National poet explained

A national poet or national bard is a poet held by tradition and popular acclaim to represent the identity, beliefs and principles of a particular national culture.[1] The national poet as culture hero is a long-standing symbol, to be distinguished from successive holders of a bureaucratically-appointed poet-laureate office. The idea and honoring of national poets emerged primarily during Romanticism, as a figure that helped consolidation of the nation states, as it provided validation of their ethno-linguistic groups.

Most national poets are historic figures, though a few contemporary writers working in relatively new or revived national literatures are also considered "national poets". Though not formally elected, national poets play a role in shaping a country's understanding of itself.[2] Some nations may have more than one national poet; the idea of a single one is always a simplification. It has been argued that a national poet "must write poetry that closely identifies with the nation's cause – or is thought to do so",[3] with an additional assumption being that "a national poet must write in a national language".[4]

The following is a list of nations, with their associated national poets. It is not a list of sovereign states or countries, though many of the nations listed may also be such. The terms "nation" (as cultural concept), "country" (as geographical concept) and "state" (as political concept) are not synonyms.

Africa

CountryPoetSources
AlgeriaSi Mohand, Moufdi Zakaria[5] [6]
AngolaAgostinho Neto[7]
EgyptAhmed Shawqi[8]
EthiopiaGibreab Teferi, Tsegaye Gabre-Medhin[9]
GhanaAtukwei Okai, Kofi Awoonor[10] [11]
LesothoThomas Mofolo[12]
LiberiaMelvin B. Tolson[13]
MadagascarJean-Joseph Rabearivelo[14]
MaliFily Dabo Sissoko[15]
MauritiusLéoville L'Homme[16]
MoroccoMohammed Awzal[17]
MozambiqueJosé Craveirinha[18]
NamibiaMvula ya Nangolo[19]
NigeriaChristopher Okigbo[20] [21]
SenegalLéopold Sédar Senghor[22]
Sierra LeoneDavidson Nicol[23]
SomaliaHadrawi[24]
South AfricaMazisi Kunene, S. E. K. Mqhayi[25] [26]
Shaaban bin Robert[27]
TunisiaAboul-Qacem Echebbi[28] [29]
Western SaharaZaim Allal[30]

Asia

Country (or region)PoetSources
AfghanistanRumi, Khushal Khattak[31] [32]
AzerbaijanNizami Ganjavi, Fuzûlî, Imadaddin Nasimi, Samad Vurgun[33] [34] [35] [36]
BangladeshKazi Nazrul Islam[37]
ChinaDu Fu, Li Bai[38] [39] [40]
CambodiaPreah Botumthera Som[41]
IndiaMaithili Sharan Gupt, Subramania Bharati, Kalidasa, Ramdhari Singh Dinkar, Rabindranath Tagore[42] [43] [44] [45] [46]
IndonesiaChairil Anwar[47]
Ferdowsi, Rumi, Hafez, Attar, Omar Khayyám, Saadi[48] [49] [50]
IraqMuthaffar al-Nawab, Al-Mutanabbi, Muhammad Mahdi al-Jawahiri[51] [52] [53]
IsraelYehuda Amichai, Hayim Nahman Bialik, Natan Alterman[54] [55],[56]
JapanMatsuo Bashō, Lafcadio Hearn, Tanikawa Shuntaro, Ishikawa Takuboku[57] [58] [59]
JordanMustafa Wahbi al-Tal[60]
KazakhstanAbai Qunanbaiuli[61]
KoreaCho Ki-chon, Yun Dongju, Han Yong-un, Park Mok-wol, Jeong Cheol[62] [63]
Hemin Mukriyani, Sherko Bekas, Abdurrahman Sharafkandi, Ehmedê Xanî[64] [65] [66] [67]
KyrgyzstanToktogul Satylganov[68]
LebanonKahlil Gibran, Said Akl[69] [70]
MalaysiaUsman Awang[71]
MongoliaOchirbatyn Dashbalbar, Dulduityn Danzanravjaa, Dashdorjiin Natsagdorj, Byambyn Rinchen, Hadaa Sendoo[72] [73] [74] [75] [76]
MyanmarMin Thu Wun[77]
NepalMadhav Prasad Ghimire[78]
PakistanAllama Muhammad Iqbal[79]
Mahmoud Darwish[80]
PhilippinesFrancisco Balagtas[81]
Sri LankaParakrama Kodituwakku[82]
Nizar Qabbani[83]
Yang Mu, Yu Youren[84] [85]
TajikistanSadriddin Ayni, Bozor Sobir, Mirzo Tursunzoda Rudaki, Rumi, Gulnazar Keldi[86] [87] [88] [89] [90] [91] [92]
ThailandSunthorn Phu[93] [94]
Tsering Woeser[95]
TurkeyRumi, Nâzım Hikmet, Ziya Gökalp, Mehmet Âkif Ersoy[96] [97] [98]
TurkmenistanMagtymguly Pyragy[99]
UzbekistanAli-Shir Nava'i, Abdulla Oripov, Erkin Vohidov, Gʻafur Gʻulom, Mirtemir[100]
Nguyễn Du, Nguyễn Đình Chiểu, Hồ Xuân Hương[101] [102] [103]
YemenAbdullah Al-Baradouni, Waddah al-Yaman[104] [105]

