List of national power transfers in 2022 explained

The following is a list of power transfers between national heads of state, heads of government, prime ministers, and other equivalent positions in the year 2022. All countries which act as de facto sovereign states, per the criteria at List of sovereign states, are included.

Heads of State

Head of State Changes in 2022!Date!Country!Position!Incumbent!Party!Incoming!Party!Cause!Source

1 Jan		President	Guy Parmelin	Swiss People's Party	Ignazio Cassis	FDP.The Liberals	Rotation	^[1]
24 Jan		President	Roch Marc Christian Kaboré	People's Movement for Progress	Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba	Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration (military junta)	Coup d'état	^[2]
27 Jan		President	Juan Orlando Hernández	National Party	Xiomara Castro	Liberty and Refoundation	Election	^[3]
1 Feb		President	Armen Sarkissian	Independent	Alan Simonyan (acting)	Civil Contract	Resignation	^[4]
11 Mar		President	Sebastián Piñera	Independent (elected for Let's Go Chile)	Gabriel Boric	Social Convergence	Election	^[5]
13 Mar		President	Alan Simonyan (acting)	Civil Contract	Vahagn Khachaturyan	Independent	Indirect election	^[6]
19 Mar		President	Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow	Independent	Serdar Berdimuhamedow	Democratic Party	Election	^[7]
1 Apr		Captains Regent	Francesco Mussoni	Christian Democratic Party	Oscar Mina	Christian Democratic Party	Indirect election	^[8]
			Giacomo Simoncini	Socialist Party	Paolo Rondelli	RETE Movement
7 Apr		President	Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi	General People's Congress	Rashad al-Alimi	General People's Congress	Resignation	^[9]
8 May		President	Carlos Alvarado Quesada	Citizens' Action Party	Rodrigo Chaves Robles	Social Democratic Progress Party	Election	^[10]
10 May		President	János Áder	Civic Alliance	Katalin Novák	Civic Alliance	Indirect election	^[11]
10 May		President	Moon Jae-in	Democratic Party	Yoon Suk-yeol	People Power Party	Election	^[12]
14 May		President	Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan	N/A	Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan	N/A	Death	^[13]
14 May		President	Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed	Quality Party	Hassan Sheikh Mohamud	Union for Peace and Development Party	Indirect election	^[14]
19 May		President	Francisco Guterres	Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor	José Ramos-Horta	National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction	Election	^[15]
24 May	South Ossetia	President	Anatoly Bibilov	United Ossetia	Alan Gagloyev	Meeting	Election	^[16]
30 Jun		President	Rodrigo Duterte	PDP-Laban	Bongbong Marcos	Federalist Party	Election	^[17]
15 Jul		President	Gotabaya Rajapaksa	People's Front	Ranil Wickremesinghe	United National Party	Resignation	^[18]
23 Jul		President	Tallis Obed Moses	Independent	Nikenike Vurobaravu	Our Land Party	Indirect election	^[19]
24 Jul		President	Ilir Meta	Socialist Movement for Integration	Bajram Begaj	Independent	Indirect election	^[20]
25 Jul		President	Ram Nath Kovind	Indian People's Party	Droupadi Murmu	Indian People's Party	Indirect election	^[21]
7 Aug		President	Iván Duque Márquez	Democratic Center	Gustavo Petro Urrego	Humane Colombia	Election	^[22]
8 Sep	Antigua and Barbuda	Monarch	Elizabeth II	N/A	Charles III	N/A	Death	^[23]
13 Sep		President	Uhuru Kenyatta	Jubilee Party	William Ruto	United Democratic Alliance	Election	^[24]
29 Sep		President	Lionel Aingimea	Independent	Russ Kun	Independent	Indirect election	^[25]
30 Sep		President	Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba	Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration (military junta)	Ibrahim Traoré	Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration (military junta)	Coup d'état	^[26]
1 Oct		Captains Regent	Oscar Mina	Christian Democratic Party	Maria Luisa Berti	We Sammarinese	Indirect election	^[27]
			Paolo Rondelli	RETE Movement	Manuel Ciavatta	Christian Democratic Party
17 Oct		President	Barham Salih	Patriotic Union of Kurdistan	Abdul Latif Rashid	Patriotic Union of Kurdistan	Indirect election	^[28]
31 Oct		President	Michel Aoun	Free Patriotic Movement	Najib Mikati (acting)	Azm Movement	Term limit	^[29]
16 Nov	Bosnia and Herzegovina	President (Bosniak)	Šefik Džaferović	Party of Democratic Action	Denis Bećirović	Social Democratic Party	Election	^[30]
		President (Serb)	Milorad Dodik	Alliance of Independent Social Democrats	Željka Cvijanović	Alliance of Independent Social Democrats
7 Dec		President	Pedro Castillo	Independent (elected for Free Peru)	Dina Boluarte	Independent (elected for Free Peru)	Impeachment	^[31]
23 Dec		President	Borut Pahor	Social Democrats	Nataša Pirc Musar	Independent	Election	^[32]

