List of people killed for being transgender explained

This is a worldwide list of people who were killed for being transgender. The list does not include suicides, accidental deaths, or premature deaths. Some of the perpetrators in these cases cite the trans panic defense. Violence against transgender people is also known as trans bashing.

Background

The murder of trans people has served as an impetus to the establishment of the Transgender Day of Remembrance (TDoR).^{[1] [2]}

In 2019, the American Medical Association called the violence against trans people an "epidemic".^{[3] [4] [5]}

In 2020, ABC News "independently confirmed 34 violent deaths of transgender and gender non-conforming people in 2020 at the time of publication." This was published by Good Morning America.^[6] According to the Human Rights Campaign, at least 57 transgender and gender non-conforming people were killed in 2021, surpassing the total from 2020 of 44 people.^[7]

Before 1990

Nazi Germany

The Nazi Regime targeted, imprisoned, and killed an indeterminate number of transgender people, especially trans women.^[8] Like many sent to concentration camps, the ultimate fates of specific transgender prisoners are usually uncertain, but records exist of a small number of known victims.

• Liddy Bacroff, a trans woman, was killed in the Mauthausen concentration camp in 1943.^{[9] [10]}
• A trans woman recorded as "H. Bode" is known to have been killed in the Buchenwald Concentration Camp.

Indonesia

See also: Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66. The Indonesian 1960s Islamic New Order regime also targeted transgender individuals for violent persecution. Long home to a variety of transgender and third-gender identities, the new government cracked down on ceremonies and rituals of the non-binary bissu community. Individuals were subjected to public head-shaving, while some were tortured and murdered; reports from the time indicate bissu were given the choice of detransition or death. In Bone, the bissu Sanro Makgangke was decapitated, and their head was displayed publicly as a threat to others.^{[11] [12]}

1990s

• 1991  - Sonia Rescalvo Zafra, a 45-year-old transgender woman, was killed in the Parc de la Ciutadella in Barcelona by six neo-Nazi skinheads who kicked her and her friend Dori repeatedly in the head while they were lying on the floor. Her death spurred the LGBT community to publicly fight against violence.^{[13] [14]}
• 1993  - Brandon Teena, a 21-year-old transgender man, was raped and murdered in Falls City, Nebraska on 31 December.^[15] Two men were convicted of first-degree murder in the incident, one of whom was sentenced to death. The crime became the subject of the Academy Award-winning film Boys Don't Cry.^[15]
• 1995  - Chanelle Pickett, a 23-year-old transgender woman, was strangled on 20 November after spending the night over at a man's apartment. The defendant, William C. Palmer, originally pled what may be the earliest known legal use of the trans panic defense.^{[16] [17]} However, Palmer abandoned this story after the victim's sister revealed that he had known Pickett and been aware of her trans status.^[18] Her death was cited as part of the impetus behind the establishment of Transgender Day of Remembrance.^[19]
• 1996  - Deborah "Debbie" Forte was a 56-year-old transgender woman whose body was discovered on 15 May, having been strangled, beaten severely, and stabbed repeatedly in the breasts and chest.^[20] Her killer, Michael Thompson, was found guilty of second-degree murder and sentenced to life in prison. Thompson's coworker testified that after the murder, Thompson had come to work and confessed that he had gone home with Forte and begun "messing around", before killing her after realizing she had a penis.^[21]

