/gallery01.html . May 15, 2008 .
125. Web site: Hoover Dam. 2022-07-13. Bureau of Reclamation, Lower Colorado Region. 2022-08-30. Hoover, "known early in his career as "The Great Engineer", was now popularized as "The Great Humanitarian" for his "relief efforts in America's stricken heartland"..
126. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20110519185907/http://www.hoover.org/publications/hoover-digest/article/6376. The Big Show in Bololand. Patenaude. Bertrand. 2002. Stanford Program on International and Cross-cultural Education. May 19, 2011. dead. mdy-all.
127. Web site: 1882 - 1945 FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT. September 26, 2016 . Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. 2022-08-30. "Nickname: 'FDR'".
128. Book: Harris, Lauren Lanzen . Biography for beginners Presidents of the United States . 1998 . Favorable Impressions . 0-7808-0262-4.
129. Web site: From the Museum . Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum. 2 June 2011. 2022-08-30.
130. Web site: "That One" & "That Man". Barrett. John Q.. George Washington University Columbian College of Arts & Sciences. December 27, 2016.
131. Book: Donovan, Robert J. Conflict & Crisis: The Presidency of Harry S Truman 1945-1948. University of Missouri Press. 1996. Reprint. 20. 978-0-8262-1066-1. March 8, 2009.
132. News: Harry S Truman. January 20, 2009 . . 2022-08-30. London.
133. Web site: President's Nicknames .
134. Web site: Dwight D. Eisenhower: a centennial biography . . Elizabeth R.. Snoke . 1990 . November 3, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20081026164055/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/Snoke/SNOKE.asp . October 26, 2008 .
135. Web site: Tage F. Erlander Dies At 84; Swedish Leader For 2 Decades. 1985-06-22. The New York Times. 2023-08-13.
136. Web site: 1917 - 1963 JOHN F. KENNEDY. September 26, 2016 . Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. 2022-08-30. "Nicknames: 'JFK', 'Jack'".
137. Web site: President's Nicknames .
138. Book: Stabler, David . Kid Presidents True Tales of Childhood From America's Presidents . 978-1-59474-731-1.
139. Book: Caro, Robert A.. Robert Caro. . 1990. Vintage Books . 160 . 978-0-679-72945-7.
140. News: HOW 'LANDSLIDE LYNDON' EARNED HIS NAME. Broder. David S.. 1990-03-04. The Washington Post. 2022-08-30.
141. Web site: 1908 - 1973 LYNDON B. JOHNSON. September 26, 2016 . Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. 2022-08-30.
142. Web site: Lady Bird Johnson : Documentary Transcript – Part Two . July 2, 2008 . Beschloss . Michael . Michael Beschloss . . Three years later, came Luci Baines. Now there were 4 LBJs. The Johnson dog was named Little Beagle Johnson But there was no doubt who the most important LBJ was in that household. .
143. Web site: The President's News Conference. The American Presidency Project, UC Santa Barbara. April 11, 1964 . 2022-08-30.
144. News: Chapter One: Tricky Dick and the Pink Lady. Mitchell. Greg. 1998. . April 21, 2013.
145. News: Character Above All: Gerald Ford Essay. Cannon. James . PBS.org. 2022-08-30.
146. Web site: Gerald Ford, President Nice Guy. 2018-06-26. The New York Times. Thomas. Evan. 2022-08-30.
147. News: MR. Nice Guy. . Richmond, Virginia . December 3, 2003. 12.
148. Web site: Examining Gerald Ford's 'nice guy' legacy. 2007-02-14. Leddy. Chuck. Boston.com. 2022-08-30.
149. News: The Question Now: Who Carter?. https://web.archive.org/web/20070428174458/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,915809,00.html. dead. April 28, 2007. Hugh. Sidey. Hugh Sidey . December 12, 1977. April 20, 2007. Time.
150. News: Andy Rooney on Presidential Nicknames. Andy Rooney. Andy Rooney. 60 Minutes. September 26, 2010. dead. 2018-06-29. https://web.archive.org/web/20180629183022/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/andy-rooney-on-presidential-nicknames/.