Europe

Country (or region)PoetSources
AlbaniaGjergj Fishta, Naim Frashëri[106] [107]
Dmitry Gulia[108]
ArmeniaHovhannes Tumanyan, Sayat-Nova, Yeghishe Charents[109] [110] [111]
AustriaFranz Grillparzer,Johann Nepomuk Nestroy, Georg Trakl, Rainer Maria Rilke[112] [113] [114]
Rami Garipov, Mustai Karim[115] [116] [117]
Bernard Etxepare[118]
BelarusYanka Kupala, Yakub Kolas[119] [120]
BelgiumEmile Verhaeren, Maurice Maeterlinck[121] [122]
Ausiàs March, Jacint Verdaguer[123] [124]
Ismail Kerimov[125]
Bosnia and HerzegovinaAbdulah Sidran, Mak Dizdar, Izet Sarajlić[126] [127]
Théodore Claude Henri, vicomte Hersart de la Villemarqué[128]
BulgariaHristo Botev, Ivan Vazov[129] [130]
Alexander Dukhnovych[131]
CroatiaMarko Marulić, Ivan Gundulić[132]
CyprusVasilis Michaelides[133]
Czech Republic (Czech lands)Karel Hynek Mácha, Jan Neruda[134] [135]
Rasul Gamzatov[136]
DenmarkAdam Oehlenschläger, Hans Christian Andersen, Søren Kierkegaard, N. F. S. Grundtvig[137] [138] [139]
Faroe IslandsWilliam Heinesen, Nólsoyar Páll, Mikkjal á Ryggi[140] [141] [142]
Geoffrey Chaucer, William Shakespeare, William Blake, William Wordsworth, Thomas Hardy, W. H. Auden, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Philip Larkin[143] [144] [145] [146] [147]
EstoniaKristjan Jaak Peterson, Lydia Koidula[148] [149]
FinlandEino Leino, Elias Lönnrot, Johan Ludvig Runeberg, Edith Södergran[150]
Émile Verhaeren, Hendrik Conscience, Guido Gezelle, Hugo Claus
Gysbert Japicx (or Japiks)[151]
France[152] [153]
Rosalía de Castro, Ramón Cabanillas[154] [155]
GeorgiaShota Rustaveli[156]
GermanyJohann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich von Schiller, Heinrich Heine, Bertolt Brecht, Friedrich Hölderlin, Novalis, Friedrich Nietzsche, Hermann Hesse, Stefan George[157] [158] [159] [160] [161] [162]
GreeceHomer, Sappho, Pindar, Solon, Dionysios Solomos[163] [164] [165]
George Métivier[166]
HungarySándor Petőfi, János Arany[167] [168]
IcelandJónas Hallgrímsson, Hallgrímur Pétursson[169] [170]
Ireland[171] [172] [173] [174] [175] [176]
T. E. Brown[177]
ItalyOvid, Virgil, Horace, Dante Alighieri, Francesco Petrarca, Giosuè Carducci, Giacomo Leopardi, Ugo Foscolo, Gabriele D'Annunzio[178] [179] [180] [181] [182] [183] [184] [185]
Wace[186]
Ali Podrimja[187]
LatviaRainis, Andrejs Pumpurs[188] [189]
LithuaniaKristijonas Donelaitis, Maironis, Justinas Marcinkevičius, Adomas Mickevičius[190] [191] [192]
LuxembourgEdmond de la Fontaine, Michel Lentz[193] [194]
MaltaDun Karm Psaila[195]
Grigore Vieru, Mihai Eminescu[196] [197]
MontenegroPetar II Petrović-Njegoš
NetherlandsJoost van den Vondel, Jacob Cats[198] [199]
[200]
Kosta Khetagurov[201]
NorwayHenrik Wergeland[202]
[203] [204] [205] [206]
PolandAdam Mickiewicz, Juliusz Słowacki, Zygmunt Krasiński[207]
PortugalLuís de Camões, Fernando Pessoa[208] [209]
Frédéric Mistral, Comtessa de Dia
RomaniaMihai Eminescu[210]
Alexander Pushkin, Anna Akhmatova, Boris Pasternak, Sergei Yesenin, Ivan Turgenev, Ivan Bunin[211] [212] [213]
Anders Fjellner[214]
Robert Burns, Hugh MacDiarmid[215] [216]
SerbiaDesanka Maksimović, Petar II Petrović-Njegoš, Jovan Sterija Popović, Jovan Jovanović Zmaj[217] [218] [219] [220]
SlovakiaPavol Országh Hviezdoslav[221]
SloveniaFrance Prešeren[222]
SpainMiguel de Cervantes, Lope de Vega, Federico García Lorca[223]
Peter Rosegger[224]
Sweden[225] [226] [227] [228]
SwitzerlandGottfried Keller, Carl Spitteler[229] [230]
Ğabdulla Tuqay, Musa Cälil, Ravil Fayzullin[231] [232] [233] [234]
TurkeyMehmet Akif Ersoy, Nâzım Hikmet[235] [236]
UkraineTaras Shevchenko, Ivan Franko, Lesya Ukrainka[237] [238] [239]
Dylan Thomas, Dafydd ap Gwilym[240] [241]

North America

CountryPoetsSources
BarbadosKamau Brathwaite[242]
Canada[243] [244] [245]
Costa RicaAquileo J. Echeverría, Jorge Debravo[246] [247]
CubaJosé Martí, Lezama Lima, Nicolás Guillén[248] [249]
Pierre Lauffer[250]
Dominican RepublicPedro Mir[251]
El SalvadorRoque Dalton[252]
GreenlandHenning Jakob Henrik Lund[253]
GuatemalaRafael Landívar[254]
Haiti[255]
Honduras[256]
JamaicaClaude McKay[257]
MartiniqueAimé Césaire[258] [259]
MexicoOctavio Paz, Ramón López Velarde[260]
NicaraguaRubén Darío[261]
PanamaRicardo Miró[262] [263]
Puerto RicoJulia de Burgos, Giannina Braschi, Juan Antonio Corretjer, Lola Rodríguez de Tió, Nimia Vicéns[264] [265] [266] [267] [268]
Émile Nelligan, Gaston Miron, Gilles Vigneault, Octave Crémazie[269] [270] [271] [272] [273]
Saint LuciaDerek Walcott[274]
Lasana M. Sekou[275] [276]
United StatesWalt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, Robert Frost, William Carlos Williams, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Carl Sandburg, Maya Angelou, Gwendolyn Brooks, Langston Hughes, Jack Kerouac, James Wright, Allen Ginsberg[277] [278] [279] [280] [281] [282] [283] [284]

Oceania

CountryPoets
AustraliaDorothea Mackellar, Mary Gilmore, Judith Wright, Henry Lawson, Adam Lindsay Gordon, A. B. "Banjo" Paterson, C.J. Dennis[285] [286] [287]
FijiKamla Prasad Mishra[288]
New ZealandJames K. Baxter, Thomas Bracken, Allen Curnow[289]

South America

CountryPoetsSources
Argentina[290]
BrazilGonçalves Dias, Olavo Bilac, Carlos Drummond de Andrade, Machado de Assis[291] [292] [293] [294]
ChilePablo Neruda, Gabriela Mistral[295] [296]
ColombiaRafael Pombo, José Asunción Silva, Álvaro Mutis[297] [298]
EcuadorRemigio Crespo Toral[299]
GuyanaMartin Carter[300]
PeruCésar Vallejo[301]
SurinameTrefossa[302]
UruguayJuan Zorrilla de San Martín[303]
Andrés Eloy Blanco[304]

