List of national emergencies in the United States explained

A national emergency is a situation in which a government is empowered to perform actions not normally permitted. The 1976 National Emergencies Act implemented various legal requirements regarding emergencies declared by the President of the United States.[1] [2]

As of March 2024, 82 emergencies have been declared;[3] 40 have expired and another 42 are currently in effect, each having been renewed annually by the president.[4] [5] [6]

StatusPresidentStart dateEnd dateCategorySource Document(s)TitleDescription
Ended February 5, 1917 March 3, 1921[7] MaritimeProclamation 1354[8] Emergency in Water Transportation of the United States
Ended March 6, 1933[9] September 14, 1978[10] EconomicProclamation 2039[11] Declaring Bank HolidayDeclared a bank holiday from March 6 through March 9, 1933, using the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917 as a legal basis. The first of four emergencies cited by Senate Report 93-549 (1973) as never having been terminated.
EndedRooseveltSeptember 8, 1939April 28, 1952MilitaryProclamation 2352[12] Proclaiming a National Emergency in Connection with the Observance, Safeguarding, and Enforcement of Neutrality and the Strengthening of the National Defense Within the Limits of Peace-Time Authorizations
EndedRooseveltMay 27, 1941April 28, 1952[13] MilitaryProclamation 2487[14] Proclaiming That an Unlimited National Emergency Confronts This Country, Which Requires That Its Military, Naval, Air and Civilian Defenses Be Put on the Basis of Readiness to Repel Any and All Acts or Threats of Aggression Directed Toward Any Part of the Western HemisphereDeclaration of an unlimited national emergency under threat from Nazi Germany.[15]
EndedTrumanDecember 16, 1950September 14, 1978MilitaryProclamation 2914[16] Proclaiming the Existence of a National EmergencyDeclared that the United States' "military, naval, air and civilian defenses" should be used to fight communism as part of the Korean War.[17] The second of four emergencies cited by Senate Report 93-549 as never having been terminated.
EndedNixonMarch 23, 1970September 14, 1978EconomicProclamation 3972[18] Declaring a National EmergencyDeclaration in response to the 1970 United States Postal Service strike. The third of four emergencies cited by Senate Report 93-549 as never having been terminated.
EndedNixonAugust 15, 1971September 14, 1978TradeProclamation 4074[19] Imposition of Supplemental Duty for Balance of Payments PurposesImposed import controls in response to the Nixon shock. The last of four emergencies cited by Senate Report 93-549 as never having been terminated.
CarterNovember 14, 1979SanctionsExecutive Order 12170[20] Blocking Iranian Government Property Ordered the freezing of Iranian assets as part of the U.S. response during the Iran hostage crisis
EndedCarterApril 17, 1980April 17, 1981SanctionsExecutive Order 12211,[21] Executive Order 12282[22] Further Prohibitions on Transactions with IranProhibitions revoked on January 19, 1981, but national emergency neither terminated nor continued[23]
EndedReaganOctober 14, 1983December 20, 1983TradeExecutive Order 12444Continuation of Export Control RegulationsExpiry of the Export Administration Act of 1979
EndedReaganMarch 30, 1984July 12, 1985TradeExecutive Order 12470Continuation of Export Control RegulationsExpiry of the Export Administration Act of 1979
EndedReaganMay 1, 1985March 13, 1990[24] SanctionsExecutive Order 12513[25] Prohibiting Trade and Certain Other Transactions Involving NicaraguaThe United States embargo against Nicaragua,[26] followed the victory by Sandinista candidate Daniel Ortega in the 1984 Nicaraguan general election over the U.S.-backed Contras