2000s

• 2000  - Amanda Milan, a 25-year-old transgender woman, was walking by Times Square, Manhattan, New York City, when Dwayne McCuller walked up and began to harass and threaten her.^[22] Milan stood up to him and asked him if he wanted to fight.^[23] Witnesses said he declined.^[22] As he walked away, another young man, Eugene Celestine, told McCuller he had a knife. McCuller grabbed it, and stabbed Milan in the neck.^[23] A man named David Anderson reportedly helped McCuller escape from the scene.^[22] Milan died soon after at St. Vincent's Hospital.^[22] Transgender activist Sylvia Rivera worked towards seeing that Milan's death was investigated, and organized Milan's political funeral along with demonstrations claiming a disconnection of transgender rights from the larger LGBT communities.^[24] After Milan's murder, Rivera reformed a transgender activist group, Street Trans Activist Revolutionaries (STAR).^[25] Rivera cited the crime among the reasons to add a broad definition of gender to the New York City Human Rights Law.^[26]
• 2001  - Fred Martinez Jr., a transgender 16-year old American from Cortez, Colorado was bludgeoned to death in June 2001 with a rock by an 18-year old man.^[27] Martinez' killer was sentenced in 2002 to serve between 4 and 48 years for the murder, and was paroled in 2019.^[28]
• 2002  - Gwen Araujo of Newark, California, a Hispanic teenage transgender woman, was killed by four men, two of whom she had had sexual relations with, who beat and strangled her after discovering she was transgender.^{[29] [30] [31]} Two defendants were convicted of second-degree murder, but not convicted on the requested hate crime enhancements. The other two defendants pleaded guilty or no contest to voluntary manslaughter. In at least one of the trials, a trans panic defense – an extension of the gay panic defense – was employed.^{[32] [33]}
• 2003  - Nireah Johnson was a 17-year-old African American transgender girl who was murdered along with her friend Brandie Coleman in Indianapolis, Indiana by Paul Moore. Paul Moore was initially sexually attracted to Johnson, and then discovered that she was transgender. This led him to light her car on fire while she and Coleman were inside. Moore was sentenced to 120 years in prison for the murders while his half-brother, Clarence McGee, received a 10-year sentence as an accomplice.^[34]
• 2003  - Janice Roberts was an American transgender woman who was kidnapped by serial killer William Devin Howell on 18 June. Howell later told an informant that he tried to engage Roberts in a sexual act, and strangled her when he realized that she was transgender.^[35]
• 2003  - Shelby Tracy Tom was a Canadian transgender woman working as a sex worker in North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, who was killed by Jatin Patel on 27 May 2003.^[36] According to Patel, while having sex with her, she noticed Tom's surgery scars, and she panicked as a result and strangled her. The prosecutor attempted to classify Tom's death as a hate crime, but Supreme Court of British Columbia Justice Patrick Dohm ruled that the crime was not motivated by hate, because Patel did not know of Tom's transgender identity when meeting her, and thus could not have targeted her for it.^[37] Patel's defense attorney used a gay panic defense on her behalf. She pleaded guilty to a charge of manslaughter, and was sentenced to nine years in jail.^[38] Patel subsequently came out as a transgender woman.^[39]
• 2006  - Gisberta Salce Júnior, a Brazilian homeless transgender woman, was murdered in Oporto, Portugal, by a group of 14 youths between 12 and 16 years old, who tortured and raped her for three days, and finally threw her, still alive, into a well over 15 meters deep, where she drowned. Eleven of the minors received minimal sentences of under 13 months in a semi-open education center of the Instituto de Reinserção Social, and two received sentences of additional education.^{[40] [41]} Her death became a symbol of violence against women and the LGBT community, and shortly after, laws protecting trans women were introduced in Portugal.^[42]
• 2007  - Roberto González Onrubia, a transgender man, was killed by two women who had found refuge in his apartment, in Madrid, Spain. Both women had been mistreating Roberto physically and psychologically for a year, before they killed him on 29 August 2007 with a brutal hit on the head. Both women were condemned to 19 years in prison.^{[43] [44] [45]}
• 2008  - Angie Zapata was a transgender woman who was murdered on 17 July 2008, in Greeley, Colorado. Her death was the first case involving a transgender victim to be ruled a hate crime.^[46] Colorado is one of eleven states that protect transgender victims under hate crime laws in the United States. Allen Andrade, who learned eighteen-year-old Angie was transgender after meeting her and spending several days with her, beat her to death with a fire extinguisher. In his arrest affidavit, Andrade called Zapata "it",^[47] and during his trial, a tape was played of a phone conversation in which he told his girlfriend "gay things need to die".^[48] Andrade's attorneys used a gay panic defense. On 22 April 2009, Andrade was found guilty of first degree murder, hate crimes, and car/ID theft. He was sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole.^[49]