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Book: "'National Poets' in the Romantic Age: Emergence and Importance." Romantic Poetry . John Benjamins Publishing . Virgil Nemoianu . Nemoianu, Virgil . Esterhammer, Angela . 2002 . 537 . 9789027234506.
  2. Web site: Our National Poets . 2024-02-13 . Poets.org . en.
  3. John Neubauer, "Figures of National Poets", in Marcel Cornis-Pope and John Neubauer, eds., Figures of National Poets (2004), p. 11.
  4. Michael Baron, Language and Relationship in Wordsworth's Writing (1995), p. 13.
  5. Book: Brugnatelli, Vermondo. Vermondo Brugnatelli «Mi spezzo ma non mi piego» - La poesia di Si Mohand (1849-1905). 1 November 2016. www.academia.edu.
  6. Web site: اكتشف العالم. اكتشف العالم.
  7. Web site: Angola National Poet: A Tribute to Agostinho Neto. Mahmood. Rehan. 22 May 2023.
  8. Graves, R. (2014). . United Kingdom: Penguin Books Limited.
  9. Web site: PN Review Print and Online Poetry Magazine - News & Notes - Compiled by Eleanor Crawforth - PN Review 169. www.pnreview.co.uk.
  10. Web site: Professor John Atukwei Okai An Appreciation Of A Pan-African Bard.
  11. Book: The promise of hope: new and selected poems, 1964-2013. Kofi. Awoonor. Kofi. Anyidoho. Kwame Senu Neville. Dawes. African poetry book series . 26 January 2014. University of Nebraska Press. 978-0-8032-5493-0 . Charlotte Mecklenburg Library.
  12. Web site: Lesotho Facts and History and History. 21 April 2020.
  13. Web site: Robert M. Farnsworth - Melvin B. Tolson : Revisited. www.flashpointmag.com.
  14. Web site: Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo | African Studies Centre Leiden. www.ascleiden.nl.
  15. Web site: What is the national flower of Mali, Meaning and Symbolism. 9 October 2023. Symbolic Meaning Of A Flower.
  16. Web site: Indradhanush Magazine: Léoville L'Homme | Pahlad Ramsurrun.
  17. Web site: Allama Iqbal's philosophy gives depth, height to human imagination: PM. 8 February 2019.
  18. Book: apa, livia. Dictionary of African Biography. Emmanuel K. . Henry Louis . Akyeampong . Gates . 1 January 2011. Oxford University Press. www.oxfordreference.com. 10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001. 978-0-19-538207-5 .
  19. Web site: Mvula Ya NANGOLO – Namibia | Revue Noire. www.revuenoire.com.
  20. Nwakanma, O. (2010:90). Christopher Okigbo, 1930-67: Thirsting for Sunlight. Nigeria: James Currey.
  21. The Oxford Handbook of Nigerian Politics. (2018:623). United Kingdom: OUP Oxford.
  22. Moore, G. (1980:38). Twelve African Writers. United Kingdom: Hutchinson University Library for Africa.
  23. Rice, G. T. (1985:238). The Bold Experiment: JFK's Peace Corps. United States: University Press of Virginia.
  24. News: Hadraawi, Shakespeare of Somalia, dies . New Age.
  25. Web site: Bibliographies: 'Mqhayi S' – Grafiati. www.grafiati.com.
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  27. Book: J. Cameron. W. A. Dodd. Society, Schools and Progress in Tanzania: The Commonwealth and International Library: Education and Educational Research. 17 May 2014. Elsevier Science. 978-1-4831-5914-0. 57–.
  28. Web site: Tunisia – nationalanthems.info.
  29. Web site: "Canticles of the life" by Aboul-Qacem Echebbi. Khalid. Valisi. 24 January 2021.
  30. Web site: Poetry Translation Centre features two poets from this project in an upcoming translation workshop – Western Sahara Poetry. 21 June 2023.
  31. Morgenstierne . G. . 10.1080/03068376008731684 . Khushhal Khan—the national poet of the Afghans . Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society . 47 . 49–57 . 1960 .
  32. Web site: Poetry of Rumi Spans Across Centuries, Cultures. 4 June 2009. PBS NewsHour.
  33. Web site: How Nizami Ganjavi became an Azerbaijani National Poet: Knowledge, Power and Persian Poetry in the 1930s Soviet Union. www.international.ucla.edu.
  34. Web site: "MANUSCRIPTS DO NOT BURN". Region Plus.
  35. Web site: Exhibition dedicated to Nasimi opens in capital. 4 April 2019. Azernews.Az.
  36. Samad Vurgun
  37. Web site: Kaazi Nazrul Islam The National Poet of Bangladesh : A Profile Study. www.boloji.com.
  38. Hao . Tianhu . Milton in Late-Qing China (1837-1911) and the Production of Cross-Cultural Knowledge . Milton Quarterly . 2012 . 46 . 2 . 86–105 . 10.1111/j.1094-348X.2012.00330.x . 24463978 .
  39. Web site: Poetic Genius, Sage of Poetry, Buddhist Poet and Poet-Ghost. en.chinaculture.org.
  40. Ward, J. E. (2008). Li Bai: an Homage To. United Kingdom: Lulu.com.
  41. Polin . Soth . May . Sharon . Without Words: An Interview . Manoa . 2006 . 18 . 1 . 108–115 . 10.1353/man.2006.0035 . 4230442 .
  42. Web site: National Poet Subramania Bharati: Thinker ahead of times from Tamil Nadu – Indian Institute of Advanced Study.
  43. Web site: Maithili Sharan Gupta poems are awakening for the passion of patriotism. Ground News.
  44. Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona. (1987). India: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute.
  45. Bhawe, S. S. (1964). Kalidasa: The National Poet of India. India: Good Companions.
  46. Web site: Valmiki Jayanti At Shri Dwarkamai Vidyapeeth. Lokvani.
  47. Web site: Joma Sison - Arts of Resistance. artsofresistance.com.
  48. Web site: The Shahnameh: Iran's National Epic. www.nhlrc.ucla.edu.
  49. https://www.thestorymint.com/writers-pad/farha-naz/titles/my-favourite-author-jalaluddin-rumi-who-changed-my-life-0
  50. Viestad, A. (2023). Dinner in Rome: A History of the World in One Meal. United Kingdom: Reaktion Books.
  51. Web site: Iraq: Protesters force PM to leave funeral of national poet Muzaffar al-Nawab. Middle East Eye.
  52. Wonders of creation: manuscripts of the Bavarian State Library from the Islamic world. (2010). Germany: Harrassowitz Verlag.