151. Web site: The Ronald Reagan Presidential Library . Reagan.utexas.edu . April 23, 2013. dead. 2015-03-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20150311215955/http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/reference/facts.html.
152. News: Ronald Reagan, 1911–2004. 'Small Town to Tinseltown' . . 2004 . 2022-08-30.
153. [commons:File:Ronald Reagan with family 1916-17.jpg|Photo of young "Dutch" Reagan]
154. Web site: How Reagan got his Gipper nickname. 2004-06-08. The Sydney Morning Herald. 2022-08-30.
155. Web site: Ronald Reagan: The 'Great Communicator'. 2004-06-08. CNN. 2022-08-30.
156. News: . Nothing stuck to 'Teflon President' . June 6, 2004 . 2022-08-30. Schroeder . Patricia.
157. News: Working Mother. David E.. Rosenbaum. The New York Times.
158. News: American Experience. . November 7, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081106125146/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bush41/more/bush.html . November 6, 2008 . dead .
159. News: Neuman . Johanna . Bush to Obama: A private letter . . January 20, 2009 .
160. Book: Bausum, Ann . Our Country's Presidents A Complete Encyclopedia Of The U.S Presidents . 2021 . National Geographic Society . 978-1-4263-7199-8.
161. News: Berke . Richard . Million-Dollar Team Keeping Bush Campaign in the Money . . May 23, 1988.
162. News: Brown . Patricia . The First Lady-Elect: What She Is and Isn't . . December 11, 1988.
163. Web site: THAT'S 'MR. BUBBA' TO YOU, BUBBA. 1992-04-19. Hodges. Sam. Orlando Sentinel. 2022-08-30.
164. News: Clinton thanks New Hampshire for making him the 'Comeback Kid' . Amy Herstek. CNN. January 11, 2001. April 29, 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20071017154911/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/ALLPOLITICS/stories/01/11/clinton.nh/index.html. October 17, 2007. mdy-all.
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165. News: Cornwell. Rupert. 'Slick Willie': Clinton's untold story Recordings shed new light on the Lewinsky scandal, Boris Yeltsin's antics and Al Gore's failed presidency bid. February 28, 2012. The Independent. September 23, 2009.
166. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RdkbNGCp1G4|title=PAPER TRAILS: Origins of Bill Clinton nickname 'Slick Willie' a bit slippery|first=Sean|last=Clancy|publisher=Arkansas Democrat Gazette|date=August 8, 2021|accessdate=December 17, 2022}}
167. News: Grimes. David. Dubya's nickname could be worse . https://web.archive.org/web/20081107080549/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4182/is_/ai_n10142887. dead. November 7, 2008 . March 25, 2010. . Oklahoma City . February 1, 2001.
168. Book: Weisberg, Jacob. The Bush tragedy. October 2008. Random House . New York. 9781400066780. 6. registration. dubya..
169. Web site: 30 Unusual Presidential Nicknames . January 18, 2017 .
170. Web site: South African riot police pave the way for Obama visit libcom.org . 2023-04-07 . libcom.org . en.
171. Web site: 2018-01-16 . President Nobama . 2023-04-07 . National Review . en-US.
172. News: Thanks to no-drama Obama, American leadership is gone. Richard. Cohen. December 26, 2016. . December 27, 2016.
173. News: Hail to the Chief: A Statistical Portrait of the Obama Presidency. Pape. Eric. December 7, 2016. . December 27, 2016.
174. News: Obama's vetting could chase away candidates. Mooney. Alexander . April 6, 2013 . . November 22, 2008.
175. News: Review: In the new Netflix biopic, 'Barry,' the real Obama remains hidden. Tom. Shone . December 16, 2016. Newsweek. December 27, 2016.
176. News: The 45. Know Your Meme. 2018-04-20.
177. News: Trump has '45' embroidered on his shirt cuffs — but style experts say it's a big mistake. Business Insider. Green. Dennis. 2018-02-22. 2022-08-30.
178. News: Why does everyone call Donald Trump 'The Donald'? It's an interesting story. . September 1, 2015 . September 4, 2015 . Amy . Argetsinger . The Washington Post.