2010s

• 2010  - Victoria Carmen White, an African American transgender woman, was murdered in New Jersey, US, on 12 September 2010. Alrashim Chambers was brought to trial for her death, but he was acquitted; he blamed another man, Marquise Foster, for the murder. The only motive suggested was transphobic violence; "You a dude?" was heard by White's friends (who were in an adjacent room) shortly before gunshots were fired.^[50]
• 2011  - Dee Dee Pearson, an African American transgender woman, was murdered in Kansas City, Missouri, US, on 24 December 2011. Kenyon Jones confessed to the murder, telling police that he had paid Pierson for sex, and after he found out she was transgender, he killed her in anger.^[51] He was convicted of second degree murder and armed criminal action, and was sentenced to 30 years in jail.^[52]
• 2011  - Svetlana was a transgender woman from Moscow, Russia. She was beaten to death with a shovel by two persons, who had intended to have sex with her. It is suggested that after they learned she was transgender, they were motivated to kill her.^[53]
• 2013  - Carmen Guerrero, a transgender woman was killed by her cellmate, Miguel Crespo, at Kern Valley State Prison in California's Central Valley.^[54]
• 2013  - Islan Nettles, a 21-year-old African American transgender woman, was beaten to death in Harlem, New York, on 17 August after a group of at least seven men accosted her and two of her transgender friends.^[55] One of the men, James Dixon, had been flirting with her. After he realized she was transgender, he struck her. After falling down, Dixon proceeded to beat her. She died of head injuries in hospital. Her death prompted a number of protests. On 21 April 2016, Dixon was sentenced 12 years in prison after pleading guilty to manslaughter.^{[56] [57]}
• 2013  - Dwayne Jones, a Jamaican 16-year-old, was beaten, stabbed, and run over by a car in Montego Bay on 22 July 2013, after attending a party in women's clothing for the first time.^{[58] [59]}
• 2014  - Jennifer Laude was murdered in Olongapo, Philippines, on 11 October. Joseph Scott Pemberton was convicted of the murder.^[60] Pemberton reportedly killed her after discovering she was transgender.^[61]
• 2014  - Çağla Joker was fatally shot in Istanbul on 21 April, while another transgender woman survived. The suspects claimed that they initially wanted sexual relations with her and her friend, but shot both when they discovered they were transgender.^[62]
• 2014 Kimberly Sody, a 28-year-old transfeminine sex worker, was beaten to death in a hotel room in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. After beating her into a coma from which she never recovered, her attackers specifically cut her long hair, which was cited as evidence of transphobic motivation. ^{[63] [64]}
• 2015  - Mercedes Williamson, aged 17, was stabbed and beaten to death with a claw hammer on 30 May 2015 by her boyfriend Joshua Vallum.^[65] Vallum was a member of the Latin Kings gang, which forbids homosexual activity, and was forced to kill Williamson, a pre-operative transgender woman, when other members found out. Vallum was convicted of both state murder charges, for which he received life imprisonment without parole,^[65] and federal charges of hate crimes under the Hate Crimes Prevention Act, for which he was sentenced to forty-nine years imprisonment; prosecutors chose not to seek life imprisonment on the federal charges, owing to Vallum's childhood abuse.^[66]
• 2016  - Paola Ledezma, a 27-year-old transgender woman who was rejected by her family and left her birthplace to become a sex worker in Mexico City, was shot on 30 September by client Arturo Felipe Delgadillo Olvera, who became angry after he found out that she was transgender. Delgadillo, an armed security guard, was released after a judge determined that there was insufficient evidence to conclude.^[67]
• 2016  - Rae'Lynn Thomas, a 28-year-old African American transgender woman, was shot twice in front of her mother, and then beaten to death by James Allen Byrd in Columbus, Ohio, on 10 August, as she begged for her life.^{[68] [69]} Byrd called her "the devil" and made transphobic comments.^{[68] [69] [70]} Her family called for the murder to be investigated as a hate crime, but Ohio hate crime statutes do not cover gender identity.^{[68] [69]}
• 2016  - Jessica Mendes Cavalcanti, 24-year-old transgender woman, was surrounded by two young men and fatally stabbed to death in the Canaa neighborhood of Uberlandia on 19 April. One of the suspects who was apprehended by police confessed that they had committed the crime because Cavalcanti was transgender.^[71]
• 2016  - Laysa Fortuna, a 25-year-old transgender woman, was stabbed in the chest, in Aracaju, Sergipe, on 18 October 2018. The aggressor said that if Bolsonaro was elected president, all trans people and transvestites would be killed.^[72] Bolsonaro did not comment.
• 2017  - Amna, 35 years old, and Meeno, 26 years old, both Khwaja Sara Pakistanis, were allegedly beaten to death and tortured by Saudi police in Riyadh on 28 February. Their clothing and jewelry was also confiscated by the police.^[73]
• 2017  - Chanda Sharmeeli, a 30-year-old transgender woman, was shot dead in Karachi, Pakistan, sometime on 30 August or early morning 31 August. She had been with a gathering of other trans people discussing what they believed to be a recent under-counting of Pakistan's trans community, when a gang of armed men began harassing them, and eventually shot Chanda.^[74]
• 2017  - Bianca, a 32-year-old transgender sex worker from Caracas, Venezuela, was beaten to death by a 29-year-old client "who was shocked by her masculine features".^[75] The incident took place in her house in Arnhem, Netherlands on 29 September 2017.^[76]
• 2017  - Dandara Kettley, a 42-year-old travesti, was beaten and shot to death in Bom Jardim, a neighborhood in Fortaleza, Ceará.^{[77] [78] [79]}
• 2017  - Wilka, a 40-year-old Brazilian transgender woman, was attacked and killed on 26 March in Pernambuco, in the southern state of Loteamento Luiz Gonzaga. She suffered three stab wounds. According to a friend she was murdered when someone realized that she was transgender whilst attempting to rob her.^{[80] [81]}
• 2018  - Following a false rumor that transgender women were kidnapping children for sex trafficking in Hyderabad, India, four transgender women were attacked by a mob on 26 May 2018. One of the women died. Local police issued an "Appeal to Public" saying that the rumors of criminal involvement by transgender women were "fake", and that the public should not "take law into your hands... so that innocents won't become a victim of those rumors anymore."^[82]
• 2018  - Nataly Briyth Sánchez, an undocumented sex worker originally from Honduras, was murdered during a sexual encounter on 19 June in Tapachula, Mexico. The client stabbed her to death after discovering that she was transgender.^[83]
• 2018  - Kelly Stough, 36, an African American transgender woman, was murdered in Palmer Park, Detroit in December. Albert Weathers, 46, a preacher, has been charged with her murder, and prosecutors claim her gender identity was a motivator.^[84]
• 2018  - Anastasiya Sapaeva, 43, an actress. Originally from Velikovo, Gorokhovetsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. She was killed in 2018 in Moscow. She became a victim of bullies who did not like her appearance.^{[85] [86]}
• 2019  - Nikki Kuhnhausen, a 17-year-old transgender girl, was murdered by David Y. Bogdanov.^{[87] [88]} Her body was identified from decayed human remains on Saturday, 7 December, in the Larch Mountain area near Vancouver, Washington. Authorities were able to identify the body as Kuhnhausen from personal effects; subsequent examination showed she died from strangulation. Kuhnhausen had previously been missing since 5 June (reported 10 June) when she left with David Y. Bogdanov, a 25-year-old male, who has since been charged with second degree murder. Authorities believe the suspect, looking for a sexual encounter, became enraged upon learning of her transgender status. On 26 February 2020, the Washington State Legislature passed the Nikki Kuhnhausen Act, outlawing the use of panic defenses based on gender and sexual identities. The act preempts the trial of Kuhnhausen's alleged killer, and thus prevents the use of that defense.^{[89] [90] [91]}
• 2019  - Nina Surgutskaya, 25, was killed, dismembered, and partially cooked by her boyfriend Mikhail Tikhonov, a doctor, in Kursk, western Russia. He became angry upon learning that she was assigned male at birth, which was his motivation for the crime. He also flushed some of Nina's body parts down the toilet, and put her limbs and head in a suitcase.^{[92] [93]}
• 2019  - Chynal Lindsey, 26, an African American transgender woman, was murdered by Ruben Alvarado in Dallas, Texas. Alvarado met with Lindsey for a sexual encounter, and killed her upon discovering that she was a trans woman. He was convicted of first degree murder, and sentenced to 37 years in prison.^[94]
• 2019  - Dime Doe, an African American transgender woman, was murdered by Daqua Lameek Ritter in Allendale, South Carolina. Ritter did not want others to know he and Doe were having an affair. In February 2024, he was found guilty of a hate crime based on gender identity, the first such federal trial in the U.S.^[95]