  53. Zeidel, R. (2020). Pluralism in the Iraqi Novel After 2003: Literature and the Recovery of National Identity. United States: Lexington Books.
  54. Book: Gold . Nili Scharf . Yehuda Amichai: The Making of Israel's National Poet . 2008 . Brandeis University Press . 10.2307/j.ctv102bhrh . 978-1-58465-733-0 . j.ctv102bhrh .
  55. Web site: Hayim Nahman Bialik.
  56. Web site: Celebrating Natan Alterman: Israel's National Poet, Literary Legend, and Political Voice . 14 August 1910 .
  57. Web site: Lafcadio Hearn: The Greek National Poet of Japan - GreekReporter.com.
  58. Japan Quarterly. (1960:47). Japan: Asahi Shinbun.
  59. Book: Keene, Donald. The First Modern Japanese: The Life of Ishikawa Takuboku. 19 September 2016. Columbia University Press. 978-0-231-54223-4 .
  60. Mahfouz . Safi . Al Hweitat . Dr. Mufleh . 'Arār, "Jordan's Wandering Poet among the Gypsies," and Maxwell Bodenheim, "The Village Rogue": A Comparative Study of the Two Bohemians' Lives and Poetic Styles . The International Journal of Literary Humanities . 2022 . 20 . 2 . 121–137 . . 10.18848/2327-7912/CGP/v20i02/121-137 .
  61. Web site: 175th Birthday of Abay Qunanbaiuly. Info. Shymkent. 9 August 2020.
  62. Web site: 23 September 2008 . ko:기획 기사 [9.9절 방북취재-6]<백두산은 역시 혁명의 성산> . http://www.kancc.org/bbs/board.php?bo_table=special&amp;wr_id=129 . 10 November 2020 . . ko.
  63. Le poéte coréen Yun Tong-Ju : (Entre le Jiandao du nord et le Japon) . January 1989 . Aix-Marseille 1 . These de doctorat . Lim . Byung-Sun . Dabezies . André .
  64. Web site: Hemn, the National Poet. 5 August 2023. KURDŞOP (kurdshop.net).
  65. Web site: Reviewing Sherko Bekas' 'The Secret Diary of a Rose' . 6 June 2023 .
  66. Kurdish. Curator. Claude H. Potts. 13 June 2021. berkeley.pressbooks.pub.
  67. The Consecration of a Kurdish National Epic. Michiel. Leezenberg. www.academia.edu.
  68. Coşkun, M. (2020:64). Improvising the Voice of the Ancestors: Heritage and Identity in Central Asia. Germany: Lit Verlag.
  69. Web site: "The Prophet" in Greenwich Village. The New York Public Library.
  70. Salameh, F. (2010:220). Language, Memory, and Identity in the Middle East: The Case for Lebanon. Ukraine: Lexington Books.
  71. Web site: In Memory of Linda Chen (1928-2002). 10 April 2007.
  72. City of felt and concrete: Negotiating cultural hybridity in Mongolia's capital of Ulaanbaatar. Alexander C.. Diener. Joshua. Hagen. 1 July 2013. Nationalities Papers. 41. 4. 622–650. CrossRef. 10.1080/00905992.2012.743513.
  73. Web site: Simon Wickhamsmith | Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey - Academia.edu. rutgers.academia.edu.
  74. Web site: Dashdorjiin Natsagdorj. memim.com.
  75. Web site: Mongolian calligraphy – the tradition of fine writing in the Mongolian language | 世界书法博物馆. www.calligraphy-museum.com.
  76. Web site: Riding & Writing...: Hadaa Sendoo, World Poet. 14 June 2015.
  77. Web site: Burmese National Poet & Literary Icon, Min Thu Wun 100 year Anniversary to hold far and wide. 6 February 2009.
  78. Web site: 206th birth anniversary of Aadi Kavi Bhanu Bhakta Acharya being marked today (with video). Sanskriti. Acharya. My Republica.
  79. Web site: Muhammad Allama Iqbal. Academy of American. Poets. Poets.org.
  80. Web site: 'The war will end': Remembering Mahmoud Darwish, Palestine's poetic voice. Indlieb Farazi. Saber. Al Jazeera.
  81. Web site: Francisco "Baltazar" Balagtas – Provincial Government of Bulacan. bulacan.gov.ph.
  82. Beyond Borders: An Anthology of SAARC Poetry. (2002). India: Academy of Fine Arts and Literature and Rainbow Publishers.
  83. Web site: Nizar Qabbani. obo.
  84. Wong, L. L. (2009:170). Rays of the Searching Sun: The Transcultural Poetics of Yang Mu. Austria: P.I.E. Peter Lang.
  85. Web site: Politics and Cultural Nativism in 1970s Taiwan: Youth, Narrative, Nationalism 9780231553667. dokumen.pub.
  86. Web site: Sadriddin Ayni. medt.tj.
  87. Web site: 10 Notable Alumni of Tajik National University [Sorted List]]. 11 August 2021. EduRank.org - Discover university rankings by location.
  88. Web site: Tajik Literature and Poetry. www.advantour.com.
  89. Web site: Rūdakī | Classical Poet, Persian Language, 9th Century | Britannica. 4 April 2024. www.britannica.com.
  90. Web site: Renowned Iranian poet Saadi commemorated in Tajikistan . 22 April 2022 .
  91. Web site: Jalaliddin Rumi - Poetry and Wisdom Beyond Time .
  92. Web site: On the Demise of Gulnazar Keldi .
  93. Web site: Poems from the Buddha's Footprint: A Conversation with Noh Anothai | Structo. structomagazine.co.uk.
  94. Web site: MIDWEST MONKEY: Reading Sunthorn Phu. 10 October 2016.
  95. Web site: The Work of Art in the Age of Self-Immolation. Leigh. Sangster. 8 April 2012. Society for Cultural Anthropology.
  96. Web site: Ziya Gkalp: Turkeys National Poet and the Father of Turkish Nationalism . 6 August 2013 .
  97. Web site: LM: NAZIM HIKMET National Poet, International Figure But Not A Turkish Citizen, by Julie MARDIN. www.lightmillennium.org.
  98. Web site: Writer of Turkish national anthem commemorated - Türkiye News. 28 December 2020. Hürriyet Daily News.
  99. Web site: Giant statue of national poet Magtymguly installed in Ashgabat. Daryo. uz. 3 June 2023. Daryo.uz.
  100. Web site: Why Lord Ram is the most misunderstood man in India. www.dailyo.in.
  101. Web site: Discussion: Commemorating Nguyễn Du - Goethe-Institut Vietnam. @GI_weltweit.
  102. Web site: UNESCO celebration held for 200th birthday of famed Vietnamese poet. vietnamnews.vn.
  103. Web site: SELECTED WORKS OF HỒ XUÂN HƯƠNG READ AT LIBRARY OF CONGRESS | Đại sứ quán Việt Nam tại Hoa Kỳ. vietnamembassy-usa.org.
  104. Web site: British-Yemeni Society: Waddah al-Yaman: national poet, by Abdulla al-Udhari. al-bab.com.