EndedReaganSeptember 9, 1985July 10, 1991SanctionsExecutive Order 12532Prohibiting Trade and Certain Other Transactions Involving South AfricaResponse to the initial attempt by Senate Democrats to pass what would be the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986
EndedReaganJanuary 7, 1986September 20, 2004SanctionsExecutive Order 12543Prohibiting Trade and Certain Transactions Involving LibyaFollowed the 1985 Rome and Vienna airport attacks
EndedReaganApril 8, 1988April 5, 1990SanctionsExecutive Order 12635Prohibiting Certain Transactions with Respect to PanamaDeteriorating relationship between the U.S. and General Manuel Noriega
EndedBush (H.W.)August 2, 1990July 29, 2004SanctionsExecutive Order 12722Blocking Iraqi Government Property and Prohibiting Transactions with IraqIn response to the invasion of Kuwait
EndedBush (H.W.)September 30, 1990September 30, 1993TradeExecutive Order 12730Continuation of Export Control RegulationsExpiry of the Export Administration Act of 1979
EndedBush (H.W.)November 16, 1990November 11, 1994ArmsExecutive Order 12735Chemical and Biological Weapons ProliferationFollowed the signing with the U.S.S.R. of the 1990 Chemical Weapons Accord, and preceded the May 1991 commitment by George H.W. Bush to destroy weapon agents, systems, and production facilities of the United States chemical weapons program
EndedBush (H.W.)October 4, 1991[27] October 14, 1994[28] SanctionsExecutive Order 12775, Executive Order 12914[29] Prohibiting Certain Transactions with Respect to HaitiFollowed the 1991 Haitian coup d'état against President Jean-Bertrand Aristide. Re-declared by Clinton on May 7, 1994 in Executive Order 12914
EndedBush (H.W.)May 30, 1992May 28, 2003SanctionsExecutive Order 12808Blocking Property and Property of the Governments of Serbia and MontenegroIn response to the start of the Bosnian War
Ended[30] ClintonSeptember 26, 1993May 6, 2003SanctionsExecutive Order 12865[31] Prohibiting Certain Transactions Involving UNITAImposed economic sanctions on UNITA, a political group in Angola.
EndedClintonSeptember 30, 1993September 29, 1994ArmsExecutive Order 12868[32] Measures To Restrict the Participation by United States Persons in Weapons Proliferation ActivitiesRestricted US development of nuclear and chemical weapons.
EndedClintonJune 30, 1994August 19, 1994TradeExecutive Order 12923[33] Continuation of Export Control Regulations
EndedClintonAugust 19, 1994April 4, 2001[34] TradeExecutive Order 12924[35] Continuation of Export Control RegulationsRevoked and revised Executive Order 12923.
EndedClintonSeptember 29, 1994November 14, 1994SanctionsExecutive Order 12930[36] Measures to Restrict the Participation by United States Persons in Weapons Proliferation Activities
EndedClintonOctober 25, 1994May 28, 2003SanctionsExecutive Order 12934[37] Blocking Property and Additional Measures With Respect to the Bosnian Serb-Controlled Areas of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
ClintonNovember 14, 1994ArmsExecutive Order 12938[38] [39] Proliferation of Weapons of Mass DestructionProvides for control over the export of weapons; combined two previous national emergencies regarding WMDs.
EndedClintonJanuary 23, 1995[40] September 9, 2019[41] SanctionsExecutive Order 12947Prohibiting Transactions With Terrorists Who Threaten To Disrupt the Middle East Peace ProcessImposed economic sanctions on Specially Designated Terrorists, including the ANO, Hezbollah, the DFLP, Hamas, and the PFLP.
ClintonMarch 15, 1995[42] SanctionsProhibiting Certain Transactions with Respect to the Development of Iranian Petroleum ResourcesIntended to prevent a business deal between Iran and Conoco.[43]
ClintonOctober 21, 1995SanctionsExecutive Order 12978[44] Blocking Assets and Prohibiting Transactions with Significant Narcotics TraffickersDeclared in response to Colombian drug cartels using American companies to launder money.