Heads of Government and Prime Ministers

Heads of government that are also heads of state are not included in this list.

Head of Government Changes in 2022!Date!Country!Position!Incumbent!Party!Incoming!Party!Cause!Source

5 Jan		Prime Minister	Asqar Mamin	Radiant Fatherland	Älihan Smaiylov	Radiant Fatherland	Resignation	^[33]
17 Jan		Prime Minister	Zoran Zaev	Social Democratic Union	Dimitar Kovačevski	Social Democratic Union	Resignation	^[34]
19 Jan		Prime Minister	Abdalla Hamdok	Independent	Osman Hussein (acting)	Independent	Resignation	^[35]
1 Feb		Prime Minister	Mirtha Vásquez	Broad Front	Héctor Valer	Democratic Peru	Resignation	^[36]
7 Feb	Central African Republic	Prime Minister	Henri-Marie Dondra	Independent	Félix Moloua	United Hearts Movement	Appointment	^[37]
8 Feb		Prime Minister	Héctor Valer	Democratic Peru	Aníbal Torres	Independent	Resignation	^[38]
3 Mar		Prime Minister	Lassina Zerbo	Independent	Albert Ouédraogo	Independent	Appointment	^[39]
3 Mar		Prime Minister	Carlos Agostinho do Rosário	Liberation Front	Adriano Maleiane	Liberation Front	Appointment	^[40]
11 Apr		Prime Minister	Imran Khan	Movement for Justice	Shehbaz Sharif	Muslim League (Nawaz)	Confidence failure	^[41]
28 Apr		Prime Minister	Zdravko Krivokapić	We Won't Give Up	Dritan Abazović	United Reform Action	Confidence failure	^[42]
12 May		Prime Minister	Faiz Sucuoğlu	National Unity Party	Ünal Üstel	National Unity Party	Resignation	^[43]
12 May		Prime Minister	Mahinda Rajapaksa	People's Front	Ranil Wickremesinghe	United National Party	Resignation	^[44]
16 May		Prime Minister	Jean Castex	Renaissance	Élisabeth Borne	Territories of Progress	Appointment	^[45]
21 May		Prime Minister	Kim Boo-kyum	Democratic Party	Han Duck-soo	Independent	Appointment	^[46]
23 May		Prime Minister	Scott Morrison	Liberal Party	Anthony Albanese	Labor Party	Election	^[47]
26 May		Prime Minister	Janez Janša	Democratic Party	Robert Golob	Freedom Movement	Election	^[48]
30 May	Transnistria	Prime Minister	Aleksandr Martynov	Independent	Aleksandr Rozenberg	Independent	Resignation	^[49]
20 Jun	South Ossetia	Prime Minister	Gennady Bekoyev	Independent	Konstantin Dzhussoev	Independent	Appointment	^[50]
24 Jun		Prime Minister	Keith Mitchell	New National Party	Dickon Mitchell	National Democratic Congress	Election	^[51]
26 Jun		Prime Minister	Mohamed Hussein Roble	Independent	Hamza Abdi Barre	Union for Peace and Development Party	Appointment	^[52]
1 Jul		Chief Executive	Carrie Lam	Independent	John Lee	Independent	Indirect election	^[53]
1 Jul		Prime Minister	Naftali Bennett	New Right	Yair Lapid	There Is A Future	Rotation	^[54]
16 Jul		Prime Minister	Mohamed Béavogui	Independent	Bernard Goumou	Independent	Appointment	^[55]
19 Jul		Prime Minister	Sabah Al-Khalid Al-Sabah	Independent	Mohammed Sabah Al-Salem Al-Sabah (acting)	Independent	Resignation	^[56]
22 Jul		Prime Minister	Ranil Wickremesinghe	United National Party	Dinesh Gunawardena	People's United Front	Appointment	^[57]