  105. Web site: Poet Threa Almontaser's 'love letter to Yemen'. Abubakr. Al-Shamahi. Al Jazeera.
  106. Web site: Gjergj FISHTA. www.albanianliterature.net.
  107. Web site: Naim FRASHËRI. www.albanianliterature.net.
  108. Web site: The pioneer in everything and the patriarch of Abkhaz literature: about Dmitry Gulia. World Abaza Congress.
  109. Web site: The Colour Of Pomegranates. 6 March 2019.
  110. Web site: First English Collection of Studies on Yeghishe Charents – Asbarez.com. 5 March 2004 .
  111. Web site: Hovhannes Toumanian - Poems by the Famous Poet - All Poetry. allpoetry.com.
  112. Web site: Franz Grillparzer - Poems by the Famous Poet - All Poetry. allpoetry.com.
  113. Yates . W. E. . Review of Grillparzers Welttheater: Modernität und Tradition . Austrian Studies . 2014 . 22 . 215–217 . 10.5699/austrianstudies.22.2014.0215 . 10.5699/austrianstudies.22.2014.0215 .
  114. Austria today. (1984:7). Austria: Austria Today Limited.
  115. Web site: A unique website of the national poet Rami Garipov was created in Bashkortostan. The Cultural World of Bashkortostan.
  116. Web site: Карим Мустай. The Cultural World of Bashkortostan.
  117. Web site: Mustay KARIM about Tukay…. Gabdulla Tukay.
  118. Book: Toledo Lezeta, Ana María . "Linguae Vasconum Primitiae, bi partetan banaturik" . 2008 . Jean Haritschelhar-i omenaldia . 625–644.
  119. Martin, T. D. (2001:436). The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939. United Kingdom: Cornell University Press.
  120. Tourist Mosaic of Belarus. (2017:480). Russia: ЛитРес.
  121. Web site: Émile Verhaeren. The Only National Poet Belgium Has Ever Had. the low countries.
  122. Cultures in Flux: Lower-Class Values, Practices, and Resistance in Late Imperial Russia. (1994:140). Ukraine: Princeton University Press.
  123. Web site: Ausiàs March. www.visat.cat.
  124. Web site: Jacint Verdaguer, national poet of Catalonia.
  125. Web site: The Deportation by Ismail Kerimov. Waynakh Online.
  126. Web site: Homage to Bosnian national poet. Daily. Sabah. 21 February 2019. Daily Sabah.
  127. Mahmutćehajić, R. (2015). The Praised and the Virgin. Netherlands: Brill.
  128. Book: Brennan & O'Dea, Paul & Michael . Entrelacs franco-irlandais, langue, mémoire, imaginaire . 2004 . Presses universitaires de Caen . 81.
  129. http://www.bnr.bg/RadioBulgaria/Emission_English/Theme_History_And_Religion/Material/botevnov.htm Hristo Botev’s birth anniversary
  130. Grogan . Ellinor . Ivan Vazov . The Slavonic Review . 1922 . 1 . 1 . 225–227 . 4201601 .
  131. Between Russia and Hungary: Foundations of Literature and National Identity in Subcarpathian Rus' . 4212145 . Rusinko . Elaine . The Slavonic and East European Review . 10 May 1996 . 74 . 3 . 421–444 .
  132. Web site: Marko Marulić Statue, Split. cityseeker.
  133. Ioannides, C. P. (2018:12). Cyprus Under British Colonial Rule: Culture, Politics, and the Movement Toward Union with Greece, 1878–1954. United States: Lexington Books.
  134. Book: 10.1163/9789004335400 . National Poets, Cultural Saints: Canonization and Commemorative Cults of Writers in Europe . 2017 . Dović . Marijan . Helgason . Jón Karl . 978-90-04-33539-4 . 63 .
  135. Salcman, M. (2016:90). A Prague Spring, Before & After. United States: Evening Street Press.
  136. Web site: September 8 marks the 100th anniversary of the birth of the people's poet of Dagestan Rasul Gamzatov. slavfond.eu.
  137. Web site: Adam Gottlob Oehlenschläger | Danish Poet, Playwright & Novelist | Britannica. 16 January 2024. www.britannica.com.
  138. Web site: Hans Christian Andersen | His Life and Works.
  139. Benign Structures: 7th Conference Digital Humanities in the Nordic and Baltic Countries. Katrine Frøkjær. Baunvig. Kristoffer Laigaard. Nielbo. Sofie. Gilbert. Annika. Rockenberger. 12 March 2023. Book of Abstracts. 9–11. Aarhus University.
  140. Cadence. (1984:60). United States: B. Rusch.
  141. Dović . Marijan . National Poets and Romantic (Be)Longing: An Introduction . Arcadia . 24 May 2017 . 52 . 1 . 1–9 . 10.1515/arcadia-2017-0001 . 193047993 .
  142. Web site: Wandering The Faroe Islands. 14 February 2021.
  143. Web site: Poetry by William Shakespeare .
  144. Web site: In An Honor To 'The Father of English Poetry' - Geoffrey Chaucer. KOMAL. SHARMA. reflections.live.
  145. Lachman, G. (2013). The Caretakers of the Cosmos: Living Responsibly in an Unfinished World. United Kingdom: Floris Books.
  146. Web site: William Wordsworth, the worldly recluse | Digitens. www.digitens.org.
  147. Web site: Philip Larkin, racist, bigot and poet. Socialist Worker.
  148. Web site: Lydia Koidula. Sven. Vabar. sisu.ut.ee.
  149. Weissmann Travel Planner for Western and Eastern Europe. (1994:59). United States: Weissmann Travel Reports.
  150. Web site: Elias Lonnrot | Encyclopedia.com. www.encyclopedia.com.
  151. Linguist. (1962). United Kingdom: Linguists' Club..
  152. Simpson . Harold L. . The Poetic Image of the Soldier from Baudelaire to the First World War . The South Central Bulletin . 1967 . 27 . 4 . 23–33 . 10.2307/3188918 . 3188918 .
  153. Web site: Victor Hugo - French Poet, Novelist, Playwright | Britannica. www.britannica.com. 18 May 2024 .
  154. Web site: Casa-Museo Rosalía de Castro | Rías Baixas, Spain | Attractions. Lonely Planet.
  155. The Harp and the Constitution: Myths of Celtic and Gothic Origin. (2015). Netherlands: Brill.
  156. Web site: Two new fine editions of Georgia's national poet - European studies blog.
  157. Elliott . Mark . Beyond Left and Right: The Poetic Reception of Stefan George and Rainer Maria Rilke, 1933-1945 . The Modern Language Review . 2003 . 98 . 4 . 908–928 . 10.2307/3737933 . 3737933 . 161795959 .