ClintonMarch 1, 1996MaritimeProclamation 6867[45] Declaration of a National Emergency and Invocation of Emergency Authority Relating to the Regulation of the Anchorage and Movement of VesselsImplemented following the destruction of two civilian aircraft by the Cuban military on February 24, 1996.[46]
EndedClintonMay 20, 1997October 7, 2016[47] SanctionsExecutive Order 13047[48] Prohibiting New Investment in Burma
Clinton November 3, 1997Sanctions Executive Order 13067[49] Blocking Sudanese Government Property and Prohibiting Transactions With SudanEstablished a trade embargo against Sudan, specifically targeting the Sudanese government.[50]
EndedClintonJune 9, 1998May 28, 2003[51] SanctionsExecutive Order 13088[52] Blocking Property of the Governments of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro), the Republic of Serbia, and the Republic of Montenegro, and Prohibiting New Investment in the Republic of Serbia in Response to the Situation in KosovoDeclaration of a national emergency during the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia.[53]
EndedClintonJuly 4, 1999July 2, 2002SanctionsExecutive Order 13129[54] Blocking Property and Prohibiting Transactions With the Taliban
EndedClintonJune 21, 2000June 25, 2012SanctionsExecutive Order 13159[55] Blocking Property of the Government of the Russian Federation Relating to the Disposition of Highly Enriched Uranium Extracted From Nuclear Weapons
EndedClintonJanuary 18, 2001January 15, 2004[56] TradeExecutive Order 13194[57] Prohibiting the Importation of Rough Diamonds From Sierra Leone
BushJune 26, 2001SanctionsExecutive Order 13219,[58] [59] Executive Order 13304Blocking Property of Persons Who Threaten International Stabilization Efforts in the Western BalkansIntended to combat extremist Albanian insurgents operating in North Macedonia and limit obstruction of the Dayton Accords. Amended on May 28, 2003 by Executive Order 13304 following the Ohrid Agreement, signed in 2001.[60]
BushAugust 17, 2001TradeExecutive Order 13222,[61] Executive Order 13637Continuation of Export Control RegulationsReasserted presidential control of exports of "defense articles" following the expiration of the Export Administration Act of 1979 in 1994. Amended on March 8, 2013 by Executive Order 13637[62] to delegate authority provided by Section 38 of the Arms Export Control Act from the president to the Secretary of State.[63]
BushSeptember 14, 2001MilitaryProclamation 7463[64] Declaration of National Emergency by Reason of Certain Terrorist AttacksThe first of two national emergencies declared following the September 11 attacks, allowing the president to call troops from the National Guard or from retirement, to apportion military funding, to exercise more discretion over hiring military officers, and to promote more generals than previously allowed.[65]
BushSeptember 23, 2001[66] SanctionsExecutive Order 13224Blocking Property and Prohibiting Transactions With Persons Who Commit, Threaten To Commit, or Support Terrorism [67] The second of two national emergencies declared following the September 11 attacks,[68] allowing the State and Treasury departments (through the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control) to designate entities as terrorists and apply economic sanctions. Due to the order's broad language, its scope has grown over the years to become one of the Treasury's "cornerstone sanctions programs" in fighting terrorism worldwide. Amended on July 2, 2002 (Executive Order 13268)[69] to include the Taliban, and on January 23, 2003 (Executive Order 13284)[70] to integrate the newly-created position of Secretary of Homeland Security into the order's process.
Ended BushMarch 6, 2003March 4, 2024[71] SanctionsExecutive Order 13288[72] Blocking Property of Persons Undermining Democratic Processes or Institutions in ZimbabweImposed economic sanctions on Zimbabwe president Robert Mugabe and 76 other government officials[73] following years of rigged elections and a recent food shortage,[74] echoing similar sanctions imposed the previous year by the European Union.[75] Amended on November 22, 2005 (Executive Order 13391)[76] to revise the EO's annex listing the individuals targeted with sanctions.
BushMay 22, 2003LegalExecutive Order 13303[77] Protecting the Development Fund for Iraq and Certain Other Property in Which Iraq Has an InterestGranted the Development Fund for Iraq, established the same day, legal protection in the wake of the invasion of Iraq and amidst the Iraq War.