24 Jul		Prime Minister	Mohammed Sabah Al-Salem Al-Sabah (acting)	Independent	Ahmad Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah	Independent	Appointment	^[58]
2 Aug		Prime Minister	Kiril Petkov	We Continue the Change	Galab Donev	Independent	Confidence failure	^[59]
6 Aug		Prime Minister	Timothy Harris	People's Labour Party	Terrence Drew	Labour Party	Election	^[60]
21 Aug		Prime Minister	Choguel Kokalla Maïga	Independent	Adboulaye Maïga	Independent	Appointment	^[61]
6 Sep		Prime Minister	Boris Johnson	Conservative Party	Liz Truss	Conservative Party	Resignation	^[62]
7 Sep		Prime Minister	Alain-Guillaume Bunyoni	National Council for the Defense of Democracy	Gervais Ndirakobuca	National Council for the Defense of Democracy	Appointment	^[63]
17 Sep		Prime Minister	Mahammed Dionne (previously, 2019)	Independent	Amadou Ba	Independent	Appointment	^[64]
27 Sep		Prime Minister	Salman bin Abdulaziz	N/A	Mohammed bin Salman	N/A	Appointment	^[65]
12 Oct		Prime Minister	Albert Pahimi Padacké	National Rally for Democracy	Saleh Kebzabo	National Rally for Democracy	Appointment	^[66]
17 Oct		Prime Minister	Magdalena Andersson	Social Democratic Party	Ulf Kristersson	Moderate Party	Election	^[67]
21 Oct		Prime Minister	Albert Ouédraogo	Independent	Apollinaire Joachim Kyélem de Tambèla	Independent	Appointment	^[68]
22 Oct		Prime Minister	Mario Draghi	Independent	Giorgia Meloni	Brothers of Italy	Election	^[69]
25 Oct		Prime Minister	Liz Truss	Conservative Party	Rishi Sunak	Conservative Party	Resignation	^[70]
27 Oct		Prime Minister	Mustafa Al-Kadhimi	Independent	Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani	Islamic Call Party	Election	^[71]
28 Nov		Prime Minister	Moeketsi Majoro	All-Basotho Convention	Sam Matekane	Revolution for Prosperity	Election	^[72]
4 Nov		Prime Minister	Bob Loughman	Our Land Party	Ishmael Kalsakau	Union of Moderate Parties	Election	^[73]
11 Nov		Prime Minister	Jorge Bom Jesus	Movement for Liberation/Social Democratic Party	Patrice Trovoada	Independent Democratic Action	Election	^[74]
24 Nov		Prime Minister	Ismail Sabri Yaakob	United Malays National Organization	Anwar Ibrahim	People's Justice Party	Election	^[75]
26 Nov		Prime Minister	Aníbal Torres	Independent	Betssy Chavéz	Democratic Peru	Resignation	^[76]
11 Dec		Prime Minister	Betssy Chavéz	Democratic Peru	Pedro Angulo Arana	Independent	Resignation	^[77]
17 Dec		Taoiseach	Micheál Martin	Fianna Fáil	Leo Varadkar	Fine Gael	Rotation	^[78]
21 Dec		Prime Minister	Pedro Angulo Arana	Independent	Alberto Otárola	Independent	Appointment	^[79]
24 Dec		Prime Minister	Frank Bainimarama	FijiFirst	Sitiveni Rabuka	People's Alliance	Election	^[80]
25 Dec		Prime Minister	Sher Bahadur Deuba	Nepali Congress	Pushpa Kamal Dahal	Communist Party (Maoist Centre)	Election	^[81]
29 Dec		Prime Minister	Yair Lapid	There Is A Future	Benjamin Netanyahu	Consolidation	Election	^[82]
30 Dec		Prime Minister	Phankham Viphavanh	People's Revolutionary Party	Sonexay Siphandone	People's Revolutionary Party	Resignation	^[83]