179. News: Matt . Fleischer . . Trump vs Trump in Battle of the Exes . January 25, 1999 . April 5, 2015.
180. News: Addady . Michal . March 9, 2016 . John Oliver's 'Make Donald Drumpf Again' Is Really Taking Off . . April 1, 2024.
181. Book: Blair, Gwenda . Gwenda Blair . The Trumps: Three Generations of Builders and a Presidential Candidate . Simon & Schuster . 1st . 2001 . 26 . 9780743210799 .
182. Locker . Melissa . February 29, 2016 . John Oliver Takes on Donald Trump on Last Week Tonight . . April 1, 2024.
183. Zorthian . Julia . March 31, 2016 . John Oliver's 'Donald Drumpf' Segment Broke HBO Viewing Records . . April 1, 2024.
184. Web site: June 10, 2016. On 'Tonight Show' President Obama notes 'orange is not the new black'. April 1, 2024. The Mercury News. en-US. https://web.archive.org/web/20200715152056/https://www.mercurynews.com/2016/06/10/on-tonight-show-president-obama-notes-orange-is-not-the-new-black/. July 15, 2020. live.
185. Web site: 'Saturday Night Live' and the Snowflake in Chief. Conor. Friedersdorf. February 17, 2019. The Atlantic. September 16, 2020.
186. Web site: Easy questions only for Donald Trump: President Snowflake loves his safe space.. Jason. Sattler. USA Today. 2022-08-30. 2018-05-23.
187. Web site: Where Did "Amtrak Joe," Joe Biden's Nickname, Come From?. Igoe. Katherine. May 4, 2020. Marie Claire. November 7, 2020.
188. News: . In Rural Montana, a Hope That Biden Will Reopen the Rails . Jim . Robbins . January 24, 2021 . en . 2021-01-25 . The North Coast Hiawatha hasn’t run through Montana since 1979. Now cities like Billings, Bozeman, Helena and Missoula are hoping that “Amtrak Joe” will help fund new rail service. [...] But with a new president known as “Amtrak Joe” and Democratic control of both houses of Congress, [...].
189. News: Weaver . Margaret . Biden Is 'Happy for Brandon' Who Is 'Having a Really Good Year' . . May 1, 2022 . July 24, 2022.
190. News: McWhorter . John. John McWhorter . The Serendipity of 'Let's Go, Brandon' . . November 9, 2021 . July 24, 2022.
191. Web site: President Biden Brings Dark Brandon to Life in Zinger-Filled WHCA Speech. 2023-05-21. Extra. en.
192. News: Kanno-Youngs . Zolan . 2022-12-02 . Biden's Brush With Royalty Caps a Glamorous Week for 'Scranton Joe' . The New York Times . en . 2023-08-10.
193. Web site: Brownstein . Ronald . 2023-02-08 . Feisty Joe Biden Is Back . 2023-08-10 . The Atlantic . en.
194. Web site: Kilgore . Ed . 2019-06-28 . Biden's Bad Night Exposed Some Dangerous Weaknesses . 2022-08-30 . New York Magazine.
195. Web site: Pindell. James . July 2, 2020. Trump's 'Sleepy Joe' nickname for Biden isn't working. Even Trump knows it . 2021-01-16. The Boston Globe. en-US.
196. Web site: Trump slams Joe Biden as 'mentally weak,' calling him '1% Joe' and saying he's 'slower than he used to be'. Panetta. Grace. June 11, 2019. Business Insider. February 11, 2020.
197. News: View from Sleepy Joe Biden's home town: he's done what everyone else talked about . Alistair. Dawber. Scranton, Pennsylvania. August 22, 2021. The Sunday Times. London. en-GB.
198. News: Kapos . Shia . Pro-Palestinian protesters are backed by a surprising source: Biden’s biggest donors . 7 August 2024 . POLITICO . 7 June 2024.
199. News: Richardson . Valerie . ‘Creepy Joe’ charges resurface after Biden asks 6-year-old girl if she’s 17 . 7 August 2024 . . 19 November 2023.
200. Web site: Trump . Donald . Trump talks about "Crooked" Joe Biden . . 7 August 2024.