BushMay 11, 2004SanctionsExecutive Order 13338[78] Blocking Property of Certain Persons and Prohibiting the Export of Certain Goods to SyriaImposed mostly symbolic economic sanctions on Syria,[79] grounding all flights between the two countries, banning all exports to Syria but food and medicine, and freezing some Syrians' assets.[80]
EndedBushJuly 22, 2004November 12, 2015SanctionsExecutive Order 13348[81] Blocking Property of Certain Persons and Prohibiting the Importation of Certain Goods from Liberia
EndedBushFebruary 7, 2006September 14, 2016SanctionsExecutive Order 13396[82] Blocking Property of Certain Persons Contributing to the Conflict in Côte d'Ivoire
BushJune 16, 2006SanctionsExecutive Order 13405[83] Blocking Property of Certain Persons Undermining Democratic Processes or Institutions in BelarusImposed sanctions, including a travel ban, on Alexander Lukashenko after Belarus's crackdown on peaceful protests against the recent presidential election and following similar sanctions by the European Union.[84]
BushOctober 27, 2006SanctionsExecutive Order 13413[85] Blocking Property of Certain Persons Contributing to the Conflict in the Democratic Republic of the CongoImposed economic sanctions on DRC government officials amidst widespread violence taking place during runoffs for Congo's first free election in decades.[86]
BushAugust 1, 2007SanctionsExecutive Order 13441[87] Blocking Property of Persons Undermining the Sovereignty of Lebanon or Its Democratic Processes and InstitutionsImposed sanctions intended as a warning to Syria and Hezbollah, months after a similar travel ban, during widespread unrest in the country, and out of concern over rifts between prime minister Fouad Siniora and president Émile Lahoud.[88] [89]
BushJune 26, 2008SanctionsExecutive Order 13466[90] Continuing Certain Restrictions With Respect to North Korea and North Korean NationalsRetained "certain restrictions" on North Korea as the United States removed North Korea from its list of state sponsors of terrorism and as North Korea publicly declared its nuclear program.[91]
EndedObamaOctober 24, 2009October 23, 2010[92] Public healthProclamation 8443[93] Declaration of a National Emergency With Respect to the 2009 H1N1 Influenza PandemicEmpowered the secretary of Health and Human Services to issue waivers allowing overcrowded hospitals to move swine flu patients to satellite facilities or other hospitals.[94] Months before this national emergency was declared, on April 26, 2009 Obama's acting director of Health and Human Services declared H1N1 a public health emergency.[95] Later on October 24, 2009, a second declaration was made by Obama to temporarily waive or modify certain requirements of the Medicare, Medicaid, and State Children's Health Insurance programs and of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Privacy Rule.
ObamaApril 12, 2010SanctionsExecutive Order 13536[96] Blocking Property of Certain Persons Contributing to the Conflict in SomaliaIntended to help combat Somali pirates.
ObamaFebruary 25, 2011SanctionsExecutive Order 13566[97] Blocking Property and Prohibiting Certain Transactions Related to LibyaImposed sanctions on Muammar Gaddafi, his family, and Libyan officials after protestors were killed by government forces, including freezing assets and consideration of prosecution for war crimes.[98]
ObamaJuly 24, 2011SanctionsExecutive Order 13581[99] Blocking Property of Transnational Criminal OrganizationsLevied sanctions against four criminal organizations—Los Zetas, the Brothers' Circle, the Yakuza, and the Camorra—including freezing assets, barring ownership of American real estate, and implementing travel bans.[100]
ObamaMay 16, 2012SanctionsExecutive Order 13611[101] Blocking Property of Persons Threatening the Peace, Security, or Stability of YemenIntended to counter unrest in Yemen in the aftermath of the Yemeni Revolution.
EndedObamaJune 25, 2012May 26, 2015SanctionsExecutive Order 13617Blocking Property of the Government of the Russian Federation Relating to the Disposition of Highly Enriched Uranium Extracted From Nuclear WeaponsImposed sanctions on Russia over the disposal of highly enriched uranium.
ObamaMarch 6, 2014SanctionsExecutive Order 13660[102] Blocking Property of Certain Persons Contributing to the Situation in UkraineImposed sanctions, including restricting visas, in concert with the European Union and the international community against Russia after its Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation.[103] [104] Amended on March 16, 2014 (Executive Order 13661),[105] March 20, 2014 (Executive Order 13662),[106] and December 19, 2014 (Executive Order 13685)[107] to expand the scope of sanctions.
ObamaApril 3, 2014SanctionsExecutive Order 13664[108] Blocking Property of Certain Persons With Respect to South SudanEnabled economic sanctions to be placed due to the civil war in South Sudan; sanctions were first imposed a month later.[109]
ObamaMay 12, 2014SanctionsExecutive Order 13667[110] Blocking Property of Certain Persons Contributing to the Conflict in the Central African RepublicImposed sanctions against former Central African Republic president François Bozizé, following similar sanctions placed on Bozizé by the United Nations Security Council the previous week;[111] also contains provisions against the use of child soldiers.