  158. Web site: Poet in a landscape: the drawings of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe - European studies blog.
  159. Book: 10.1163/9789401202978 . Schiller: National Poet – Poet of Nations . 2006 . Martin . Nicholas . 978-94-012-0297-8 .
  160. Web site: German Literature - Heine. sites.google.com.
  161. Karamercan . Axel Onur . Heidegger on Hölderlin's Hymn Der Ister. The Dwelling of the Poet and the Place-Making of the River . Synthesis Philosophica . 29 December 2022 . 37 . 2 . 395–414 . 10.21464/sp37207 .
  162. Decker, G. (2018:157). Hesse: The Wanderer and His Shadow. United States: Harvard University Press.
  163. Web site: Homer - Encyclopedia. theodora.com.
  164. Pindar: Victory Odes: Olympians 2, 7 and 11; Nemean 4; Isthmians 3, 4 and 7. (1995:109). United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
  165. Web site: Dionysios Solomos: The Greek Poet of Liberty - GreekReporter.com.
  166. Web site: Guernsey poet George Métivier is born. 29 January 1972.
  167. Web site: Sándor Petőfi, the revolutionary poet was born 200 years ago - Study In Hungary. Tempus Public. Foundation. studyinhungary.hu.
  168. Web site: János Arany .
  169. Web site: Biographical Sketch of Jónas Hallgrímsson (1). digicoll.library.wisc.edu.
  170. Web site: Hymns of the Passion – The Suffering King. Sigurður Árni. Þórðarson. 27 March 2020.
  171. News: Declan Kiberd: Irish writers were an early warning system about abuse. The Irish Times.
  172. Book: Nolan, Emer. Catholic Emancipations: Irish Fiction from Thomas Moore to James Joyce. October 15, 2007. Syracuse University Press. 9780815631750 . Google Books.
  173. Book: 10.1017/CBO9781107045330 . Irish Poetry under the Union, 1801–1924 . 2013 . Campbell . Matthew . 978-1-107-04533-0 . 142 .
  174. Web site: Did Seamus Heaney write political poems?. Ciarán. O'Rourke. October 10, 2020.
  175. Book: O’Shea, Edward J.. Seamus Heaney's American Odyssey. December 30, 2022. Taylor & Francis. 9781000816648 . Google Books.
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  177. https://manxnationalheritage.im/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/info-sheet-TE-Brown.pdf
  178. Web site: Ovid - Encyclopedia. theodora.com.
  179. Web site: Giosuè Carducci | Nobel Prize, Italian Literature, Poet Laureate | Britannica. 20 February 2024. www.britannica.com.
  180. Web site: Dante Day: How Italy is celebrating its national poet.
  181. Web site: Virgil | Biography, Aeneid, & Facts | Britannica. 19 February 2024. www.britannica.com.
  182. Web site: Horace | mike bygrave. www.mikebygrave.co.uk.
  183. Web site: Orphans of Petrarch. publishing.cdlib.org.
  184. Hroch, M. (2015). European Nations: Explaining Their Formation. United Kingdom: Verso.
  185. Web site: Villa Ruhland | Gabriele D'Annunzio.
  186. Web site: SYMPOSIUM "WACE AND THE ANGLO-NORMAN LANGUAGE" (LE STYLE DE WACE): Le French Festival. Maison de la Normandie et de la Manche.
  187. Web site: The 80th anniversary of the poet Ali Podrimja/Parparim Kabo: Should it be passed in silence? He belongs to the Albanian nation... - Aktualitet.
  188. Web site: Rainis. Britannica Kids.
  189. Book: 10.1163/9789004335400_004 . Commemorative Cults of Poets and Writers: A Historical Perspective . National Poets, Cultural Saints: Canonization and Commemorative Cults of Writers in Europe . 2017 . Dović . Marijan . Helgason . Jón Karl . 35–70 . 978-90-04-33539-4 .
  190. Web site: CorDon - About Donelaitis. titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de.
  191. Book: 10.1163/9789004457713_016 . The Making of the Lithuanian National Poet: Maironis . Literary Canon Formation as Nation-Building in Central Europe and the Baltics . 2021 . KučInskienė . Aistė . 256–272 . 978-90-04-45771-3 .
  192. Web site: 1941-1952. Arunas. Zilys. 12 March 1989. Victoria & Albert Museum.
  193. Web site: Dicks (Edmond de la Fontaine) (1823-1891) – Luxembourg Music Publishers.
  194. Web site: Knowledge Bites: Michel Lentz - Luxembourg's 'National Poet'. today.rtl.lu.
  195. Web site: Biography: (Dun) Karm Psaila. 18 October 2023. Times of Malta.
  196. Web site: Diaspora commemorated the poet Grigore Vieru. e Moldova ta.
  197. Web site: Great national poet celebrated in Moldova at 167 years from birth. www.moldpres.md.
  198. Web site: Joost Van Den Vondel | Encyclopedia.com. www.encyclopedia.com.
  199. Web site: CATS, Jacob Alle de wercken. Amsterdam J.J. Schipper 166… | Drouot.com. drouot.com.
  200. Web site: Kosta Solev - Racin (1908-1943). makedonija.name.
  201. Web site: Kosta Khetagurov | Ossete poet | Britannica. www.britannica.com.
  202. Web site: Henrik Arnold Wergeland. Oxford Reference.
  203. Web site: Frédéric Mistral – poet and folk historian of Provence. Gwyn. Griffiths. www.academia.edu.
  204. Web site: Universalis . Encyclopædia . Biographie d'ARNAUD ou ARNAUT DANIEL . 2024-03-24 . Encyclopædia Universalis . 19 January 1999 . fr-FR.
  205. Book: Ippolito, Marguerite-Marie . Troubadour Limousin du XIIème siècle, prince de l'amour et de la poésie romane . 2003-01-11 . Editions L'Harmattan . 2003 . 9782747500173.
  206. Web site: 2023-06-18 . Épisode 8 : Béatrice de Die, la vengeresse . 2024-03-24 . France Musique . fr.
  207. Giergielewicz . Mieczysław . KRASIŃSKI IN THE ENGLISH-SPEAKING WORLD (A Bibliographical Review) . The Polish Review . 1960 . 5 . 4 . 68–102 . 25776332 .
  208. Web site: Luis de Camoes | Biography & Facts | Britannica. 20 February 2024. www.britannica.com.
  209. Web site: Pessoa, Fernando (1888–1935) | Encyclopedia.com. www.encyclopedia.com.
  210. Neghina . Raul . Neghina . Adriana M . Medical Controversies and Dilemmas in Discussions about the Illness and Death of Mihai Eminescu (1850–1889), Romania's National Poet . Medical Problems of Performing Artists . March 2011 . 26 . 1 . 44–50 . 10.21091/mppa.2011.1007 . 21442137 .