See also

• List of state leaders in 2022
• List of elections in 2022
• 2022 national electoral calendar

Notes and References

1. Web site: 2021-12-08 . Switzerland: Foreign minister Cassis picked as new president . 2022-12-26 . AP NEWS . en.
2. Web site: Who is Paul-Henri Damiba, leader of the Burkina Faso coup? . 2022-12-26 . www.aljazeera.com . en.
3. News: 2022-01-27 . Xiomara Castro: Honduras' first female president sworn in . en-GB . BBC News . 2022-12-26.
4. Web site: Alen Simonyan assumes the President's duties as Sarkissian's resignation takes effect . 2022-12-26 . Public Radio of Armenia . en-US.
5. Web site: 2022-03-11 . Gabriel Boric, 36, sworn in as president to herald new era for Chile . 2022-12-26 . the Guardian . en.
6. Web site: Vahagn Khachaturyan to be sworn in as President of Armenia on March 13 . 2022-12-26 . Public Radio of Armenia . en-US.
7. Web site: 2022-03-19 . Son succeeds father as Turkmenistan's new president . 2022-12-26 . AP NEWS . en.
8. Web site: Eric J. . Lyman . 2022-04-04 . San Marino appoints world's first openly gay head of state . 2022-12-26 . the Guardian . en.
9. News: Hubbard . Ben . 2022-04-07 . Yemeni Leader Hands Power to New Body as His Saudi Backers Seek to End War . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-12-26 . 0362-4331.
10. Web site: 2022-05-11 . Rodrigo Chaves takes office and promises to "order and rebuild" Costa Rica . 2022-12-26 . Confidencial . es.
11. Web site: 2022-03-10 . Katalin Novak becomes Hungary's first female president . 2022-12-26 . euronews . en.
12. News: South Korea's new president sworn in, calls on North to denuclearize . en-US . Washington Post . 2022-12-26 . 0190-8286.
13. News: 2022-05-14 . UAE strongman Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed named new president . en . Reuters . 2022-12-26.
14. News: 2012-09-11 . Hassan Sheikh Mohamud: Who is Somalia's new leader? . en-GB . BBC News . 2022-12-26.
15. Web site: Nobel winner Jose Ramos-Horta sworn in as East Timor president . 2022-12-26 . www.aljazeera.com . en.
16. Web site: Inauguration of president-elect to be held in South Ossetia . 2022-12-26 . TASS.
17. News: 2022-06-30 . Ferdinand Marcos Jr sworn in as Philippines president, replacing Duterte . en-GB . BBC News . 2022-12-26.
18. Web site: 2022-07-15 . Sri Lanka's president Gotabaya Rajapaksa officially resigns . 2022-12-26 . the Guardian . en.
19. Web site: Bule . Hilaire . Vurobaravu elected new President . 2022-12-26 . Vanuatu Daily Post . 26 July 2022 . en.
20. Web site: 2022-07-24 . Albania's newly sworn-in president urges political unity . 2022-12-26 . AP NEWS . en.
21. Web site: 2022-07-21 . Ethnic minority woman wins India's presidential election . 2022-12-26 . AP NEWS . en.
22. Web site: 2022-08-07 . In historic shift, Gustavo Petro sworn in as Colombia's first leftist president . 2022-12-26 . PBS NewsHour . en-us.
23. News: 2022-09-08 . Queen Elizabeth II has died . en-GB . BBC News . 2022-12-26.
24. Web site: William Ruto sworn in as Kenya's president after close vote . 2022-12-26 . NBC News . 13 September 2022 . en.
25. Web site: 2022-09-29 . Nauru's new President takes oath . 2022-12-26 . RNZ . en-nz.
26. News: Mcallister . Edward . 2022-10-04 . Who is Ibrahim Traore, the soldier behind Burkina Faso's latest coup? . en . Reuters . 2022-12-26.
27. Web site: 2022-10-03 . San Marino elects its new Heads of State . 2022-12-26 . Consulate of San Marino to the UK . en-GB.