ObamaMarch 8, 2015SanctionsExecutive Order 13692[112] Blocking Property and Suspending Entry of Certain Persons Contributing to the Situation in VenezuelaImposed sanctions on seven high-ranking Venezuelan government officials, including SEBIN director Gustavo Enrique González López, PNB director Manuel Perez, and CVG head Justo Noguero.[113] [114]
Obama April 1, 2015 SanctionsExecutive Order 13694[115] Blocking the Property of Certain Persons Engaging in Significant Malicious Cyber-Enabled ActivitiesIntended to allow sanctions to be levied on foreign individuals determined by the Department of the Treasury to have engaged in cyber-crime or cyber-terrorism; was in the works for two years.[116]
EndedObama November 22, 2015 November 18, 2021[117] SanctionsExecutive Order 13712[118] Blocking Property of Certain Persons Contributing to the Situation in BurundiImposed sanctions on four Burundi nationals—minister of public security Alain Guillaume Bunyoni, National Police of Burundi deputy director-general Godefroid Bizimana, Godefroid Niyombare, and Cyrille Ndayirukiye—in the wake of widespread unrest.[119]
December 20, 2017 SanctionsExecutive Order 13818[120] Blocking the Property of Persons Involved in Serious Human Rights Abuse or CorruptionImposed sanctions due to the Rohingya conflict in Myanmar, specifically against general Maung Maung Soe;[121] works in tandem with the Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act.
Trump September 12, 2018 SanctionsExecutive Order 13848[122] Imposing Certain Sanctions in the Event of Foreign Interference in a United States ElectionIntended to enable automatic sanctions in response to election interference;[123] [124] intelligence agencies are given 45 days after an election to assess any possible interference.[125]
Trump November 27, 2018 SanctionsExecutive Order 13851[126] Blocking Property of Certain Persons Contributing to the Situation in NicaraguaAnnounces certain sanctions against current and former Daniel Ortega government officials engaging in human rights abuse or corruption.[127]
Ended Trump February 15, 2019 January 20, 2021[128] MilitaryProclamation 9844Declaring a National Emergency Concerning the Southern Border of the United StatesSeeks to divert $8 billion of funds, which were previously allocated to other programs, to build a wall on the southern border of the United States, which the order calls a "major entry point for criminals, gang members, and illicit narcotics" into the United States.[129] [130] [131] This emergency declaration is the first since the passage of the National Emergencies Act in which the president sought to take funds for which Congress previously denied appropriation, and the first time both houses of Congress passed a resolution declaring the emergency terminated, sending it to the president for his signature. The resolution passed, but failed to acquire the two thirds support in both houses of congress needed to override a veto. It was subsequently vetoed and failed to become law. [132]
Trump May 15, 2019SanctionsExecutive Order 13873[133] Securing the Information and Communications Technology and Services Supply ChainBans American companies from using any telecommunications equipment that the secretary of Commerce declares to be a national security risk.[134]

Soon after the executive order was signed, the Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) of the Department of Commerce announced that it will be adding Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd and 70 affiliates to its Entity List. The Department of Commerce alleged that Huawei was engaged in activities that are contrary to US national security or foreign policy interest. As a result, sale or transfer of American technology to a company or person on the Entity List requires a license issued by the BIS, and a license may be denied if the sale or transfer would harm US national security or foreign policy interests.

TrumpJuly 26, 2019SanctionsExecutive Order 13882[135] Blocking Property and Suspending Entry of Certain Persons Contributing to the Situation in Mali Freezes property and suspends entry to the United States of persons who threaten the peace and security of Mali, and prohibits making donations to such persons.
TrumpOctober 14, 2019SanctionsExecutive Order 13894[136] Blocking Property and Suspending Entry of Certain Persons Contributing to the Situation in SyriaImposes sanctions against individuals who threaten the peace of or commit serious human rights abuses in Syria, or any agency or official of the Turkish government, and bars them from entering the United States.