  211. Web site: Alexander Pushkin. 12 September 2017. Russian and East European Studies.
  212. McVay . Gordon . Yesenin's Posthumous Fame, and the Fate of His Friends . The Modern Language Review . 1972 . 67 . 3 . 590–602 . 10.2307/3726127 . 3726127 .
  213. Porter . Richard N. . The Criteria of Turgenev's Literary Criticism . The Russian Review . 1969 . 28 . 4 . 441–452 . 10.2307/127163 . 127163 .
  214. Web site: 3 – Saami Origin . 3 February 2017 .
  215. MacDiarmid, H., MacGill-Eain, S. (2010:44). The Correspondence Between Hugh MacDiarmid and Sorley MacLean: An Annotated Edition. United Kingdom: Edinburgh University Press.
  216. Web site: Robert Burns. Poetry. Foundation. 11 March 2024. Poetry Foundation.
  217. Book: Balazs . Trencsenyi . Michal . Kopecek. National Romanticism: The Formation of National Movements. 1 November 2006. Central European University Press. 978-963-7326-60-8. 431. Characteristically, although Njegoš saw himself as a definitely Serbian poet, his epic came to be later canonized as the most important work of 'Yugoslav' literature [...] .
  218. Web site: Nazis killed 100 Serbs per dead German – DW – 10/21/2021. dw.com.
  219. Book: Berend, Ivan T. . June 2003 . Romanticism and Nationalism in Central and Eastern Europe . History Derailed: Central and Eastern Europe in the Long Nineteenth Century . 41–88 . 10.1525/california/9780520232990.003.0003 . 9780520932098.
  220. Book: Aleksov, Bojan. We, the People : Politics of National Peculiarity in Southeastern Europe. Jovan Jovanović Zmaj and the Serbian Identity between Poetry and History . CEUP collection . 12 March 2009. Central European University Press. 273–305. 978-615-5211-66-9 . OpenEdition Books.
  221. Web site: Pavol Országh-Hviezdoslav – Writer(s) – Asymptote Blog.
  222. Web site: France Prešeren | Slovenia's National Poet | Britannica. 4 February 2024. www.britannica.com.
  223. Commemorating Writers in Nineteenth-Century Europe: Nation-Building and Centenary Fever. (2014). United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan.
  224. Web site: The Forest Farm, by Peter Rosegger; A Project Gutenberg eBook.. www.gutenberg.org.
  225. Web site: Carl Michael Bellman. Anglo-Swedish Society .
  226. Web site: An Evening with Gustaf Fröding. Anglo-Swedish Society.
  227. Web site: Verner von Heidenstam room. http://web.archive.org/web/20220518184520/http://luckerstad.se/en/our-rooms/verner-von-heidenstam-36493964 . 2022-05-18 .
  228. Web site: Encyclopedia of Romantic Nationalism in Europe | Public Interface | Encyclopedia of Romantic Nationalism in Europe | Tegnér, Esaias. Encyclopedia of Romantic Nationalism in Europe.
  229. Web site: Hotel Felix Zürich – Wolfgang Beltracchi. Hotel Felix Zürich – Wolfgang Beltracchi.
  230. Web site: Carl Friedrich Georg Spitteler | Encyclopedia.com. www.encyclopedia.com.
  231. Web site: Tatar Leaders and Icons: The Top 10 Notable Personalities. Ulastempat International. 23 January 2024 .
  232. Web site: Museum of national poet Ravil Fayzullin opens in Tatarstan. World Congress of the Tatars.
  233. Web site: The Museum of poet Yarullin Fanis, Russia . pArtify.
  234. Book: Icon "Monument to Musa Jalil". Prlib.
  235. Web site: Mehmet Akif Ersoy: Poet of Turkish national anthem. www.aa.com.tr.
  236. Web site: Human Landscapes from My Country | Encyclopedia.com. www.encyclopedia.com.
  237. Web site: Articles & Essays | Taras Shevchenko | Taras Shevchenko Museum - Toronto. shevchenko.ca.
  238. Web site: Ivan Franko. Ohio Outdoor Sculpture.
  239. Web site: Ukrainian Money & Polish Literature: Who Was Lesya Ukrainka?. Culture.pl.
  240. Web site: The Canonization of Dylan Thomas. Bernard. Schwartz. 15 May 2017.
  241. Book: Thomas, Gwyn. Dafydd ap Gwilym: y gŵr sydd yn ei gerddi. 12 March 2013. Cyhoeddiadau Barddas. 978-1-906396-57-2 . Google Books.
  242. Web site: 'A Towering Figure': Tribute to Kamau Brathwaite (1930-2020).
  243. Web site: E.J. Pratt: Canada's National Poet · Dominion of the North: Literary & Print Culture in Canada. omeka.vicu.utoronto.ca.
  244. Web site: Purdy, Al. ABC BookWorld.
  245. Web site: Canadian Poetry Online | University of Toronto Libraries | Milton Acorn. canpoetry.library.utoronto.ca.
  246. Web site: Renowned Tico Writer Aquileo J. Echeverría Zeledón. TCRN. STAFF. 22 October 2020.
  247. Web site: U.S. woman to translate and publish Costa Rica poetry. 26 April 2012.
  248. Web site: José Lezama Lima | Cuban author. Encyclopedia Britannica. 21 March 2024 .
  249. Web site: Nicolás Guillén. Poetry. Foundation. December 25, 2020. Poetry Foundation.
  250. Web site: Amsterdam streets named after Camille Baly, enslaved Quashiba. 3 August 2019. The Daily Herald.
  251. Web site: Pedro Mir, poetic voice of Dominican Republic. New Bedford Standard-Times.
  252. Web site: Roque Dalton. James. Iffland. ReVista.
  253. Web site: September 29, 1875. 29 September 2020.
  254. Web site: Rafael Landival Monument in Antigua, Guatemala. GPSmyCity.
  255. Web site: Amy Lynelle | National Coalition of Independent Scholars - Academia.edu. ncis.academia.edu.
  256. Web site: Honduran poets | thelatinoauthor.com.
  257. Web site: Claude McKay. www.brinkerhoffpoetry.org.
  258. Bate, J. (2013). The Genius of Shakespeare. United Kingdom: Pan Macmillan.
  259. https://caribbean.britishcouncil.org/programmes/arts/momentum/johana-auguiac/scottish-travelogue
  260. Web site: Casa del Poeta Ramon López Velarde: A Poet's House in Roma Norte. Agencia Digital de Innovación. Pública.