2020s

• 2020  - Alexa Luciano Ruiz was fatally shot in Puerto Rico on 24 February, after an incident in a local restroom.^{[96] [97]} Carmen Yulín Cruz called attention to her death before the 2020 Puerto Rico gubernatorial election. Ms. Luciano was killed while the assailant men laughed.^[98]
• 2020  - Selena Reyes-Hernandez, 37, was fatally shot in Chicago, Illinois, on 31 May by a man she went home with, after telling him that she was transgender.^[99]
• 2020  - Brayla Stone, 17, was murdered in Arkansas in June 2020 by a man seeking to conceal his sexual relationship with her; the killer was "afraid of being considered homosexual" were Stone to reveal their relationship;^[100] he pled guilty and was sentenced to 50 years in prison.^[101]
• 2020  - Valera (name is changed in the report), a 46-year-old man, a janitor, was killed on 10 February in Chelyabinsk, Russia, by his dorm roommates after they learned he was a transgender man.^[102]
• 2020  - Serena Angelique Velázquez, 32, and Layla Pelaez, 21, both transgender women, were found burned to death on 22 April in Humacao, Puerto Rico.^{[103] [104] [105]}
• 2021  - Ebeng Mayor, a transgender man from Batasan Hills, Philippines, was found raped, mutilated, and killed on 20 May 2021, after being missing for three days.^[106]
• 2022  - Briza Garces Florez, a 40-year-old Colombian transgender sex worker from the Netherlands, was stabbed to death by her 32-year-old boyfriend of Greek descent in a hotel in Wassenaar.^{[107] [108]}
• 2022  - Doski Azad, a 23-year-old Kurdish transgender woman, was murdered by her brother for being transgender.^[109]
• 2022 – Ariyanna Mitchell, a 17-year-old African American transgender girl from Virginia, was shot and killed by 19-year-old Jimmy LeShawn Williams with an assault rifle, after he asked her if she was transgender, and she replied, "yes".^[110]
• 2022 - Cherry Bush, a homeless 48-year-old transgender woman, was shot to death in Los Angeles. Her alleged killer has been charged with a hate crime.^[111]
• 2023 - Brianna Ghey was stabbed to death in Culcheth Linear Park on 11 February 2023. Transphobia was recognised as a secondary motive for the killing by one of the two killers.^{[112] [113]}