EndedTrump March 13, 2020April 10, 2023[137] Public healthProclamation 9994[138] Declaring a National Emergency Concerning the Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) OutbreakOn March 13, 2020, President Donald Trump declared that he would give the states and territories access to up to 50 billion dollars in federal funds to fight the COVID-19 pandemic. This includes the ability to waive laws to enable tele-health. Stated by President Trump: "It gives remote doctor's visits and hospital check ins. The power to waive certain federal license requirements so the doctors from other states can provide services in states with the greatest need."[139] [140]

On April 10, 2023, three years after the emergency declaration, Congress sent a Joint Resolution terminating the national emergency to the President's desk, at which point it was signed into law. This marks the first time since the passage of the National Emergencies Act that a National Emergency was terminated through Congressional action. [141]

EndedTrump June 11, 2020April 1, 2021[142] SanctionsExecutive Order 13928[143] Blocking Property of Certain Persons Associated with the International Criminal CourtFreezes property of persons directly engaged in, or materially supporting, any effort by the ICC to investigate, arrest, detain or prosecute US or US-allied personnel in connection with the War in Afghanistan; bars entry into the US by such directly engaged persons and their immediate families.
TrumpJuly 14, 2020SanctionsExecutive Order 13936[144] The President’s Executive Order on Hong Kong NormalizationFreezes property of persons involved in the implementation of the Hong Kong national security law by the People's Republic of China.
TrumpNovember 12, 2020SanctionsExecutive Order 13959[145] Addressing the Threat From Securities Investments That Finance Communist Chinese Military CompaniesProhibits transactions in securities and derivatives of military companies in the People's Republic of China.
BidenFebruary 10, 2021SanctionsExecutive Order 14014[146] Blocking Property with Respect to the Situation in BurmaFreezes property of and denies entry to persons involved in the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état and their immediate families, and likewise for all businesses operating in Myanmar's defense sector or controlled by the Myanmar military.
BidenApril 15, 2021SanctionsExecutive Order 14024[147] Blocking Property with Respect to Specified Harmful Foreign Activities of the Government of the Russian FederationFreezes the property of persons involved in cyber and other threats coming from Russian government.
BidenSeptember 17, 2021SanctionsExecutive Order 14046[148] Imposing Sanctions on Certain Persons With Respect to the Humanitarian and Human Rights Crisis in EthiopiaImposes sanctions on individuals threatening the stability in Ethiopia or undermining democratic processes or institutions in Ethiopia or its territorial integrity.
BidenDecember 15, 2021SanctionsExecutive Order 14059[149] [150] Imposing Sanctions on Foreign Persons Involved in the Global Illicit Drug TradeAuthorizes the Secretary of the Treasury to issue sanctions on persons who have engaged in activities that contributed to the international trade of illegal drugs or gained property that was from or caused those drug trading activities.[151]
BidenFebruary 11, 2022SeizureExecutive Order 14064[152] [153] Protecting Certain Property of Da Afghanistan Bank for the Benefit of the People of AfghanistanRequires the transfer of all US-held assets of Da Afghanistan Bank to an account at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
BidenApril 21, 2022SecurityProclamation 10371[154] Invocation of Emergency Authority Relating to the Regulation of the Anchorage and Movement of Russian-Affiliated Vessels to United States PortsProhibits Russian-affiliated vessels from entering into United States ports, except those ships that transport source material, special nuclear material, and nuclear byproduct material, or provide humanitarian aid.
BidenJuly 19, 2022SanctionsExecutive Order 14078[155] Bolstering Efforts To Bring Hostages and Wrongfully Detained United States Nationals Home
BidenAugust 9, 2023SanctionsExecutive Order 14105[156] Addressing United States Investments in Certain National Security Technologies and Products in Countries of ConcernDirects the Secretary of the Treasury to issue regulations that monitor or prohibit transactions that may help China develop technology to counter US national security capabilities
BidenFebruary 1, 2024SanctionsExecutive Order 14115[157] Imposing Certain Sanctions on Persons Undermining Peace, Security, and Stability in the West BankProhibits transactions involving property of foreign persons who participate in activities that threaten the peace and security of the West Bank, including settler violence against Palestinian civilians; suspends entry of such persons into the U.S.