28. Web site: Abdul Latif Rashid sworn in as Iraq's new president . 2022-12-26 . Atalayar . 17 October 2022 . en.
29. News: Gebeily . Maya . Bassam . Laila . 2022-10-30 . Aoun's presidency ends leaving power vacuum in crisis-hit Lebanon . en . Reuters . 2022-12-26.
30. Web site: 2022-11-16 . Newly elected Members of BiH Presidency take the solemn Oath . 2022-12-26 . Sarajevo Times . en-US.
31. Web site: Claudia . Rebaza . Tara . John . Stefano . Pozzebon . Hande Atay . Alam . 2022-12-07 . Peru's President impeached and arrested after he attempts to dissolve Congress . 2022-12-26 . CNN . en.
32. Web site: Angleški . S. T. A. . 2022-12-22 . Nataša Pirc Musar sworn in as Slovenia's fifth president . 2022-12-26 . Slovenia Times . en-US.
33. News: 2022-01-11 . Alikhan Smailov named Kazakhstan's prime minister . en . Reuters . 2022-12-26.
34. News: North Macedonia's Kovacevski Approved As New PM . 2022-12-26 . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 17 January 2022 . en.
35. Web site: 2022-01-19 . Sudan's Burhan forms caretaker government . 2022-12-26 . Sudan Tribune.
36. Web site: 2022-02-06 . Peru's prime minister to step down after allegations of domestic violence . 2022-12-26 . the Guardian . en.
37. Web site: AFP-Agence France Presse . C.Africa Appoints New PM To Head Same Cabinet . 2022-12-26 . www.barrons.com . en-US.
38. Web site: Peruvian president swears in 4th Cabinet in 6 months – DW – 02/09/2022 . 2022-12-26 . dw.com . en.
39. Web site: Burkina Faso military names interim prime minister . 2022-12-26 . www.aljazeera.com . en.
40. News: 2022-03-04 . Mozambique president names new premier and finance minister . en . Reuters . 2022-12-26.
41. Web site: Zaman . Q. . Shehbaz Sharif elected as Pakistan's new prime minister . 2022-12-26 . www.aljazeera.com . en.
42. News: Montenegro Elects New Minority Government That Aims To Speed Up EU Membership Process . 2022-12-26 . RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty . en.
43. Web site: KKTC'de UBP-DP-YDP koalisyon hükümeti kuruldu . 2022-12-26 . www.cumhuriyet.com.tr . 5 December 2022 . tr.
44. News: 2022-05-12 . Ranil Wickremesinghe sworn in as Sri Lankan prime minister - sources . en . Reuters . 2022-12-26.
45. Web site: 2022-05-16 . Macron appoints Labor Minister Elisabeth Borne as his prime minister . 2022-12-26 . POLITICO . en-US.
46. Web site: 2022-05-21 . Yoon appoints Han as prime minister after parliamentary confirmation . 2022-12-26 . koreatimes . en.
47. News: 2022-05-23 . Anthony Albanese: Australia's new PM sworn in ahead of Quad meeting . en-GB . BBC News . 2022-12-26.
48. Web site: Maček . Sebastijan R. . 2022-05-26 . Robert Golob elected Slovenia's environmentalist prime minister . 2022-12-26 . www.euractiv.com . en-GB.
49. Web site: Necșuțu . Mădălin . 2022-05-27 . Breakaway Moldovan Region of Transnistria Gets New PM . 2022-12-26 . Balkan Insight . en-US.
50. Web site: 2022-06-20 . President of South Ossetia has appointed Konstantin Dzhussoev as Prime Minister – the decree . 2022-12-26 . Государственное информационное агентство "Рес" . en.
51. Web site: PM-elect Dickon Mitchell to transform Grenada over next 15 years Loop Caribbean News . 2022-12-26 . Loop News . en.
52. Web site: Somali parliament approves appointment of Hamza Abdi Barre as PM . 2022-12-26 . ANI News . en.
53. Web site: Helen . Regan \first2=Jessie . Yeung . Kathleen . Magramo . 2022-07-01 . John Lee sworn in as new Hong Kong leader . 2022-12-26 . CNN . en.
54. Web site: Spiro . Amy . Yair Lapid takes over as Israel's 14th prime minister . 2022-12-26 . www.timesofisrael.com . en-US.