Notes and References

1. Web site: Trans Day of Remembrance. Massachusetts Transgender Political Coalition. 20 November 2013. 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20100814023619/http://www.masstpc.org/dor/. 14 August 2010. live.
2. Web site: Transgender Day of Remembrance. Human Rights Campaign. 20 November 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131126173312/http://www.hrc.org/campaigns/transgender-day-remembrance. 26 November 2013. live.
3. News: Rick. Rojas. Vanessa. Swales. 6 July 2020. 18 Transgender Killings This Year Raise Fears of an 'Epidemic'. The New York Times. 27 September 2019. 0362-4331. NYTimes.com. 5 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200705222307/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/27/us/transgender-women-deaths.html. live.
4. Web site: 6 July 2020. For trans women of color facing 'epidemic' of violence, each day is a fight for survival: 'I'm an endangered species… but I cannot stop living'. ABC News. 5 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200705215354/https://abcnews.go.com/US/trans-women-color-facing-epidemic-violence-day-fight/story?id=66015811. live.
5. Web site: Susanna. Heller. 6 July 2020. At least 18 transgender people have been killed this year in what experts are calling an 'epidemic'. Insider. 3 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230403000610/https://www.insider.com/transgender-killings-murders-an-epidemic-experts-say-2019-9. live.
6. Web site: Transgender Day of Remembrance honors lives lost while marking staggering milestone . 14 March 2021 . 9 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210309054258/https://www.goodmorningamerica.com/news/story/transgender-day-remembrance-honors-lives-lost-marking-staggering-74253969 . live .
7. Web site: Fatal Violence Against the Transgender and Gender Non-Conforming Community in 2021 . 3 July 2022 . Human Rights Campaign . en-US . 2 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220702232048/https://www.hrc.org/resources/fatal-violence-against-the-transgender-and-gender-non-conforming-community-in-2021 . live .
8. Marhoefer . Laurie . Transgender Life and Persecution under the Nazi State: Gutachten on the Vollbrecht Case . Central European History . 25 August 2023 . 56 . 4 . 595–601 . 10.1017/S0008938923000468 . free .
9. Web site: Marhoefer . Laurie . Historians are learning more about how the Nazis targeted trans people . . 14 March 2024 . https://archive.today/20230608035325/https://theconversation.com/historians-are-learning-more-about-how-the-nazis-targeted-trans-people-205622 . 2023-06-08 . en . 6 June 2023b . live.
10. Web site: Rosenkranz . Bernhard . Bollmann . Ulf . White . Joanna . Personendetails . raumdernamen.mauthausen-memorial.org . 9 August 2024.
11. Book: Davies . Sharyn Graham . Gender Diversity in Indonesia: Sexuality, Islam and queer selves . 2010 . Routledge . 978-0-203-86095-3 . 197–198.
12. Web site: Joediono . Anindya . Pembacaan Historis Keberagaman Gender dalam Masyarakat Tradisional . IndoProgress . 9 August 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240519211140/https://indoprogress.com/2017/08/pembacaan-historis-keberagaman-gender-dalam-masyarakat-tradisional/ . 19 May 2024 . 21 August 2017.
13. News: Carranco. Rebeca. García. Jesús. Morir por ser transexual. 2 March 2017. El País. 9 October 2011. es. 28 February 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170228002622/http://elpais.com/diario/2011/10/09/sociedad/1318111208_850215.html. live.
14. Web site: Flick. Se cumplen veinte años de la muerte de Sonia, la mujer transexual asesinada en Barcelona por un grupo de ultraderechistas. Dos Manzanas. 2 March 2017. es. 10 October 2011. 5 September 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170905100911/http://www.dosmanzanas.com/2011/10/se-cumplen-veinte-anos-de-la-muerte-de-sonia-la-mujer-transexual-asesinada-en-barcelona-por-un-grupo-de-ultraderechistas.html. live.
15. Chris Summers, The victims of prejudice, BBC News, 26 December 2003.
16. News: Rothstein . Kevin . 1997 . Travesty of justice: When is a murder not a murder? When the victim is transsexual. . .
17. News: Nangeroni . Nancy . January 1996 . Another Boston Transsexual Murdered . 1, 6 . Renaissance . https://web.archive.org/web/20240808230430/https://www.digitaltransgenderarchive.net/downloads/nz805z818 . 8 August 2024 .
18. Doherty, William F. "Witness says accused killer knew beforehand transsexual was male: [City Edition]." Boston Globe, 23 April 1997, pp. B, 2:3.
19. News: Allen . Samantha . 2015-11-20 . The Trans Murder That Started a Movement . en . The Daily Beast . 2023-04-21.
20. Book: First National Survey of Transgender Violence . GenderPAC . 30 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240415151332/https://rinj.org/documents/research/transgender_violence.pdf . 28 July 2024 . 15 April 2024 . FNSTGV.