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Declared National Emergencies Under the National Emergencies Act, 1978-2018. Brennan Center for Justice.
  2. Web site: Trump's wall would be the 32nd active national emergency. Ryan Struyk. CNN. January 7, 2019 .
  3. Moon . Emily . The United States' States of Emergencies . Pacific Standard . February 11, 2019 . January 8, 2019.
  4. Web site: Heath . Kendall . Here's a list of the 31 national emergencies that have been in effect for years . ABC News . February 11, 2019 . January 10, 2019.
  5. Book: Roberts . Emily E. . Declarations Under the National Emergencies Act, Part 1: Declarations Currently in Effect . February 28, 2019 . Congressional Research Service . Washington, D.C. . 29 March 2019.
  6. Book: Roberts . Emily E. . Declarations Under the National Emergencies Act, Part 2: Declarations No Longer in Effect . February 15, 2019 . Congressional Research Service . Washington, D.C. . 29 March 2019.
  7. Relyea . Harold C. . Declaring and Terminating a State of National Emergency . Presidential Studies Quarterly . 1976 . 6 . 4 . 36–42 . Wiley. 20556861 .
  8. Web site: Proclamation 1354 – Emergency in Water Transportation of the United States . The American Presidency Project . February 11, 2019 . February 5, 1917.
  9. Web site: Senate Report 93-549: War and Emergency Power Statutes . U.S. Government Printing Office . February 11, 2019.
  10. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-91/pdf/STATUTE-91-Pg1625.pdf Public Law 95-223
  11. Web site: Proclamation 2039 – Declaring Bank Holiday . The American Presidency Project . February 11, 2019 . March 6, 1933.
  12. Web site: Proclamation 2352 – Proclaiming a National Emergency in Connection with the Observance, Safeguarding, and Enforcement of Neutrality and the Strengthening of the National Defense Within the Limits of Peace-Time Authorizations . The American Presidency Project . February 11, 2019.
  13. Web site: Proclamation 2974 . Harry S. Truman Library & Museum . February 11, 2019.
  14. Web site: Proclamation 2487 – Proclaiming That an Unlimited National Emergency Confronts This Country, Which Requires That Its Military, Naval, Air and Civilian Defenses Be Put on the Basis of Readiness to Repel Any and All Acts or Threats of Aggression Directed Toward Any Part of the Western Hemisphere . The American Presidency Project . February 11, 2019.
  15. Web site: FDR proclaims an unlimited national emergency. History.com.
  16. Web site: Proclamation 2914 . Harry S. Truman Library & Museum . February 11, 2019.
  17. Web site: The Learning Network . December 16, 1950 . President Truman Proclaims State of Emergency During Korean War . The New York Times . February 11, 2019 .
  18. Web site: Declaring a National Emergency . Government Publishing Office . February 11, 2019.
  19. Web site: Proclamation 4074 . Government Publishing Office . February 11, 2019.
  20. Web site: Executive Order No. 12170 . U.S. Treasury . February 11, 2019 . November 14, 1979.
  21. Web site: Executive Orders . National Archives . August 15, 2016. 11 January 2023 .
  22. Web site: Executive Orders . National Archives . August 15, 2016. 11 January 2023 .
  23. Web site: Declared National Emergencies Under the National Emergencies Act, 1978-2018 . Brennan Center for Justice . 15 February 2019.
  24. Web site: 1990 Executive Orders Disposition Tables . August 15, 2016 . National Archives . February 11, 2019.
  25. Web site: Executive Order 12513--Prohibiting trade and certain other transactions involving Nicaragua . National Archives . February 11, 2019 . May 1, 1985.
  26. News: Reagan, Declaring 'Threat,' Forbids Nicaraguan Trade and Cuts Air and Sea Links. Bernard. Weinraub. Special To the New York. Times. The New York Times . May 2, 1985.
  27. Web site: Executive Order 12775—Prohibiting Certain Transactions With Respect to Haiti. The American Presidency Project . February 18, 2019.