  261. News: Neville . Tim . 2017-11-27 . The Inescapable Poet of Nicaragua . 2024-02-13 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  262. Book: Daniel Balderston, Mike . Encyclopedia of Latin American and Caribbean Literature, 1900-2003 . Routledge . 2004 . 0-415-30687-6 . 666.
  263. Web site: hackwriters.com - Ruben Dario, Nicaragua's poet of vision, the cultural invasion of Central America and remains of a Central American dreams of renewal, Roger Smith explores Leon. www.hackwriters.com.
  264. News: Overlooked No More: Julia de Burgos, a Poet Who Helped Shape Puerto Rico's Identity (Published 2018). The New York Times . May 3, 2018. NYTimes.com.
  265. News: Tió. Elsa. 2020-08-12. Nimia Vicéns: Corazón de la patria con semillas silvestres en sus versos. es. Nimia Vicéns: Heart of the country with wild seeds in her verses. El Adoquín Times. 2021-10-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20210204025120/https://eladoquintimes.com/2020/08/12/nimia-vicens-corazon-de-la-patria-con-semillas-silvestres-en-sus-versos/. 2021-02-04.
  266. News: Rojas. Enrique. 2015-02-02. Cuba y Puerto Rico tienen la presión. es. Cuba and Puerto Rico Have the Pressure. ESPN Deportes.com. 2021-10-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20211009002219/https://espndeportes.espn.com/blogs/index?entryID=2289780&name=enrique_rojas&redirected=true. 2021-10-09.
  267. Web site: García. Marta Yazmín. 2008-11-07. Alabanza al poeta nacional. Praise to the national poet. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150910084201/https://www.uprm.edu/news/articles/as2008168.html. 2015-09-10. 2021-10-08. University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez. es.
  268. Poets, Philosophers, Lovers: On the Writings of Giannina Braschi. Pittsburgh, 2020.
  269. Web site: Biographie / Hommage à Émile Nelligan, poète national des Québécois . 26 June 2024 . Fondation littéraire Fleur de Lys.
  270. News: 1978-04-02 . Gaston Miron, Poetic Voice of Quebec Nationalism . 2024-02-13 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  271. News: Sabourin . Éric . 18 October 2018 . Gilles Vigneault en récital : le poète qui dansait chante encore et conseille son public de vivre d'une confiante sérénité . 26 June 2024 . Les ArtsZé . fr.
  272. Web site: Crémazie, Octave National Historic Person . www.pc.gc.ca.
  273. Web site: Monument à Louis-Octave Crémazie. Art Public Montréal.
  274. News: Poet of the Caribbean (Published 2014). Teju. Cole. The New York Times . February 21, 2014. NYTimes.com.
  275. Web site: Lasana M. Sekou - Paths of Love, Labour, Liberation. 30 December 2018. jamaica-gleaner.com.
  276. Web site: 'National poet' of St. Maarten honoured with anniversary show . The Daily Herald . SXM Talks. 3 December 2018.
  277. Nathanael O'Reilly, "Imagined America: Walt Whitman's Nationalism in the First Edition of 'Leaves of Grass", Irish Journal of American Studies.
  278. O'Reilly . Nathanael . Imagined America: Walt Whitman's Nationalism in the First Edition of Leaves of Grass . Irish Journal of American Studies . 2009 . 1 . 1–9 . October 11, 2020.
  279. News: How did recluse Emily Dickinson become America's national poet?. Charlotte. Runcie. The Telegraph . 5 March 2017. www.telegraph.co.uk.
  280. Web site: Celebrating Robert Frost: An American Poet. smithsonianassociates.org.
  281. Web site: Celebrating Maya Angelou in the Face of Conservative Criticism. S. E.. Williams. 8 March 2016. Black Voice News.
  282. Web site: Gwendolyn Brooks. Poetry. Foundation. December 25, 2020. Poetry Foundation.
  283. Web site: Our National Poets. Academy of American. Poets. Poets.org.
  284. Cusic, D. (1991:82). The poet as performer. United Kingdom: University Press of America.
  285. Web site: From the Archives, 1922: Henry Lawson, Australia's poet of the bush, dies. Staff Writers. 1 September 2022. The Sydney Morning Herald.
  286. Web site: Gordon's Poems.
  287. Web site: "Banjo" Patterson, Australian poet and author of "Waltzing Mathilda" is born in the New South Wales outback | House Divided. hd.housedivided.dickinson.edu.
  288. Web site: Roots and Routes: Tracing the Trends of Indo-Fijian Fiction – Journal of Migration Affairs A Bi-Annual Journal.
  289. https://ojs.victoria.ac.nz/kotare/article/download/700/511/606
  290. James Woodall, Borges: A Life, Basic Books (1996). . Relevant excerpt available on the New York Times web site, accessed 9 March 2007.
  291. Web site: Antônio Gonçalves Dias | Romanticism, Indigenous Peoples, Lyrical Poetry | Britannica. www.britannica.com. 6 March 2024 .
  292. Web site: Olavo Bilac: Biography and Poems Brazilian Poetry. 2021-05-28.
  293. News: What now for Carlos Drummond de Andrade, Brazil's national poet?. Ángel. Gurría-Quintana. 13 November 2012. The Guardian.
  294. Web site: Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis. Afro-Rio Walking Tour.
  295. Web site: Gabriela Mistral. National Women's History Museum.
  296. Web site: -Pablo Neruda · 40. Whitman @ 200 · Lehigh Library Exhibits. Library & Technology Services @ Lehigh University.
  297. Web site: Rafael Pombo: The Immortal Poet of Colombian Children's Literature. Luis. Ospino. 22 September 2023. Colombia One: News from Colombia and the World.
  298. Web site: David Francis, Residential College Dean - Grace Hopper College | Ethnicity, Race, and Migration. erm.yale.edu.
  299. Web site: Remigio Crespo Toral - Ecuadorian Literature. 28 October 2020.
  300. Web site: GtR. gtr.ukri.org.
  301. Web site: He Died in Paris After All. 25 February 2014.
  302. Web site: Seen: Trefossa, by Ida Does.
  303. Web site: Juan Zorrilla de San Martín. Discography of American Historical Recordings.
  304. Web site: The Day the Prisoners Are Freed in Venezuela / 14ymedio, Carlos Alberto Montaner. 10 January 2016. Translating Cuba.

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