21. News: Wilchins . Riki Anne . Vigil at Vigil at Forte Murder Trial, Killer Gets Life . 28 July 2024 . InYourFace . 19 October 1996. https://web.archive.org/web/20071109054258/https://www.gendertalk.com/articles/archive/forte2.htm . 9 November 2007 .
22. Web site: Siegal. Nina. The Crying Game. Salon. 26 February 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20100222014412/http://archive.salon.com/news/feature/2001/06/20/milan/index.html. 22 February 2010.
23. Web site: Watershed of Mourning at the Border of Gender. 24 July 2000. 5 November 2008. New York Regional. The New York Times on the Web. Segal. Nina. 16 October 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151016213122/http://www.nytimes.com/library/national/regional/072400ny-victim-milan.html. live.
24. Book: Sycamore, Matt Bernstein. Matt Bernstein Sycamore. 101–02. 978-1-932360-56-1. That's Revolting!: Queer Strategies for Resisting Assimilation. Soft Skull Press. 2004. 16 November 2008.
25. Book: Shepard, Benjamin Heim. From ACT UP to the WTO: Urban Protest and Community Building in the Era of Globalization. Amanda Milan and The Rebirth of Street Trans Activist Revolutionaries. 1-85984-356-5. Verso. 2002. 156–63.
26. Book: Currah, Paisley. Richard M. Juang. Shannon Minter. 3. 978-0-8166-4312-7. Transgender Rights. Univ of Minnesota Press. 2006. 16 November 2008.
27. News: Gay Youth's Death Shakes Colo. City. Paul. Duggan. August 31, 2001. Washington Post. 26 February 2024. 26 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230326071517/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2001/09/01/gay-youths-death-shakes-colo-city/98d8eab5-4afb-41b9-b83c-35d69d7cc88e/. live.
28. Web site: Man who murdered LGBTQ teen in Cortez is released from prison. Bret. Hauff. The Journal. 26 February 2024. 26 July 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240726173708/https://www.the-journal.com/articles/man-who-murdered-lgbtq-teen-in-cortez-is-released-from-prison/. live.
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32. News: Two murder convictions in Araujo case. Zak Szymanski. Bay Area Reporter. 15 September 2005. https://web.archive.org/web/20090201000001/http://www.ebar.com/news/article.php?sec=news&article=153 . 1 February 2009.
33. Book: Shelley, Christopher. Transpeople: repudiation, trauma, healing. 19 July 2010. 2 August 2008. University of Toronto Press. 978-0-8020-9539-8. 47. 3 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230403000605/https://books.google.com/books?id=SiaNoJ3puyQC&q=%22gwen+araujo%22&pg=PA47. live.
34. Web site: 17-year-old Indianapolis Youth Killed Because She Was Trans – commonplacebook.com. commonplacebook.com. 10 February 2020. 15 April 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200415114426/http://commonplacebook.com/current-events/glbt-issues/17-year-old-indianapolis-youth-killed/. live.
35. Web site: Connecticut Serial Killer William Devin Howell Describes the Shocking Details of His Crimes. Howard. Anne K.. A&E. en. 10 February 2020. 5 May 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200505072223/https://www.aetv.com/real-crime/william-devin-howell-connecticut-serial-garden-murders-garden. live.
36. Web site: Was Shelby Tom's Death a Hate Crime?. 19 October 2011. The Tyee. 17 October 2015. 4 October 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151004012717/http://thetyee.ca/News/2011/10/19/Shelby-Tom/. live.
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54. Web site: Kern County District Attorney seeks death penalty for man who murdered transgender cellmate at Delano prison. 23ABC News Bakersfield. 8 November 2019. 11 November 2019. 8 November 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191108034021/https://www.turnto23.com/news/local-news/kern-county-district-attorney-seeks-death-penalty-for-man-who-murdered-transgender-cell-mate-at-delano-prison. live.
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56. Web site: James Dixon Pleads Guilty to Manslaughter of Transgender Woman Islan Nettles. 4 April 2016 . NBC News. 7 October 2019. 4 September 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190904162426/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/james-dixon-pleads-guilty-manslaughter-transgender-woman-islan-nettles-n550426. live.
57. Web site: Man sentenced for Islan Nettles murder. Washington Blade: Gay News, Politics, LGBT Rights. 21 April 2016. 21 April 2016. 23 April 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160423183818/http://www.washingtonblade.com/2016/04/21/man-sentenced-for-islan-nettles-murder/. live.
58. News: In Jamaica, transgender teen killed by mob. McFadden, David. 11 August 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130825181811/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/jamaica-transgender-teen-murdered-mob. 25 August 2013. Associated Press.