  28. Web site: Termination of Emergency With Respect to Haiti . National Archives . February 11, 2019.
  29. Web site: Prohibiting Certain Transactions With Respect to Haiti. Federal Register.
  30. News: Lu . Denise . Trump's Emergency Declaration Is the First Since 9/11 to Authorize Military Action . 24 February 2019 . . 2019-02-15 . nyt_emergency_declaration_list.
  31. Web site: Executive Order 12865—Prohibiting Certain Transactions Involving UNITA . GovInfo.gov . Government Publishing Office . 24 February 2019 . fedreg12865.
  32. Web site: Executive Order 12868. Federal Register.
  33. Web site: Executive Order 12923. Federal Register.
  34. Bush. George W.. 2001-04-04. Executive Order 13206: Termination of Emergency Authority for Certain Export Controls. en.
  35. Web site: Executive Order 12924. Federal Register.
  36. Web site: Executive Order 12930. Federal Register.
  37. Web site: Executive Order 12934. Federal Register.
  38. Web site: Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction . Federal Register . February 11, 2019 . 56253 . November 9, 2018. ...continuing for 1 year the national emergency declared in Executive Order 12938, as amended by Executive Orders 13094 and 13382..
  39. Web site: Office of the Press Secretary . Executive Order 12938 . U.S. Treasury . February 11, 2019 . November 14, 1994.
  40. Web site: Clinton . Bill . Executive Order 12947 of January 23, 1995 . U.S. Treasury . February 11, 2019 . 5079 . January 25, 1995.
  41. Web site: Modernizing Sanctions To Combat Terrorism . Federal Register . 11 April 2023 . 9 September 2019.
  42. Web site: Clinton . Bill . Executive Order 12957: Prohibiting Certain Transactions with Respect to the Development of Iranian Petroleum Resources . Homeland Security Digital Library . February 11, 2019 . March 15, 1995.
  43. Waxman . Olivia B. . The U.S. Has Been in a Constant State of National Emergency Since 1979. Here's Why . Time . February 11, 2019 . January 8, 2019.
  44. Web site: Clinton . Bill . Executive Order 12978: Blocking Assets and Prohibiting Transactions with Significant Narcotics Traffickers . Homeland Security Digital Library . February 11, 2019 . October 21, 1995.
  45. Web site: Clinton . Bill . Proclamation 6867 – Declaration of a National Emergency and Invocation of Emergency Authority Relating to the Regulation of the Anchorage and Movement of Vessels . Government Publishing Office . February 11, 2019 . March 1, 1996.
  46. "Report on the shooting down of two U.S.-registered private civil aircraft by Cuban military aircraft on 24 February 1996", C-WP/10441, June 20, 1996, United Nations Security Council document, S/1996/509, July 1, 1996.
  47. Web site: Termination of Emergency With Respect to the Actions and Policies of the Government of Burma . Federal Register . February 11, 2019 . October 7, 2016.
  48. Web site: Prohibiting New Investment in Burma . Federal Register . February 11, 2019.
  49. Web site: Clinton . Bill . Executive Order 13067 of November 3, 1997 . Government Publishing Office . February 11, 2019 . November 3, 1997.
  50. Web site: Caine . Kimberly Hope . McNabb . Stephen M. . US lifts trade sanctions on Sudan . Norton Rose Fulbright . February 11, 2019 . January 2017.
  51. Web site: Termination of Emergencies With Respect to Yugoslavia and Modification of Executive Order 13219 of June 26, 2001 . Federal Register . February 11, 2019.
  52. Web site: Blocking Property of the Governments of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro), the Republic of Serbia, and the Republic of Montenegro, and Prohibiting New Investment in the Republic of Serbia in Response to the Situation in Kosovo . Federal Register . February 11, 2019 . June 9, 1998.
  53. Web site: Today in history: Clinton declares a national emergency. June 9, 2014. theweek.com.
  54. Web site: Executive Order 13129. Federal Register.
  55. Web site: Executive Order 13159. Federal Register.
  56. Web site: Termination of National Emergency With Respect to Sierra Leone and Liberia . August 15, 2016 . Federal Register . February 11, 2019.
  57. Web site: Prohibiting the Importation of Rough Diamonds From Sierra Leone . Federal Register . February 11, 2019.
  58. Web site: Administration of George W. Bush, 2001 . U.S. Treasury . February 11, 2019.
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