55. Web site: Bah . Adama Hawa . 2022-07-16 . Guinée: Bernard Goumou nommé premier ministre par intérim . 2022-12-26 . Guinee360 . fr-FR.
56. Web site: Kuwait appoints new prime minister . 2022-12-26 . gulfnews.com . 19 July 2022 . en.
57. News: Veteran politician Dinesh Gunawardena appointed Sri Lanka's new Prime Minister . 2022-12-26 . The Times of India . 22 July 2022 . en.
58. News: 2022-07-24 . Kuwaiti emir's son named prime minister . en . Reuters . 2022-12-26.
59. Web site: Bulgarian caretaker gov't takes office-Xinhua . 2022-12-26 . english.news.cn.
60. Web site: Dixon . Loshaun . 2022-08-06 . Dr Terrance Drew Sworn in as fourth PM . 2022-12-26 . The St Kitts Nevis Observer . en-US.
61. News: 2022-08-22 . Mali appoints government spokesman Abdoulaye Maiga as interim prime minister . en . Reuters . 2022-12-26.
62. News: The Associated Press. 2022-09-06 . Liz Truss is now officially the U.K.'s prime minister after meeting with the queen . en . NPR . 2022-12-26.
63. Web site: 2022-09-19 . Hardliner Takes Charge in Burundi Human Rights Watch . 2023-11-24 . en.
64. Web site: Senegal's President Appoints Former Economy Minister as PM . 2022-12-26 . VOA . 17 September 2022 . en.
65. Web site: Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman named PM . 2022-12-26 . www.aljazeera.com . en.
66. Web site: Saleh Kebzabo named as Chad's new prime minister – DW – 10/12/2022 . 2022-12-26 . dw.com . en.
67. News: 2022-10-18 . Sweden's new PM Kristersson appoints cabinet . en . Reuters . 2022-12-26.
68. News: 2022-10-22 . Burkina Faso transitional president names jurist as interim prime minister . en . Reuters . 2022-12-26.
69. Web site: Pietromarchi . Virginia . Giorgia Meloni sworn in as Italy's first female prime minister . 2022-12-26 . www.aljazeera.com . en.
70. Web site: Rishi Sunak vows to clean up Liz Truss' 'mistakes' as he becomes U.K. PM . 2022-12-26 . NBC News . 25 October 2022 . en.
71. Web site: Abdul-Zahra . Qassim . Iraqi parliament approves new government, ending yearlong stalemate . 2022-12-26 . www.timesofisrael.com . en-US.
72. Web site: 2022-10-28 . Lesotho's new millionaire prime minister takes office . 2022-12-26 . Africanews . en.
73. Web site: Ishmael Kalsakau sworn in as Vanuatu prime minister-Xinhua . 2022-12-26 . english.news.cn.
74. Web site: 2022-11-08 . Sao Tome: PM-elect aims for 2/5ths of government composed of women . 2022-12-26 . Lusa.
75. News: 2022-11-24 . Anwar Ibrahim sworn in as Malaysian PM after post-election deadlock . en-GB . BBC News . 2022-12-26.
76. Web site: 陈柳兵 . Peruvian president names Betssy Chavez as new prime minister . 2022-12-26 . global.chinadaily.com.cn.
77. Web site: Peru's new president swears in cabinet-Xinhua . 2022-12-26 . english.news.cn.
78. Web site: 2022-12-17 . Leo's back: Varadkar returns as prime minister of Ireland . 2022-12-26 . POLITICO . en-US.
79. News: 2022-12-22 . Peru's defense minister named PM in Cabinet shuffle after protests . en . Reuters . 2022-12-26.
80. Web site: 2022-12-24 . Fiji parliament confirms Sitiveni Rabuka as prime minister after days of uncertainty . 2022-12-26 . the Guardian . en.
81. Web site: Reuters . 2022-12-26 . Nepal's 'fierce' ex-guerrilla chief becomes new prime minister . 2022-12-26 . CNN . en.
82. Web site: 2022-12-29 . Israel's Netanyahu back in power with hard-line government . 2023-01-03 . AP NEWS . en.
83. Web site: Vientiane Times . 2023-12-21 . www.vientianetimes.org.la.