59. Web site: Le meurtre d'un transgenre de 16 ans fait réfléchir la Jamaïque. 12 August 2013 . CBC/Radio-Canada. 20 September 2017. 21 September 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170921000608/http://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/627091/meurtre-transgenre-jamaique. live.
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61. News: 15 December 2014. U.S. Marine Joseph Pemberton charged with killing Filipino transgender. Associated Press. 6 February 2016. 8 January 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160108032117/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-marine-joseph-pemberton-charged-with-killing-filipino-transgender/. live.
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63. Web site: Flick . Nuevo asesinato de una mujer transexual en la República Dominicana . dosmanzanas . 9 August 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201126070900/https://www.dosmanzanas.com/2014/11/nuevo-asesinato-de-una-mujer-transexual-en-la-republica-dominicana.html. 26 November 2020 .
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67. Web site: Mata un escolta a travesti en la CDMX y el juez lo deja libre; nadie de su familia vino al funeral. https://web.archive.org/web/20170729231252/http://suracapulco.mx/8/mata-un-escolta-a-travesti-en-la-cdmx-y-el-juez-lo-deja-libre-nadie-de-su-familia-vino-al-funeral/. suracapulco.mx. 18 October 2016. 29 July 2017. es. Nieto. Antonio.
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69. Web site: Family of Columbus woman killed call it a hate crime. 12 August 2016. 10tv.com. 26 February 2017. 8 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170308213853/http://www.10tv.com/article/family-southwest-columubus-woman-killed-call-it-hate-crime.
70. Web site: Rae'Lynn Thomas, Ohio Transgender Woman, Killed by Mom's Ex Who Called Her "Satan". 12 August 2016 . mic.com. 26 February 2017. 24 February 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170224205238/https://mic.com/articles/151406/rae-lynn-thomas-ohio-transgender-woman-killed-by-mom-s-ex-who-called-her-satan. live.
71. Web site: Three Brazilian Trans females murdered. 28 April 2016. planettransgender.com. 15 July 2016. 23 July 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160723003422/http://planettransgender.com/three-brazilian-trans-girls-murdered-youngest-was-14/.
72. Web site: Transexuais são assassinadas sob gritos de "Bolsonaro presidente". Brasil de Fato. 24 October 2018 . pt-BR. 27 February 2020. 27 February 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200227182415/https://www.brasildefato.com.br/2018/10/24/transexuais-sao-assassinadas-sob-gritos-de-bolsonaro-presidente. live.
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75. Web site: Elf jaar cel voor doodslag op Arnhemse transgender Bianca. nl. Algemeen Dagblad. 6 December 2020. 13 May 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220513051832/https://www.ad.nl/binnenland/elf-jaar-cel-voor-doodslag-op-arnhemse-transgender-bianca~a43d4606/. live.
76. Web site: Elf jaar cel geëist voor doodslag Arnhemse transgenderprostituee Bianca. nl. de Gelderlander. 6 December 2020. 16 October 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211016212844/https://www.gelderlander.nl/arnhem/elf-jaar-cel-geeist-voor-doodslag-arnhemse-transgenderprostituee-bianca~a2205fdd/. live.
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79. Web site: 5 November 2019 . Artist Honors Murdered Transgender Woman With Stunning Butterfly Wings . 26 April 2022 . . en . 26 April 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220426183012/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/rubem-robierb-dandara-transgender-wings-sculpture_n_5dbc9aa8e4b0d8b441ced872 . live .
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81. Web site: One more trans woman killed. gaynewseurope.com. 10 April 2017. 11 April 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170411055336/http://gaynewseurope.com/en/2017/03/30/one-more-trans-woman-killed/. live.
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88. Web site: Staff. Bob Heye and KATU. 17 December 2019. Missing transgender teen found dead in remote Clark Co., suspect faces murder charge. 5 February 2021. KATU. 20 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210220011835/https://katu.com/news/local/missing-vancouver-teen-nikki-kuhnhausen-found-dead-in-remote-clark-county-location-suspect-arrested. live.
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97. Web site: Transgender woman killed in Puerto Rico after using women's bathroom. NBC News. 25 February 2020 . 12 March 2020. 7 March 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200307121646/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/transgender-woman-killed-puerto-rico-after-using-women-s-bathroom-n1142661. live.
98. News: Wave of trans murders sparks fear of 'hunting season' in Puerto Rico. Reuters. 29 April 2020. www.reuters.com. 6 June 2020. 6 June 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200606103534/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-puertorico-lgbt-trfn-idUSKBN22B37A. live.
99. News: Hendrickson. Matthew. 17 June 2020. Man allegedly murdered woman after she told him she was transgender. Chicago Sun-Times. 17 June 2020. 17 June 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200617133628/https://chicago.suntimes.com/crime/2020/6/16/21293263/man-murdered-transgender-woman-marquette-park. live.
100. Web site: Lang . Nico . Arkansas Man Sentenced to 50 Years in Prison After Killing Black Trans Teenager . Them . 18 August 2021 . 8 August 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230601025308/https://www.them.us/story/man-sentenced-50-years-prison-killing-brayla-stone-black-trans-teenager . 2023-06-01.
101. Web site: McCoy. Mitch. 13 August 2021. Prosecutor: Man Sentenced to 50 Years in Prison for Killing Transgender Teen to Hide Their Relation. 18 August 2021. Kark. 19 August 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210819011131/https://www.kark.com/crime/prosecutor-man-killed-transgender-teen-to-hide-their-relationship-sentenced-to-50-years-in-prison/. live.
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103. Web site: Two Arrested in Killings of Trans Women in Puerto Rico. Ring. Trudy. 1 May 2020. www.advocate.com. en. 5 May 2020. 7 May 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200507153121/https://www.advocate.com/crime/2020/5/01/two-arrested-killings-trans-women-puerto-rico. live.
104. Web site: 2 men detained for allegedly burning 2 transgender women to death in Puerto Rico. 12 May 2021. www.cbsnews.com. 30 April 2020 . en-US. 19 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210419221409/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/transgender-women-killed-puerto-rico-serena-angelique-velazquez-ramos-layla-pelaez-sanchez-men-detained/. live.
105. Web site: Llegan a un acuerdo de culpabilidad por asesinatos de dos mujeres trans en primer caso federal por crimen de odio en Puerto Rico . Plea deal reached for murders of two trans women in first federal hate crime case in Puerto Rico . 3 June 2024 . El Nuevo Día . 25 July 2024 . 3 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240603235348/https://www.elnuevodia.com/noticias/tribunales/notas/llegan-a-un-acuerdo-de-culpabilidad-por-asesinatos-de-dos-mujeres-trans-en-primer-caso-federal-por-crimen-de-odio-en-puerto-rico/ .
106. Web site: 22 May 2021. Trans man Ebeng Mayor mutilated, raped and murdered in disturbing hate crime. 23 May 2021. PinkNews. Lily. Wakefield. en-GB. 23 May 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210523030121/https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2021/05/22/ebeng-mayor-trans-man-philippines-mutilation-rape-murder-hate-crime/. live.
107. Web site: Transgender sekswerker Briza (40) lag dood in hotelkamer na ruzie met vriend: 'Ze was gek, maar lief'. nl. Algemeen Dagblad. 9 January 2022. 9 January 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220109142711/https://www.ad.nl/binnenland/transgender-sekswerker-briza-40-lag-dood-in-hotelkamer-na-ruzie-met-vriend-ze-was-gek-maar-lief~a9f68cdb/. live.
108. Web site: Afschuwelijke moord op Colombiaanse transgender Briza Garces Florez. nl. cocamsterdam. 9 January 2022. 10 January 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220110042338/https://www.cocamsterdam.nl/veiligheid-2/afschuwelijke-moord-op-colombiaanse-transgender-briza-garces-florez. live.
109. News: Dehghan . Saeed Kamali . 21 February 2022 . Kurdish transgender woman shot by brother had been hiding from family . The Guardian . 6 March 2022 . 11 April 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220411013743/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/feb/21/kurdish-transgender-woman-shot-by-brother-had-been-hiding-from-family . live .
110. Web site: Black Trans Teen Girl Ariyanna Mitchell, 17, Murdered in Virginia . Kerr . Sue . Sue Kerr . 11 April 2022 . Pittsburgh Lesbian Correspondents . 10 August 2022 . 26 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220926203400/https://www.pghlesbian.com/2022/04/black-trans-teen-girl-ariyanna-mitchell-17-murdered-in-virginia/ . live .
111. Web site: Cherry Bush, Unhoused Trans Woman, Killed in Alleged Hate Crime . 28 July 2022 . 11 October 2022 . 11 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221011173214/https://www.advocate.com/crime/2022/7/27/cherry-bush-unhoused-trans-woman-killed-alleged-hate-crime . live .
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